MicroRNAs and HIV-1 infection: Antiviral activities and beyond

Journal of Molecular Biology

Volumn 426, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1178-1197

  Swaminathan, Gokul ^a   Navas Martín, Sonia ^a   Martín García, Julio ^a  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

HIV dependency factors; microRNAs; retroviral restriction factors

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CELL PROTEIN; HIV DEPENDENCY FACTOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS MICRORNA; VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

BIOGENESIS; CELL LEVEL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; VIRUS EXPRESSION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INFECTIVITY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

HIV DEPENDENCY FACTORS; MICRORNAS; RETROVIRAL RESTRICTION FACTORS;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; MICRORNAS; RNA, VIRAL; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84894555049     PISSN: 00222836     EISSN: 10898638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.017     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. K.M. Stadeli, and D.D. Richman Rates of emergence of HIV drug resistance in resource-limited settings: a systematic review Antiviral Ther 18 2013 115 123
2. V. Le Douce, A. Janossy, H. Hallay, S. Ali, R. Riclet, and O. Rohr et al. Achieving a cure for HIV infection: do we have reasons to be optimistic? J Antimicrob Chemother 67 2012 1063 1074
3. S. Bertagnolio, A. De Luca, M. Vitoria, S. Essajee, M. Penazzato, and S.Y. Hong et al. Determinants of HIV drug resistance and public health implications in low- and middle-income countries Antiviral Ther 17 2012 941 953
4. K. Chikere, T. Chou, P.R. Gorry, and B. Lee Affinofile profiling: how efficiency of CD4/CCR5 usage impacts the biological and pathogenic phenotype of HIV Virology 435 2013 81 91
5. C.B. Wilen, J.C. Tilton, and R.W. Doms HIV: cell binding and entry Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 10.1101/cshperspect.a006866
6. N. Arhel Revisiting HIV-1 uncoating Retrovirology 7 2010 96
7. W.S. Hu, and S.H. Hughes HIV-1 reverse transcription Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 10.1101/cshperspect.a006882
8. F. Christ, and Z. Debyser The LEDGF/p75 integrase interaction, a novel target for anti-HIV therapy Virology 435 2013 102 109
9. R. Craigie, and F.D. Bushman HIV DNA integration Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 a006890
10. L. Krishnan, and A. Engelman Retroviral integrase proteins and HIV-1 DNA integration J Biol Chem 287 2012 40858 40866
11. R.F. Siliciano, and W.C. Greene HIV latency Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 1 2011 a007096
12. D.A. Donahue, and M.A. Wainberg Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of HIV-1 latency Retrovirology 10 2013 11
13. J. Karn, and C.M. Stoltzfus Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of HIV-1 gene expression Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 a006916
14. E.M. Kilareski, S. Shah, M.R. Nonnemacher, and B. Wigdahl Regulation of HIV-1 transcription in cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage Retrovirology 6 2009 118
15. M. Ott, M. Geyer, and Q. Zhou The control of HIV transcription: keeping RNA polymerase II on track Cell Host Microbe 10 2011 426 435
16. M.K. Tripathy, W. Abbas, and G. Herbein Epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 transcription Epigenomics 3 2011 487 502
17. A.F. Victoriano, and T. Okamoto Transcriptional control of HIV replication by multiple modulators and their implication for a novel antiviral therapy AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 28 2012 125 138
18. N. Jouvenet, S.M. Simon, and P.D. Bieniasz Visualizing HIV-1 assembly J Mol Biol 410 2011 501 511
19. B. Meng, and A.M. Lever Wrapping up the bad news: HIV assembly and release Retrovirology 10 2013 5
20. W.I. Sundquist, and H.G. Krausslich HIV-1 assembly, budding, and maturation Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 a006924
21. E.R. Weiss, and H. Gottlinger The role of cellular factors in promoting HIV budding J Mol Biol 410 2011 525 533
22. A.L. Brass, D.M. Dykxhoorn, Y. Benita, N. Yan, A. Engelman, and R.J. Xavier et al. Identification of host proteins required for HIV infection through a functional genomic screen Science 319 2008 921 926
23. F.D. Bushman, N. Malani, J. Fernandes, I. D'Orso, G. Cagney, and T.L. Diamond et al. Host cell factors in HIV replication: meta-analysis of genome-wide studies PLoS Pathog 5 2009 e1000437
24. B.M. Friedrich, N. Dziuba, G. Li, M.A. Endsley, J.L. Murray, and M.R. Ferguson Host factors mediating HIV-1 replication Virus Res 161 2011 101 114
25. S.P. Goff Knockdown screens to knockout HIV-1 Cell 135 2008 417 420
26. R. Konig, Y. Zhou, D. Elleder, T.L. Diamond, G.M. Bonamy, and J.T. Irelan et al. Global analysis of host-pathogen interactions that regulate early-stage HIV-1 replication Cell 135 2008 49 60
27. H. Zhou, M. Xu, Q. Huang, A.T. Gates, X.D. Zhang, and J.C. Castle et al. Genome-scale RNAi screen for host factors required for HIV replication Cell Host Microbe 4 2008 495 504
28. M.L. Yeung, L. Houzet, V.S. Yedavalli, and K.T. Jeang A genome-wide short hairpin RNA screening of jurkat T-cells for human proteins contributing to productive HIV-1 replication J Biol Chem 284 2009 19463 19473
29. N. Dziuba, M.R. Ferguson, W.A. O'Brien, A. Sanchez, A.J. Prussia, and N.J. McDonald et al. Identification of cellular proteins required for replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 28 2012 1329 1339
30. S. Rato, S. Maia, P.M. Brito, L. Resende, C.F. Pereira, and C. Moita et al. Novel HIV-1 knockdown targets identified by an enriched kinases/phosphatases shRNA library using a long-term iterative screen in Jurkat T-cells PLoS One 5 2010 e9276
31. B. Berkhout, and O. ter Brake Towards a durable RNAi gene therapy for HIV-AIDS Expert Opin Biol Ther 9 2009 161 170
32. F. Boutimah, J.J. Eekels, Y.P. Liu, and B. Berkhout Antiviral strategies combining antiretroviral drugs with RNAi-mediated attack on HIV-1 and cellular co-factors Antiviral Res 98 2013 121 129
33. J. Chung, D.L. DiGiusto, and J.J. Rossi Combinatorial RNA-based gene therapy for the treatment of HIV/AIDS Expert Opin Biol Ther 13 2013 437 445
34. M. Ghildiyal, and P.D. Zamore Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe Nat Rev Genet 10 2009 94 108
35. G. Hutvagner, and P.D. Zamore A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex Science 297 2002 2056 2060
36. J.E. Braun, E. Huntzinger, and E. Izaurralde A molecular link between miRISCs and deadenylases provides new insight into the mechanism of gene silencing by microRNAs Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol 4 2012 10.1101/cshperspect.a012328
37. S.C. Janga, and S. Vallabhaneni MicroRNAs as post-transcriptional machines and their interplay with cellular networks Adv Exp Med Biol 722 2011 59 74
38. E. Tili, J.J. Michaille, and C.M. Croce MicroRNAs play a central role in molecular dysfunctions linking inflammation with cancer Immunol Rev 253 2013 167 184
39. L.A. O'Neill, F.J. Sheedy, and C.E. McCoy MicroRNAs: the fine-tuners of Toll-like receptor signalling Nat Rev Immunol 11 2011 163 175
40. R.M. O'Connell, D.S. Rao, A.A. Chaudhuri, and D. Baltimore Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system Nat Rev Immunol 10 2010 111 122
41. D. Baltimore, M.P. Boldin, R.M. O'Connell, D.S. Rao, and K.D. Taganov MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function Nat Immunol 9 2008 839 845
42. J. Davidson-Moncada, F.N. Papavasiliou, and W. Tam MicroRNAs of the immune system: roles in inflammation and cancer Ann N Y Acad Sci 1183 2010 183 194
43. M.D. Jansson, and A.H. Lund MicroRNA and cancer Mol Oncol 6 2012 590 610
44. B. Berkhout, and K.T. Jeang MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation Biochim Biophys Acta 1809 2011 587
45. G. Sun, and J.J. Rossi MicroRNAs and their potential involvement in HIV infection Trends Pharmacol Sci 32 2011 675 681
46. P. Graves, and Y. Zeng Biogenesis of mammalian microRNAs: a global view Genomics Proteomics Bioinf 10 2012 239 245
47. E.F. Finnegan, and A.E. Pasquinelli MicroRNA biogenesis: regulating the regulators Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 48 2013 51 68
48. M. Chekulaeva, and W. Filipowicz Mechanisms of miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation in animal cells Curr Opin Cell Biol 21 2009 452 460
49. G.M. Borchert, W. Lanier, and B.L. Davidson RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs Nat Struct Mol Biol 13 2006 1097 1101
50. S. Cheloufi, C.O. Dos Santos, M.M. Chong, and G.J. Hannon A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis Nature 465 2010 584 589
51. J.S. Yang, T. Maurin, and E.C. Lai Functional parameters of Dicer-independent microRNA biogenesis RNA 18 2012 945 957
52. J.G. Ruby, C.H. Jan, and D.P. Bartel Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass Drosha processing Nature 448 2007 83 86
53. K. Okamura, J.W. Hagen, H. Duan, D.M. Tyler, and E.C. Lai The mirtron pathway generates microRNA-class regulatory RNAs in Drosophila Cell 130 2007 89 100
54. E. Berezikov, W.J. Chung, J. Willis, E. Cuppen, and E.C. Lai Mammalian mirtron genes Mol Cell 28 2007 328 336
55. E. Ladewig, K. Okamura, A.S. Flynt, J.O. Westholm, and E.C. Lai Discovery of hundreds of mirtrons in mouse and human small RNA data Genome Res 22 2012 1634 1645
56. M.A. Havens, A.A. Reich, D.M. Duelli, and M.L. Hastings Biogenesis of mammalian microRNAs by a non-canonical processing pathway Nucleic Acids Res 40 2012 4626 4640
57. A. Kumar RNA interference: a multifaceted innate antiviral defense Retrovirology 5 2008 17
58. S. Muller, and J.L. Imler Dicing with viruses: microRNAs as antiviral factors Immunity 27 2007 1 3
59. S. Schutz, and P. Sarnow Interaction of viruses with the mammalian RNA interference pathway Virology 344 2006 151 157
60. M. Abe, H. Suzuki, H. Nishitsuji, H. Shida, and H. Takaku Interaction of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Rex protein with Dicer suppresses RNAi silencing FEBS Lett 584 2010 4313 4318
61. E.J. Chapman, A.I. Prokhnevsky, K. Gopinath, V.V. Dolja, and J.C. Carrington Viral RNA silencing suppressors inhibit the microRNA pathway at an intermediate step Genes Dev 18 2004 1179 1186
62. J. Haasnoot, W. de Vries, E.J. Geutjes, M. Prins, P. de Haan, and B. Berkhout The Ebola virus VP35 protein is a suppressor of RNA silencing PLoS Pathog 3 2007 e86
63. A.C. Mallory, B.J. Reinhart, D. Bartel, V.B. Vance, and L.H. Bowman A viral suppressor of RNA silencing differentially regulates the accumulation of short interfering RNAs and micro-RNAs in tobacco Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 15228 15233
64. R. Triboulet, B. Mari, Y.L. Lin, C. Chable-Bessia, Y. Bennasser, and K. Lebrigand et al. Suppression of microRNA-silencing pathway by HIV-1 during virus replication Science 315 2007 1579 1582
65. C. Chable-Bessia, O. Meziane, D. Latreille, R. Triboulet, A. Zamborlini, and A. Wagschal et al. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by microRNA effectors Retrovirology 6 2009 26
66. Y. Bennasser, S.Y. Le, M. Benkirane, and K.T. Jeang Evidence that HIV-1 encodes an siRNA and a suppressor of RNA silencing Immunity 22 2005 607 619
67. Y. Bennasser, and K.T. Jeang HIV-1 Tat interaction with Dicer: requirement for RNA Retrovirology 3 2006 95
68. A.M. Hayes, S. Qian, L. Yu, and K. Boris-Lawrie Tat RNA silencing suppressor activity contributes to perturbation of lymphocyte miRNA by HIV-1 Retrovirology 8 2011 36
69. J. Lin, and B.R. Cullen Analysis of the interaction of primate retroviruses with the human RNA interference machinery J Virol 81 2007 12218 12226
70. V.R. Sanghvi, and L.F. Steel A re-examination of global suppression of RNA interference by HIV-1 PLoS One 6 2011 e17246
71. R. Mishra, C. Chhatbar, and S.K. Singh HIV-1 Tat C-mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-3 by microRNA 32 in human microglia J Neuroinflammation 9 2012 131
72. W. Coley, R. Van Duyne, L. Carpio, I. Guendel, K. Kehn-Hall, and S. Chevalier et al. Absence of DICER in monocytes and its regulation by HIV-1 J Biol Chem 285 2010 31930 31943
73. L. Casey Klockow, H.J. Sharifi, X. Wen, M. Flagg, A.K. Furuya, and M. Nekorchuk et al. The HIV-1 protein Vpr targets the endoribonuclease Dicer for proteasomal degradation to boost macrophage infection Virology 444 2013 191 202
74. R.P. Kincaid, and C.S. Sullivan Virus-encoded microRNAs: an overview and a look to the future PLoS Pathog 8 2012 e1003018
75. V. Nair, and M. Zavolan Virus-encoded microRNAs: novel regulators of gene expression Trends Microbiol 14 2006 169 175
76. O. Aparicio, N. Razquin, M. Zaratiegui, I. Narvaiza, and P. Fortes Adenovirus virus-associated RNA is processed to functional interfering RNAs involved in virus production J Virol 80 2006 1376 1384
77. I.W. Boss, K.B. Plaisance, and R. Renne Role of virus-encoded microRNAs in herpesvirus biology Trends Microbiol 17 2009 544 553
78. C.S. Sullivan, C.K. Sung, C.D. Pack, A. Grundhoff, A.E. Lukacher, and T.L. Benjamin et al. Murine Polyomavirus encodes a microRNA that cleaves early RNA transcripts but is not essential for experimental infection Virology 387 2009 157 167
79. S. Pfeffer, A. Sewer, M. Lagos-Quintana, R. Sheridan, C. Sander, and F.A. Grasser et al. Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family Nat Methods 2 2005 269 276
80. J.L. Umbach, H.L. Yen, L.L. Poon, and B.R. Cullen Influenza A virus expresses high levels of an unusual class of small viral leader RNAs in infected cells MBio 1 2010 10.1128/mBio.00204-10
81. B.R. Cullen Five questions about viruses and microRNAs PLoS Pathog 6 2010 e1000787
82. R.P. Kincaid, J.M. Burke, and C.S. Sullivan RNA virus microRNA that mimics a B-cell oncomiR Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 2012 3077 3082
83. Y. Bennasser, S.Y. Le, M.L. Yeung, and K.T. Jeang HIV-1 encoded candidate micro-RNAs and their cellular targets Retrovirology 1 2004 43
84. S. Omoto, and Y.R. Fujii Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus 1 transcription by nef microRNA J Gen Virol 86 2005 751 755
85. S. Omoto, M. Ito, Y. Tsutsumi, Y. Ichikawa, H. Okuyama, and E.A. Brisibe et al. HIV-1 nef suppression by virally encoded microRNA Retrovirology 1 2004 44
86. K. Poropatich, and D.J. Sullivan Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression J Gen Virol 92 2011 247 268
87. T. Yamamoto, S. Omoto, M. Mizuguchi, H. Mizukami, H. Okuyama, and N. Okada et al. Double-stranded nef RNA interferes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication Microbiol Immunol 46 2002 809 817
88. D. Kaul, A. Ahlawat, and S.D. Gupta HIV-1 genome-encoded hiv1-mir-H1 impairs cellular responses to infection Mol Cell Biochem 323 2009 143 148
89. B. Holland, J. Wong, M. Li, and S. Rasheed Identification of human microRNA-like sequences embedded within the protein-encoding genes of the human immunodeficiency virus PLoS One 8 2013 e58586
90. J.F. He, Y.M. Luo, X.H. Wan, and D. Jiang Biogenesis of MiRNA-195 and its role in biogenesis, the cell cycle, and apoptosis J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25 2011 404 408
91. T. Xu, Y. Zhu, Y. Xiong, Y.Y. Ge, J.P. Yun, and S.M. Zhuang MicroRNA-195 suppresses tumorigenicity and regulates G1/S transition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells Hepatology 50 2009 113 121
92. R.C. Friedman, K.K. Farh, C.B. Burge, and D.P. Bartel Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs Genome Res 19 2009 92 105
93. D.M. Garcia, D. Baek, C. Shin, G.W. Bell, A. Grimson, and D.P. Bartel Weak seed-pairing stability and high target-site abundance decrease the proficiency of lsy-6 and other microRNAs Nat Struct Mol Biol 18 2011 1139 1146
94. A. Grimson, K.K. Farh, W.K. Johnston, P. Garrett-Engele, L.P. Lim, and D.P. Bartel MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing Mol Cell 27 2007 91 105
95. B.P. Lewis, C.B. Burge, and D.P. Bartel Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets Cell 120 2005 15 20
96. V.S. Yedavalli, C. Neuveut, Y.H. Chi, L. Kleiman, and K.T. Jeang Requirement of DDX3 DEAD box RNA helicase for HIV-1 Rev-RRE export function Cell 119 2004 381 392
97. S. Bannwarth, and A. Gatignol HIV-1 TAR RNA: the target of molecular interactions between the virus and its host Curr HIV Res 3 2005 61 71
98. Y. Zeng, and B.R. Cullen Sequence requirements for micro RNA processing and function in human cells RNA 9 2003 112 123
99. T.P. Chendrimada, R.I. Gregory, E. Kumaraswamy, J. Norman, N. Cooch, and K. Nishikura et al. TRBP recruits the Dicer complex to Ago2 for microRNA processing and gene silencing Nature 436 2005 740 744
100. K. Forstemann, Y. Tomari, T. Du, V.V. Vagin, A.M. Denli, and D.P. Bratu et al. Normal microRNA maturation and germ-line stem cell maintenance requires Loquacious, a double-stranded RNA-binding domain protein PLoS Biol 3 2005 e236
101. Z. Klase, P. Kale, R. Winograd, M.V. Gupta, M. Heydarian, and R. Berro et al. HIV-1 TAR element is processed by Dicer to yield a viral micro-RNA involved in chromatin remodeling of the viral LTR BMC Mol Biol 8 2007 63
102. H.S. Christensen, A. Daher, K.J. Soye, L.B. Frankel, M.R. Alexander, and S. Laine et al. Small interfering RNAs against the TAR RNA binding protein, TRBP, a Dicer cofactor, inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat expression and viral production J Virol 81 2007 5121 5131
103. V.R. Sanghvi, and L.F. Steel The cellular TAR RNA binding protein, TRBP, promotes HIV-1 replication primarily by inhibiting the activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR J Virol 85 2011 12614 12621
104. Z. Klase, R. Winograd, J. Davis, L. Carpio, R. Hildreth, and M. Heydarian et al. HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression Retrovirology 6 2009 18
105. D.L. Ouellet, I. Plante, P. Landry, C. Barat, M.E. Janelle, and L. Flamand et al. Identification of functional microRNAs released through asymmetrical processing of HIV-1 TAR element Nucleic Acids Res 36 2008 2353 2365
106. N.C. Schopman, M. Willemsen, Y.P. Liu, T. Bradley, A. van Kampen, and F. Baas et al. Deep sequencing of virus-infected cells reveals HIV-encoded small RNAs Nucleic Acids Res 40 2012 414 427
107. C.F. Althaus, V. Vongrad, B. Niederost, B. Joos, F. Di Giallonardo, and P. Rieder et al. Tailored enrichment strategy detects low abundant small noncoding RNAs in HIV-1 infected cells Retrovirology 9 2012 27
108. A. Harwig, B. Berkhout, and A. Das Deep sequencing of small TAR-derived RNAs in HIV-1 producing cells Retrovirology 8 2011 P31
109. A.W. Whisnant, H.P. Bogerd, O. Flores, P. Ho, J.G. Powers, and N. Sharova et al. In-depth analysis of the interaction of HIV-1 with cellular microRNA biogenesis and effector mechanisms MBio 4 2013 e000193
110. A. Narayanan, S. Iordanskiy, R. Das, R. Van Duyne, S. Santos, and E. Jaworski et al. Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells contain trans-activation response element RNA J Biol Chem 288 2013 20014 20033
111. G. Raposo, and W. Stoorvogel Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends J Cell Biol 200 2013 373 383
112. A.V. Vlassov, S. Magdaleno, R. Setterquist, and R. Conrad Exosomes: current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials Biochim Biophys Acta 1820 2012 940 948
113. K.J. Rayner, and E.J. Hennessy Extracellular communication via microRNA: lipid particles have a new message J Lipid Res 54 2013 1174 1181
114. N. Kosaka, Y. Yoshioka, K. Hagiwara, N. Tominaga, T. Katsuda, and T. Ochiya Trash or Treasure: extracellular microRNAs and cell-to-cell communication Front Genet 4 2013 173
115. A. Bergamaschi, and G. Pancino Host hindrance to HIV-1 replication in monocytes and macrophages Retrovirology 7 2010 31
116. C.M. Coleman, and L. Wu HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells: viral latency and reservoirs Retrovirology 6 2009 51
117. K. Kedzierska, and S.M. Crowe The role of monocytes and macrophages in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection Curr Med Chem 9 2002 1893 1903
118. E.A. Rich, I.S. Chen, J.A. Zack, M.L. Leonard, and W.A. O'Brien Increased susceptibility of differentiated mononuclear phagocytes to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) J Clin Invest 89 1992 176 183
119. M.I. Bukrinsky, T.L. Stanwick, M.P. Dempsey, and M. Stevenson Quiescent T lymphocytes as an inducible virus reservoir in HIV-1 infection Science 254 1991 423 427
120. M. Stevenson, T.L. Stanwick, M.P. Dempsey, and C.A. Lamonica HIV-1 replication is controlled at the level of T cell activation and proviral integration EMBO J 9 1990 1551 1560
121. V. Arfi, L. Riviere, L. Jarrosson-Wuilleme, C. Goujon, D. Rigal, and J.L. Darlix et al. Characterization of the early steps of infection of primary blood monocytes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 J Virol 82 2008 6557 6565
122. S. Neil, F. Martin, Y. Ikeda, and M. Collins Postentry restriction to human immunodeficiency virus-based vector transduction in human monocytes J Virol 75 2001 5448 5456
123. X. Pan, H.M. Baldauf, O.T. Keppler, and O.T. Fackler Restrictions to HIV-1 replication in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes Cell Res 23 2013 876 885
124. D.L. Tuttle, J.K. Harrison, C. Anders, J.W. Sleasman, and M.M. Goodenow Expression of CCR5 increases during monocyte differentiation and directly mediates macrophage susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 J Virol 72 1998 4962 4969
125. H.M. Naif, S. Li, M. Alali, A. Sloane, L. Wu, and M. Kelly et al. CCR5 expression correlates with susceptibility of maturing monocytes to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection J Virol 72 1998 830 836
126. J. Huang, F. Wang, E. Argyris, K. Chen, Z. Liang, and H. Tian et al. Cellular microRNAs contribute to HIV-1 latency in resting primary CD4 + T lymphocytes Nat Med 13 2007 1241 1247
127. X. Wang, L. Ye, W. Hou, Y. Zhou, Y.J. Wang, and D.S. Metzger et al. Cellular microRNA expression correlates with susceptibility of monocytes/macrophages to HIV-1 infection Blood 113 2009 671 674
128. S. Swaminathan, J. Zaunders, J. Wilkinson, K. Suzuki, and A.D. Kelleher Does the presence of anti-HIV miRNAs in monocytes explain their resistance to HIV-1 infection? Blood 113 2009 5029 5030 [author reply 5030-5021]
129. J.M. Sisk, J.E. Clements, and K.W. Witwer miRNA profiles of monocyte-lineage cells are consistent with complicated roles in HIV-1 restriction Viruses 4 2012 1844 1864
130. X. Wang, L. Ye, Y. Zhou, M.Q. Liu, D.J. Zhou, and W.Z. Ho Inhibition of anti-HIV microRNA expression: a mechanism for opioid-mediated enhancement of HIV infection of monocytes Am J Pathol 178 2011 41 47
131. C.K. Mantri, J. Pandhare Dash, J.V. Mantri, and C.C. Dash Cocaine enhances HIV-1 replication in CD4 + T cells by down-regulating MiR-125b PLoS One 7 2012 e51387
132. Y. Zhou, X. Wang, M. Liu, Q. Hu, L. Song, and L. Ye et al. A critical function of toll-like receptor-3 in the induction of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities in macrophages Immunology 131 2010 40 49
133. V. Cobos Jimenez, T. Booiman, S.W. de Taeye, K.A. van Dort, M.A. Rits, and J. Hamann et al. Differential expression of HIV-1 interfering factors in monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with polarizing cytokines or interferons Sci Rep 2 2012 763
134. R. Nathans, C.Y. Chu, A.K. Serquina, C.C. Lu, H. Cao, and T.M. Rana Cellular microRNA and P bodies modulate host-HIV-1 interactions Mol Cell 34 2009 696 709
135. J.K. Ahluwalia, S.Z. Khan, K. Soni, P. Rawat, A. Gupta, and M. Hariharan et al. Human cellular microRNA hsa-miR-29a interferes with viral nef protein expression and HIV-1 replication Retrovirology 5 2008 117
136. N. Arhel, and F. Kirchhoff Host proteins involved in HIV infection: new therapeutic targets Biochim Biophys Acta 1802 2010 313 321
137. J. Peng, Y. Zhu, J.T. Milton, and D.H. Price Identification of multiple cyclin subunits of human P-TEFb Genes Dev 12 1998 755 762
138. Q. Zhou, and J.H. Yik The yin and yang of P-TEFb regulation: implications for human immunodeficiency virus gene expression and global control of cell growth and differentiation Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70 2006 646 659
139. M. Hoque, R.A. Shamanna, D. Guan, T. Pe'ery, and M.B. Mathews HIV-1 replication and latency are regulated by translational control of cyclin T1 J Mol Biol 410 2011 917 932
140. B. O'Keeffe, Y. Fong, D. Chen, S. Zhou, and Q. Zhou Requirement for a kinase-specific chaperone pathway in the production of a Cdk9/cyclin T1 heterodimer responsible for P-TEFb-mediated tat stimulation of HIV-1 transcription J Biol Chem 275 2000 279 287
141. A.P. Rice, and C.H. Herrmann Regulation of TAK/P-TEFb in CD4 + T lymphocytes and macrophages Curr HIV Res 1 2003 395 404
142. Y.L. Chiu, H. Cao, J.M. Jacque, M. Stevenson, and T.M. Rana Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by RNA interference directed against human transcription elongation factor P-TEFb (CDK9/CyclinT1) J Virol 78 2004 2517 2529
143. L.Y. Liou, C.H. Herrmann, and A.P. Rice Transient induction of cyclin T1 during human macrophage differentiation regulates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat transactivation function J Virol 76 2002 10579 10587
144. T.L. Sung, and A.P. Rice miR-198 inhibits HIV-1 gene expression and replication in monocytes and its mechanism of action appears to involve repression of cyclin T1 PLoS Pathog 5 2009 e1000263
145. K. Chiang, T.L. Sung, and A.P. Rice Regulation of cyclin T1 and HIV-1 replication by microRNAs in resting CD4 + T lymphocytes J Virol 86 2012 3244 3252
146. L. Deng, C. de la Fuente, P. Fu, L. Wang, R. Donnelly, and J.D. Wade et al. Acetylation of HIV-1 Tat by CBP/P300 increases transcription of integrated HIV-1 genome and enhances binding to core histones Virology 277 2000 278 295
147. I. D'Orso, and A.D. Frankel Tat acetylation modulates assembly of a viral-host RNA-protein transcription complex Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 2009 3101 3106
148. G.L. Gallia, N. Darbinian, A. Tretiakova, S.A. Ansari, J. Rappaport, and J. Brady et al. Association of HIV-1 Tat with the cellular protein, Puralpha, is mediated by RNA Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 11572 11577
149. M.J. Wortman, C.P. Krachmarov, J.H. Kim, R.G. Gordon, L.G. Chepenik, and J.N. Brady et al. Interaction of HIV-1 Tat with Puralpha in nuclei of human glial cells: characterization of RNA-mediated protein-protein binding J Cell Biochem 77 2000 65 74
150. C.J. Shen, Y.H. Jia, R.R. Tian, M. Ding, C. Zhang, and J.H. Wang Translation of Pur-alpha is targeted by cellular miRNAs to modulate the differentiation-dependent susceptibility of monocytes to HIV-1 infection FASEB J 26 2012 4755 4764
151. R.M. O'Connell, K.D. Taganov, M.P. Boldin, G. Cheng, and D. Baltimore MicroRNA-155 is induced during the macrophage inflammatory response Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 1604 1609
152. K.D. Taganov, M.P. Boldin, K.J. Chang, and D. Baltimore NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 12481 12486
153. R.T. Martinez-Nunez, F. Louafi, P.S. Friedmann, and T. Sanchez-Elsner MicroRNA-155 modulates the pathogen binding ability of dendritic cells (DCs) by down-regulation of DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) J Biol Chem 284 2009 16334 16342
154. T.B. Geijtenbeek, D.S. Kwon, R. Torensma, S.J. van Vliet, G.C. van Duijnhoven, and J. Middel et al. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells Cell 100 2000 587 597
155. G. Swaminathan, F. Rossi, L.J. Sierra, A. Gupta, S. Navas-Martin, and J. Martin-Garcia A role for microRNA-155 modulation in the anti-HIV-1 effects of Toll-like receptor 3 stimulation in macrophages PLoS Pathog 8 2012 e1002937
156. N. Holt, J. Wang, K. Kim, G. Friedman, X. Wang, and V. Taupin et al. Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells modified by zinc-finger nucleases targeted to CCR5 control HIV-1 in vivo Nat Biotechnol 28 2010 839 847
157. L. Li, L. Krymskaya, J. Wang, J. Henley, A. Rao, and L.F. Cao et al. Genomic editing of the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5 in adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using zinc finger nucleases Mol Ther 21 2013 1259 1269
158. D.A. Maier, A.L. Brennan, S. Jiang, G.K. Binder-Scholl, G. Lee, and G. Plesa et al. Efficient clinical scale gene modification via zinc finger nuclease-targeted disruption of the HIV co-receptor CCR5 Hum Gene Ther 24 2013 245 258
159. K. Chiang, H. Liu, and A.P. Rice miR-132 enhances HIV-1 replication Virology 438 2013 1 4
160. L.S. Leoh, B. van Heertum, J. De Rijck, M. Filippova, L. Rios-Colon, and A. Basu et al. The stress oncoprotein LEDGF/p75 interacts with the methyl CpG binding protein MeCP2 and influences its transcriptional activity Mol Cancer Res 10 2012 378 391
161. P. Cherepanov, Z.Y. Sun, S. Rahman, G. Maertens, G. Wagner, and A. Engelman Solution structure of the HIV-1 integrase-binding domain in LEDGF/p75 Nat Struct Mol Biol 12 2005 526 532
162. S. Pagans, A. Pedal, B.J. North, K. Kaehlcke, B.L. Marshall, and A. Dorr et al. SIRT1 regulates HIV transcription via Tat deacetylation PLoS Biol 3 2005 e41
163. H.S. Zhang, X.Y. Chen, T.C. Wu, W.W. Sang, and Z. Ruan MiR-34a is involved in Tat-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation through the SIRT1/NFkappaB pathway FEBS Lett 586 2012 4203 4207
164. H.S. Zhang, T.C. Wu, W.W. Sang, and Z. Ruan MiR-217 is involved in Tat-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation by down-regulation of SIRT1 Biochim Biophys Acta 1823 2012 1017 1023
165. A.D. Chaudhuri, S.V. Yelamanchili, M.C. Marcondes, and H.S. Fox Up-regulation of microRNA-142 in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis leads to repression of sirtuin1 FASEB J 27 2013 3720 3729
166. X.Y. Chen, H.S. Zhang, T.C. Wu, W.W. Sang, and Z. Ruan Down-regulation of NAMPT expression by miR-182 is involved in Tat-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45 2013 292 298
167. R.S. Harris, J.F. Hultquist, and D.T. Evans The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus J Biol Chem 287 2012 40875 40883
168. M.H. Malim, and P.D. Bieniasz HIV restriction factors and mechanisms of evasion Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med 2 2012 a006940
169. L. Houzet, M.L. Yeung, V. de Lame, D. Desai, S.M. Smith, and K.T. Jeang MicroRNA profile changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive individuals Retrovirology 5 2008 118
170. J.N. Blankson Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors Discov Med 9 2010 261 266
171. M.B. Feinberg, and R. Ahmed Born this way? Understanding the immunological basis of effective HIV control Nat Immunol 13 2012 632 634
172. K.A. O'Connell, J.R. Bailey, and J.N. Blankson Elucidating the elite: mechanisms of control in HIV-1 infection Trends Pharmacol Sci 30 2009 631 637
173. K.W. Witwer, A.K. Watson, J.N. Blankson, and J.E. Clements Relationships of PBMC microRNA expression, plasma viral load, and CD4 + T-cell count in HIV-1-infected elite suppressors and viremic patients Retrovirology 9 2012 5
174. J. Zaunders, and D. van Bockel Innate and adaptive immunity in long-term non-progression in HIV disease Front Immunol 4 2013 95
175. F. Bignami, E. Pilotti, L. Bertoncelli, P. Ronzi, M. Gulli, and N. Marmiroli et al. Stable changes in CD4 + T lymphocyte miRNA expression after exposure to HIV-1 Blood 119 2012 6259 6267
176. N. Seddiki, S. Swaminathan, C. Phetsouphanh, and A.D. Kelleher miR-155 is differentially expressed in Treg subsets, which may explain expression level differences of miR-155 in HIV-1 infected patients Blood 119 2012 6396 6397
177. K.W. Witwer, and J.E. Clements Evidence for miRNA expression differences of HIV-1-positive, treatment-naive patients and elite suppressors: a re-analysis Blood 119 2012 6395 6396
178. M.A. Brockman, D.S. Kwon, D.P. Tighe, D.F. Pavlik, P.C. Rosato, and J. Sela et al. IL-10 is up-regulated in multiple cell types during viremic HIV infection and reversibly inhibits virus-specific T cells Blood 114 2009 346 356
179. S. Swaminathan, K. Suzuki, N. Seddiki, W. Kaplan, M.J. Cowley, and C.L. Hood et al. Differential regulation of the Let-7 family of microRNAs in CD4 + T cells alters IL-10 expression J Immunol 188 2012 6238 6246
180. N. Seddiki, C. Phetsouphanh, S. Swaminathan, Y. Xu, S. Rao, and J. Li et al. The microRNA-9/B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1/IL-2 axis is differentially regulated in progressive HIV infection Eur J Immunol 43 2013 510 520
181. K. Duskova, P. Nagilla, H.S. Le, P. Iyer, A. Thalamuthu, and J. Martinson et al. MicroRNA regulation and its effects on cellular transcriptome in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals with distinct viral load and CD4 cell counts BMC Infect Dis 13 2013 250
182. F. Allantaz, D.T. Cheng, T. Bergauer, P. Ravindran, M.F. Rossier, and M. Ebeling et al. Expression profiling of human immune cell subsets identifies miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationships correlated with cell type specific expression PLoS One 7 2012 e29979
183. J.B. Alimonti, T.B. Ball, and K.R. Fowke Mechanisms of CD4 + T lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and AIDS J Gen Virol 84 2003 1649 1661
184. M.L. Gougeon Apoptosis as an HIV strategy to escape immune attack Nat Rev Immunol 3 2003 392 404
185. F. Gonzalez-Scarano, and J. Martin-Garcia The neuropathogenesis of AIDS Nat Rev Immunol 5 2005 69 81
186. S. Kramer-Hammerle, I. Rothenaigner, H. Wolff, J.E. Bell, and R. Brack-Werner Cells of the central nervous system as targets and reservoirs of the human immunodeficiency virus Virus Res 111 2005 194 213
187. P. Benaroch, E. Billard, R. Gaudin, M. Schindler, and M. Jouve HIV-1 assembly in macrophages Retrovirology 7 2010 29
188. G. Herbein, and A. Varin The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation? Retrovirology 7 2010 33
189. H. Koppensteiner, R. Brack-Werner, and M. Schindler Macrophages and their relevance in human immunodeficiency virus type I infection Retrovirology 9 2012 82
190. V. Le Douce, G. Herbein, O. Rohr, and C. Schwartz Molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in the monocyte-macrophage lineage Retrovirology 7 2010 32
191. C.N. Chan, I. Dietrich, M.J. Hosie, and B.J. Willett Recent developments in human immunodeficiency virus-1 latency research J Gen Virol 94 2013 917 932
192. T.W. Chun, and A.S. Fauci HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure AIDS 26 2012 1261 1268
193. E. Eisele, and R.F. Siliciano Redefining the viral reservoirs that prevent HIV-1 eradication Immunity 37 2012 377 388
194. D. Persaud, T. Pierson, C. Ruff, D. Finzi, K.R. Chadwick, and J.B. Margolick et al. A stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4(+) T lymphocytes in infected children J Clin Invest 105 2000 995 1003
195. L. Redel, V. Le Douce, T. Cherrier, C. Marban, A. Janossy, and D. Aunis et al. HIV-1 regulation of latency in the monocyte-macrophage lineage and in CD4 + T lymphocytes J Leukoc Biol 87 2010 575 588
196. J.N. Blankson, D. Persaud, and R.F. Siliciano The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection Annu Rev Med 53 2002 557 593
197. J.A. Este, and T. Cihlar Current status and challenges of antiretroviral research and therapy Antiviral Res 85 2010 25 33
198. L. Shan, and R.F. Siliciano From reactivation of latent HIV-1 to elimination of the latent reservoir: the presence of multiple barriers to viral eradication BioEssays 35 2013 544 552
199. C.A. Andorfer, B.M. Necela, E.A. Thompson, and E.A. Perez MicroRNA signatures: clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer Trends Mol Med 17 2011 313 319
200. F. De Santa, I. Iosue, A. Del Rio, and F. Fazi microRNA biogenesis pathway as a therapeutic target for human disease and cancer Curr Pharm Des 19 2013 745 764
201. M.L. He, M.X. Luo, M.C. Lin, and H.F. Kung MicroRNAs: potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma Biochim Biophys Acta 1825 2012 1 10
202. A. Petri, M. Lindow, and S. Kauppinen MicroRNA silencing in primates: towards development of novel therapeutics Cancer Res 69 2009 393 395
203. J. Stenvang, and S. Kauppinen MicroRNAs as targets for antisense-based therapeutics Expert Opin Biol Ther 8 2008 59 81
204. Q. Zhang, R. Pu, Y. Du, Y. Han, T. Su, and H. Wang et al. Non-coding RNAs in hepatitis B or C-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets Cancer Lett 321 2012 1 12
205. A.L. Cardoso, J.R. Guedes, L. Pereira de Almeida, and M.C. Pedroso de Lima miR-155 modulates microglia-mediated immune response by down-regulating SOCS-1 and promoting cytokine and nitric oxide production Immunology 135 2012 73 88
206. C. Su, Z. Hou, C. Zhang, Z. Tian, and J. Zhang Ectopic expression of microRNA-155 enhances innate antiviral immunity against HBV infection in human hepatoma cells Virol J 8 2011 354
207. P. Wang, J. Hou, L. Lin, C. Wang, X. Liu, and D. Li et al. Inducible microRNA-155 feedback promotes type I IFN signaling in antiviral innate immunity by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 J Immunol 185 2010 6226 6233
208. E.J. Beans, D. Fournogerakis, C. Gauntlett, L.V. Heumann, R. Kramer, and M.D. Marsden et al. Highly potent, synthetically accessible prostratin analogs induce latent HIV expression in vitro and ex vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110 2013 11698 11703
209. M. Hezareh Prostratin as a new therapeutic agent targeting HIV viral reservoirs Drug News Perspect 18 2005 496 500
210. J. Kulkosky, D.M. Culnan, J. Roman, G. Dornadula, M. Schnell, and M.R. Boyd et al. Prostratin: activation of latent HIV-1 expression suggests a potential inductive adjuvant therapy for HAART Blood 98 2001 3006 3015
211. N. Marquez, M.A. Calzado, G. Sanchez-Duffhues, M. Perez, A. Minassi, and A. Pagani et al. Differential effects of phorbol-13-monoesters on human immunodeficiency virus reactivation Biochem Pharmacol 75 2008 1370 1380
212. G. Sanchez-Duffhues, M.Q. Vo, M. Perez, M.A. Calzado, S. Moreno, and G. Appendino et al. Activation of latent HIV-1 expression by protein kinase C agonists. A novel therapeutic approach to eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs Curr Drug Targets 12 2011 348 356
213. S. Matalon, T.A. Rasmussen, and C.A. Dinarello Histone deacetylase inhibitors for purging HIV-1 from the latent reservoir Mol Med 17 2011 466 472
214. F. Wightman, P. Ellenberg, M. Churchill, and S.R. Lewin HDAC inhibitors in HIV Immunol Cell Biol 90 2012 47 54
215. N.M. Archin, A.L. Liberty, A.D. Kashuba, S.K. Choudhary, J.D. Kuruc, and A.M. Crooks et al. Administration of vorinostat disrupts HIV-1 latency in patients on antiretroviral therapy Nature 487 2012 482 485
216. S. Bouchat, J.S. Gatot, K. Kabeya, C. Cardona, L. Colin, and G. Herbein et al. Histone methyltransferase inhibitors induce HIV-1 recovery in resting CD4(+) T cells from HIV-1-infected HAART-treated patients AIDS 26 2012 1473 1482
217. T.A. Rasmussen, O. Schmeltz Sogaard, C. Brinkmann, F. Wightman, S.R. Lewin, and J. Melchjorsen et al. Comparison of HDAC inhibitors in clinical development: effect on HIV production in latently infected cells and T-cell activation Hum Vaccin Immunother 9 2013 993 1001
218. Y.P. Liu, J. Gruber, J. Haasnoot, P. Konstantinova, and B. Berkhout RNAi-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 by targeting partially complementary viral sequences Nucleic Acids Res 37 2009 6194 6204
219. Y.P. Liu, J. Haasnoot, O. ter Brake, B. Berkhout, and P. Konstantinova Inhibition of HIV-1 by multiple siRNAs expressed from a single microRNA polycistron Nucleic Acids Res 36 2008 2811 2824
220. L.A. Aagaard, J. Zhang, K.J. von Eije, H. Li, P. Saetrom, and M. Amarzguioui et al. Engineering and optimization of the miR-106b cluster for ectopic expression of multiplexed anti-HIV RNAs Gene Ther 15 2008 1536 1549
221. J. Chung, J. Zhang, H. Li, D.L. Ouellet, D.L. DiGiusto, and J.J. Rossi Endogenous MCM7 microRNA cluster as a novel platform to multiplex small interfering and nucleolar RNAs for combinational HIV-1 gene therapy Hum Gene Ther 23 2012 1200 1208
222. J. Chang, J.T. Guo, D. Jiang, H. Guo, J.M. Taylor, and T.M. Block Liver-specific microRNA miR-122 enhances the replication of hepatitis C virus in nonhepatic cells J Virol 82 2008 8215 8223
223. K.D. Conrad, F. Giering, C. Erfurth, A. Neumann, C. Fehr, and G. Meister et al. MicroRNA-122 dependent binding of Ago2 protein to hepatitis C virus RNA is associated with enhanced RNA stability and translation stimulation PLoS One 8 2013 e56272
224. J.I. Henke, D. Goergen, J. Zheng, Y. Song, C.G. Schuttler, and C. Fehr et al. microRNA-122 stimulates translation of hepatitis C virus RNA EMBO J 27 2008 3300 3310
225. R.K. Jangra, M. Yi, and S.M. Lemon Regulation of hepatitis C virus translation and infectious virus production by the microRNA miR-122 J Virol 84 2010 6615 6625
226. Y. Li, T. Masaki, and S.M. Lemon miR-122 and the hepatitis C RNA genome: more than just stability RNA Biol 10 2013 919 924
227. G. Randall, M. Panis, J.D. Cooper, T.L. Tellinghuisen, K.E. Sukhodolets, and S. Pfeffer et al. Cellular cofactors affecting hepatitis C virus infection and replication Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 12884 12889
228. A. Gupta, G. Swaminathan, J. Martin-Garcia, and S. Navas-Martin MicroRNAs, hepatitis C virus, and HCV/HIV-1 co-infection: new insights in pathogenesis and therapy Viruses 4 2012 2485 2513
229. T. Shimakami, D. Yamane, R.K. Jangra, B.J. Kempf, C. Spaniel, and D.J. Barton et al. Stabilization of hepatitis C virus RNA by an Ago2-miR-122 complex Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 2012 941 946
230. E.S. Hildebrandt-Eriksen, V. Aarup, R. Persson, H.F. Hansen, M.E. Munk, and H. Orum A locked nucleic acid oligonucleotide targeting microRNA 122 is well-tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys Nucleic Acid Ther 22 2012 152 161
231. C.L. Jopling Targeting microRNA-122 to treat hepatitis C virus infection Viruses 2 2010 1382 1393
232. C. Laxton, K. Brady, S. Moschos, P. Turnpenny, J. Rawal, and D.C. Pryde et al. Selection, optimization, and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel, potent antiviral locked nucleic acid-based antisense oligomer targeting hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 2011 3105 3114
233. H.L. Janssen, H.W. Reesink, E.J. Lawitz, S. Zeuzem, M. Rodriguez-Torres, and K. Patel et al. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA N Engl J Med 368 2013 1685 1694