Viral carcinogenesis

Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 214-232

  Carbone, Michele ^a   Barbanti Brodano, Giuseppe ^b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892191614     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/0-387-31056-8_17     Document Type: Chapter

References (269)

1. zur Hausen H. Viral oncogenesis. In: Parsonnet J (ed). Microbes and Mal. New York: Oxford Press, 1999:107-130.
2. zur Hausen H. Viruses in human cancers. Science 1991; 254:1167-1173.
3. Barbanti-Brodano G, Martini F, De Mattei M, et al. BK and JC human polyomaviruses and simian virus 40: natural history of infection in humans, experimental oncogenicity, and association with human tumors. Adv Virus Res 1998;50:69-99.
4. Tognon M, Corallini A, Martini F, et al. Oncogenic transformation by BK virus and association with human tumors. Oncogene 2003;22:5192-5200.
5. Rickinson AB, Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds). Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:2575-2627.
6. Knecht H, Berger C, al-Homsi AS, et al. Epstein-Barr virus oncogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1997;26:117-135.
7. Srinivas SK, Sixbey JW. Epstein-Barr virus induction of recombinase- activating genes RAG1 and RAG2. J Virol 1995;69: 8155-8158.
8. Wilson JB, Levine AJ. The oncogenic potential of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 in transgenic mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992;182:375-384.
9. zur Hausen H, Schulte-Holthausen H, Klein G, et al. EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumours and anaplastic carcinomas of the nasopharynx. Nature (Lond) 1970;228:1056-1058.
10. Pallesen G, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Zhou X. The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with T cell lymphoproliferations and Hodgkin's disease: two new developments in the EBV field. Adv Cancer Res 1993;62:179-239.
11. Meijer CJ, Jiwa NM, Dukers DF, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and human T-cell lymphomas. Semin Cancer Biol 1996;7:191-196.
12. Herbst H. Epstein-Barr virus in Hodgkin's disease. Semin Cancer Biol 1996;7:183-189.
13. Boiocchi M, Dolcetti R, DeRe V, et al. Association of Epstein- Barr virus with Hodgkin's disease. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). DNA Tumor Viruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:375-393.
14. Niedobitek G, Agathanggelou A, Nicholls JM. Epstein-Barr virus infection and the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: viral gene expression, tumour cell phenotype, and the role of the lymphoid stroma. Semin Cancer Biol 1996;7:165-174.
15. Young LS, Murray PG. Epstein-Barr virus and oncogenesis: from latent genes to tumours. Oncogene 2003;22:5108-5121.
16. Croce CM. Chromosome translocations and human cancer. Cancer Res 1986;46:6019-6023.
17. Polack A, Hortnagel K, Pajic A, et al. c-myc activation renders proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells independent of EBV nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:10411-10416.
18. Klein G, Klein E. Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature (Lond) 1985;315:190-195.
19. Lenoir G, Bornkamm GW. Burkitt's lymphoma: a human cancer model for the study of the multistep development of cancer: proposal for a new scenario. In: Klein E (ed). Advances in Viral Oncology, vol 7. New York: Raven Press, 1986:173-206.
20. Razzouk BI, Srinivas S, Sample CE, et al. Epstein-Barr virus DNA recombination and loss in sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma. J Infect Dis 1996;173:529-535.
21. Brooks L, Crook T, Crawford D. Epstein-Barr virus and lymphomas. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss I (eds). Infections and Human Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:99-123.
22. Gaidano G, Pastore C, Gloghini A, et al. AIDS-related non- Hodgkin's lymphomas: molecular genetics, viral infection and cytokine deregulation. Acta Haematol 1996;95:193-198.
23. Swinnen L. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:63-76.
24. Purtilo DT, Cassel CK, Yang JP, et al. X-linked recessive progressive combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan's disease). Lancet 1975;1:935-940.
25. Seemayer T, Greiner T, Gross T, et al. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:51-61.
26. Gross TG, Davis JR, Baker KS, et al. Exaggerated IL-2 response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1995;75:280-281.
27. O'Connor P, Scadden D. Hodgkin's disease. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000: 113-127.
28. Wong M, Pagano JS, Schiller JT, et al. New associations of human papillomavirus, simian virus 40, and Epstein-Barr virus with human cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1832-1836.
29. Kripalani-Joshi S, Law HY. Identification of integrated Epstein- Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma using pulse field gel electrophoresis. Int J Cancer 1994;56:187-192.
30. Hoppe-Seyler F, Butz K. Viral mechanisms of human carcinogenesis. In: Coleman W, Tsongalis G (eds). The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002:233-247.
31. Osato T, Imai S. Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 1996;7:175-182.
32. Takada K. Epstein-Barr virus and gastric carcinoma. J Clin Pathol Mol Pathol 2000;53:255-261.
33. Wei MX, Ooka T. A transforming function of the BARF1 gene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus. EMBO J 1989;8:2897-2903.
34. zur Hausen A, Brink AA, Craanen ME, et al. Unique transcription pattern of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in EBV-carrying gastric adenocarcinomas: expression of the transforming BARF1 gene. Cancer Res 2000;60:2745-2748.
35. Jenson H. Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000: 145-159.
36. Granovsky MO, Mueller BU, Nicholson HS, et al. Cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: a case series from the Children's Cancer Group and the National Cancer Institute. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1729-1735.
37. Raab-Traub N, Rajadurai P, Flynn K, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection in carcinoma of the salivary gland. J Virol 1991;65: 7032-7036.
38. Bonnet M, Guinebretiere JM, Kremmer E, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in invasive breast cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1376-1381.
39. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994;266:1865-1879.
40. Lisitsyn N, Wigler M. Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science 1993;259:946-951.
41. Biesinger B, Muller-Fleckenstein I, Simmer B, et al. Stable growth transformation of human T lymphocytes by herpesvirus saimiri. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:3116-3119.
42. Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related bodycavity- based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1186-1191.
43. Sarid R, Olsen SJ, Moore PS. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: epidemiology, virology, and molecular biology. Adv Virus Res 1999;52:139-232.
44. Boshoff C. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA (eds). Infections and Human Cancer. Cancer Surveys, vol 33. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:157-190.
45. Castleman B, Iverson L, Menendez VP. Localized mediastinal lymph-node hyperplasia resembling thymoma. Cancer (Phila) 1956;9:822-830.
46. Ensoli B, Sgadari C, Barillari G, et al. Biology of Kaposi's sarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2001;37:1251-1269.
47. Ensoli B, Sturzl M, Monini P. Cytokine-mediated growth promotion of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2000;10:367-381.
48. Monini P, de Lellis L, Fabris M, et al. Kaposi's sarcomaassociated herpesvirus DNA sequences in prostate tissue and human semen. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1168-1172.
49. Ganem D. KSHV and Kaposi's sarcoma: the end of the beginning? Cell 1997;91:157-160.
50. Ensoli B, Sturzl M, Monini P. Reactivation and role of HHV-8 in Kaposi's sarcoma initiation. Adv Cancer Res 2001;81:161-200.
51. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:14862-14867.
52. Sturzl M, Zietz C, Monini P, et al. Human herpesvirus-8 and Kaposi's sarcoma: relationship with the multistep concept of tumorigenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2001;81:125-159.
53. Neipel F, Albrecht JC, Fleckenstein B. Cell-homologous genes in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated rhadinovirus human herpesvirus 8: determinants of its pathogenicity? J Virol 1997;71: 4187-4192.
54. Cheng EH, Nicholas J, Bellows DS, et al. A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:690-694.
55. Chang Y, Moore PS, Talbot SJ, et al. Cyclin encoded by KS herpesvirus. Nature (Lond) 1996;382:410.
56. Swanton C, Mann DJ, Fleckenstein B, et al. Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature (Lond) 1997;390:184-187.
57. Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, et al. Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-proteincoupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature (Lond) 1997;385:347-350.
58. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, et al. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature (Lond) 1998;391:86-89.
59. Yang TY, Chen SC, Leach MW, et al. Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. J Exp Med 2000;191:445-454.
60. Boshoff C, Endo Y, Collins PD, et al. Angiogenic and HIVinhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 1997;278:290-294.
61. Moore PS, Boshoff C, Weiss RA, et al. Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 1996;274:1739-1744.
62. Rettig MB, Ma HJ, Vescio RA, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science 1997;276:1851-1854.
63. Imperiale MJ. The human polyomaviruses: an overview. In: Khalili K, Stoner G (eds). Human Polyomaviruses. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:53-71.
64. Imperiale MJ. Oncogenic transformation by the human polyomaviruses. Oncogene 2001;20:7917-7923.
65. Corallini A, Tognon M, Negrini M, et al. Evidence for BK virus as a human tumor virus. In: Khalili K, Stoner G (eds). Human Polyomaviruses. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:431-460.
66. Bofill-Mas S, Formiga-Cruz M, Clemente-Casares P, et al. Potential transmission of human polyomaviruses through the gastrointestinal tract after exposure to virions or viral DNA. J Virol 2001;75:10290-10299.
67. Carbone M, Rizzo P, Pass HI. Simian virus 40, poliovaccines and human tumors: a review of recent developments. Oncogene 1997;15:1877-1888.
68. Melnick JL, Stinebaugh S. Excretion of vacuolating SV-40 virus (papova virus group) after ingestion as a contaminant of oral poliovaccine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962;109:965-968.
69. Bergsagel DJ, Finegold MJ, Butel JS, et al. DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med 1992;326:988-993.
70. Carbone M, Rizzo P, Procopio A, et al. SV40-like sequences in human bone tumors. Oncogene 1996;13:527-535.
71. Martini F, Iaccheri L, Lazzarin L, et al. SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals. Cancer Res 1996; 56:4820-4825.
72. Lednicky JA, Stewart AR, Jenkins JJ III, et al. SV40 DNA in human osteosarcomas shows sequence variation among Tantigen genes. Int J Cancer 1997;72:791-800.
73. Martini F, Lazzarin L, Iaccheri L, et al. Different simian virus 40 genomic regions and sequences homologous with SV40 large T antigen in DNA of human brain and bone tumors and of leukocytes from blood donors. Cancer (Phila) 2002;94:1037-1048.
74. Martini F, Dolcetti R, Gloghini A, et al. Simian-virus-40 footprints in human lymphoproliferative disorders of HIV- and HIV+ patients. Int J Cancer 1998;78:669-674.
75. Yamamoto H, Nakayama T, Murakami H, et al. High incidence of SV40-like sequences detection in tumour and peripheral blood cells of Japanese osteosarcoma patients. Br J Cancer 2000;82: 1677-1681.
76. David H, Mendoza S, Konishi T, et al. Simian virus 40 is present in human lymphomas and normal blood. Cancer Lett 2001; 162:57-64.
77. Li RM, Branton MH, Tanawattanacharoen S, et al. Molecular identification of SV40 infection in human subjects and possible association with kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2320-2330.
78. Li RM, Mannon RB, Kleiner D, et al. BK virus and SV40 coinfection in polyomavirus nephropathy. Transplantation 2002; 74:1497-1504.
79. Vastag B. Sewage yields clues to SV40 transmission. JAMA 2002;288:1337-1338.
80. Kops SP. Oral polio vaccine and human cancer: a reassessment of SV40 as a contaminant based upon legal documents. Anticancer Res 2000;20:4745-4749.
81. Lednicky JA, Garcea RL, Bergsagel DJ, et al. Natural simian virus 40 strains are present in human choroid plexus and ependymoma tumors. Virology 1995;212:710-717.
82. Shah KV. Neutralizing antibodies to simian virus 40 (SV40) in human sera from India. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1966;121: 303-307.
83. Jafar S, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Graham DY, et al. Serological evidence of SV40 infections in HIV-infected and HIV-negative adults. J Med Virol 1998;54:276-284.
84. Butel JS, Jafar S, Wong C, et al. Evidence of SV40 infections in hospitalized children. Hum Pathol 1999;30:1496-1502.
85. Rollison DE, Helzlsouer KJ, Alberg AJ, et al. Serum antibodies to JC virus, BK virus, simian virus 40, and the risk of incident adult astrocytic brain tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:460-463.
86. Simmons DT. SV40 large T antigen functions in DNA replication and transformation. Adv Virus Res 2000;55:75-134.
87. Ali SH, DeCaprio JA. Cellular transformation by SV40 large T antigen: interaction with host proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2001; 11:15-23.
88. Testa JR, Giordano A. SV40 and cell cycle perturbations in malignant mesothelioma. Semin Cancer Biol 2001;11:31-38.
89. Dyson N, Buchkovich K, Whyte P, et al. The cellular 107K protein that binds to adenovirus E1A also associates with the large T antigens of SV40 and JC virus. Cell 1989;58:249-255.
90. Dyson N, Bernards R, Friend SH, et al. Large T antigens of many polyomaviruses are able to form complexes with the retinoblastoma protein. J Virol 1990;64:1353-1356.
91. Ray FA, Peabody DS, Cooper JL, et al. SV40 T antigen alone drives karyotype instability that precedes neoplastic transformation of human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 1990; 42:13-31.
92. Stewart N, Bacchetti S. Expression of SV40 large T antigen, but not small t antigen, is required for the induction of chromosomal aberrations in transformed human cells. Virology 1991; 180:49-57.
93. Neel JV, Major EO, Awa AA, et al. Hypothesis: "Rogue cell"- type chromosomal damage in lymphocytes is associated with infection with the JC human polyoma virus and has implications for oncogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93: 2690-2695.
94. Trabanelli C, Corallini A, Gruppioni R, et al. Chromosomal aberrations induced by BK virus T antigen in human fibroblasts. Virology 1998;243:492-496.
95. Simmons DT, Melendy T, Usher D, et al. Simian virus 40 large T antigen binds to topoisomerase I. Virology 1996;222:365-374.
96. Dean FB, Bullock P, Murakami Y, et al. Simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication: SV40 large T antigen unwinds DNA containing the SV40 origin of replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:16-20.
97. Rundell K, Parakati R. The role of the SV40 small t antigen in cell growth promotion and transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2001;11:5-13.
98. Pallas DC, Shahrik LK, Martin BL, et al. Polyoma small and middle T antigens and SV40 small t antigen form stable complexes with protein phosphatase 2A. Cell 1990;60:167-176.
99. Baysal BE, Farr JE, Goss JR, et al. Genomic organization and precise physical location of protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A beta isoform gene on chromosome band 11q23. Gene Amst 1998;217:107-116.
100. Wang SS, Esplin ED, Li JL, et al. Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene in human lung and colon cancer. Science 1998;282: 284-287.
101. Calin GA, di Iasio MG, Caprini E, et al. Low frequency of alterations of the alpha (PPP2R1A) and beta (PPP2R1B) isoforms of the subunit A of the serine-threonine phosphatase 2A in human neoplasms. Oncogene 2000;19:1191-1195.
102. Beck GRJ, Zerler BR, Moran E. Introduction to DNA tumor viruses: adenovirus, simian virus 40, and polyomavirus. In: McCance DJ (ed). Human Tumor Viruses. Washington, DC: Ameican Society for Microbiology (ASM) Press, 1998:51-86.
103. Flaegstad T, Andresen PA, Johnsen JI, et al. A possible contributory role of BK virus infection in neuroblastoma development. Cancer Res 1999;59:1160-1163.
104. Monini P, Rotola A, de Lellis L, et al. Latent BK virus infection and Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis. Int J Cancer 1996;66: 717-722.
105. Rencic A, Gordon J, Otte J, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA sequence and expression of the viral oncoprotein, tumor antigen, in brain of immunocompetent patient with oligoastrocytoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7352-7357.
106. Krynska B, Del Valle L, Croul S, et al. Detection of human neurotropic JC virus DNA sequence and expression of the viral oncogenic protein in pediatric medulloblastomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:11519-11524.
107. Del Valle L, Gordon J, Ferrante P, et al. Jc virus in experimental and clinical brain tumorigenesis. In: Khalili K, Stoner G (eds). Human Polyomaviruses. New York: Wiley-Liss, 2001:409-430.
108. Khalili K, Del Valle L, Otte J, et al. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JCV, and its role in carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2003; 22:5181-5191.
109. Laghi L, Randolph AE, Chauhan DP, et al. JC virus DNA is present in the mucosa of the human colon and in colorectal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:7484-7489.
110. Ricciardiello L, Chang DK, Laghi L, et al. Mad-1 is the exclusive JC virus strain present in the human colon, and its transcriptional control region has a deleted 98-base-pair sequence in colon cancer tissues. J Virol 2001;75:1996-2001.
111. Ricciardiello L, Baglioni M, Giovannini C, et al. Induction of chromosomal instability in colonic cells by the human polyomavirus JC through a hit and run mechanism. Cancer Res 2003;63(21):7256-7262.
112. Enam S, Del Valle L, Lara C, et al. Association of human polyomavirus JCV with colon cancer: evidence for interaction of viral T-antigen and beta-catenin. Cancer Res 2002;62: 7093-7101.
113. Jasani B, Cristaudo A, Emri SA, et al. Association of SV40 with human tumours. Semin Cancer Biol 2001;11:49-61.
114. Garcea RL, Imperiale MJ. Simian virus 40 infection of humans. J Virol 2003;77:5039-5045.
115. Vilchez RA, Butel JS. SV40 in human brain cancers and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. Oncogene 2003;22:5164-5172.
116. Barbanti-Brodano G, Sabbioni S, Martini F, et al. Simian virus 40 infection in humans and association with human diseases: results and hypotheses.Virology, 2004;318(1):1-9.
117. Shah KV. Does SV40 infection contribute to the development of human cancers? Rev Med Virol 2000;10:31-43.
118. Stratton K, Almario DA, McCormick MC, eds. Immunization safety review: SV40 contamination of polio vaccine and cancer. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2002.
119. Klein G, Powers A, Croce C. Association of SV40 with human tumors. Oncogene 2002;21:1141-1149.
120. Reinartz JJ. Cancer genes. In: Coleman W, Tsongalis GJ (eds). The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002:45-64.
121. Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature (Lond) 1998;396:643-649.
122. Coleman W, Tsongalis GJ. The role of genomic instability in the development of human cancer. In: Coleman W, Tonsgalis GJ (eds). The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002:115-142.
123. Tzeng YJ, Zimmermann C, Guhl E, et al. SV40 T/t-antigen induces premature mammary gland involution by apoptosis and selects for p53 missense mutation in mammary tumors. Oncogene 1998;16:2103-2114.
124. Salewski H, Bayer TA, Eidhoff U, et al. Increased oncogenicity of subclones of SV40 large T-induced neuroectodermal tumor cell lines after loss of large T expression and concomitant mutation in p53. Cancer Res 1999;59:1980-1986.
125. Cacciotti P, Libener R, Betta P, et al. SV40 replication in human mesothelial cells induces HGF/Met receptor activation: a model for viral-related carcinogenesis of human malignant mesothelioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:12032-12037.
126. Cacciotti P, Strizzi L, Vianale G, et al. The presence of simianvirus 40 sequences in mesothelioma and mesothelial cells is associated with high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;26:189-193.
127. Catalano A, Romano M, Martinotti S, et al. Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in the tumor progression potential induced by simian virus 40 large T antigen. Oncogene 2002;21:2896-2900.
128. Carbone M, Pass HI, Miele L, et al. New developments about the association of SV40 with human mesothelioma. Oncogene 2003;22:5173-5180.
129. Carbone M, Rizzo P, Grimley PM, et al. Simian virus-40 large- T antigen binds p53 in human mesotheliomas. Nat Med 1997; 3:908-912.
130. De Luca A, Baldi A, Esposito V, et al. The retinoblastoma gene family pRb/p105, p107, pRb2/p130 and simian virus-40 large Tantigen in human mesotheliomas. Nat Med 1997;3:913-916.
131. Waheed I, Guo ZS, Chen GA, et al. Antisense to SV40 early gene region induces growth arrest and apoptosis in T-antigen-positive human pleural mesothelioma cells. Cancer Res 1999;59: 6068-6073.
132. Shivapurkar N, Wiethege T, Wistuba II, et al. Presence of simian virus 40 sequences in malignant mesotheliomas and mesothelial cell proliferations. J Cell Biochem 1999;76:181-188.
133. Bocchetta M, Miele L, Pass HI, et al. Notch-1 induction, a novel activity of SV40 required for growth of SV40-transformed human mesothelial cells. Oncogene 2003;22:81-89.
134. Weijzen S, Rizzo P, Braid M, et al. Activation of Notch-1 signaling maintains the neoplastic phenotype in human Rastransformed cells. Nat Med 2002;8:979-986.
135. Bocchetta M, Di Resta I, Powers A, et al. Human mesothelial cells are unusually susceptible to simian virus 40-mediated transformation and asbestos cocarcinogenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:10214-10219.
136. Gazdar AF, Butel JS, Carbone M. SV40 and human tumours: myth, association or causality? Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:957-964.
137. Foddis R, De Rienzo A, Broccoli D, et al. SV40 infection induces telomerase activity in human mesothelial cells. Oncogene 2002;21:1434-1442.
138. Vilchez RA, Kozinetz CA, Butel JS. Conventional epidemiology and the link between SV40 and human cancers. Lancet Oncol 2003;4:188-191.
139. Cerni C, Seelos C. Papillomaviruses as promoting agents in human epithelial tumors. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). DNA Tumor Viruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:123-155.
140. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses in human cancers. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:245-261.
141. Bosch FX, Lorincz A, Munoz N, et al. The causal relation between human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. J Clin Pathol 2002;55:244-265.
142. Leigh IM, Brener JA, Buchanan JAG. Human papilloma viruses and cancers of the skin and oral mucosa. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000: 289-309.
143. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:342-350.
144. Phillips AC, Vousden KH. Human papillomavirus and cancer: the viral transforming genes. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA (eds). Infections and Human Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:55-74.
145. Munger K, Phelps WC, Bubb V, et al. The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes. J Virol 1989;63:4417-4421.
146. Hawley-Nelson P, Vousden KH, Hubbert NL, et al. HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize human foreskin keratinocytes. EMBO J 1989;8:3905-3910.
147. Woodworth CD, DiPaolo JA. Immortalization of keratinocytes by human papillomaviruses. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). DNA Tumor Viruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:91-109.
148. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, et al. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell 1990;63:1129-1136.
149. Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, et al. The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53. Cell 1993;75:495-505.
150. Klingelhutz AJ, Foster SA, McDougall JK. Telomerase activation by the E6 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16. Nature (Lond) 1996;380:79-82.
151. Keen N, Elston R, Crawford L. Interaction of the E6 protein of human papillomavirus with cellular proteins. Oncogene 1994;9: 1493-1499.
152. Chen JJ, Reid CE, Band V, et al. Interaction of papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins with a putative calcium-binding protein. Science 1995;269:529-531.
153. Tong X, Howley PM. The bovine papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein interacts with paxillin and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:4412-4417.
154. Kiyono T, Hiraiwa A, Fujita M, et al. Binding of high-risk human papillomavirus E6 oncoproteins to the human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:11612-11616.
155. Lee SS, Weiss RS, Javier RT. Binding of human virus oncoproteins to hDlg/SAP97, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:6670-6675.
156. Desaintes C, Hallez S, Van Alphen P, et al. Transcriptional activation of several heterologous promoters by the E6 protein of human papillomavirus type 16. J Virol 1992;66:325-333.
157. Elbel M, Carl S, Spaderna S, et al. A comparative analysis of the interactions of the E6 proteins from cutaneous and genital papillomaviruses with p53 and E6AP in correlation to their transforming potential. Virology 1997;239:132-149.
158. Munger K, Phelps WC. The human papillomavirus E7 protein as a transforming and transactivating factor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1155:111-123.
159. Weinberg RA. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995;81:323-330.
160. La Thangue NB. DRTF1/E2F: an expanding family of heterodimeric transcription factors implicated in cell-cycle control. Trends Biochem Sci 1994;19:108-114.
161. Huang PS, Patrick DR, Edwards G, et al. Protein domains governing interactions between E2F, the retinoblastoma gene product, and human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:953-960.
162. Boyer SN, Wazer DE, Band V. E7 protein of human papilloma virus-16 induces degradation of retinoblastoma protein through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Cancer Res 1996;56:4620-4624.
163. Funk JO, Waga S, Harry JB, et al. Inhibition of CDK activity and PCNA-dependent DNA replication by p21 is blocked by interaction with the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein. Genes Dev 1997;11: 2090-2100.
164. Jones DL, Alani RM, Munger K. The human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein can uncouple cellular differentiation and proliferation in human keratinocytes by abrogating p21Cip1-mediated inhibition of cdk2. Genes Dev 1997;11:2101-2111.
165. Edmonds C, Vousden KH. A point mutational analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein. J Virol 1989;63:2650-2656.
166. Banks L, Edmonds C, Vousden KH. Ability of the HPV16 E7 protein to bind RB and induce DNA synthesis is not sufficient for efficient transforming activity in NIH3T3 cells. Oncogene 1990;5:1383-1389.
167. Phelps WC, Munger K, Yee CL, et al. Structure-function analysis of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. J Virol 1992;66:2418-2427.
168. White AE, Livanos EM, Tlsty TD. Differential disruption of genomic integrity and cell cycle regulation in normal human fibroblasts by the HPV oncoproteins. Genes Dev 1994;8: 666-677.
169. Antinore MJ, Birrer MJ, Patel D, et al. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene product interacts with and transactivates the AP1 family of transcription factors. EMBO J 1996; 15:1950-1960.
170. Massimi P, Pim D, Storey A, et al. HPV-16 E7 and adenovirus E1a complex formation with TATA box binding protein is enhanced by casein kinase II phosphorylation. Oncogene 1996; 12:2325-2330.
171. Choo KB, Chong KY. Absence of mutation in the p53 and the retinoblastoma susceptibility genes in primary cervical carcinomas. Virology 1993;193:1042-1046.
172. Lee YY, Wilczynski SP, Chumakov A, et al. Carcinoma of the vulva: HPV and p53 mutations. Oncogene 1994;9:1655-1659.
173. Crook T, Wrede D, Tidy JA, et al. Clonal p53 mutation in primary cervical cancer: association with human-papillomavirus- negative tumours. Lancet 1992;339:1070-1073.
174. Herrero R, Munoz N. Human papillomavirus and cancer. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA (eds). Infections and Human Cancer. Cancer Surveys, vol 33. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:75-98.
175. Jackson ME, Campo MS. Cooperation between bovine papillomaviruses and dietary carcinogens in cancers of cattle. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). DNA Tumor Viruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:111-122.
176. Di Luca D, Caselli E, Cassai E. Herpes simplex virus as a cooperating agent in human genital carcinogenesis. In: Barbanti- Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). DNA TumorViruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:281-293.
177. Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337: 1733-1745.
178. Lau JY, Wright TL. Molecular virology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B. Lancet 1993;342:1335-1340.
179. Buendia MA, Pineau P. The complex role of hepatitis B virus in human hepatocarcinogenesis. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedmam H (eds). DNA Tumor viruses: oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:171-193.
180. Wild CP, Hall AJ. Hepatitis B virus and liver cancer: unanswered questions. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA (eds). Infections and Human Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:35-54.
181. Kao JH, Chen DS. Overview of hepatitis B and C viruses. In: Goedert JJ (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:313-330.
182. Block TM, Mehta AS, Fimmel CJ, et al. Molecular viral oncology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2003;22:5093-5107.
183. Beasley RP. Hepatitis B virus. The major etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer (Phila) 1988;61:1942-1956.
184. Grisham JW. Molecular genetic alterations in primary hepatocellular neoplasms. In: Coleman W, Tsongalis GJ (eds). The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002:269-346.
185. Dejean A, Bougueleret L, Grzeschik KH, et al. Hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a sequence homologous to v-erb-A and steroid receptor genes in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature (Lond) 1986;322:70-72.
186. Wang J, Zindy F, Chenivesse X, et al. Modification of cyclin A expression by hepatitis B virus DNA integration in a hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 1992;7:1653-1656.
187. Shirakata Y, Kawada M, Fujiki Y, et al. The X gene of hepatitis B virus induced growth stimulation and tumorigenic transformation of mouse NIH3T3 cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1989;80: 617-621.
188. Hohne M, Schaefer S, Seifer M, et al. Malignant transformation of immortalized transgenic hepatocytes after transfection with hepatitis B virus DNA. EMBO J 1990;9:1137-1145.
189. Kim CM, Koike K, Saito I, et al. HBX gene of hepatitis B virus induces liver cancer in transgenic mice. Nature (Lond) 1991;351:317-320.
190. Feitelson MA, Zhu M, Duan LX, et al. Hepatitis B X antigen and p53 are associated in vitro and in liver tissues from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 1993;8:1109-1117.
191. Wang XW, Forrester K, Yeh H, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:2230-2234.
192. Wang XW, Gibson MK, Vermeulen W, et al. Abrogation of p53- induced apoptosis by the hepatitis B virus X gene. Cancer Res 1995;55:6012-6016.
193. Ueda H, Ullrich SJ, Gangemi JD, et al. Functional inactivation but not structural mutation of p53 causes liver cancer. Nat Genet 1995;9:41-47.
194. Takada S, Kaneniwa N, Tsuchida N, et al. Cytoplasmic retention of the p53 tumor suppressor gene product is observed in the hepatitis B virus X gene-transfected cells. Oncogene 1997;15: 1895-1901.
195. Lee TH, Elledge SJ, Butel JS. Hepatitis B virus X protein interacts with a probable cellular DNA repair protein. J Virol 1995; 69:1107-1114.
196. Hildt E, Hofschneider PH, Urban S. The role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Virol 1996;7:333-347.
197. Chisari FV, Klopchin K, Moriyama T, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Cell 1989;59:1145-1156.
198. Chisari FV, Ferrari C. Hepatitis B virus immunopathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 1995;13:29-60.
199. Jhappan C, Stahle C, Harkins RN, et al. TGF alpha overexpression in transgenic mice induces liver neoplasia and abnormal development of the mammary gland and pancreas. Cell 1990; 61:1137-1146.
200. Lieber CS, Garro A, Leo MA, et al. Alcohol and cancer. Hepatology 1986;6:1005-1019.
201. Luscombe CA, Locarnini SA. The mechanism of action of antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis B. Virol Hepatol Rev 1996;2:1-35.
202. Fiume L, Di Stefano G, Busi C, et al. Liver targeting of antiviral nucleoside analogues through the asialoglycoprotein receptor. J Viral Hepatol 1997;4:363-370.
203. Hayashi J, Kishihara Y, Yamaji K, et al. Hepatitis C viral quasispecies and liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1997;25:697-701.
204. Purcell R. The hepatitis C virus: overview. Hepatology 1997; 26:11S-14S.
205. Bendinelli M, Vatteroni ML, Maggi F, et al. Hepatitis C virus. In: Specter S (ed). Viral Hepatitis: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prevention. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999:65-127.
206. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992; 258:135-140.
207. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Hoofnagle JH (ed). Hepatitis C. New York: Academic Press, 2000:265-275.
208. Di Bisceglie AM, Order SE, Klein JL, et al. The role of chronic viral hepatitis in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:335-338.
209. Nelson DR, Lau JYN. Pathogenesis of hepatocellular damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 1997;1: 515-527.
210. De Mitri MS, Poussin K, Baccarini P, et al. HCV-associated liver cancer without cirrhosis. Lancet 1995;345:413-415.
211. Sakamuro D, Furukawa T, Takegami T. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein NS3 transforms NIH 3T3 cells. J Virol 1995; 69:3893-3896.
212. Ray RB, Meyer K, Ray R. Suppression of apoptotic cell death by hepatitis C virus core protein. Virology 1996;226:176-182.
213. Ray RB, Lagging LM, Meyer K, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein cooperates with ras and transforms primary rat embryo fibroblasts to tumorigenic phenotype. J Virol 1996;70: 4438-4443.
214. Moriya K, Fujie H, Shintani Y, et al. The core protein of hepatitis C virus induces hepatocellular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Nat Med 1998;4:1065-1067.
215. Agnello V. Mixed cryoglobulinemia and other extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. In: Hoofnagle JH (ed). Hepatitis C. New York: Academic Press, 2000:295-313.
216. Ferri C, Pileri S, Zignego AL. Hepatitis C virus, B-cell disorders and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:349-368.
217. De Vita S, Sacco C, Sansonno D, et al. Characterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 1997;90:776-782.
218. De Vita S, Sansonno D, Dolcetti R, et al. Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1995;86:1887-1892.
219. Ascoli V, Lo Coco F, Artini M, et al. Extranodal lymphomas associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 109:600-609.
220. De Vita S, Zagonel V, Russo A, et al. Hepatitis C virus, non- Hodgkin's lymphomas and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1998;77:2032-2035.
221. Tajima K, Takezaki T. Human T cell leukemia virus type I. In: Newton R, Beral V, Weiss RA (eds). Infections and HumanCancer. Cancer Surveys, vol 33. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1999:191-211.
222. Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I and adult Tcell leukemia. Oncogene 2003;22:5131-5140.
223. Rosenblatt JD, Golde DW, Wachsman W, et al. A second isolate of HTLV-II associated with atypical hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med 1986;315:372-377.
224. Yoshida M, Miyoshi I, Hinuma Y. Isolation and characterization of retrovirus from cell lines of human adult T-cell leukemia and its implication in the disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982;79: 2031-2035.
225. Matsuoka M. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. In: Goedert J (ed). Infectious Causes of Cancer. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2000:211-229.
226. Gatza ML, Watt JC, Marriott SJ. Cellular transformation by the HTLV-I Tax protein, a jack-of-all-trades. Oncogene 2003; 22:5141-5149.
227. Greene WC, Leonard WJ, Wano Y, et al. Trans-activator gene of HTLV-II induces IL-2 receptor and IL-2 cellular gene expression. Science 1986;232:877-880.
228. Maruyama M, Shibuya H, Harada H, et al. Evidence for aberrant activation of the interleukin-2 autocrine loop by HTLV-1- encoded p40x and T3/Ti complex triggering. Cell 1987;48: 343-350.
229. Fujii M, Tsuchiya H, Chuhjo T, et al. Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax1 with p67SRF causes the aberrant induction of cellular immediate early genes through CArG boxes. Genes Dev 1992;6: 2066-2076.
230. Franchini G. Molecular mechanisms of human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I infection. Blood 1995;86: 3619-3639.
231. Jeang KT, Widen SG, Semmes OJ 4th, et al. HTLV-I transactivator protein, tax, is a trans-repressor of the human betapolymerase gene. Science 1990;247:1082-1084.
232. Lemasson I, Robert-Hebmann V, Hamaia S, et al. Transrepression of lck gene expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-encoded p40tax. J Virol 1997;71:1975-1983.
233. Suzuki T, Kitano S, Matsushime H, et al. HTLV-I Tax protein interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16 INK4A and counteracts its inhibitory activity towards CDK4. EMBO J 1995;7:1607-1614.
234. Pise-Masison CA, Choi KS, Radonovich M, et al. Inhibition of p53 transactivation function by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax protein. J Virol 1998;72:1165-1170.
235. Jin DY, Spencer F, Jeang KT. Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax targets the human mitotic checkpoint protein MAD1. Cell 1998;93:81-91.
236. Miyake H, Suzuki T, Hirai H, et al. Trans-activator Tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 enhances mutation frequency of the cellular genome. Virology 1999;253:155-161.
237. Scadden DT. AIDS-related malignancies. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54:285-303.
238. Caputo A, Betti M, Boarini C, et al. Mutiple functions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Recent Res Dev Virol 1999;1:753-771.
239. Barillari G, Ensoli B. Angiogenic effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein and its role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:310-326.
240. Helland DE, Welles JL, Caputo A, et al. Transcellular transactivation by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat protein. J Virol 1991;65:4547-4549.
241. Ensoli B, Buonaguro L, Barillari G, et al. Release, uptake, and effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on cell growth and viral transactivation. J Virol 1993; 67:277-287.
242. Chang HC, Samaniego F, Nair BC, et al. HIV-1 Tat protein exits from cells via a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans through its basic region. AIDS 1997;11:1421-1431.
243. Corallini A, Campioni D, Rossi C, et al. Promotion of tumour metastases and induction of angiogenesis by native HIV-1 Tat protein from BK virus/tat transgenic mice. AIDS 1996;10: 701-710.
244. Ensoli B, Gendelman R, Markham P, et al. Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 Tat protein in induction of Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature (Lond) 1994;371:674-680.
245. Kim CM, Vogel J, Jay G, et al. The HIV tat gene transforms human keratinocytes. Oncogene 1992;7:1525-1529.
246. Flores SC, Marecki JC, Harper KP, et al. Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 represses expression of manganese superoxide dismutase in HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:7632-7636.
247. Church SL, Grant JW, Meese EU, et al. Sublocalization of the gene encoding manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD/SOD2) to 6q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrid mapping. Genomics 1992;14:823-825.
248. Church SL, Grant JW, Ridnour LA, et al. Increased manganese superoxide dismutase expression suppresses the malignant phenotype of human melanoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:3113-3117.
249. Li CJ, Wang C, Friedman DJ, et al. Reciprocal modulations between p53 and Tat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:5461-5464.
250. Longo F, Marchetti MA, Castagnoli L, et al. A novel approach to protein-protein interaction: complex formation between the p53 tumor suppressor and the HIV Tat proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;206:326-334.
251. Westendorp MO, Li-Weber M, Frank RW, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat upregulates interleukin-2 secretion in activated T cells. J Virol 1994;68:4177-4185.
252. Zauli G, Gibellini D. The human immunodeficiency virus type- 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein and Bcl-2 gene expression. Leuk Lymphoma 1996;23:551-560.
253. Scala G, Ruocco MR, Ambrosino C, et al. The expression of the interleukin 6 gene is induced by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 TAT protein. J Exp Med 1994;179:961-971.
254. Ambrosino C, Ruocco MR, Chen X, et al. HIV-1 Tat induces the expression of the interleukin-6 (IL6) gene by binding to the IL6 leader RNA and by interacting with CAAT enhancer-binding protein beta (NF-IL6) transcription factors. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14883-14892.
255. Corallini A, Altavilla G, Pozzi L, et al. Systemic expression of HIV-1 tat gene in transgenic mice induces endothelial proliferation and tumors of different histotypes. Cancer Res 1993;53: 5569-5575.
256. Altavilla G, Trabanelli C, Merlin M, et al. Morphological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of tumors and dysplastic and non-neoplastic lesions arising in BK virus/tat transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 1999;154: 1231-1244.
257. Altavilla G, Caputo A, Lanfredi M, et al. Enhancement of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis by the HIV-1 tat gene. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1081-1089.
258. Altavilla G, Caputo A, Trabanelli C, et al. Prevalence of liver tumours in HIV-1 tat-transgenic mice treated with urethane. Eur J Cancer 2004;40(2):275-283.
259. Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1855-1859.
260. Kong Q, Richter L, Yang YF, et al. Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:11539-11544.
261. Schiller JT, Lowy DR. Papillomavirus-like particles and HPV vaccine development. Semin Cancer Biol 1996;7:373-382.
262. Tindle RW. Human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 1996;8:643-650.
263. Epstein MA, Morgan AJ, Finerty S, et al. Protection of cottontop tamarins against Epstein-Barr virus-induced malignant lymphoma by a prototype subunit vaccine. Nature (Lond) 1985;318:287-289.
264. Morgan AJ. The development of Epstein-Barr virus vaccines. In: Barbanti-Brodano G, Bendinelli M, Friedmam H (eds). DNA Tumor Viruses: Oncogenic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1995:395-419.
265. Xie YC, Hwang C, Overwijk W, et al. Induction of tumor antigen-specific immunity in vivo by a novel vaccinia vector encoding safety-modified simian virus 40 T antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:169-175.
266. Saenz-Robles MT, Sullivan CS, Pipas JM. Transforming functions of simian virus 40. Oncogene 2001;20:7899-7907.
267. Imperiale MJ, Pass HI, Sanda MG. Prospects for an SV40 vaccine. Semin Cancer Biol 2001;11:81-85.
268. Cafaro A, Caputo A, Fracasso C, et al. Control of SHIV-89.6Pinfection of cynomolgus monkeys by HIV-1 Tat protein vaccine. Nat Med 1999;5:643-650.
269. Pauza CD, Trivedi P, Wallace M, et al. Vaccination with tat toxoid attenuates disease in simian/HIV-challenged macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:3515-3519.