Dehydroepiandrosterone: A neuroactive steroid

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 145, Issue , 2015, Pages 254-260

  Stárka, Luboslav ^a   Dušková, Michaela ^a   Hill, Martin ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

7 Hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone; Brain; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; Neurosteroid

Indexed keywords

NEUROSTEROID; PRASTERONE; PRASTERONE SULFATE; 7-HYDROXYDEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTANOLONE; OXYGEN; STEROID; TESTOSTERONE;

ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STEROID METABOLISM; STEROIDOGENESIS; WELLBEING; ADRENAL GLAND; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; EMBRYOLOGY; GONAD; MALE; METABOLISM;

ADRENAL GLANDS; ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE; DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE; GONADS; HUMANS; MALE; OXYGEN; STEROIDS; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 84915763746     PISSN: 09600760     EISSN: 18791220     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. A. Butenandt, and H. Dannenbaum Isolierung eines neuen, physiologisch unwirksamen Sterinderivates aus Mannerrharn, seine Verknupfung mit Dehydro-androsteron und Androsteron: ein Beitrag zur Konstitution des Androsterons Z Physiol Chem 229 1934 192 195
2. F. Labrie, A. Bélanger, J. Simard, V. Luu-The, and C. Labrie DHEA and peripheral androgen and estrogen formation: Intracrinology Ann N Y Acad Sci 774 1995 16 28
3. F. Labrie DHEA, important source of sex steroids in men and even more in women Prog Brain Res 182 2010 97 148
4. F. Ungar, A.M. Miller, and R.I. Dorfman Metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone and delta 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol J Biol Chem 206 1954 597 605
5. S. Steckelbroeck, M. Watzka, D. Lutjohann, P. Makiola, A. Nassen, V.H. Hans, H. Clusmann, A. Reissinger, M. Ludwig, L. Siekmann, and D. Klingmüller Characterization of the dehydroepiaandrosterone (DHEA) metabolism via oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and 17-ketosteroid reducatse activity in human brain J Neurochem 83 2002 713 726
6. L. Stárka, J. Šulcová, and K. Šilink Die Harnausscheidung des 7-Hydroxydehydroepi-androsteronsulfats Clin Chim Acta 7 1962 309 316
7. J. Šulcová, and L. Stárka Characterisation of microsomal dehydroepiandrosterone 7-hydroxylase from rat liver Steroids 12 1968 113 126
8. K. Fotherby, A. Colás, S.M. Atherden, and G.F. Marrian The isolation of 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (3β,16α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) from the urine of normal men Biochem J 66 1957 664 669
9. V. Luu-The, and F. Labrie The intracrine sex steroid biosynthesis pathways Prog Brain Res 181 2010 177 192
10. C. Kamrath, Z. Hochberg, M.F. Hartmann, T. Remer, and S.A. Wudy Increased activation of the alternative "backdoor" pathway in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency: Evidence from urinary steroid hormone analysis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97 2012 E367 E375
11. N. Maninger, O.M. Wolkowitz, V.I. Reus, E.S. Epel, and S.H. Mellon Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) Front Neuroendocrinol 30 2009 65 91
12. W.E. Rainey, and Y. Nakamura Regulation of the adrenal androgen biosynthesis J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 108 3-5 2008 281 286
13. W.L. Miller, and R.J. Auchus The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders Endocr Rev 32 1 2011 81 151
14. W.L. Miller P450 oxidoreductase deficiency: A disorder of steroidogenesis with multiple clinical manifestations Sci Signal 5 247 2012 pt11
15. E. Nieschlag, D.L. Loriaux, H.J. Ruder, I.R. Zucker, M.A. Kirschner, and M.B. Lipsett The secretion of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in man J Endocrinol 57 1 1973 123 134
16. N.A. Compagnone, A. Bulfone, J.L. Rubenstein, and S.H. Mellon Expression of the steroidogenic enzyme P450scc in the central and peripheral nervous systems during rodent embryogenesis Endocrinology 136 6 1995 2689 2696
17. C. Le Goascogne, N. Sananes, M. Gouezou, S. Takemori, S. Kominami, E.E. Baulieu, and P. Robel Immunoreactive cytochrome P-450(17 alpha) in rat and guinea-pig gonads, adrenal glands and brain J Reprod Fertil 93 2 1991 609 622
18. C. Cascio, V.V. Prasad, Y.Y. Lin, S. Lieberman, and V. Papadopoulos Detection of P450c17-independent pathways for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) biosynthesis in brain glial tumor cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 6 1998 2862 2867
19. C. Kibaly, C. Patte-Mensah, and A.G. Mensah-Nyagan Molecular and neurochemical evidence for the biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone in the adult rat spinal cord J Neurochem 93 5 2005 1220 1230
20. Y. Hojo, S. Higo, S. Kawato, Y. Hatanaka, Y. Ooishi, G. Murakami, H. Ishii, Y. Komatsuzaki, M. Ogiue-Ikeda, H. Mukai, and T. Kimoto Hippocampal synthesis of sex steroids and corticosteroids: Essential for modulation of synaptic plasticity Front Endocrinol 2 2011 43
21. M. Park-Chung, F.S. Wu, R.H. Purdy, A.A. Malayev, T.T. Gibbs, and D.H. Farb Distinct sites for inverse modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by sulfated steroids Mol Pharmacol 52 6 1997 1113 1123
22. M. Park-Chung, A. Malayev, R.H. Purdy, T.T. Gibbs, and D.H. Farb Sulfated and unsulfated steroids modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor function through distinct sites Brain Res 830 1 1999 72 87
23. S. Aldred, and R.H. Waring Localisation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphotransferase in adult rat brain Brain Res Bull 48 3 1999 291 296
24. K.M. Rajkowski, P. Robel, and E.E. Baulieu Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity in the rat brain and liver as a function of age and sex Steroids 62 5 1997 427 436
25. L. Kriz, M. Bicikova, M. Hill, and R. Hampl Steroid sulfatase and sulfuryl transferase activity in monkey brain tissue Steroids 70 14 2005 960 969
26. P. Knapstein, A. David, C.H. Wu, D.F. Archer, G.L. Flickinger, and J.C. Tochstone Metabolism of free and sulfoconjugated DHEA in brain tissue in vivo and in vitro Steroids 11 6 1968 885 896
27. Y. Kishimoto, and M. Hoshi Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in rat brain: Incorporation from blood and metabolism in vivo J Neurochem 19 9 1972 2207 2215
28. S. Sharp, E.V. Barker, M.W. Coughtrie, P.R. Lowenstein, and R. Hume Immunochemical characterisation of a dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase in rats and humans Eur J Biochem 211 3 1993 539 548
29. C. Longcope Dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism J Endocrinol 150 Suppl 1996 S125 S127
30. N. Orentreich, J.L. Brind, R.L. Rizer, and J.H. Vogelman Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59 3 1984 551 555
31. K. Carlstrom, S. Brody, N.O. Lunell, A. Lagrelius, G. Mollerstrom, A. Pousette, G. Rannevik, R. Stege, and B. von Schoultz Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and dehydroepiandrosterone in serum: Differences related to age and sex Maturitas 10 4 1988 297 306
32. J. Sulcova, M. Hill, R. Hampl, and L. Starka Age and sex related differences in serum levels of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate in normal subjects J Endocrinol 154 1997 57 62
33. B. Zumoff, R.S. Rosenfeld, G.W. Strain, J. Levin, and D.K. Fukushima Sex differences in the twenty-four-hour mean plasma concentrations of dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) and the DHA to DHAS ratio in normal adults J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 2 1980 330 333
34. H. Ishimoto, and R.B. Jaffe Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: A key component in the feto-placental unit Endocr Rev 32 2011 317 355
35. C. Muller, F. Cluzeaud, G.M. Pinon, M.E. Rafestin-Oblin, and R. Morfin Dehydroepiandrosterone and its 7-hydroxylated metabolites do not interfere with the transactivation and cellular trafficking of the glucocorticoid receptor J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 92 5 2004 469 476
36. C. Corpéchot, P. Robel, M. Axelson, J. Sjövall, and E.E. Baulieu Characterization and measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in rat brain Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 8 1981 4704 4707
37. S. Weill-Engerer, J.P. David, V. Sazdovitch, P. Liere, M. Schumacher, A. Delacourte, E.E. Baulieu, and Y. Akwa In vitro metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA and Delta5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol in specific regions of the aging brain from Alzheimer's and non-demented patients Brain Res 969 1-2 2003 117 125
38. S. Ahboucha, G. Talani, T. Fanutza, E. Sanna, G. Biggio, H. Gamrani, and R.F. Butterworth Reduced brain levels of DHEAS in hepatic coma patients: Significance for increased GABAergic tone in hepatic encephalopathy Neurochem Int 61 1 2012 48 53
39. P. Liere, A. Pianos, B. Eychenne, A. Cambourg, K. Bodin, W. Griffiths, M. Schumacher, E.E. Baulieu, and J. Sjovall Analysis of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone in rodent brain: Cholesterol autoxidation is the key J Lipid Res 50 12 2009 2430 2444
40. R. Kancheva, M. Hill, Z. Novak, J. Chrastina, M. Velikova, L. Kancheva, I. Riha, and L. Starka Peripheral neuroactive steroids may be as good as the steroids in the cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnostics of CNS disturbances J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 119 1-2 2010 35 44
41. R. Kancheva, M. Hill, Z. Novak, J. Chrastina, L. Kancheva, and L. Starka Neuroactive steroids in periphery and cerebrospinal fluid Neuroscience 191 2011 22 27
42. E.P. Guazzo, P.J. Kirkpatrick, I.M. Goodyer, H.M. Shiers, and J. Herbert Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulfate in the cerebrospinal fluid of man: Relation to blood levels and the effects of age J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 11 1996 3951 3960
43. H. Asaba, K. Hosoya, H. Takanaga, S. Ohtsuki, E. Tamura, T. Takizawa, and T. Terasaki Blood-brain barrier is involved in the efflux transport of a neuroactive steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, via organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 J Neurochem 75 5 2000 1907 1916
44. G.B. Cutler Jr., M. Glenn, M. Bush, G.D. Hodgen, C.E. Graham, and D.L. Loriaux Adrenarche: A survey of rodents, domestic animals, and primates Endocrinology 103 6 1978 2112 2118
45. A.J. Conley, and I.M. Bird The role of cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the integration of gonadal and adrenal steroidogenesis via the delta 5 and delta 4 pathways of steroidogenesis in mammals Biol Reprod 56 4 1997 789 799
46. P.J. Smail, C. Faiman, W.C. Hobson, G.B. Fuller, and J.S. Winter Further studies on adrenarche in nonhuman primates Endocrinology 111 3 1982 844 848
47. W.M. van Weerden, H.G. Bierings, G.J. van Steenbrugge, F.H. de Jong, and F.H. Schroder Adrenal glands of mouse and rat do not synthesize androgens Life Sci 50 12 1992 857 861
48. J. Sonka, I. Gregorová, M. Jiránek, F. Kölbel, and Z. Matys Dehydroepiandrosterone deficiency - A new syndrome? Endokrinologie 47 3 1965 152 161
49. P. Beneš, R. Freund, P. Menzel, L. Stárka, and G.W. Oertel Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by steroids. I. Effects of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroids of the C19- and C21-series upon human red blood cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase J Steroid Biochem 1 1970 287 290
50. A. Tchernof, and F. Labrie Dehydroepiandrosterone, obesity and cardiovascular disease risk: A review of human studies Eur J Endocrinol 151 1 2004 1 14
51. J.L. Sanders, M.B. Boudreau, A.R. Cappola, A.M. Arnold, J. Robbins, M. Cushman, and A.B. Newman Cardiovascular disease is associated with greater incident dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate decline in the oldest old: The cardiovascular Health Study All Stars Study J Am Geriatr Soc 58 3 2010 421 426
52. J. Karbowska, and Z. Kochan Effects of DHEA on metabolic and endocrine functions of adipose tissue Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest 14 2 2013 65 74
53. E.E. Baulieu Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): A fountain of youth? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 9 1996 3147 3151
54. F. Labrie, A. Bélanger, L. Cusan, J.L. Gomez, and B. Candas Marked decline in serm concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 1997 2102 2396
55. F. Labrie, A. Bélanger, V. Luu-The, C. Labrie, J. Simard, L. Cusan, J.L. Gomez, and B. Candas DHEA and the intracrine formation of androgens and estrogens in peripheral target tissues: Its role during aging Steroids 63 5-6 1998 322 328
56. M. Kalimi, Y. Shafagoj, R. Loria, D. Padgett, and W. Regelson Anti-glucocorticoid effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Mol Cell Biochem 131 2 1994 99 104
57. P. Robel, and E.E. Baulieu Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a neuroactive neurosteroid Ann N Y Acad Sci 74 1995 82 110
58. E. Friess, T. Schiffelholz, T. Steckler, and A. Steiger Dehydroepiandrosterone - A neurosteroid Eur J Clin Invest 30 Suppl 30 2000 46 50
59. M. Vallee, W. Mayo, and M. Le Moal Role of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and their sulfate esters on learning and memory in cognitive aging, Brain Res Brain Res Rev 37 2001 301 312
60. S.D. Moffat, A.B. Zonderman, S.M. Harman, M.R. Blackman, C. Kawas, and S.M. Resnick The relationship between longitudinal declines in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations and cognitive performance in older men Arch Intern Med 160 2000 2193 2198
61. M.K. Taylor Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: Anabolic, neuroprotective, and neuroexcitatory properties in military men Mil Med 178 1 2013 100 106
62. O.M. Wolkowitz, and V.I. Reus Neurotransmitters, neurosteroids and neurotrophins: New models of the pathophysiology and treatment of depression World J Biol Psychiatry 4 3 2003 98 102
63. J.G. Rabkin, M.C. McElhiney, R. Rabkin, P.J. McGrath, and S.J. Ferrando Placebo-controlled trial of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for treatment of nonmajor depression in patients with HIV/AIDS Am J Psychiatry 163 1 2006 9 66
64. C.C. Hsiao Difference in pre- and post-treatment plasma DHEA levels were significantly and positively correlated with difference in pre- and post-treatment Hamilton depression scores following successful therapy for major depression Psychoneuroendocrinology 31 7 2006 839 846
65. O.M. Wolkowitz, V.I. Reus, and S.H. Mellon Of sound mind and body: Depression, disease, and accelerated aging Dialogues Clin Neurosci 13 1 2011 25 39
66. O.T. Wolf, and C. Kirschbaum Actions of dehydroepiandrosteroneand its sulfate in the central nervous systemm: Effects on cognition and emotion in animals and humans Brain Res Rev 30 1999 264 288
67. A.S. Rigaud, and J. Pellerin Neuropsychic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone Ann Med Interne (Paris) 152 Suppl 3 2001 IS43 IS49
68. F.A. Huppert, J.K. Van Niekerk, and J. Herbert Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognition and well-being Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2001 CD000304
69. M. Karin, and L. Chang AP-1 - Glucocorticoid receptor crosstalk taken to a higher level J Endocrinol 169 3 2001 447 451
70. K. De Bosscher, W. Vanden Berghe, and G. Haegeman The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1: Molecular mechanisms for gene repression Endocr Rev 24 4 2003 488 522
71. E.E. Baulieu, G. Thomas, S. Legrain, N. Lahlou, M. Roger, B. Debuire, V. Faucounau, L. Girard, M.P. Hervy, F. Latour, M.C. Leaud, A. Mokrane, H. Pitti-Ferrandi, C. Trivalle, O. de Lacharrière, S. Nouveau, B. Rakoto-Arison, J.C. Souberbielle, J. Raison, Y. Le Bouc, A. Raynaud, X. Girerd, and F. Forette Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: Contribution of the DHE. Age study to a sociobiomedical issue Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 2000 4279 4284
72. A.M. Traish, H.P. Kang, F. Saad, and A.T. Guay Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) - A precursor steroid or an active hormone in human physiology J Sex Med 8 11 2011 2960 2982
73. D.R. Pieper, and C.A. Lobocki Characterization of serum dehydroepiandrosterone secretion in golden hamsters Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 224 4 2000 278 284
74. I.H. Zwain, and S.S.C. Yen Dehydroepiandrosterone: Biosynthesis and metabolism in the brain Endocrinology 140 1999 880 887
75. D. Liu, and I. Dillon Dehydroepiandrosterone activates endothelial cell nitric-oxide synthase by a specific plasma membrane receptor coupled to Galpha(i2 3) J Biol Chem. 77 24 2002 1379 1388
76. P.H. Jellinck, M. Kaufmann, A. Gottfried-Blackmore, B.S. McEwen, G. Jones, and K. Bulloch Selective conversion by microglia of dehydroepiandrosterone to 5-androstenediol-A steroid with inherent estrogenic properties J Steroid Biochem Mol 107 3-5 2007 156 162
77. P.H. Jellinck, G. Croft, B.S. McEwen, A. Gottfried-Blackmore, G. Jones, V. Byford, and K. Bulloch Metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone by rodent brain cell lines: Relationship between 7-hydroxylation and aromatization J Steroid Biochem Mol 93 1 2005 81 86
78. M. Hill, and L. Starka The non-genomic actions of dehydroepiandrosterone and its metabolites J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014 (in this issue)
79. Y. Akwa, R.F. Morfin, P. Robel, and E.E. Baulieu Neurosteroid metabolism. 7 alpha-Hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone by rat brain microsomes Biochem J 288 Pt 3 1992 959 964
80. M. Schumacher, S. Weill-Engerer, P. Liere, F. Robert, R.J. Franklin, L.M. Garcia-Segura, J.J. Lambert, W. Mayo, R.C. Melcangi, A. Parducz, U. Suter, C. Carelli, E.E. Baulieu, and Y. Akwa Steroid hormones and neurosteroids in normal and pathological aging of the nervous system Prog Neurobiol 71 1 2003 3 29
81. R. Morfin, and G. Courchay Pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as precursors of native 7-hydroxylated metabolites which increase the immune response in mice J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 50 1-2 1994 91 100
82. G. Stapleton, M. Steel, M. Richardson, J.O. Mason, K.A. Rose, R.G.M. Morris, and R. Lathe A novel cytochrome P450 expressed primarily in brain J Biol Chem 270 50 1995 29739 29745
83. K.A. Rose, G. Stapleton, K. Dott, M.P. Kieny, R. Best, M. Schwarz, D.W. Russell, I. Björkhem, J. Seckl, and R. Lathe Cyp7b, a novel brain cytochrome P450, catalyzes the synthesis of neurosteroids 7alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone and 7alpha-hydroxy pregnenolone Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94 10 1997 4925 4930
84. J. Doostzadeh, and R. Morfin Studies of the enzyme complex responsible for pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone 7aplha-hydroxylation in mouse tissues Steroids 61 1996 613 620
85. R. Morfin, and L. Stárka Neurosteroid 7-hydroxylation products in the brain Int Rev Neurobiol 46 2001 79 95
86. R. Morfin Involvement of steroids and cytochromes P(450) species in the triggering of immune defenses J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 80 3 2002 273 290
87. M. Trincal, J. Loeper, D. Pompon, J.J. Hauw, and R. Morfin DHEA metabolism in the brain: Production and effects of the 7alpha-hydroxylated derivative R. Morfin, DHEA and the Brain 2002 Taylor & Francis London 117 128
88. A. Li, and J.C. Bigelow The 7-hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone in rat brain Steroids 75 6 2010 404 410
89. V. Chmielewski, F. Drupt, and R. Morfin Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of mouse thymocytes: Prevention by native 7alpha-hydroxysteroids Immunol Cell Biol 78 3 2000 238 246
90. L. Stárka, M. Hill, R. Hampl, R. Morfin, M.I. Malewiak, J. Kolena, and S. Scsuková On the mechanism of antiglucocorticoid action of 7-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone: Effect on DNA binding of dexamethasone-labelled glucocorticoid receptor and on membrane fluidity Coll Czechoslov Chem Commun 63 10 1998 1683 1698
91. S. Chalbot, and R. Morfin Dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites and their interactions in humans Drug Metabol Drug Interact 22 1 2006 1 23
92. O. Hennebert, S. Chalbot, S. Alran, and R. Morfin Dehydroepiandrosterone 7alpha-hydroxylation in human tissues: Possible interference with type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-mediated processes J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 104 3-5 2007 326 333
93. N.V. Esteban, T. Loughlin, A.L. Yergey, J.K. Zawadzki, J.D. Booth, J.C. Winterer, and D.D.L. Loriaux Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectroscopy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72 1991 39 45
94. R.H. Stimson, and B.R. Walker The role and regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in obesity and the metabolic syndrome Horm Mol Biol Clin Invest 15 2 2013 37 48
95. A. Gottfried-Blackmore, P.H. Jellinck, H.A. Vecchiarelli, Z. Masheeb, M. Kaufmann, B.S. McEwen, and K. Bulloch 7α-Hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone does not interfere with the activation of glucocorticoids by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in EtC cerebellar neurons J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 138C 2013 290 297
96. S. Attal-Khemis, V. Dalmeyda, J.L. Michot, M. Roudier, and R. Morfin Increased total 7alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrostarone in serum patients with AlzheimerÍs disease J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 53 1998 B125 B132
97. J.L. Yau, S. Rasmuson, R. Andrew, M. Graham, J. Noble, T. Olsson, E. Fuchs, R. Lathe, and J.R. Seckl Dehydroepiandrosterone 7-hydroxylase CYP7B: Predominant expression in primate hippocampus and reduced expression in Alzheimer's disease Neuroscience 121 2003 307 314
98. M. Bičíková, D. Řípová, M. Hill, R. Jirák, H. Havlíková, J. Tallová, and R. Hampl Plasma levels of 7-hydroxylated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolites and selected amino-thiols as discriminatory tools for AlzheimerÍs disease and vascular dementia Clin Chem Lab Med 42 5 2004 518 524
99. M.D. Majewska, S. Demirgören, C.E. Spivak, and E.D. London The neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is an allosteric antagonist of the GABAA receptor Brain Res 526 1 1990 143 146
100. K.L. Edinger, B. Lee, and C.A. Frye Mnemonic effects of testosterone and its 5alpha-reduced metabolites in the conditioned fear and inhibitory avoidance tasks Pharmacol Biochem Behav 78 3 2004 559 568
101. D.S. Reddy Testosterone modulation of seizure susceptibility is mediated by neurosteroids 3alpha-androstanediol and 17beta-estradiol Neuroscience 129 1 2004 195 207
102. K.L. Edinger, and C.A. Frye Testosterone's analgesic, anxiolytic, and cognitive-enhancing effects may be due in part to actions of its 5alpha-reduced metabolites in the hippocampus Behav Neurosci 18 6 2004 1352 1364
103. R.M. Kaminski, H. Marini, W.J. Kim, and M.A. Rogawski Anticonvulsant activity of androsterone and etiocholanolone Epilepsia 46 6 2005 819 827
104. K.L. Zuloaga, S.N. Swift, R.J. Gonzales, T.J. Wu, and R.J. Handa The androgen metabolite 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol, decreases cytokine-induced cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, and P-glycoprotein expression in male human brain microvascular endothelial cells Endocrinology 153 12 2012 5949 5960
105. B. B. Sherwin Steroid hormones and cognitive functioning in aging men: A mini-review J Mol Neurosci 20 3 2003 385 393
106. S.B. Kim, M. Hill, Y.T. Kwak, R. Hampl, D.H. Jo, and R. Morfin Neurosteroids: Cerebrospinal fluid levels for AlzheimerÍs disease and vascular dementia diagnostics J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 5199 5206