MYC degradation

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2014, Pages

  Farrell, Amy S ^a   Sears, Rosalie C ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA TRCP PROTEIN; CALPAIN; FBW7 PROTEIN; FBX29 PROTEIN; I KAPPA B KINASE GAMMA; MYC PROTEIN; PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE PIN1; PROTEIN; S PHASE KINASE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 2; SIRTUIN 2; TRIPARTITE MOTIF CONTAINING PROTEIN 32; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; UBIQUITIN LIGASE HECTH9; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE E3; UBIQUITIN PROTEIN LIGASE NEDD4; UBIQUITIN SPECIFIC PEPTIDASE 28; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACETYLATION; ARTICLE; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; DNA BINDING; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; METABOLIC REGULATION; NEOPLASM; PROTEIN CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN STABILITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; UBIQUITINATION;

ACETYLATION; CELL COMMUNICATION; GENES, MYC; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOPLASMS; PROTEASOME ENDOPEPTIDASE COMPLEX; PROTEIN STABILITY; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; UBIQUITIN;

EID: 84897584387     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014365     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Adhikary S, Marinoni F, Hock A, Hulleman E, Popov N, Beier R, Bernard S, Quarto M, Capra M, Goettig S, et al. 2005. The ubiquitin ligase HectH9 regulates transcriptional activation by Myc and is essential for tumor cell proliferation. Cell 123: 409-421.
2. Akhoondi S, Sun D, von der Lehr N, Apostolidou S, Klotz K, Maljukova A, Cepeda D, Fiegl H, Dafou D, Marth C, et al. 2007. FBXW7/hCDC4 is a general tumor suppressor in human cancer. Cancer Res 67: 9006-9012.
3. Arnold HK, Sears RC. 2006. Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56a associates with c-Myc and negatively regulates c-Myc accumulation. Mol Cell Biol 26: 2832-2844.
4. Arnold HK, Zhang X, Daniel CJ, Tibbitts D, Escamilla- Powers J, Farrell A, Tokarz S, Morgan C, Sears RC. 2009. The Axin1 scaffold protein promotes formation of a degradation complex for c-Myc. EMBO J 28: 500-512.
5. Ayala G, Wang D, Wulf G, Frolov A, Li R, Sowadski J, Wheeler TM, Lu KP, Bao L. 2003. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 is a novel prognostic marker in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 63: 6244-6251.
6. Bachireddy P, Bendapudi PK, Felsher DW. 2005. Getting at MYC through RAS. Clin Cancer Res 11: 4278-4281.
7. Bahram F, von der Lehr N, Cetinkaya C, Larsson LG. 2000. c-Myc hot spot mutations in lymphomas result in inefficient ubiquitination and decreased proteasome-mediated turnover. Blood 95: 2104-2110.
8. Ballinger CA, Connell P, Wu Y, Hu Z, Thompson LJ, Yin LY, Patterson C. 1999. Identification of CHIP, a novel tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein that interacts with heat shock proteins and negatively regulates chaperone functions. Mol Cell Biol 19: 4535-4545.
9. Bhatia K, Huppi K, Spangler G, Siwarski D, Iyer R, Magrath I. 1993. Point mutations in the c-Myc transactivation domain are common in Burkitt's lymphoma and mouse plasmacytomas. Nat Genet 5: 56-61.
10. Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN. 1991. Max: A helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNAbinding complex with Myc. Science 251: 1211-1217.
11. Bretones G, Acosta JC, Caraballo JM, Ferrandiz N, Gomez- Casares MT, Albajar M, Blanco R, Ruiz P, Hung WC, Albero MP, et al. 2011. SKP2 oncogene is a direct MYC target gene and MYC down-regulates p27KIP1 through SKP2 in human leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 286: 9815-9825.
12. Chan CH, Lee SW, Wang J, Lin HK. 2010.Regulation of Skp2 expression and activity and its role in cancer progression. ScientificWorldJournal 10: 1001-1015.
13. Choi SH, Wright JB, Gerber SA, Cole MD. 2010. Myc protein is stabilized by suppression of a novel E3 ligase complex in cancer cells. Genes Dev 24: 1236-1241.
14. Christensen DJ, Chen Y, Oddo J, Matta KM, Neil J, Davis ED, Volkheimer AD, Lanasa MC, Friedman DR, Goodman BK, et al. 2011. SEToncoprotein overexpression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A predictor of aggressive disease and a new treatment target. Blood 118: 4150-4158.
15. Cole MD. 1986. The myc oncogene: Its role in transformation and differentiation. Annu Rev Genet 20: 361-384.
16. Come C, Laine A, Chanrion M, Edgren H, Mattila E, Liu X, Jonkers J, Ivaska J, Isola J, Darbon JM, et al. 2009. CIP2A is associated with human breast cancer aggressivity. Clin Cancer Res 15: 5092-5100.
17. Conacci-Sorrell M, Eisenman RN. 2011. Post-translational control ofMyc function during differentiation. Cell Cycle 10: 604-610.
18. Conacci-Sorrell M, Ngouenet C, Eisenman RN. 2010. Mycnick: A cytoplasmic cleavage product of Myc that promotes a-tubulin acetylation and cell differentiation. Cell 142: 480-493.
19. Cowling VH, Chandriani S, Whitfield ML, Cole MD. 2006. A conserved Myc protein domain, MBIV, regulates DNA binding, apoptosis, transformation, and G2 arrest. Mol Cell Biol 26: 4226-4239.
20. Cristobal I, Garcia-Orti L, Cirauqui C, Cortes-Lavaud X, Garcia-Sanchez MA, Calasanz MJ, Odero MD. 2011. Overexpression of SET is a recurrent event associated with poor outcome that contributes to protein phosphatase 2A inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 97: 543-550.
21. Dang CV. 1999. c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth,apoptosis, and metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 19: 1-11.
22. Dang CV. 2012.MYCon the path to cancer. Cell 149: 22-35.
23. Dang CV, LeeWM.1988. Identification of the human c-Myc protein nuclear translocation signal. Mol Cell Biol 8: 4048-4054.
24. Dani C, Blanchard JM, Piechaczyk M, El Sabouty S, Marty L, Jeanteur P. 1984. Extreme instability of myc mRNA innormal and transformed human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 81: 7046-7050.
25. Deshaies RJ. 1999. SCF and Cullin/Ring H2-based ubiquitin ligases. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 15: 435-467.
26. Dias DC, Dolios G, Wang R, Pan ZQ. 2002. CUL7: A DOC domain-containing cullin selectively binds Skp1†Fbx29 to form an SCF-like complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 16601-16606.
27. Dikic I, Robertson M. 2012. Ubiquitin ligases and beyond. BMC Biol 10: 22.
28. Eichhorn PJ, Creyghton MP, Bernards R. 2009. Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1795: 1-15.
29. Eisenman RN. 2001. Deconstructing myc. Genes Dev 15: 2023-2030.
30. Farrell AS, Pelz C, Wang X, Daniel CJ, Wang Z, Su Y, Janghorban M, Zhang X, Morgan C, Impey S, et al. 2013. Pin1 regulates the dynamics of c-Myc DNA binding to facilitate target gene regulation and oncogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 33: 2930-2949.
31. Flinn EM, Busch CM, Wright AP. 1998. Myc boxes, which are conserved inMyc family proteins, are signals for protein degradation via the proteasome. Mol Cell Biol 18: 5961-5969.
32. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Villar-Garea A, Boix-Chornet M, Espada J, Schotta G, Bonaldi T, Haydon C, Ropero S, Petrie K, et al. 2005. Loss of acetylation at Lys16 and trimethylation at Lys20 of histone H4 is a common hallmark of human cancer. Nat Genet 37: 391-400.
33. Giraud M, Yoshida H, Abramson J, Rahl PB, Young RA, Mathis D, Benoist C. 2012. Aire unleashes stalled RNA polymerase to induce ectopic gene expression in thymic epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109: 535-540.
34. Gregory MA, Hann SR. 2000. c-Myc proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: Stabilization of c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 20: 2423-2435.
35. Gregory MA, Qi Y, Hann SR. 2003. Phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 controls c-Myc proteolysis and subnuclear localization. J Biol Chem 278: 51606-51612.
36. Grim JE, Gustafson MP, Hirata RK, Hagar AC, Swanger J, Welcker M, Hwang HC, Ericsson J, Russell DW, Clurman BE. 2008. Isoform- and cell cycle-dependent substrate degradation by the Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase. J Cell Biol 181: 913-920.
37. Gronroos E, Hellman U, Heldin CH, Ericsson J. 2002. Control of Smad7 stability by competition between acetylation and ubiquitination. Mol Cell 10: 483-493.
38. Gstaiger M, Jordan R, Lim M, Catzavelos C, Mestan J, Slingerland J, Krek W. 2001. Skp2 is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98: 5043-5048.
39. Hann SR, Eisenman RN. 1984. Proteins encoded by the human c-myc oncogene: Differential expression in neoplastic cells. Mol Cell Biol 4: 2486-2497.
40. Hemann MT, Bric A, Teruya-Feldstein J, Herbst A, Nilsson JA, Cordon-Cardo C, Cleveland JL, Tansey WP, Lowe SW. 2005. Evasion of the p53 tumour surveillance network by tumour-derived MYC mutants. Nature 436: 807-811.
41. Herbst A, Salghetti SE, Kim SY, Tansey WP. 2004. Multiple cell-type-specific elements regulateMyc protein stability. Oncogene 23: 3863-3871.
42. Herbst A, Hemann MT, Tworkowski KA, Salghetti SE, Lowe SW, Tansey WP. 2005. A conserved element in Myc that negatively regulates its proapoptotic activity. EMBO Rep 6: 177-183.
43. Huibregtse JM, Scheffner M, Beaudenon S, Howley PM. 1995. A family of proteins structurally and functionally related to the E6-AP ubiquitin-protein ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92: 5249.
44. Hydbring P, Bahram F, Su Y, Tronnersjo S, Hogstrand K, von der Lehr N, Sharifi HR, Lilischkis R, Hein N, Wu S, et al. 2010. Phosphorylation by Cdk2 is required for Myc to repress Ras-induced senescence in cotransformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 58-63.
45. Jin YH, Jeon EJ, Li QL, Lee YH, Choi JK, Kim WJ, Lee KY, Bae SC. 2004. Transforming growth factor-b stimulates p300-dependent RUNX3 acetylation, which inhibits ubiquitination-mediated degradation. J Biol Chem 279: 29409-29417.
46. Joseph JD, Yeh ES, Swenson KI, Means AR, Winkler. 2003. The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Prog Cell Cycle Res 5: 477-487.
47. Junttila MR, Puustinen P, Niemela M, Ahola R, Arnold H, Bottzauw T, Ala-aho R, Nielsen C, Ivaska J, Taya Y, et al. 2007. CIP2A inhibits PP2A in human malignancies. Cell 130: 51-62.
48. Kajiro M, Hirota R, Nakajima Y, Kawanowa K, So-ma K, Ito I, Yamaguchi Y, Ohie SH, Kobayashi Y, Seino Y, et al. 2009. The ubiquitin ligase CHIP acts as an upstream regulator of oncogenic pathways. Nat Cell Biol 11: 312-319.
49. Kato GJ, Barrett J, Villa-Garcia M, Dang CV. 1990. An amino-terminal c-Myc domain required for neoplastic transformation activates transcription. Mol Cell Biol 10: 5914-5920.
50. Khanna A, Bockelman C, Hemmes A, Junttila MR,Wiksten JP, Lundin M, Junnila S, Murphy DJ, Evan GI, Haglund C, et al. 2009. MYC-dependent regulation and prognostic role of CIP2A in gastric cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 101: 793-805.
51. Kim SY, Herbst A, Tworkowski KA, Salghetti SE, Tansey WP. 2003. Skp2 regulates Myc protein stability and activity. Mol Cell 11: 1177-1188.
52. Kim BY, Yang JS, Kwak SY, Zhang XK, Han YH. 2010. NEMO stabilizes c-Myc through direct interaction in the nucleus. FEBS Lett 584: 4524-4530.
53. Kim BY, Kwak SY, Yang JS, Han YH. 2011. Phosphorylation and stabilization of c-Myc by NEMO renders cells resistant to ionizing radiation through up-regulation of g- GCS. Oncol Rep 26: 1587-1593.
54. Kimura T, Ishizuka H, Yoshida A, Morii M, Takeguchi N, Asano S. 2003. Quantity and quality control of gastric proton pump in the endoplasmic reticulum by ubiquitin/proteasome system. Biochemistry 42: 4771-4779.
55. Knuutila S, Aalto Y, Autio K, Bjorkqvist AM, El-Rifai W, Hemmer S, Huhta T, Kettunen E, Kiuru-Kuhlefelt S, Larramendy ML, et al. 1999. DNA copy number losses in human neoplasms. Am J Pathol 155: 683-694.
56. Koch HB, Zhang R, Verdoodt B, Bailey A, Zhang CD, Yates JR 3rd, Menssen A, Hermeking H. 2007. Large-scale identification of c-MYC-associated proteins using a combined TAP/MudPIT approach. Cell Cycle 6: 205-217.
57. Kurland JF, Tansey WP. 2008.Myc-mediated transcriptional repression by recruitment of histone deacetylase. Cancer Res 68: 3624-3629.
58. Lam PB, Burga LN, Wu BP, Hofstatter EW, Lu KP, Wulf GM. 2008. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 is highly expressed in Her2- positive breast cancer and regulates erbB2 protein stability. Mol Cancer 7: 91.
59. Li M, Luo J, Brooks CL, Gu W. 2002. Acetylation of p53 inhibits its ubiquitination by Mdm2. J Biol Chem 277: 50607-50611.
60. Li H, Wittwer T, Weber A, Schneider H, Moreno R, Maine GN, Kracht M, Schmitz ML, Burstein E. 2012. Regulation of NF-kB activity by competition between RelA acetylation and ubiquitination. Oncogene 31: 611-623.
61. Lin CY, Loven J, Rahl PB, Paranal RM, Burge CB, Bradner JE, Lee TI, Young RA. 2012. Transcriptional amplification in tumor cells with elevated c-Myc. Cell 151: 56-67.
62. Lippens G, Landrieu I, Smet C. 2007. Molecular mechanisms of the phospho-dependent prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1. FEBS J 274: 5211-5222.
63. Liu J, Levens D. 2006. Making Myc. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 302: 1-32.
64. Liu PY, Xu N, Malyukova A, Scarlett CJ, Sun YT, Zhang XD, Ling D, Su SP, Nelson C, Chang DK, et al. 2013. The histone deacetylase SIRT2 stabilizes Myc oncoproteins. Cell Death Differ 20: 503-514.
65. Lu KP. 2003. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 as a molecular target for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer Cell 4: 175-180.
66. Lu KP, Zhou XZ. 2007. The prolyl isomerase PIN1: A pivotal new twist in phosphorylation signalling and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 904-916.
67. Lutterbach B, Hann SR. 1994. Hierarchical phosphorylation at N-terminal transformation-sensitive sites in c-Myc protein is regulated by mitogens and in mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 14: 5510-5522.
68. Malempati S, Tibbitts D, Cunningham M, Akkari Y, Olson S, Fan G, Sears RC. 2006. Aberrant stabilization of c-Myc protein in some lymphoblastic leukemias. Leukemia 20: 1572-1581.
69. Mannava S, Omilian AR, Wawrzyniak JA, Fink EE, Zhuang D, Miecznikowski JC, Marshall JR, Soengas MS, Sears RC, Morrison CD, et al. 2012. PP2A-B56a controls oncogene- induced senescence in normal and tumor human melanocytic cells. Oncogene 31: 1484-1492.
70. Metzger MB, Hristova VA, Weissman AM. 2012. HECTand RING finger families of E3 ubiquitin ligases at a glance. J Cell Sci 125: 531-537.
71. Minella AC, Clurman BE. 2005.Mechanisms of tumor suppression by the SCFFbw7. Cell Cycle 4: 1356-1359.
72. Miyashita H, Mori S, Motegi K, Fukumoto M, Uchida T. 2003. Pin1 is overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its levels correlate with cyclin D1 overexpression. Oncol Rep 10: 455-461.
73. Moberg KH, Mukherjee A, Veraksa A, Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Hariharan IK. 2004. The Drosophila F box protein archipelago regulates dMyc protein levels in vivo. Curr Biol 14: 965-974.
74. Nandi D, Tahiliani P, Kumar A, Chandu D. 2006. The ubiquitin- proteasome system. J Biosci 31: 137-155.
75. Nesbit CE, Tersak JM, Prochownik EV. 1999. MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease. Oncogene 18: 3004-3016.
76. Nijman SM, Luna-Vargas MP, Velds A, Brummelkamp TR, Dirac AM, Sixma TK, Bernards R. 2005. A genomic and functional inventory of deubiquitinating enzymes. Cell 123: 773-786.
77. O'Neil J, Grim J, Strack P, Rao S, Tibbitts D, Winter C, Hardwick J, Welcker M, Meijerink JP, Pieters R, et al. 2007. FBW7 mutations in leukemic cells mediate NOTCH pathway activation and resistance to g-secretase inhibitors. J Exp Med 204: 1813-1824.
78. Ouellet V, Le Page C, Guyot MC, Lussier C, Tonin PN, Provencher DM, Mes-Masson AM. 2006. SET complex in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 119: 2119-2126.
79. Patel JH, Du Y, Ard PG, Phillips C, Carella B, Chen CJ, Rakowski C, Chatterjee C, Lieberman PM, Lane WS, et al. 2004. The c-MYC oncoprotein is a substrate of the acetyltransferases hGCN5/PCAF and TIP60. Mol Cell Biol 24: 10826-10834.
80. Paul I, Ahmed SF, Bhowmik A, Deb S, Ghosh MK. 2013. The ubiquitin ligase CHIP regulates c-Myc stability and transcriptional activity. Oncogene 32: 1284-1295.
81. Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ. 2005. Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 9-20.
82. Popov N, Herold S, Llamazares M, Schulein C, Eilers M. 2007a. Fbw7 and Usp28 regulate myc protein stability in response to DNA damage. Cell Cycle 6: 2327-2331.
83. Popov N, Wanzel M, Madiredjo M, Zhang D, Beijersbergen R, Bernards R, Moll R, Elledge SJ, Eilers M. 2007b. The ubiquitin-specific protease USP28 is required for MYC stability. Nat Cell Biol 9: 765-774.
84. Popov N, Schulein C, Jaenicke LA, Eilers M. 2010. Ubiquitylation of the amino terminus of Myc by SCFb-TrCP antagonizes SCFFbw7-mediated turnover. Nat Cell Biol 12: 973-981.
85. Prendergast GC. 1999. Mechanisms of apoptosis by c-Myc. Oncogene 18: 2967-2987.
86. Pulverer BJ, Fisher C, Vousden K, Littlewood T, Evan G, Woodgett JR. 1994. Site-specific modulation of c-Myc cotransformation by residues phosphorylated in vivo. Oncogene 9: 59-70.
87. Rahl PB, Lin CY, Seila AC, Flynn RA, McCuine S, Burge CB, Sharp PA, Young RA. 2010. c-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release. Cell 141: 432-445.
88. Ryo A, Liou YC, Lu KP, Wulf G. 2003. Prolyl isomerase Pin1: Acatalyst for oncogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in cancer. J Cell Sci 116: 773-783.
89. Sablina AA, Hahn WC. 2008. SV40 small T antigen and PP2A phosphatase in cell transformation. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27: 137-146.
90. Salghetti SE, Kim SY, Tansey WP. 1999. Destruction of Myc by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis: Cancer-associated and transforming mutations stabilize Myc. EMBO J 18: 717-726.
91. Salghetti SE, Muratani M, Wijnen H, Futcher B, Tansey WP. 2000. Functional overlap of sequences that activate tran- scription and signal ubiquitin- ediated proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 3118-3123.
92. Salghetti SE, Caudy AA, Chenoweth JG, Tansey WP. 2001. Regulation of transcriptional activation domain function by ubiquitin. Science 293: 1651-1653.
93. Sanchez-Arevalo Lobo VJ, Doni M, Verrecchia A, Sanulli S, Faga G, Piontini A, Bianchi M, Conacci-Sorrell M, Mazzarol G, Peg V, et al. 2013. Dual regulation of Myc by Abl. Oncogene 32: 5261-5271.
94. Schwamborn JC, Berezikov E, Knoblich JA. 2009. The TRIM-NHL protein TRIM32 activates microRNAs and prevents self-renewal in mouse neural progenitors. Cell 136: 913-925.
95. Sears RC. 2004. The life cycle of c-Myc: From synthesis to degradation. Cell Cycle 3: 1133-1137.
96. Sears R, Leone G, DeGregori J, Nevins JR. 1999. Ras enhances Myc protein stability. Mol Cell 3: 169-179.
97. Sears R, Nuckolls F, Haura E, Taya Y, Tamai K, Nevins JR. 2000. Multiple Ras-dependent phosphorylation pathways regulate Myc protein stability. Genes Dev 14: 2501-2514.
98. Small GW, Chou TY, Dang CV, Orlowski RZ. 2002. Evidence for involvement of calpain in c-Myc proteolysis in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 400: 151-161.
99. Sorokin AV, Kim ER, Ovchinnikov LP. 2009. Proteasome system of protein degradation and processing. Biochemistry (Mosc) 74: 1411-1442.
100. Spencer CA, Groudine M. 1990. Molecular analysis of the c-Myc transcription elongation block. Implications for the generation of Burkitt's lymphoma. Ann NY Acad Sci 599: 12-28.
101. Tan Y, Sangfelt O, Spruck C. 2008. The Fbxw7/hCdc4 tumor suppressor in human cancer. Cancer Lett 271: 1-12.
102. Thomas LR, Tansey WP. 2011. Proteolytic control of the oncoprotein transcription factor Myc. Adv Cancer Res 110: 77-106.
103. Vaquero A, Scher MB, Lee DH, Sutton A, Cheng HL, Alt FW, Serrano L, Sternglanz R, Reinberg D. 2006. SirT2 is a histone deacetylase with preference for histone H4 Lys 16 during mitosis. Genes Dev 20: 1256-1261.
104. Vervoorts J, Luscher-Firzlaff JM, Rottmann S, Lilischkis R, Walsemann G, Dohmann K, Austen M, Luscher B. 2003. Stimulation of c-MYC transcriptional activity and acetylation by recruitment of the cofactor CBP. EMBO Rep 4: 484-490.
105. von der Lehr N, Johansson S, Wu S, Bahram F, Castell A, Cetinkaya C, Hydbring P, Weidung I, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI, et al. 2003. The F-box protein Skp2 participates in c-Myc proteosomal degradation and acts as a cofactor for c-Myc-regulated transcription. Mol Cell 11: 1189-1200.
106. von Lindern M, van Baal S, Wiegant J, Raap A, Hagemeijer A, Grosveld G. 1992. Can, a putative oncogene associated with myeloid leukemogenesis, may be activated by fusion of its 30 half to different genes: Characterization of the set gene. Mol Cell Biol 12: 3346-3355.
107. Wall M, Poortinga G, Hannan KM, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, McArthur GA. 2008. Translational control of c- MYC by rapamycin promotes terminal myeloid differentiation. Blood 112: 2305-2317.
108. Wang X, Cunningham M, Zhang X, Tokarz S, Laraway B, Troxell M, Sears RC. 2011. Phosphorylation regulates c-Myc's oncogenic activity in the mammary gland. Cancer Res 71: 925-936.
109. Welcker M, Orian A, Grim JE, Eisenman RN, Clurman BE. 2004a. A nucleolar isoform of the Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase regulates c-Myc and cell size. Curr Biol 14: 1852-1857.
110. Welcker M, Orian A, Jin J, Grim JE, Harper JW, Eisenman RN, Clurman BE. 2004b. The Fbw7 tumor suppressor regulates glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylationdependent c-Myc protein degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 101: 9085-9090.
111. Westermarck J, Hahn WC. 2008.Multiple pathways regulated by the tumor suppressor PP2A in transformation. Trends Mol Med 14: 152-160.
112. Wulf G, Ryo A, Liou YC, Lu KP. 2003. The prolyl isomerase Pin1 in breast development and cancer. Breast Cancer Res 5: 76-82.
113. Yada M, Hatakeyama S, Kamura T, Nishiyama M, Tsunematsu R, Imaki H, Ishida N, Okumura F, Nakayama K, Nakayama KI. 2004. Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of c-Myc is mediated by the F-box protein Fbw7. EMBO J 23: 2116-2125.
114. Yamaoka S, Courtois G, Bessia C, Whiteside ST, Weil R, Agou F, Kirk HE, Kay RJ, Israel A. 1998. Complementation cloning of NEMO, a component of the IkB kinase complex essential for NF-kB activation. Cell 93: 1231-1240.
115. Yeh E, Cunningham M, Arnold H, Chasse D, Monteith T, Ivaldi G, Hahn WC, Stukenberg PT, Shenolikar S, Uchida T, et al. 2004. A signalling pathway controlling c-Myc degradation that impacts oncogenic transformation of human cells. Nat Cell Biol 6: 308-318.
116. Yuan J, Minter-Dykhouse K, Lou Z. 2009. A c-Myc-SIRT1 feedback loop regulates cell growth and transformation. J Cell Biol 185: 203-211.
117. Zhang K, Faiola F, Martinez E. 2005. Six lysine residues onc-Myc are direct substrates for acetylation by p300. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336: 274-280.
118. Zhang X, Farrell AS, Daniel CJ, Arnold H, Scanlan C, Laraway BJ, Janghorban M, Lum L, Chen D, Troxell M, et al. 2012.Mechanistic insight intoMyc stabilization in breast cancer involving aberrant Axin1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109: 2790-2795.
119. Zhang Q, Spears E, Boone DN, Li Z, Gregory MA, Hann SR. 2013. Domain-specific c-Myc ubiquitylation controls c-Myc transcriptional and apoptotic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110: 978-983.