CYP2E1 autoantibodies in liver diseases

Redox Biology

Volumn 3, Issue , 2014, Pages 72-78

  Sutti, Salvatore ^a   Rigamonti, Cristina ^b   Vidali, Matteo ^b   Albano, Emanuele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PIEDMONT   (Italy)

^b Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carit   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alcoholic liver disease; Autoimmunity; Hepatitis C; Liver injury; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; CYTOCHROME P450 2A6; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; EPITOPE; HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON; CYTOCHROME;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD8+ T LYMPHOCYTE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LIVER INJURY; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; ANIMAL; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOLOGY; LIVER DISEASE; METABOLISM;

HEPATITIS C VIRUS;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; AUTOIMMUNITY; CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2E1; CYTOCHROMES; EPITOPES; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; LIVER DISEASES;

EID: 84911913983     PISSN: 22132317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Bogdanos D.P., Dalekos G.N. Enzymes as target antigens of liver-specific autoimmunity: the case of cytochrome P450s. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2008, 15(22):2285-2292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781950, 10.2174/092986708785747508.
2. Coon M.J. Cytochrome P450: nature's most versatile biological catalyst. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2005, 45:1-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832443, 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100030.
3. Betterle C. Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency and autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes: autoantibodies, autoantigens, and their applicability in diagnosis and disease prediction. Endocrine Reviews 2002, 23(3):327-354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12050123, 10.1210/edrv.23.3.0466.
4. Lankisch T.O., Jaeckel E., Strassburg C.P. The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy or autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1. Seminars in Liver Disease 2009, 29:307-314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676003, 10.1055/s-0029-1233535.
5. Bourdi M., Larrey D., Nataf J., Bernuau J., Pessayre D., Iwasaki M., Guengerich F.P., Beaune P.H. Anti-liver endoplasmic reticulum autoantibodies are directed against human cytochrome P-450IA2. A specific marker of dihydralazine-induced hepatitis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990, 85(6):1967-1973. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2347920, 10.1172/JCI114660.
6. Beaune P., Pessayre D., Dansette P., Mansuy D., Manns M. Autoantibodies against cytochromes P450: role in human diseases. Advances in Pharmacology 1994, 30:199-245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7833293, 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60175-1.
7. Leeder J.S., Gaedigk A., Lu X., Cook V.A. Epitope mapping studies with human anti-cytochrome P450 3A antibodies. Molecular Pharmacology 1996, 49(2):234-243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8632755.
8. Belloc C., Gauffre A., André C., Beaune P.H. Epitope mapping of human CYP1A2 in dihydralazine-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Pharmacogenetics 1997, 7(3):181-186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9241657, 10.1097/00008571-199706000-00002.
9. Lecoeur S., André C., Beaune P.H. Tienilic acid-induced autoimmune hepatitis: anti-liver and-kidney microsomal type 2 autoantibodies recognize a three-site conformational epitope on cytochrome P4502C9. Molecular Pharmacology 1996, 50(2):326-333. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8700140.
10. Neve E.P., Eliasson E., Pronzato M.A., Albano E., Marinari U., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Enzyme-specific transport of rat liver cytochrome P450 to the Golgi apparatus. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1996, 333(2):459-465. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8809087, 10.1006/abbi.1996.0415.
11. Loeper J., Descatoire V., Maurice M., Beaune P., Feldmann G., Larrey D., Pessayre D. Presence of functional cytochrome P-450 on isolated rat hepatocyte plasma membrane. Hepatology 1990, 11(5):850-858. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112112, 10.1002/hep.1840110521.
12. Loeper J., Descatoire V., Maurice M., Beaune P., Belghiti J., Houssin D., Ballet F., Feldmann G., Guengerich F.P., Pessayre D. Cytochromes P-450 in human hepatocyte plasma membrane: recognition by several autoantibodies. Gastroenterology 1993, 104(1):203-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7678237.
13. Bogdanos D., Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D. Autoantibodies and their antigens in autoimmune hepatitis. Seminars in Liver Disease 2009, 29(03):241-253. 10.1055/s-0029-1233533.
14. Ferri S., Muratori L., Lenzi M., Granito A., Bianchi F., Vergani D. HCV and autoimmunity. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008, 14(17):1678-1685. 10.2174/138161208784746824.
15. Manns M.P., Griffin K.J., Sullivan K.F., Johnson E.F. LKM-1 autoantibodies recognize a short linear sequence in P450IID6, a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1991, 88(4):1370-1378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1717511, 10.1172/JCI115443.
16. Yamamoto A.M., Cresteil D., Homberg J.C., Alvarez F. Characterization of anti-liver-kidney microsome antibody (anti-LKM1) from hepatitis C virus-positive and -negative sera. Gastroenterology 1993, 104(6):1762-1767. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7684716.
17. Sugimura T., Obermayer-Straub P., Kayser A., Braun S., Loges S., Alex B., Lüttig B., Johnson E.F., Manns M.P., Strassburg C.P. A major CYP2D6 autoepitope in autoimmune hepatitis type 2 and chronic hepatitis C is a three-dimensional structure homologous to other cytochrome P450 autoantigens. Autoimmunity 2002, 35(8):501-513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12765476, 10.1080/0891693021000069556.
18. 193-212: a new immunodominant epitope and target of virus/self cross-reactivity in liver kidney microsomal autoantibody type 1-positive liver disease. Journal of Immunology 2003, 170(3):1481-1489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12538711, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.3.1481.
19. Muratori L., Parola M., Ripalti A., Robino G., Muratori P., Bellomo G., Carini R., Lenzi M., Landini M.P., Albano E., Bianchi F.B. Liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 targets CYP2D6 on hepatocyte plasma membrane. Gut 2000, 46(4):553-561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716687, 10.1136/gut.46.4.553.
20. Ma Y., Bogdanos D.P., Hussain M.J., Underhill J., Bansal S., Longhi M.S., Cheeseman P., Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D. Polyclonal T-cell responses to cytochrome P450IID6 are associated with disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Gastroenterology 2006, 130(3):868-882. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530525, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.020.
21. Longhi M.S., Hussain M.J., Bogdanos D.P., Quaglia A., Mieli-Vergani G., Ma Y., Vergani D. Cytochrome P450IID6-specific CD8 T cell immune responses mirror disease activity in autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Hepatology 2007, 46(2):472-484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17559153, 10.1002/hep.21658.
22. Lapierre P., Djilali-Saiah I., Vitozzi S., Alvarez F. A murine model of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis: Xenoimmunization with human antigens. Hepatology 2004, 39(4):1066-1074. 10.1002/hep.20109.
23. Dalekos G.N., Obermayer-Straub P., Bartels M., Maeda T., Kayser A., Braun S., Loges S., Schmidt E., Gershwin M.E., Manns M.P. Cytochrome P450 2A6: a new hepatic autoantigen in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Hepatology 2003, 39(5):800-806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14568264, 10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00356-8.
24. Miyakawa H., Kitazawa E., Kikuchi K., Fujikawa H., Kawaguchi N., Abe K., Matsushita M., Matsushima H., Igarashi T., Hankins R.W., Kako M. Immunoreactivity to various human cytochrome P450 proteins of sera from patients with autoimmune hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic hepatitis C. Autoimmunity 2000, 33(1):23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204250, 10.3109/08916930108994106.
25. Lu Y., Cederbaum A.I. CYP2E1 and oxidative liver injury by alcohol. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2008, 44(5):723-738. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18078827, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.004.
26. Neve E.P., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Molecular basis for the transport of cytochrome P450 2E1 to the plasma membrane. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000, 275(22):17130-17135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10747972, 10.1074/jbc.M000957200.
27. Wu D.F., Cederbaum A.I. Presence of functionally active cytochrome P-450IIE1 in plasma membrane of rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 1992, 15:515-524.
28. Bourdi M., Chen W., Peter R.M., Martin J.L., Buters J.T., Nelson S.D., Pohl L.R. Human cytochrome P450 2E1 is a major autoantigen associated with halothane hepatitis. Chemical Research in Toxicology 1996, 9(7):1159-1166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8902272, 10.1021/tx960083q.
29. Eliasson E., Kenna J.G. Cytochrome P450 2E1 is a cell surface autoantigen in halothane hepatitis. Molecular Pharmacology 1996, 50(3):573-582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8794896.
30. Njoko D.B., Mellerson J.L., Talor M.V., Kerr D.R., Faraday N.R., Outshoor I., Rose N.R. Role of CYP2E1 immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibodies and complement in the pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatitis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 2006, 13:258-265.
31. Njoku D.B., Greenberg R.S., Bourdi M., Borkowf C.B., Dake E.M., Martin J.L., Pohl L.R. Autoantibodies associated with volatile anesthetic hepatitis found in the sera of a large cohort of pediatric anesthesiologists. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002, 94(2):243-249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812677, 10.1213/00000539-200202000-00003.
32. Gunnare S., Vidali M., Lillienberg L., Ernstgård L., Sjögren B., Hagberg M., Albano E., Johanson G. Non-positive autoimmune responses against CYP2E1 in refrigeration mechanics exposed to halogenated hydrocarbons. Science of the Total Environment 2007, 383(1-3):90-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17582468, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.005.
33. Hoet P., Graf M.L., Bourdi M., Pohl L.R., Duray P.H., Chen W., Peter R.M., Nelson S.D. Epidemic of liver disease caused by hydrochlorofluorocarbons used as ozone-sparing substitutes of chlorofluoro carbons. Lancet 1997, 350(9077):556-559. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9284778, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)03094-8.
34. Metushi I.G., Sanders C., Lee W.M., Uetrecht J. Detection of anti-isoniazid and anti-cytochrome P450 antibodies in patients with isoniazid-induced liver failure. Hepatology 2014, 59(3):1084-1093. Acute Liver Study Group. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23775837, 10.1002/hep.26564.
35. Albano E., French S.W., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Hydroxyethyl radicals in ethanol hepatotoxicity. Frontiers in Bioscience 1999, 4:D533-D540. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369806, 10.2741/Albano.
36. Albano E., Clot P., Morimoto M., Tomasi A., Ingelman-Sundberg M., French S.W. Role of cytochrome P4502E1-dependent formation of hydroxyethyl free radical in the development of liver damage in rats intragastrically fed with ethanol. Hepatology 1996, 23(1):155-163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8550035, 10.1002/hep.510230121.
37. Clot P., Albano E., Eliasson E., Tabone M., Aricò S., Israel Y., Moncada C., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Cytochrome P4502E1 hydroxyethyl radical adducts as the major antigen in autoantibody formation among alcoholics. Gastroenterology 1996, 111(1):206-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8698201, 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8698201.
38. Clot P., Parola M., Bellomo G., Dianzani U., Carini R., Tabone M., Aricò S., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Albano E. Plasma membrane hydroxyethyl radical adducts cause antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in rat hepatocytes exposed to alcohol. Gastroenterology 1997, 113(1):265-276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9207287, 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70104-5.
39. Lytton S.D., Berg U., Nemeth A., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Autoantibodies against cytochrome P450s in sera of children treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Clinical & Experimental Immunology 2002, 127(2):293-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11876753, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01754.x.
40. Vidali M., Stewart S.F., Rolla R., Daly A.K., Chen Y., Mottaran E., Jones D.E., Leathart J.B., Day C.P., Albano E. Genetic and epigenetic factors in autoimmune reactions toward cytochrome P4502E1 in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2003, 37(2):410-419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540792, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50049.
41. Stewart S.F., Jones D.E.J., Vidali M., Haugk B., Brunt A.D., Albano E., Day C.P. Correlation between anti-CYP2E1 titre and lymphocyte infiltration in ALD- an autoimmune disease in some patients. Journal of Hepatology 2004, 40(Suppl. 1):176.
42. McFarlane I.G. Autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease. Addiction Biology 2000, 5(2):141-151. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20575828, 10.1080/13556210050003720.
43. Vidali M., Stewart S.F., Albano E. Interplay between oxidative stress and immunity in the progression of alcohol-mediated liver injury. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2008, 14(2):63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222109, 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.005.
44. Vay D., Rigamonti C., Vidali M., Mottaran E., Alchera E., Occhino G., Sartori M., Albano E. Anti-phospholipid antibodies associated with alcoholic liver disease target oxidized phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell plasma membranes. Journal of Hepatology 2006, 44(1):183-189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16143424, 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.06.010.
45. Thiele G.M., Freeman T.L., Klassen L.W. Immunologic mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury. Seminars in Liver Disease 2004, 24(3):273-287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15349805, 10.1055/s-2004-832940.
46. Rolla R., Vay D., Mottaran E., Parodi M., Traverso N., Aricò S., Sartori M., Bellomo G., Klassen L.W., Thiele G.M., Tuma D.J., Albano E. Detection of circulating antibodies against malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts in patients with alcohol-induced liver disease. Hepatology 2000, 31(4):878-884. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733543, 10.1053/he.2000.5373.
47. Mottaran E., Stewart S.F., Rolla R., Vay D., Cipriani V., Moretti M., Vidali M., Sartori M., Rigamonti C., Day C.P., Albano E. Lipid peroxidation contributes to immune reactions associated with alcoholic liver disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2002, 32(1):38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755315, 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00757-2.
48. Stewart S.F., Vidali M., Day C.P., Albano E., Jones D.E. Oxidative stress as a trigger for cellular immune responses in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2004, 39(1):197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14752838, 10.1002/hep.20021.
49. Vidali M., Occhino G., Ivaldi A., Serino R., Moia S., Alchera E., Carini R., Rigamonti C., Sartori M., Albano E. Detection of auto-antibodies against cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology 2007, 46(4):605-612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196701, 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.11.009.
50. Sutti S., Vidali M., Mombello C., Sartori M., Albano E. Conformational anti-cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) auto-antibodies contribute to necro-inflammatory injury in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 2010, 17(10):685-690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20738774, 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01359.x.
51. Berenguer M. What determines the natural history of recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation?. Journal of Hepatology 2005, 42(4):448-456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15763325, 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.01.011.
52. Vergani D., Mieli-Vergani G. Autoimmunity after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2002, 36(2):271-276. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12143033, 10.1053/jhep.2002.35339.
53. Rigamonti C., Vidali M., Donato M.F., Sutti S., Occhino G., Ivaldi A., Arosio E., Agnelli F., Rossi G., Colombo M., Albano E. Serum autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) predict severity of necroinflammation of recurrent hepatitis C. American Journal of Transplantation 2009, 9(3):601-609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19191768, 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02520.x.
54. Vidali M., Hidestrand M., Eliasson E., Mottaran E., Reale E., Rolla R., Occhino G., Albano E., Ingelman-Sundberg M. Use of molecular simulation for mapping conformational CYP2E1 epitopes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004, 279(49):50949-50955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15456790, 10.1074/jbc.M407329200.
55. Sutti S., Vidali M., Mombello C., Sartori M., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Albano E. Breaking self-tolerance toward cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) in chronic hepatitis C: possible role for molecular mimicry. Journal of Hepatology 2010, 53(3):431-438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576306, 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.030.
56. Ma Y., Thomas M.G., Okamoto M., Bogdanos D.P., Nagl S., Kerkar N., Lopes A.R., Muratori L., Lenzi M., Bianchi F.B., Mieli-Vergani G., Vergani D. Key residues of a major cytochrome P4502D6 epitope are located on the surface of the molecule. Journal of Immunology 2002, 169(1):277-285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077255, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.277.
57. Racanelli V., Rehermann B. The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology 2006, 43(2 Suppl. 1):S54-S62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16447271, 10.1002/hep.21060.
58. Crispe I.N. Immune tolerance in liver disease. Hepatology 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24913836, 10.1002/hep.27254.
59. Winau F., Quack C., Darmoise A., Kaufmann S.H. Starring stellate cells in liver immunology. Current Opinion in Immunology 2008, 20(1):68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068343, 10.1016/j.coi.2007.10.006.
60. Herkel J., Jagemann B., Wiegard C., Lazaro J.F., Lueth S., Kanzler S., Blessing M., Schmitt E., Lohse A.W. MHC class II-expressing hepatocytes function as antigen-presenting cells and activate specific CD4 T lymphocyutes. Hepatology 2003, 37(5):1079-1085. 10.1053/jhep.2003.50191.
61. Van Pelt F.N., Straub P., Manns M.P. Molecular basis of drug-induced immunological liver injury. Seminars in Liver Disease 1995, 15(3):283-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7491507, 10.1055/s-2007-1007281.
62. Ehser J., Holdener M., Christen S., Bayer M., Pfeilschifter J.M., Hintermann E., Bogdanos D., Christen U. Molecular mimicry rather than identity breaks T-cell tolerance in the CYP2D6 mouse model for human autoimmune hepatitis. J. Autoimmune 2013, 42:39-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200317, 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.11.001.
63. Palmer J.M., Robe A.J., Burt A.D., Kirby J.A., Jones D.E. Covalent modification as a mechanism for the breakdown of immune tolerance to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in the mouse. Hepatology 2004, 39(6):1583-1592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15185299, 10.1002/hep.20248.
64. Czaja A.J. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2011, 56(4):958-976. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21327704, 10.1007/s10620-011-1611-4.
65. Neafsey P., Ginsberg G., Hattis D., Johns D.O., Guyton K.Z., Sonawane B. Genetic polymorphism in CYP2E1: population distribution of CYP2E1 activity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health BCritical Reviews 2009, 12(5-6):362-388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20183527, 10.1080/10937400903158359.
66. Münz C., Lünemann J.D., Getts M.T., Miller S.D. Antiviral immune responses: triggers of or triggered by autoimmunity?. Nature Reviews Immunology 2009, 9(4):246-258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19319143, 10.1038/nri2527.
67. Marceau G., Lapierre P., Béland K., Soudeyns H., Alvarez F. LKM1 autoantibodies in chronic hepatitis C infection: a case of molecular mimicry?. Hepatology 2005, 42(3):675-682. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16037945, 10.1002/hep.20816.
68. Kammer A.R., van der Burg S.H., Grabscheid B., Hunziker I.P., Kwappenberg K.M., Reichen J., Melief C.J. Molecular mimicry of human cytochrome P450 by hepatitis C virus at the level of cytotoxic T cell recognition. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1999, 190(2):169-176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432280, 10.1084/jem.190.2.169.
69. + regulatory T cells. Immunological Reviews 2006, 212:60-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903906, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00415.x.
70. Vignali D.A., Collison L.W., Workman C.J. How regulatory T cells work. Nature Reviews Immunology 2008, 8(7):523-532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566595, 10.1038/nri2343.
71. Longhi M.S., Hussain M.J., Kwok W.W., Mieli-Vergani G., Ma Y., Vergani D. Autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells, a potential tool for immune-tolerance reconstitution in type-2 autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2011, 53(2):536-547. 10.1002/hep.24039.
72. Walker L.S. Treg and CTLA-4: two intertwining pathways to immune tolerance. Journal of Autoimmunity 2013, 45:49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849743, 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.006.
73. Scalapino K.J., Daikh D.I. CTLA-4: a key regulatory point in the control of autoimmune disease. Immunological Reviews 2008, 223:143-155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613834, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00639.x.
74. Gough S.C., Walker L.S., Sansom D.M. CTLA4 gene polymorphism and autoimmunity. Immunological Reviews 2005, 204:102-115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790353, 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00249.x.
75. Kim J.M., Rasmussen J.P., Rudensky A.Y. Regulatory T cells prevent catastrophic autoimmunity throughout the lifespan of mice. Nature Immunology 2007, 8(2):191-197. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136045, 10.1038/ni1428.
76. Liaskou E., Hirschfield G.M., Gershwin M.E. Mechanisms of tissue injury in autoimmune liver diseases. Seminars in Immunopathology 2014, 36(5):553-568. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25082647, 10.1007/s00281-014-0439-3.
77. Chalasani N., Gorski J.C., Asghar M.S., Asghar A., Foresman B., Hall S.D., Crabb D.W. Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2003, 37(3):544-550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12601351, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50095.
78. Emery M.G., Fisher J.M., Chien J.Y., Kharasch E.D., Dellinger E.P., Kowdley K.V., Thummel K.E. CYP2E1 activity before and after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2003, 38(2):428-435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12883487, 10.1053/jhep.2003.50342.