Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 40, 2014, Pages 14787-14804

  Madrigal Santillán, Eduardo ^a   Madrigal Bujaidar, Eduardo ^a   Álvarez González, Isela ^a   Sumaya Martínez, María Teresa ^b   Gutiérrez Salinas, José ^c   Bautista, Mirandeli ^d   Morales González, Ángel ^a   García Luna Y González Rubio, Manuel ^e   Aguilar Faisal, J Leopoldo ^a   Morales González, José A ^a  

^a INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NAYARIT   (Mexico)

^c Hospital 20 de Noviembre   (Mexico)

^d UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE HIDALGO   (Mexico)

^e UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Alcoholic liver disease; Glucans; Grapefruit; Hepatoprotection; Opuntia ficus indica; Propolis; Spirulina; Vaccinium spp; Vitis vinifera L

Indexed keywords

AURANTIIN; BETA GLUCAN; CHAMOMILE; NARINGENIN; NOPAL; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; PROPOLIS; RESIN; SILYMARIN; ANTIOXIDANT; PLANT EXTRACT;

BLUEBERRY; CRANBERRY; CYANOBACTERIUM; DRUG EFFECT; GRAPE; GRAPEFRUIT; HUMAN; LIVER CELL; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER PROTECTION; MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA; MATRICARIA RECUTITA; OPUNTIA FICUS-INDICA; REVIEW; SILYBUM MARIANUM; SPIRULINA; SPIRULINA FUSIFORMIS; SPIRULINA MAXIMA; SPIRULINA PLATENSIS; ANIMAL; CELL PROTECTION; DIET; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY; FRUIT; LIVER; MEDICINAL PLANT; PATHOLOGY; PHYTOTHERAPY;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CYTOPROTECTION; DIET; DRUG-INDUCED LIVER INJURY; FRUIT; HUMANS; LIVER; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 84910637431     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14787     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Lin JH, Lu AY. Role of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in drug discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 1997; 49: 403-449 [PMID: 9443165]
2. Shanani S. Evaluation of hepatoprotective efficacy of APCL-A polyherbal formulation in vivo in rats. Indian Drugs 1999; 36: 628-631
3. Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P. Development of phytomedicine for liver diseases. Indian J Pharmacol 1999; 31 : 166-175
4. Adewusi EA, Afolayan AJ. A review of natural products with hepatoprotective activity. J Med Plants Res 2010; 4 : 1318-1334 [DOI: 10.5897/JMPR09.472]
5. Ahsan MR, Islam KM, Bulbul IJ. Hepatoprotective activity of Methanol Extract of some medicinal plants against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Global J Pharmacol 2009; 3: 116-122
6. Asha VV, Pushpangadan P. Preliminary evaluation of the anti-hepatotoxic activity of Phyllanthus kozhikodianus, Phyllanthus maderspatensis and Solanum indicum. Fitoterapia 1998; 59: 255-259
7. Casafont-Morencos F, Puente A. Pons-Romero F. Infecciones bacterianas y parasitarias del hígado. Medicine 2008; 10: 563-569
8. Amengual-Guedan MJ, Rodríguez Sánchez JL. Autoinmunidad en las enfermedades del hígado (I). Inmunologia 2000; 19: 90-102
9. Deshwal N, Sharma AK, Sharma P. Review on hepatoprotective plants. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2011; 7: 15-26
10. Chattopadhyay RR. Possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity of Azadirachta indica leaf extract: part II. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89: 217-219 [PMID: 14611885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.006]
11. Gupta SS. Prospects and perspectives of natural plant products in medicine. Indian J Pharmacol 1994; 26: 1-12
12. Kasdallah-Grissa A, Mornagui B, Aouani E, Hammami M, Gharbi N, Kamoun A, El-Fazaa S. Protective effect of resveratrol on ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41: 236-239 [PMID: 16517551 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agh256]
13. Sumaya-Martínez MT, Cruz-Jaime S, Madrigal-Santillán E, García-Paredes JD, Cariño-Cortés R, Cruz-Cansino N, Valadez-Vega C, Martinez-Cardenas L, Alanís-García E. Betalain, Acid ascorbic, phenolic contents and antioxidant properties of purple, red, yellow and white cactus pears. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12: 6452-6468 [PMID: 22072899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106452]
14. Madrigal-Santillán E, Fragoso-Antonio S, Valadez-Vega C, Solano-Solano G, Pérez CZ, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Esquivel-Soto J, Esquivel-Chirino C, Sumaya-Martínez T, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Mendoza-Pérez J, Morales-González JA. Investigation on the protective effects of cranberry against the DNA damage induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Molecules 2012; 17: 4435-4451 [PMID: 22499190 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044435]
15. Olaleye MT, Adegboye OO, Akindahunsi AA. Alchornea cordifolia extract protects wistar albino rats against acetaminophen inducedliver damage. Afr J Biotechnol 2006; 5 : 2439-2445 [DOI: 10.5897/AJB06.499]
16. Bhawna S, Kumar SU. Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2009; 4: 1330-1334
17. Gupta V, Kohli K, Ghaiye P, Bansal P, Lather A. Pharmacological potentials of citrus paradise-An overview. Int J Phytother Res 2011; 1: 8-17
18. Madrigal-Santillán E, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Cruz-Jaime S, Valadez-Vega MC, Sumaya-Martínez MT, Pérez-Ávila KG, Morales-González JA. The Chemoprevention of Chronic Degenerative Disease Through Dietary Antioxidants: Progress, Promise and Evidences. In: Morales-González JA, editor. Oxidative stress and chronic degenerative diseases-a role for antioxidants. Rijeka: Croatia InTech, 2013: 155-185 [DOI: 10.5772/52162]
19. Monroe KR, Murphy SP, Kolonel LN, Pike MC. Prospective study of grapefruit intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2007; 97 : 440-445 [PMID: 17622247 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603880]
20. Kumar A, Dogra S, Prakash A. Protective effect of naringin, a citrus flavonoid, against colchicine-induced cognitive dysfunction and oxidative damage in rats. J Med Food 2010; 13: 976-984 [PMID: 20673063 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1251]
21. Pereira RM, Andrades NE, Paulino N, Sawaya AC, Eberlin MN, Marcucci MC, Favero GM, Novak EM, Bydlowski SP. Synthesis and characterization of a metal complex containing naringin and Cu, and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and tumor cell cytotoxicity. Molecules 2007; 12: 1352-1366 [PMID: 17909491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules]
22. Parmar NS . The gastric anti-ulcer activity of naringenin, a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. Int J Tissue React 1983; 5: 415-420 [PMID: 6671888]
23. Lee MH, Yoon S, Moon JO. The flavonoid naringenin inhibits dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver damage in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27: 72-76 [PMID: 14709902]
24. Jayaraman J, Veerappan M, Namasivayam N. Potential beneficial effect of naringenin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rats with ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 61: 1383-1390 [PMID: 19814872]
25. Jayaraman J, Namasivayam N. Naringenin modulates circulatory lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant status and hepatic alcohol metabolizing enzymes in rats with ethanol induced liver injury. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 25: 682-689 [PMID: 21105911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00899]
26. Seo HJ, Jeong KS, Lee MK, Park YB, Jung UJ, Kim HJ, Choi MS. Role of naringin supplement in regulation of lipid and ethanol metabolism in rats. Life Sci 2003; 73: 933-946 [PMID: 12798418 DOI: 10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00358-8]
27. Seeram NP. Berry fruits: compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 627-629 [PMID: 18211023 DOI: 10.1021/jf071988k]
28. Neto CC. Cranberry and its phytochemicals: a review of in vitro anticancer studies. J Nutr 2007; 137: 186S-193S [PMID: 17182824]
29. Cederbaum AI, Lu Y, Wu D. Role of oxidative stress in alcohol-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83: 519-548 [PMID: 19448996 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0432-0]
30. Ade N, Leon F, Pallardy M, Peiffer JL, Kerdine-Romer S, Tissier MH, Bonnet PA, Fabre I, Ourlin JC. HMOX1 and NQO1 genes are upregulated in response to contact sensitizers in dendritic cells and THP-1 cell line: role of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Toxicol Sci 2009; 107 : 451-460 [PMID: 19033392 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn243]
31. Surh YJ, Kundu JK, Na HK. Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phytochemicals. Planta Med 2008; 74: 1526-1539 [PMID: 18937164 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088302]
32. Wang YP, Cheng ML, Zhang BF, Mu M, Zhou MY, Wu J, Li CX. Effect of blueberry on hepatic and immunological functions in mice. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010; 9: 164-168 [PMID: 20382588]
33. Cheshchevik VT, Lapshina EA, Dremza IK, Zabrodskaya SV, Reiter RJ, Prokopchik NI, Zavodnik IB. Rat liver mitochondrial damage under acute or chronic carbon tetrachlo-ride- induced intoxication: protection by melatonin and cranberry flavonoids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261: 271-279 [PMID: 22521486 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.007]
34. Shin MO, Yoon S, Moon JO. The proanthocyanidins inhibit dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver damage in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33: 167-173 [PMID: 20191358 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-2239-1]
35. Arroyo-García R, Ruiz-García L, Bolling L, Ocete R, López MA, Arnold C, Ergul A, Söylemezoʇlu G, Uzun HI, Cabello F, Ibáñez J, Aradhya MK, Atanassov A, Atanassov I, Balint S, Cenis JL, Costantini L, Goris-Lavets S, Grando MS, Klein BY, McGovern PE, Merdinoglu D, Pejic I, Pelsy F, Primikirios N, Risovannaya V, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Snoussi H, Sotiri P, Tamhankar S, This P, Troshin L, Malpica JM, Lefort F, Martinez-Zapater JM. Multiple origins of cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa) based on chloroplast DNA polymorphisms. Mol Ecol 2006; 15: 3707-3714 [PMID: 17032268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03049.x]
36. Suklje K, Lisjak K, Èesnik HB, Janeš L, Du Toit W, Coetzee Z, Vanzo A, Deloire A. Classification of grape berries according to diameter and total soluble solids to study the effect of light and temperature on methoxypyrazine, glutathione, and hydroxycinnamate evolution during ripening of Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60: 9454-9461 [PMID: 22946638 DOI: 10.1021/jf3020766]
37. Hernández-Jiménez A, Gil-Muñoz R, Ruiz-García Y, López-Roca JM, Martinez-Cutillas A, Gómez-Plaza E. Evaluating the Polyphenol Profile in Three Segregating Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Populations. J Anal Methods Chem 2013; 2013 : 572896 [PMID: 23986879 DOI: 10.1155/2013/572896]
38. De Nisco M, Manfra M, Bolognese A, Sofo A, Scopa A, Tenore GC, Pagano F, Milite C, Russo MT. Nutraceutical properties and polyphenolic profile of berry skin and wine of Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Aglianico). Food Chem 2013; 140: 623-629 [PMID: 23692745 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.123]
39. Sandoval M, Lazarte K, Arnao I. Hepatoprotección antioxidante de la cáscara y semilla de Vitis vinifera L. (uva). An Fac Med 2008; 69: 250-259
40. Katalinic V, Smole Mozina S, Generalic I, Skroza D, Ljubenkov I, Klancnik A. Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Six Vitis vinifera L. Varieties. Int J Food Prop 2013; 16 : 45-60 [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2010.526274]
41. Dani C, Oliboni LS, Pasquali MA, Oliveira MR, Umezu FM, Salvador M, Moreira JC, Henriques JA. Intake of purple grape juice as a hepatoprotective agent in Wistar rats. J Med Food 2008; 11: 127-132 [PMID: 18361748 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.558]
42. Dogan A, Celik I. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of grapeseeds against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Br J Nutr 2012; 107: 45-51 [PMID: 21733325 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511002650]
43. Kasdallah-Grissa A, Mornagui B, Aouani E, Hammami M, El May M, Gharbi N, Kamoun A, El-Fazaâ S. Resveratrol, a red wine polyphenol, attenuates ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Life Sci 2007; 80 : 1033-1039 [PMID: 17258234]
44. Gurocak S, Karabulut E, Karadag N, Ozgor D, Ozkeles N, Karabulut AB. Preventive effects of resveratrol against azoxymethane induced damage in rat liver. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14: 2367-2370 [PMID: 23725142 DOI: 10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.4.2367]
45. Madrigal-Santillán E, García-Melo F, Morales-González JA, Vázquez-Alvarado P, Muñoz-Juárez S, Zuñiga-Pérez C, Sumaya-Martínez MT, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Hernández-Ceruelos A. Antioxidant and anticlastogenic capacity of prickly pear juice. Nutrients 2013; 5: 4145-4158 [PMID: 24145870 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104145]
46. Kaur M, Kaur A, Sharma R. Pharmacological actions of Opuntia ficus indica: A Review. J Appl Phar Sci 2012; 2: 15-18
47. Livrea MA, Tesoriere L. Antioxidant Activities of Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus indica) Fruit and Its. Betalains, Betanin and Indicaxanthin. In: Packer L, Nam OC, Halliwell B, editors. Herbal and Traditional Medicine. Molecular Aspects of Health. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004: 537-556 [DOI: 10.1201/9780203025901.ch24]
48. Ibañez-Camacho R, Meckes-Lozoya M, Mellado-Campos V. The hypoglucemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha studied in different animal experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol 1983; 7: 175-181 [PMID: 6865450 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(83)90019-3]
49. Trejo-González A, Gabriel-Ortiz G, Puebla-Pérez AM, Huízar-Contreras MD, Munguía-Mazariegos MR, Mejía-Arreguín S, Calva E. A purified extract from prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fuliginosa) controls experimentally induced diabetes in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 55: 27-33 [PMID: 9121164 DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01467-5]
50. Fernandez ML, Lin EC, Trejo A, McNamara DJ. Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) pectin reverses low density lipoprotein receptor suppression induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet in guinea pigs. J Nutr 1992; 122: 2330-2340 [PMID: 1333520]
51. Muñoz de Chávez M, Chávez A, Valles V, Roldán JA. The nopal: a plant of manifold qualities. World Rev Nutr Diet 1995; 77: 109-134 [PMID: 7732696]
52. Sawaya WN, Khatchadourian HA, Safi WM, Al-Hammad HM. Chemical characterization of prickly pear pulp, Opuntia ficus-indica, and the manufacturing of prickly pear jam. J Food Tech 1983; 18: 183-193 [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb00259.x]
53. Kuti JO. Antioxidant compounds from four Opuntia cactus pear fruit varieties. Food Chem 2004; 85: 527-533 [DOI: 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00184-5]
54. Fernández-López JA, Almela L, Obón JM, Castellar R. Determination of antioxidant constituents in cactus pear fruits. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2010; 65 : 253-259 [PMID: 20811778 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-010-0189-x]
55. Castellar R, Obón JM, Alacid M, Fernández-López JA. Color properties and stability of betacyanins from Opuntia fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51: 2772-2776 [PMID: 12696971 DOI: 10.1021/jf021045h]
56. Livrea MA, Tesoriere L. Antioxidative effects of cactus pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L) Mill] fruits from Sicily and bioavailability of betalain components in healthy humans. Acta Horticult 2009; 811: 197-204
57. Piga A. Cactus Pear: A Fruit of Nutraceutical and Functional Cactus Pear: A Fruit of Nutraceutical and Functional. J Prof Ass Cactus Dev 2004; 6: 9-22
58. Wiese J, McPherson S, Odden MC, Shlipak MG. Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 1334-1340 [PMID: 15226168 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.12.1334]
59. Ncibi S, Ben Othman M, Akacha A, Krifi MN, Zourgui L. Opuntia ficus indica extract protects against chlorpyrifos-induced damage on mice liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 797-802 [PMID: 17980473 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.047]
60. Brahmi D, Ayed Y, Bouaziz C, Zourgui L, Hassen W, Bacha H. Hepatoprotective effect of cactus extract against carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene on liver of Balb/C mice. J Med Plants Res 2011; 5: 4627-4639
61. Brahmi D, Bouaziz C, Ayed Y, Ben Mansour H, Zourgui L, Bacha H. Chemopreventive effect of cactus Opuntia ficus indica on oxidative stress and genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8 : 73 [PMID: 22008149 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-73]
62. Alimi H, Hfaeidh N, Mbarki S, Bouoni Z, Sakly M, Ben Rouma K. Evaluation of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis fruit juice hepatoprotective effect upon ethanol toxicity in rats. Gen Physiol Biophys 2012; 31: 335-342 [PMID: 23047946 DOI: 10.4149/gpb-2012-038]
63. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. The role of tea in human health: an update. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 1-13 [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719187]
64. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytother Res 2006; 20: 519-530 [PMID: 16628544 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1900]
65. Jakolev V, Issac O, Flaskamp E. Pharmacological investigation with compounds of chamazulene and matricine. Planta Med 1983; 49: 67-73 [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-969818]
66. Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med 1995; 61: 213-216 [PMID: 7617761 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958058]
67. McKay DL, Blumberg JB. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytother Res 2006; 20: 619-633 [PMID: 16767798]
68. Hernández-Ceruelos A, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, de la Cruz C. Inhibitory effect of chamomile essential oil on the sister chromatid exchanges induced by daunorubicin and methyl methanesulfonate in mouse bone marrow. Toxicol Lett 2002; 135 : 103-110 [PMID: 12243869 DOI: 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00253-9]
69. Achterrath-Tuckermann U, Kunde R, Flaskamp E, Isaac O, Thiemer K. [Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile. V. Investigations on the spasmolytic effect of compounds of chamomile and Kamillosan on the isolated guinea pig ileum]. Planta Med 1980; 39: 38-50 [PMID: 7403307 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1074901]
70. Maliakal PP, Wanwimolruk S. Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53: 1323-1329 [PMID: 11697539 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011777819]
71. Gupta AK, Misra N. Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract of Chamomile capitula in Paracetamol Intoxicated Albino Rats. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 1: 17-20 [DOI: 10.3844/ajptsp.2006.17.20]
72. Al-Hashem FH. Gastroprotective effects of aqueous extract of Chamomilla recutita against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. Saudi Med J 2010; 31: 1211-1216 [PMID: 21063650]
73. Aksoy L, Sözbilir NB. Effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems, and key liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats. Toxicol Environ Chem 2012; 94: 1780-1788 [DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2012.729837]
74. Hamid S, Sabir A, Khan S, Aziz P. Experimental cultivation of Silybum marianum and chemical composition of its oil. Pak J Sci Ind Res 1983; 26: 244-246
75. Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Silybum marianum & Cardusarianum. Fitoterapia 1995; 66: 3-42
76. Lee DY, Liu Y. Molecular structure and stereochemistry of silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, and isosilybin B, Isolated from Silybum marianum (milk thistle). J Nat Prod 2003; 66: 1171-1174 [PMID: 14510591 DOI: 10.1021/np030163b]
77. Ligeret H, Brault A, Vallerand D, Haddad Y, Haddad PS. Antioxidant and mitochondrial protective effects of silibinin in cold preservation-warm reperfusion liver injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 115: 507-514 [PMID: 18061382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.024]
78. Shaker E, Mahmoud H, Mnaa S. Silymarin, the antioxidant component and Silybum marianum extracts prevent liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48 : 803-806 [PMID: 20034535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.011]
79. Abou Zid S. Silymarin, Natural Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle. In: Venketeshwer R, editor. Phytochemicals-A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. Rijeka: Croatia InTech, 2012: 255-272
80. Deep G, Oberlies NH, Kroll DJ, Agarwal R. Isosilybin B and isosilybin A inhibit growth, induce G1 arrest and cause apoptosis in human prostate cancer LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28: 1533-1542 [PMID: 17389612 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm069]
81. Svobodová A, Zdarilová A, Walterová D, Vostálová J. Flavonolignans from Silybum marianum moderate UVAinduced oxidative damage to HaCaT keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 48: 213-224 [PMID: 17689055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.06.008]
82. Hikino H, Kiso Y, Wagner H, Fiebig M. Antihepatotoxic actions of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum fruits. Planta Med 1984; 50: 248-250 [PMID: 6091165]
83. Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H, Benner K. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93 : 139-143 [PMID: 9468229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00139.x]
84. Pietrangelo A, Borella F, Casalgrandi G, Montosi G, Ceccarelli D, Gallesi D, Giovannini F, Gasparetto A, Masini A. Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron overload in rats. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1941-1949 [PMID: 7498660 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90762-9]
85. Bosisio E, Benelli C, Pirola O. Effect of the flavanolignans of Silybum marianum L. on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and freshly isolated hepatocytes. Pharmacol Res 1992; 25: 147-154 [PMID: 1635893 DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(92)91383-R]
86. Carini R, Comoglio A, Albano E, Poli G. Lipid peroxidation and irreversible damage in the rat hepatocyte model. Protection by the silybin-phospholipid complex IdB 1016. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43: 2111-2115 [PMID: 1599497 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(92)90168-I]
87. Sonnenbichler J, Goldberg M, Hane L, Madubunyi I, Vogl S, Zetl I. Stimulatory effect of Silibinin on the DNA synthesis in partially hepatectomized rat livers: non-response in hepatoma and other malign cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35: 538-541 [PMID: 3004503 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90233-9]
88. Fraschini F, Demartini G, Esposti D. Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin Drug Invest 2002; 22: 51-65 [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200222010-00007]
89. Dehmlow C, Erhard J, de Groot H. Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin. Hepatology 1996; 23: 749-754 [PMID: 8666328 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510230415]
90. Salam OM, Sleem AA, Omara EA, Hassan NS. Hepatoprotective effects of misoprostol and silymarin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2009; 23: 179-188 [PMID: 19298238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00654.x]
91. Kim SH, Cheon HJ, Yun N, Oh ST, Shin E, Shim KS, Lee SM. Protective effect of a mixture of Aloe vera and Silybum marianum against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity and liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109: 119-127 [PMID: 19151545 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08189FP]
92. El Mesallamy HO, Metwally NS, Soliman MS, Ahmed KA, Abdel Moaty MM. The chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba and Silybum marianum extracts on hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11: 38 [PMID: 22040519 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-38]
93. Patel S, Goyal A. Current and Prospective Insights on Food and Pharmaceutical Applications of Spirulina. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 2013; 7: 681-695
94. Deng R, Chow TJ. Hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory activities of microalgae Spirulina. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 28 : e33-e45 [PMID: 20633020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00200.x]
95. Oliveira EG, Rosa GS, Moraes MA, Pinto LA. Characterization of thin layer drying of Spirulina platensis utilizing perpendicular air flow. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100: 1297-1303 [PMID: 18922691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.052]
96. Murthy KN, Rajesha J, Swamy MM, Ravishankar GA. Comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of carotenoids of microalgae. J Med Food 2005; 8: 523-528 [PMID: 16379566 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.523]
97. Kuriakose GC, Kurup MG. Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina lonar on paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. Asian J Exp Biol Sci 2010; 1: 614-623
98. Bashandy SA, Alhazza IM, El-Desoky GE, Al-Othman Z. A Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina platensis in rats administered mercuric chloride. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 5: 175-182 [DOI: 10.5897/AJMR10.330]
99. Bhattacharyya S, Mehta P. The hepatoprotective potential of Spirulina and vitamin C supplemention in cisplatin toxicity. Food Funct 2012; 3: 164-169 [PMID: 22119940 DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10172b]
100. Kepekc¸i RA, Polat S, Çelik A, Bayat N, Saygideger SD. Protective effect of Spirulina platensis enriched in phenolic compounds against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4. Food Chem 2013; 141 : 1972-1979 [PMID: 23870917 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.107]
101. Ghisalberti EL. Propolis: a review. Bee World 1979; 60: 59-84
102. Garcia-Viguera C, Greenaway W, Whatley FR. Composition of propolis from two different Spanish regions. Z Naturforsch 1992; 47C: 634-637
103. Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Franklin I. Antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. Propolis. Microbios 1990; 62: 19-22 [PMID: 2110610]
104. Marcucci MC. Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie 1995; 26: 83-99 [DOI: 10.1051/apido:19950202]
105. Castaldo S, Capasso F. Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine. Fitoterapia 2002; 73 Suppl 1: S1-S6 [PMID: 12495704 DOI: 10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00185-5]
106. Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Kadota S. Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis. Phytother Res 2001; 15 : 561-571 [PMID: 11746834 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1029]
107. Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Beneficial effects of propolis on human health and neurological diseases. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012; 4: 779-793 [PMID: 22201913 DOI: 10.2741/E418]
108. González R, Remirez D, Rodriguez S, González A, Ancheta O, Merino N, Pascua C. Hepatoprotective effects of propolis extract on paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Phytother Res 1994; 8: 229-232 [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650080408]
109. Remirez D, González A, Rodriguez S. Hepatoprotective effect of the Cuban red propolis on the toxicity induced in mice by the administration of acetaminophen. Rev Cubana Farm 1994; 28: 45-54
110. Czarnecki R, Librowski T, Polañski M. [Hepatoprotective effect of flower pollen lipid extract in paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice]. Folia Med Cracov 1997; 38 : 53-61 [PMID: 10481382]
111. González R, Corcho I, Remirez D, Rodriguez S, Ancheta O, Merino N, González A, Pascua C. Hepatoprotective effects of propolis extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats. Phytother Res 1995; 9: 114-117 [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650090207]
112. Sharma M, Pillai KK, Husain SZ, Giri DK. Protective role of propolis against alcohol carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 1997; 29: 76-81
113. Basnet P, Matsushige K, Hase K, Kadota S, Namba T. Four di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from propolis. Potent hepatoprotective activity in experimental liver injury models. Biol Pharm Bull 1996; 19: 1479-1484 [PMID: 8951168 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.19.1479]
114. Sugimoto Y, Tarumi T, Kaneko Y, Isayama S, Kawai N, Sugimoto H, Yamada H, Kamei C. Effect of propolis extract on D-galactosamine-induced hepatic injury in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22 : 1237-1239 [PMID: 10598035 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.22.1237]
115. Lin SC, Lin YH, Chen CF, Chung CY, Hsu SH. The hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of propolis ethanol extract on chronic alcohol-induced liver injuries. Am J Chin Med 1997; 25 : 325-332 [PMID: 9358906 DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X97000366]
116. Mahran LG, el-Khatib AS, Agha AM, Khayyal MT. The protective effect of aqueous propolis extract on isolated rat hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996; 22: 309-316 [PMID: 9034757]
117. Banskota AH, Tezuka Y, Adnyana IK, Midorikawa K, Matsushige K, Message D, Huertas AA, Kadota S. Cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging effects of propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 72: 239-246 [PMID: 10967477 DOI: 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00252-X]
118. Gomaa MS, Abd Alla MA, Sameer MM. The possible protective effect of propolis (Bee glue) on cypermethrin-induced hepatotoxicity in adult albino rats. Mansoura J Forensic Med Clin Toxicol 2011; 19: 17-32
119. Zekoviæ DB, Kwiatkowski S, Vrviæ MM, Jakovljeviæ D, Moran CA. Natural and modified (1 - > 3)-beta-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2005; 25: 205-230 [PMID: 16419618 DOI: 10.1080/07388550500376166]
120. Mantovani MS, Bellini MF, Angeli JP, Oliveira RJ, Silva AF, Ribeiro LR. beta-Glucans in promoting health: prevention against mutation and cancer. Mutat Res 2008; 658 : 154-161 [PMID: 17827055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.07.002]
121. Neyrinck AM, Mouson A, Delzenne NM. Dietary supplementation with laminarin, a fermentable marine beta (1-3) glucan, protects against hepatotoxicity induced by LPS in rat by modulating immune response in the hepatic tissue. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7 : 1497-1506 [PMID: 17920526 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.06.011]
122. Sugiyama A, Suzuki K, Mitra S, Arashida R, Yoshida E, Nakano R, Yabuta Y, Takeuchi T. Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a beta-1, 3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71: 885-890 [PMID: 19652474 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.885]