Priming cancer cells for drug resistance: Role of the fibroblast niche

Frontiers in Biology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 114-126

  Fang, Wei Bin ^a   Yao, Min ^a   Cheng, Nikki ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

cell survival; drug resistance; fibroblasts; stem cells; tumor dormancy; tumor recurrence

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897506936     PISSN: 16747984     EISSN: 16747992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1300-8     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Ablett M P O B C, Sims A H, Farnie G, Clarke R B (2013). A differential role for CXCR4 in the regulation of normal versus malignant breast stem cell activity. OncotargetEpub.
2. Adams D J, Knick V C (1995). P-glycoprotein mediated resistance to 5′-nor-anhydro-vinblastine (Navelbine). Invest New Drugs, 13(1): 13-21.
3. Addadi Y, Moskovits N, Granot D, Lozano G, Carmi Y, Apte R N, Neeman M, Oren M (2010). p53 status in stromal fibroblasts modulates tumor growth in an SDF1-dependent manner. Cancer Res, 70(23): 9650-9658.
4. Aguirre-Ghiso J A, Ossowski L, Rosenbaum S K (2004). Green fluorescent protein tagging of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 pathways reveals novel dynamics of pathway activation during primary and metastatic growth. Cancer Res, 64(20): 7336-7345.
5. Ahn S, Cho J, Sung J, Lee J E, Nam S J, Kim K M, Cho E Y (2012). The prognostic significance of tumor-associated stroma in invasive breast carcinoma. Tumour Biol, 33(5): 1573-1580.
6. Aishima S, Taguchi K, Terashi T, Matsuura S, Shimada M, and Tsuneyoshi M (2003). Tenascin expression at the invasive front is associated with poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Modern pathology: an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 16(10), 1019-1027.
7. Allavena P, Germano G, Marchesi F, Mantovani A (2011). Chemokines in cancer related inflammation. Exp Cell Res, 317(5): 664-673.
8. Allinen M, Beroukhim R, Cai L, Brennan C, Lahti-Domenici J, Huang H, Porter D, Hu M, Chin L, Richardson A, Schnitt S, Sellers W R, Polyak K (2004). Molecular characterization of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer. Cancer Cell, 6(1): 17-32.
9. Amar S, Roy V, Perez E A (2009). Treatment of metastatic breast cancer: looking towards the future. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 114(3): 413-422.
10. Anastas J N, Moon R T (2013). WNT signalling pathways as therapeutic targets in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 13(1): 11-26.
11. Astsaturov I, Ratushny V, Sukhanova A, Einarson M B, Bagnyukova T, Zhou Y, Devarajan K, Silverman J S, Tikhmyanova N, Skobeleva N, Pecherskaya A, Nasto R E, Sharma C, Jablonski S A, Serebriiskii I G, Weiner L M, Golemis E A (2010). Synthetic lethal screen of an EGFR-centered network to improve targeted therapies. Sci Signal, 3(140): ra67.
12. Ayala G, Tuxhorn J A, Wheeler T M, Frolov A, Scardino P T, Ohori M, Wheeler M, Spitler J, Rowley D R (2003). Reactive stroma as a predictor of biochemical-free recurrence in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 9(13): 4792-4801.
13. Balkwill F R (2012). The chemokine system and cancer. J Pathol, 226(2): 148-157.
14. Balkwill F R, Mantovani A (2012). Cancer-related inflammation: common themes and therapeutic opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol, 22(1): 33-40.
15. Bao L, Haque A, Jackson K, Hazari S, Moroz K, Jetly R, Dash S (2011). Increased expression of P-glycoprotein is associated with doxorubicin chemoresistance in the metastatic 4T1 breast cancer model. Am J Pathol, 178(2): 838-852.
16. Bao S, Ouyang G, Bai X, Huang Z, Ma C, Liu M, Shao R, Anderson R M, Rich J N, Wang X F (2004). Periostin potently promotes metastatic growth of colon cancer by augmenting cell survival via the Akt/PKB pathway. Cancer Cell, 5(4): 329-339.
17. Baril P, Gangeswaran R, Mahon P C, Caulee K, Kocher H M, Harada T, Zhu M, Kalthoff H, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, and Lemoine N R (2007). Periostin promotes invasiveness and resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to hypoxia-induced cell death: role of the beta4 integrin and the PI3k pathway. Oncogene 26(14), 2082-2094.
18. Bielen H, Houart C (2014). The Wnt Cries Many: Wnt regulation of neurogenesis through tissue patterning, proliferation and asymmetric cell division. Dev Neurobiol, doi: 10. 1002/dneu. 22168.
19. Binaschi M, Supino R, Gambetta R A, Giaccone G, Prosperi E, Capranico G, Cataldo I, Zunino F (1995). MRP gene overexpression in a human doxorubicin-resistant SCLC cell line: alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and in pattern of cross-resistance. Int J Cancer, 62(1): 84-89.
20. Brellier F, Chiquet-Ehrismann R (2012). How do tenascins influence the birth and life of a malignant cell? J Cell Mol Med, 16(1): 32-40.
21. Brewster A M, Hortobagyi G N, Broglio K R, Kau S W, Santa-Maria C A, Arun B, Buzdar A U, Booser D J, Valero V, Bondy M, Esteva F J (2008). Residual risk of breast cancer recurrence 5 years after adjuvant therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst, 100(16): 1179-1183.
22. Brunner A, Mayerl C, Tzankov A, Verdorfer I, Tschörner I, Rogatsch H, Mikuz G (2004). Prognostic significance of tenascin-C expression in superficial and invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Pathol, 57(9): 927-931.
23. Buck M B, Pfizenmaier K, Knabbe C (2004). Antiestrogens induce growth inhibition by sequential activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and transforming growth factor-beta pathways in human breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol, 18(7): 1643-1657.
24. Burger J A, and Kipps T J (2006). CXCR4: a key receptor in the crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Blood, 107(5): 1761-1767.
25. Busam K J (2011). Desmoplastic melanoma. Clin Lab Med, 31(2): 321-330.
26. Buyukbayram H, Arslan A (2002). Value of tenascin-C content and association with clinicopathological parameters in uterine cervical lesions. Int J Cancer, 100(6): 719-722.
27. Camps J L, Chang S M, Hsu T C, Freeman M R, Hong S J, Zhau H E, von Eschenbach A C, Chung L W (1990). Fibroblast-mediated acceleration of human epithelial tumor growth in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87(1): 75-79.
28. Cecchi F, Rabe D C, Bottaro D P (2010). Targeting the HGF/Met signalling pathway in cancer. Eur J Cancer, 46(7): 1260-1270.
29. Chao C, Carmical J R, Ives K L, Wood T G, Aronson J F, Gomez G A, Djukom C D, Hellmich M R (2012). CD133 + colon cancer cells are more interactive with the tumor microenvironment than CD133-cells. Lab Invest, 92(3): 420-436.
30. Chen J T, Huang C Y, Chiang Y Y, Chen W H, Chiou S H, Chen C Y, Chow K C (2008). HGF increases cisplatin resistance via downregulation of AIF in lung cancer cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 38(5): 559-565.
31. Chen S S, Lee L (1984). Prognostic significance of morphology of tumor and retroperitoneal lymph nodes in epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. II. Correlation with survival. Gynecol Oncol, 18(1): 94-99.
32. Choi K U, Yun J S, Lee I H, Heo S C, Shin S H, Jeon E S, Choi Y J, Suh D S, Yoon M S, Kim J H (2011). Lysophosphatidic acid-induced expression of periostin in stromal cells: Prognoistic relevance of periostin expression in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer, 128(2): 332-342.
33. Cohen M, Marchand-Adam S, Lecon-Malas V, Marchal-Somme J, Boutten A, Durand G, Crestani B, Dehoux M (2006). HGF synthesis in human lung fibroblasts is regulated by oncostatin M. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 290(6): L1097-L1103.
34. Cohen S J, Alpaugh R K, Palazzo I, Meropol N J, Rogatko A, Xu Z, Hoffman J P, Weiner L M, Cheng J D (2008). Fibroblast activation protein and its relationship to clinical outcome in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas, 37(2): 154-158.
35. Conklin M W, Keely P J (2012). Why the stroma matters in breast cancer: insights into breast cancer patient outcomes through the examination of stromal biomarkers. Cell Adhes Migr, 6(3): 249-260.
36. Conti I, Rollins B J (2004). CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol, 14(3): 149-154.
37. Dačević M, Isaković A, Podolski-Renić A, Isaković A M, Stanković T, Milošević Z, Rakić L, Ruždijić S, Pešić M (2013). Purine nucleoside analog-sulfinosine modulates diverse mechanisms of cancer progression in multi-drug resistant cancer cell lines. PLoS ONE, 8(1): e54044.
38. Daly A J, McIlreavey L, Irwin C R (2008). Regulation of HGF and SDF-1 expression by oral fibroblasts-implications for invasion of oral cancer. Oral Oncol, 44(7): 646-651.
39. de Boer R A, van Veldhuisen D J, Gansevoort R T, Muller Kobold A C, van Gilst W H, Hillege H L, Bakker S J, van der Harst P (2012). The fibrosis marker galectin-3 and outcome in the general population. J Intern Med, 272(1): 55-64.
40. de Boussac H, Orbán T I, Várady G, Tihanyi B, Bacquet C, Brózik A, Váradi A, Sarkadi B, Arányi T (2012). Stimulus-induced expression of the ABCG2 multidrug transporter in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma model cells involves the ERK1/2 cascade and alternative promoters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 426(2): 172-176.
41. De Wever O, Nguyen Q D, van Hoorde L, Bracke M, Bruyneel E, Gespach C, Mareel M (2004). Tenascin-C and SF/HGF produced by myofibroblasts in vitro provide convergent pro-invasive signals to human colon cancer cells through RhoA and Rac. FASEB J, 18(9): 1016-1018.
42. Dean M (2009). ABC transporters, drug resistance, and cancer stem cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia, 14(1): 3-9.
43. Deng B, Huang W, Tan Q Y, Fan X Q, Jiang Y G, Liu L, Zhong Y Y, Liang Y G, Wang R W (2011). Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1/p130cas) in pulmonary disease tissue and serum. Mol Diagn Ther, 15(1): 31-40.
44. DeVita V T Jr, Chu E (2008). A history of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res, 68(21): 8643-8653.
45. Diah S K, Smitherman P K, Aldridge J, Volk E L, Schneider E, Townsend A J, Morrow C S (2001). Resistance to mitoxantrone in multidrug-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells: evaluation of mitoxantrone transport and the role of multidrug resistance protein family proteins. Cancer Res, 61(14): 5461-5467.
46. Diaz L A, Jr., Williams R T, Wu J, Kinde I, Hecht J R, Berlin J, Allen B, Bozic I, Reiter J G, Nowak M A, Kinzler K W, Oliner K S, and Vogelstein B (2012). The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers. Nature 486(7404), 537-540.
47. Domanska U M, Timmer-Bosscha H, Nagengast W B, Oude Munnink T H, Kruizinga R C, Ananias H J, Kliphuis NM, Huls G, De Vries E G, de Jong I J, Walenkamp A M (2012). CXCR4 inhibition with AMD3100 sensitizes prostate cancer to docetaxel chemotherapy. Neoplasia, 14(8): 709-718.
48. Dubrovska A, Elliott J, Salamone R J, Telegeev G D, Stakhovsky A E, Schepotin I B, Yan F, Wang Y, Bouchez L C, Kularatne S A, Watson J, Trussell C, Reddy V A, Cho C Y, Schultz P G (2012). CXCR4 expression in prostate cancer progenitor cells. PLoS ONE, 7(2): e31226.
49. Earp H S, Dawson T L, Li X, Yu H (1995). Heterodimerization and functional interaction between EGF receptor family members: a new signaling paradigm with implications for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 35(1): 115-132.
50. Emoto K, Yamada Y, Sawada H, Fujimoto H, Ueno M, Takayama T, Kamada K, Naito A, Hirao S, and Nakajima Y (2001). Annexin II overexpression correlates with stromal tenascin-C overexpression: a prognostic marker in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer, 92(6): 1419-1426.
51. Erbas B, Provenzano E, Armes J, Gertig D (2006). The natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 97(2): 135-144.
52. Eyman D, Damodarasamy M, Plymate S R, Reed M J (2009). CCL5 secreted by senescent aged fibroblasts induces proliferation of prostate epithelial cells and expression of genes that modulate angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol, 220(2): 376-381.
53. Fang W B, Jokar I, Zou A, Lambert D, Dendukuri P, Cheng N (2012). CCL2/CCR2 chemokine signaling coordinates survival and motility of breast cancer cells through Smad3 protein- and p42/44 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent mechanisms. J Biol Chem, 287(43): 36593-36608.
54. Feig C, Jones J O, Kraman M, Wells R J, Deonarine A, Chan D S, Connell C M, Roberts E W, Zhao Q, Caballero O L, Teichmann S A, Janowitz T, Jodrell D I, Tuveson D A, Fearon D T (2013). Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 110(50): 20212-20217.
55. Flaherty K T, Puzanov I, Kim K B, Ribas A, McArthur G A, Sosman J A, O'Dwyer P J, Lee R J, Grippo J F, Nolop K, Chapman P B (2010). Inhibition of mutated, activated BRAF in metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med, 363(9): 809-819.
56. Fleming J M, Miller T C, Kidacki M, Ginsburg E, Stuelten C H, Stewart D A, Troester M A, Vonderhaar B K (2012). Paracrine interactions between primary human macrophages and human fibroblasts enhance murine mammary gland humanization in vivo. Breast Cancer Res, 14(3): R97.
57. Foley J, Nickerson N K, Nam S, Allen K T, Gilmore J L, Nephew K P, Riese D J 2nd (2010). EGFR signaling in breast cancer: bad to the bone. Semin Cell Dev Biol, 21(9): 951-960.
58. Fujimoto H, Sangai T, Ishii G, Ikehara A, Nagashima T, Miyazaki M, Ochiai A (2009). Stromal MCP-1 in mammary tumors induces tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and contributes to tumor progression. Int J Cancer, 125(6): 1276-1284.
59. Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Martinez G, Nguyen T K, Kim D, Santiago-Walker A, Roesch A, and Herlyn M (2010). Tenascin-C promotes melanoma progression by maintaining the ABCB5-positive side population. Oncogene, 29(46): 6115-6124.
60. Gao C F, Vande Woude G F (2005). HGF/SF-Met signaling in tumor progression. Cell Res, 15(1): 49-51.
61. Gillan L, Matei D, Fishman D A, Gerbin C S, Karlan B Y, Chang D D (2002). Periostin secreted by epithelial ovarian carcinoma is a ligand for alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) integrins and promotes cell motility. Cancer Res, 62(18): 5358-5364.
62. Goldberg R M (2006). Intensive surveillance after stage II or III colorectal cancer: is it worth it? J Clin Oncol, 24(3): 330-331.
63. Gong X G, Lv Y F, Li X Q, Xu F G, Ma Q Y (2010). Gemcitabine resistance induced by interaction between alternatively spliced segment of tenascin-C and annexin A2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull, 33(8): 1261-1267.
64. Guirouilh J, Castroviejo M, Balabaud C, Desmouliere A, Rosenbaum J (2000). Hepatocarcinoma cells stimulate hepatocyte growth factor secretion in human liver myofibroblasts. Int J Oncol, 17(4): 777-781.
65. Gupta V, Bassi D E, Simons J D, Devarajan K, Al-Saleem T, Uzzo R G, Cukierman E (2011). Elevated expression of stromal palladin predicts poor clinical outcome in renal cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 6(6): e21494.
66. Hasebe T, Mukai K, Tsuda H, Ochiai A (2000). New prognostic histological parameter of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: clinicopathological significance of fibrotic focus. Pathol Int, 50(4): 263-272.
67. Heidelberger C, Chaudhuri N K, Danneberg P, Mooren D, Griesbach L, Duschinsky R, Schnitzer R J, Pleven E, Scheiner J (1957). Fluorinated pyrimidines, a new class of tumour-inhibitory compounds. Nature, 179(4561): 663-666.
68. Hembruff S L, Jokar I, Yang L, Cheng N (2010). Loss of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in mammary fibroblasts enhances CCL2 secretion to promote mammary tumor progression through macrophage-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Neoplasia, 12(5): 425-433.
69. Hermann P C, Huber S L, Herrler T, Aicher A, Ellwart J W, Guba M, Bruns C J, Heeschen C (2007). Distinct populations of cancer stem cells determine tumor growth and metastatic activity in human pancreatic cancer. Cell Stem Cell, 1(3): 313-323.
70. Herrera M, Herrera A, Domínguez G, Silva J, García V, García J M, Gómez I, Soldevilla B, Muñoz C, Provencio M, Campos-Martin Y, García de Herreros A, Casal I, Bonilla F, Peña C (2013). Cancerassociated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci, 104(4): 437-444.
71. Hidalgo M (2010). Pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med, 362(17): 1605-1617.
72. Holohan C, van Schaeybroeck S, Longley D B, Johnston P G (2013). Cancer drug resistance: an evolving paradigm. Nat Rev Cancer, 13(10): 714-726.
73. Hong L Z, Wei X W, Chen J F, Shi Y (2013). Overexpression of periostin predicts poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett, 6(6): 1595-1603.
74. Ibarra-Drendall C, Dietze E C, Seewaldt V L (2011). Metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk: Is there a role for metformin? Current Breast Cancer Rep, 3(3): 142-150.
75. Ilmonen S, Jahkola T, Turunen J P, Muhonen T, Asko-Seljavaara S (2004). Tenascin-C in primary malignant melanoma of the skin. Histopathology, 45(4): 405-411.
76. Jahkola T, Toivonen T, Virtanen I, von Smitten K, Nordling S, von Boguslawski K, Haglund C, Nevanlinna H, Blomqvist C (1998). Tenascin-C expression in invasion border of early breast cancer: a predictor of local and distant recurrence. Br J Cancer, 78(11): 1507-1513.
77. Jin J, Huang M, Wei H L, Liu G T (2002). Mechanism of 5-fluorouracil required resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel (7402). World J Gastroenterol, 8(6): 1029-1034.
78. Kahn N, Meister M, Eberhardt R, Muley T, Schnabel P A, Bender C, Johannes M, Keitel D, Sultmann H, Herth F J, Kuner R (2012). Early detection of lung cancer by molecular markers in endobronchial epithelial-lining fluid. J Thoracic Oncol, 7(6): 1001-1008.
79. Kalluri R, Zeisberg M (2006). Fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer, 6(5): 392-401.
80. Kaseda K, Ishii G, Aokage K, Takahashi A, Kuwata T, Hishida T, Yoshida J, Kohno M, Nagai K, Ochiai A (2013). Identification of intravascular tumor microenvironment features predicting the recurrence of pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci, 104(9): 1262-1269.
81. Kawashiri S, Tanaka A, Noguchi N, Hase T, Nakaya H, Ohara T, Kato K, Yamamoto E (2009). Significance of stromal desmoplasia and myofibroblast appearance at the invasive front in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Head Neck, 31(10): 1346-1353.
82. Keizer H G, Schuurhuis G J, Broxterman H J, Lankelma J, Schoonen W G, van Rijn J, Pinedo HM, Joenje H (1989). Correlation of multidrug resistance with decreased drug accumulation, altered subcellular drug distribution, and increased P-glycoprotein expression in cultured SW-1573 human lung tumor cells. Cancer Res, 49(11): 2988-2993.
83. Kemp L E, Mulloy B, Gherardi E (2006). Signalling by HGF/SF and Met: the role of heparan sulphate co-receptors. Biochem Soc Trans, 34(Pt 3): 414-417.
84. Khunamornpong S, Lekawanvijit S, Settakorn J, Sukpan K, Suprasert P, Siriaunkgul S (2013). Prognostic model in patients with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a combination of invasive margin pathological characteristics and lymphovascular space invasion. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14(11): 6935-6940.
85. Kii I, Nishiyama T, Li M, Matsumoto K, Saito M, Amizuka N, Kudo A (2010). Incorporation of tenascin-C into the extracellular matrix by periostin underlies an extracellular meshwork architecture. J Biol Chem, 285(3): 2028-2039.
86. Kitano H, Kageyama S, Hewitt S M, Hayashi R, Doki Y, Ozaki Y, Fujino S, Takikita M, Kubo H, Fukuoka J (2010). Podoplanin expression in cancerous stroma induces lymphangiogenesis and predicts lymphatic spread and patient survival. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 134(10): 1520-1527.
87. Kojima M, Nakajima K, Ishii G, Saito N, Ochiai A (2010). Peritoneal elastic laminal invasion of colorectal cancer: the diagnostic utility and clinicopathologic relationship. Am J Surg Pathol, 34(9): 1351-1360.
88. Kreuzaler P, Watson C J (2012). Killing a cancer: what are the alternatives? Nat Rev Cancer, 12(6): 411-424.
89. Kucia M, Jankowski K, Reca R, Wysoczynski M, Bandura L, Allendorf D J, Zhang J, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak M Z (2004). CXCR4-SDF-1 signalling, locomotion, chemotaxis and adhesion. J Mol Histol, 35(3): 233-245.
90. Kwon Y, Smith B D, Zhou Y, Kaufman M D, Godwin A K (2013). Effective inhibition of c-MET-mediated signaling, growth and migration of ovarian cancer cells is influenced by the ovarian tissue microenvironment. Oncogene.
91. Lari S A, Kuerer H M (2011). Biological Markers in DCIS and Risk of Breast Recurrence: A Systematic Review. J Cancer, 2: 232-261.
92. Lee S H, Kim H, Hwang J H, Lee H S, Cho J Y, Yoon Y S, Han H S (2012). Breast cancer resistance protein expression is associated with early recurrence and decreased survival in resectable pancreatic cancer patients. Pathol Int, 62(3): 167-175.
93. Lemmon M A, and Schlessinger J (2010). Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell, 141(7): 1117-1134.
94. Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, and Vogelstein B (1998). Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature, 396(6712): 643-649.
95. Levina V, Marrangoni A M, DeMarco R, Gorelik E, Lokshin A E (2008). Drug-selected human lung cancer stem cells: cytokine network, tumorigenic and metastatic properties. PLoS ONE, 3(8): e3077.
96. Lhommé C, Joly F, Walker J L, Lissoni A A, Nicoletto MO, Manikhas G M, Baekelandt M M, Gordon A N, Fracasso P M, Mietlowski W L, Jones G J, Dugan M H (2008). Phase III study of valspodar (PSC 833) combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin compared with paclitaxel and carboplatin alone in patients with stage IV or suboptimally debulked stage III epithelial ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal cancer. J Clin Oncol, 26(16): 2674-2682.
97. Li L, Dragulev B, Zigrino P, Mauch C, Fox J W (2009). The invasive potential of human melanoma cell lines correlates with their ability to alter fibroblast gene expression in vitro and the stromal microenvironment in vivo. Int J Cancer, 125(8): 1796-1804.
98. Li M, Li C, Li D, Xie Y, Shi J, Li G, Guan Y, Li M, Zhang P, Peng F, Xiao Z, Chen Z (2012). Periostin, a stroma-associated protein, correlates with tumor invasiveness and progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis, 29(8): 865-877.
99. Liao D, Luo Y, Markowitz D, Xiang R, Reisfeld R A (2009). Cancer associated fibroblasts promote tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model. PLoS ONE, 4(11): e7965.
100. Lim K P, Cirillo N, Hassona Y, Wei W, Thurlow J K, Cheong S C, Pitiyage G, Parkinson E K, Prime S S (2011). Fibroblast gene expression profile reflects the stage of tumour progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol, 223(4): 459-469.
101. Liu R, Li J, Xie K, Zhang T, Lei Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Huang K, Wang K, Wu H, Wu M, Nice E C, Huang C, Wei Y (2013). FGFR4 promotes stroma-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res, 73(19): 5926-5935.
102. Loebinger M R, Giangreco A, Groot K R, Prichard L, Allen K, Simpson C, Bazley L, Navani N, Tibrewal S, Davies D, Janes S M (2008). Squamous cell cancers contain a side population of stem-like cells that are made chemosensitive by ABC transporter blockade. Br J Cancer, 98(2): 380-387.
103. Lotti F, Jarrar A M, Pai R K, Hitomi M, Lathia J, Mace A, Gantt G A Jr, Sukhdeo K, DeVecchio J, Vasanji A, Leahy P, Hjelmeland A B, Kalady M F, Rich J N (2013). Chemotherapy activates cancerassociated fibroblasts to maintain colorectal cancer-initiating cells by IL-17A. J Exp Med, 210(13): 2851-2872.
104. Lu Y, Chen Q, Corey E, Xie W, Fan J, Mizokami A, Zhang J (2009). Activation of MCP-1/CCR2 axis promotes prostate cancer growth in bone. Clin Exp Metastasis, 26(2): 161-169.
105. Lu Y, Xiao G, Galson D L, Nishio Y, Mizokami A, Keller E T, Yao Z, Zhang J (2007). PTHrP-induced MCP-1 production by human bone marrow endothelial cells and osteoblasts promotes osteoclast differentiation and prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Int J Cancer, 121(4): 724-733.
106. Lv Y, Wang W, Jia W D, Sun Q K, Li J S, Ma J L, Liu W B, Zhou H C, Ge Y S, Yu J H, Xia H H, Xu G L (2013). High-level expression of periostin is closely related to metastatic potential and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol, 30(1): 385.
107. MacDonald B T, Tamai K, He X (2009). Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases. Dev Cell, 17(1): 9-26.
108. Malanchi I, Santamaria-Martinez A, Susanto E, Peng H, Lehr H A, Delaloye J F, Huelsken J (2012). Interactions between cancer stem cells and their niche govern metastatic colonization. Nature, 481(7379): 85-89.
109. Malofeeva E V, Domanitskaya N, Gudima M, Hopper-Borge E A (2012). Modulation of the ATPase and transport activities of broadacting multidrug resistance factor ABCC10 (MRP7). Cancer Res, 72(24): 6457-6467.
110. Marsh D, Suchak K, Moutasim K A, Vallath S, Hopper C, Jerjes W, Upile T, Kalavrezos N, Violette S M, Weinreb P H, Chester K A, Chana J S, Marshall J F, Hart I R, Hackshaw A K, Piper K, Thomas G J (2011). Stromal features are predictive of disease mortality in oral cancer patients. J Pathol, 223(4): 470-481.
111. Masuoka M, Shiraishi H, Ohta S, Suzuki S, Arima K, Aoki S, Toda S, Inagaki N, Kurihara Y, Hayashida S, Takeuchi S, Koike K, Ono J, Noshiro H, Furue M, Conway S J, Narisawa Y, Izuhara K (2012). Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines. J Clin Invest, 122(7): 2590-2600.
112. Mertens J C, Fingas C D, Christensen J D, Smoot R L, Bronk S F, Werneburg NW, Gustafson MP, Dietz A B, Roberts L R, Sirica A E, Gores G J (2013). Therapeutic effects of deleting cancer-associated fibroblasts in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Res, 73(2): 897-907.
113. Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Wang D, Samrao D, Kim G, Lawrenson K, Meneses T, Liu S, Yessaian A, Pejovic T (2013). Clinical implications of marker expression of carcinoma-associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma after treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Microenviron, PMID: 24214412.
114. Millward M J, Cantwell B M, Munro N C, Robinson A, Corris P A, Harris A L (1993). Oral verapamil with chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomised study. Br J Cancer, 67(5): 1031-1035.
115. Mueller L, von Seggern L, Schumacher J, Goumas F, Wilms C, Braun F, Broering D C (2010). TNF-alpha similarly induces IL-6 and MCP-1 in fibroblasts from colorectal liver metastases and normal liver fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 397(3): 586-591.
116. Naldini L, Weidner K M, Vigna E, Gaudino G, Bardelli A, Ponzetto C, Narsimhan R P, Hartmann G, Zarnegar R, Michalopoulos G K, et al (1991). Scatter factor and hepatocyte growth factor are indistinguishable ligands for the MET receptor. EMBO J, 10(10): 2867-2878.
117. Naumov G N, Townson J L, MacDonald I C, Wilson S M, Bramwell V H, Groom A C, Chambers A F (2003). Ineffectiveness of doxorubicin treatment on solitary dormant mammary carcinoma cells or latedeveloping metastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 82(3): 199-206.
118. Nicolo G, Salvi S, Oliveri G, Borsi L, Castellani P, Zardi L (1990). Expression of tenascin and of the ED-B containing oncofetal fibronectin isoform in human cancer. Cell Differ Dev, 32(3): 401-408.
119. Nuzzo P V, Rubagotti A, Zinoli L, Ricci F, Salvi S, Boccardo S, Boccardo F (2012). Prognostic value of stromal and epithelial periostin expression in human prostate cancer: correlation with clinical pathological features and the risk of biochemical relapse or death. BMC Cancer, 12(1): 625.
120. O'Connell J T, Sugimoto H, Cooke V G, MacDonald B A, Mehta A I, LeBleu V S, Dewar R, Rocha R M, Brentani R R, Resnick M B, Neilson E G, Zeisberg M, Kalluri R (2011). VEGF-A and Tenascin-C produced by S100A4 + stromal cells are important for metastatic colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 108(38): 16002-16007.
121. Oguri T, Ozasa H, Uemura T, Bessho Y, Miyazaki M, Maeno K, Maeda H, Sato S, Ueda R (2008). MRP7/ABCC10 expression is a predictive biomarker for the resistance to paclitaxel in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther, 7(5): 1150-1155.
122. Ohira S, Sasaki M, Harada K, Sato Y, Zen Y, Isse K, Kozaka K, Ishikawa A, Oda K, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y (2006). Possible regulation of migration of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells by interaction of CXCR4 expressed in carcinoma cells with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and stromal-derived factor-1 released in stroma. Am J Pathol, 168(4): 1155-1168.
123. Ohnishi T, Daikuhara Y (2003). Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in development, inflammation and carcinogenesis: its expression and role in oral tissues. Arch Oral Biol, 48(12): 797-804.
124. Ohno Y, Izumi M, Yoshioka K, Ohori M, Yonou H, Tachibana M (2008). Prognostic significance of tenascin-C expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep, 20(3): 511-516.
125. Olumi A F, Grossfeld G D, Hayward SW, Carroll P R, Tlsty T D, Cunha G R (1999). Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts direct tumor progression of initiated human prostatic epithelium. Cancer Res, 59(19): 5002-5011.
126. Orend G, Chiquet-Ehrismann R (2006). Tenascin-C induced signaling in cancer. Cancer Lett, 244(2): 143-163.
127. Orimo A, Gupta P B, Sgroi D C, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Delaunay T, Naeem R, Carey V J, Richardson A L, Weinberg R A (2005). Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell, 121(3): 335-348.
128. Oskarsson T, Acharyya S, Zhang X H, Vanharanta S, Tavazoie S F, Morris P G, Downey R J, Manova-Todorova K, Brogi E, Massagué J (2011). Breast cancer cells produce tenascin C as a metastatic niche component to colonize the lungs. Nat Med, 17(7): 867-874.
129. Ostman A, Augsten M (2009). Cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor growth-bystanders turning into key players. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 19(1): 67-73.
130. Parr C, Jiang W G (2001). Expression of hepatocyte growth factor/ scatter factor, its activator, inhibitors and the c-Met receptor in human cancer cells. Int J Oncol, 19(4): 857-863.
131. Paulsson J, Sjöblom T, Micke P, Pontén F, Landberg G, Heldin C H, Bergh J, Brennan D J, Jirström K, Ostman A (2009). Prognostic significance of stromal platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor expression in human breast cancer. Am J Pathol, 175(1): 334-341.
132. Peled A, and Tavor S (2013). Role of CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. Theranostics 3(1), 34-39.
133. Pezzolo A, Parodi F, Marimpietri D, Raffaghello L, Cocco C, Pistorio A, Mosconi M, Gambini C, Cilli M, Deaglio S, Malavasi F, Pistoia V (2011). Oct-4 +/Tenascin C + neuroblastoma cells serve as progenitors of tumor-derived endothelial cells. Cell Res, 21(10): 1470-1486.
134. Polanska U M, Orimo A (2013). Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts: nonneoplastic tumour-promoting mesenchymal cells. J Cell Physiol, 228(8): 1651-1657.
135. Polyak K, Kalluri R (2010). The role of the microenvironment in mammary gland development and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2(11): a003244.
136. Qian B Z, Li J, Zhang H, Kitamura T, Zhang J, Campion L R, Kaiser E A, Snyder L A, and Pollard J W (2011). CCL2 recruits inflammatory monocytes to facilitate breast-tumour metastasis. Nature 475(7355), 222-225.
137. Qian D Z, Rademacher B L, Pittsenbarger J, Huang C Y, Myrthue A, Higano C S, Garzotto M, Nelson P S, and Beer T M (2010). CCL2 is induced by chemotherapy and protects prostate cancer cells from docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Prostate, 70(4): 433-442.
138. Roberts P J, and Der C J (2007). Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogenactivated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene, 26(22): 3291-3310.
139. Roca H, Varsos Z, Pienta K J (2008). CCL2 protects prostate cancer PC3 cells from autophagic death via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKTdependent survivin up-regulation. J Biol Chem, 283(36): 25057-25073.
140. Roninson I B (2003). Tumor cell senescence in cancer treatment. Cancer Res, 63(11): 2705-2715.
141. Samaratunga H, Fairweather P, Purdie D (2005). Significance of stromal reaction patterns in invasive urothelial carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol, 123(6): 851-857.
142. Sankala H M, Hait N C, Paugh S W, Shida D, Lépine S, Elmore L W, Dent P, Milstien S, Spiegel S (2007). Involvement of sphingosine kinase 2 in p53-independent induction of p21 by the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. Cancer Res, 67(21): 10466-10474.
143. Schoppmann S F, Jesch B, Riegler M F, Maroske F, Schwameis K, Jomrich G, Birner P (2013). Podoplanin expressing cancer associated fibroblasts are associated with unfavourable prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Clin Exp Metastasis, 30(4): 441-446.
144. Seslar S P, Nakamura T, Byers S W (1993). Regulation of fibroblast hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression by human breast carcinoma cell lines and peptide growth factors. Cancer Res, 53(6): 1233-1238.
145. Shimao Y, Nabeshima K, Inoue T, Koono M (1999). Role of fibroblasts in HGF/SF-induced cohort migration of human colorectal carcinoma cells: fibroblasts stimulate migration associated with increased fibronectin production via upregulated TGF-beta1. Int J Cancer, 82(3): 449-458.
146. Shinde A V, Frangogiannis N G (2013). Fibroblasts in myocardial infarction: A role in inflammation and repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol, doi: 10. 1016/j. yjmcc. 2013. 11. 015.
147. Siegsmund M J, Kreukler C, Steidler A, Nebe T, Köhrmann K U, Alken P (1997). Multidrug resistance in androgen-independent growing rat prostate carcinoma cells is mediated by P-glycoprotein. Urol Res, 25(1): 35-41.
148. Silzle T, Kreutz M, Dobler M A, Brockhoff G, Knuechel R, Kunz-Schughart L A (2003). Tumor-associated fibroblasts recruit blood monocytes into tumor tissue. Eur J Immunol, 33(5): 1311-1320.
149. Smith N Z (2012). Treating metastatic breast cancer with systemic chemotherapies: current trends and future perspectives. Clin J Oncol Nurs, 16(2): E33-E43.
150. Soon P S, Kim E, Pon C K, Gill A J, Moore K, Spillane A J, Benn D E, Baxter R C (2013). Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer, 20(1): 1-12.
151. Stoker M, Gherardi E, Perryman M, Gray J (1987). Scatter factor is a fibroblast-derived modulator of epithelial cell mobility. Nature, 327(6119): 239-242.
152. Stoker M, Perryman M (1985). An epithelial scatter factor released by embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Sci, 77: 209-223.
153. Straussman R, Morikawa T, Shee K, Barzily-Rokni M, Qian Z R, Du J, Davis A, Mongare M M, Gould J, Frederick D T, Cooper Z A, Chapman P B, Solit D B, Ribas A, Lo R S, Flaherty K T, Ogino S, Wargo J A, Golub T R (2012). Tumour micro-environment elicits innate resistance to RAF inhibitors through HGF secretion. Nature, 487(7408): 500-504.
154. Stupack D G, Cheresh D A (2002). Get a ligand, get a life: integrins, signaling and cell survival. J Cell Sci, 115(Pt 19): 3729-3738.
155. Sturm I, Bosanquet A G, Hermann S, Güner D, Dörken B, Daniel P T (2003). Mutation of p53 and consecutive selective drug resistance in B-CLL occurs as a consequence of prior DNA-damaging chemotherapy. Cell Death Differ, 10(4): 477-484.
156. Sun Y, Campisi J, Higano C, Beer T M, Porter P, Coleman I, True L, Nelson P S (2012). Treatment-induced damage to the tumor microenvironment promotes prostate cancer therapy resistance through WNT16B. Nat Med, 18(9): 1359-1368.
157. Takeuchi K, Ito F (2011). Receptor tyrosine kinases and targeted cancer therapeutics. Biol Pharm Bull, 34(12): 1774-1780.
158. Taylor C W, Dalton W S, Parrish P R, Gleason M C, Bellamy W T, Thompson F H, Roe D J, Trent J M (1991). Different mechanisms of decreased drug accumulation in doxorubicin and mitoxantrone resistant variants of the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Br J Cancer, 63(6): 923-929.
159. Tegze B, Szállási Z, Haltrich I, Pénzváltó Z, Tóth Z, Likó I, Gyorffy B (2012). Parallel evolution under chemotherapy pressure in 29 breast cancer cell lines results in dissimilar mechanisms of resistance. PLoS ONE, 7(2): e30804.
160. Thomas D, Vadas M, Lopez A (2004). Regulation of haematopoiesis by growth factors-emerging insights and therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 4(6): 869-879.
161. Tjomsland V, Niklasson L, Sandström P, Borch K, Druid H, Bratth-ll C, Messmer D, Larsson M, Spångeus A (2011). The desmoplastic stroma plays an essential role in the accumulation and modulation of infiltrated immune cells in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clin Dev Immunol, 2011: 212810.
162. Torres S, Bartolomé R A, Mendes M, Barderas R, Fernandez-AceñeroM J, Peláez-García A, Peña C, Lopez-Lucendo M, Villar-Vázquez R, de Herreros A G, Bonilla F, Casal J I (2013). Proteome profiling of cancer-associated fibroblasts identifies novel proinflammatory signatures and prognostic markers for colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 19(21): 6006-6019.
163. Tsujino T, Seshimo I, Yamamoto H, Ngan C Y, Ezumi K, Takemasa I, Ikeda M, Sekimoto M, Matsuura N, Monden M (2007). Stromal myofibroblasts predict disease recurrence for colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 13(7): 2082-2090.
164. Tsuyada A, Chow A, Wu J, Somlo G, Chu P, Loera S, Luu T, Li A X, Wu X, Ye W, Chen S, Zhou W, Yu Y, Wang Y Z, Ren X, Li H, Scherle P, Kuroki Y, Wang S E (2012). CCL2 mediates cross-talk between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts that regulates breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res, 72(11): 2768-2779.
165. Uchida D, Kawamata H, Omotehara F, Nakashiro Ki, Kimura-Yanagawa T, Hino S, Begum N M, Hoque M O, Yoshida H, Sato M, Fujimori T (2001). Role of HGF/c-met system in invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and its clinical significance. Int J Cancer, 93(4): 489-496.
166. van Leenders G J, Sookhlall R, TeubelW J, de Ridder C M, Reneman S, Sacchetti A, Vissers K J, van Weerden W, Jenster G (2011). Activation of c-MET induces a stem-like phenotype in human prostate cancer. PLoS ONE, 6(11): e26753.
167. Vermeulen L, De Sousa E Melo F, van der Heijden M, Cameron K, de Jong J H, Borovski T, Tuynman J B, Todaro M, Merz C, Rodermond H, Sprick M R, Kemper K, Richel D J, Stassi G, Medema J P (2010). Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment. Nat Cell Biol, 12(5): 468-476.
168. Wang B, Liu K, Lin H Y, Bellam N, Ling S, LinW C (2010). 14-3-3Tau regulates ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of p21, a novel mechanism of p21 downregulation in breast cancer. Mol Cell Biol, 30(6): 1508-1527.
169. Wang P, Nishitani M A, Tanimoto S, Kishimoto T, Fukumori T, Takahashi M, and Kanayama H O (2007). Bladder cancer cell invasion is enhanced by cross-talk with fibroblasts through hepatocyte growth factor. Urology, 69(4): 780-784.
170. Wang Q, Fiel M I, Blank S, Luan W, Kadri H, Kim K W, Manizate F, Rosenblatt A G, Labow D M, Schwartz M E, Hiotis S P (2013). Impact of liver fibrosis on prognosis following liver resection for hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 109(3): 573-581.
171. Wang W, Li Q, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Matsumoto I, Oda M, Watanabe G, Kayano Y, Nishioka Y, Sone S, Yano S (2009). Crosstalk to stromal fibroblasts induces resistance of lung cancer to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res, 15(21): 6630-6638.
172. Wartenberg M, Frey C, Diedershagen H, Ritgen J, Hescheler J, Sauer H (1998). Development of an intrinsic P-glycoprotein-mediated doxorubicin resistance in quiescent cell layers of large, multicellular prostate tumor spheroids. Int J Cancer, 75(6): 855-863.
173. White G E, Iqbal A J, Greaves D R (2013). CC chemokine receptors and chronic inflammation-therapeutic opportunities and pharmacological challenges. Pharmacol Rev, 65(1): 47-89.
174. Wilson K J, Mill C, Lambert S, Buchman J, Wilson T R, Hernandez-Gordillo V, Gallo R M, Ades L M, Settleman J, Riese D J 2nd (2012a). EGFR ligands exhibit functional differences in models of paracrine and autocrine signaling. Growth Factors, 30(2): 107-116.
175. Wilson T R, Fridlyand J, Yan Y, Penuel E, Burton L, Chan E, Peng J, Lin E, Wang Y, Sosman J, Ribas A, Li J, Moffat J, Sutherlin D P, Koeppen H, Merchant M, Neve R, and Settleman J (2012b). Widespread potential for growth-factor-driven resistance to anticancer kinase inhibitors. Nature, 487(7408): 505-509.
176. Wishart G C, Bissett D, Paul J, Jodrell D, Harnett A, Habeshaw T, Kerr D J, Macham M A, Soukop M, Leonard R C, et al (1994). Quinidine as a resistance modulator of epirubicin in advanced breast cancer: mature results of a placebo-controlled randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 12(9): 1771-1777.
177. Wong M P, Cheung K N, Yuen S T, Fu K H, Chan A S, Leung S Y, Chung L P (1998). Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas (LELCs) of the lung. J Pathol, 186(4): 372-377.
178. Wu K J (2011). Direct activation of Bmi1 by Twist1: implications in cancer stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and clinical significance. Chang Gung Med J, 34(3): 229-238.
179. Wu MH, Hong H C, Hong TM, Chiang WF, Jin Y T, Chen Y L (2011). Targeting galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 expression. Clin Cancer Res, 17(6): 1306-1316.
180. Xiong J, Balcioglu H E, Danen E H (2013). Integrin signaling in control of tumor growth and progression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 45(5): 1012-1015.
181. Xu D, Xu H, Ren Y, Liu C, Wang X, Zhang H, Lu P (2012). Cancer stem cell-related gene periostin: a novel prognostic marker for breast cancer. PLoS ONE, 7(10): e46670.
182. Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Wang W, Li Q, Nishioka Y, Sekido Y, Sone S, Yano S (2010). Hepatocyte growth factor reduces susceptibility to an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor in EGFRT790M mutant lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 16(1): 174-183.
183. Yasunaga M, Yamasaki F, Tokunaga O, Iwasaka T (2003). Endometrial carcinomas with lymph node involvement: novel histopathologic factors for predicting prognosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol, 22(4): 341-346.
184. Yoshida S, Harada T, Iwabe T, Taniguchi F, Fujii A, Sakamoto Y, Yamauchi N, Shiota G, Terakawa N (2002). Induction of hepatocyte growth factor in stromal cells by tumor-derived basic fibroblast growth factor enhances growth and invasion of endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(5): 2376-2383.
185. Yu S, Xia S, Yang D, Wang K, Yeh S, Gao Z, Chang C (2013). Androgen receptor in human prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes prostate cancer epithelial cell growth and invasion. Med Oncol, 30(3): 674.
186. Zhang J, Yang P L, Gray N S (2009). Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer, 9(1): 28-39.