Cytokines as Vaccine Adjuvants

Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 327-354

  Egilmez, Nejat K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines as vaccine adjuvants; Cytokines in DNA based tumor vaccines; Liposomes and polymeric biodegradable particles

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889386481     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470134931.ch14     Document Type: Chapter

References (175)

1. Berzofsky, J.A., Ahlers, J.D., Janik, J. et al. Progress on new vaccine strategies against chronic viral infections. J Clin Invest 2004, 114(4), 450-462.
2. Ahlers, J.D., Belyakov, I.M. & Berzofsky, J.A. Cytokine, chemokine, and costimulatory molecule modulation to enhance efficacy of HIV vaccines. Curr Mol Med 2003, 3(3), 285-301.
3. Eriksson, K. & Holmgren, J. Recent advances in mucosal vaccines and adjuvants. Curr Opin Immunol 2002, 14(5), 666-672.
4. Petrovsky, N. & Aguilar, J.C. Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends. Immunol Cell Biol 2004, 82(5), 488-496.
5. Villinger, F. Cytokines as clinical adjuvants: How far are we? Expert Rev Vaccines 2003, 2(2), 317-326.
6. Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M. & Shlomchik, M.J. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Garland Science Publishing, New York, 2005.
7. Hamilton, J.A. & Anderson, G.P. GM-CSF biology. Growth Factors 2004, 22(4), 225-231.
8. Chang, D.Z., Lomazow, W., Joy Somberg, C., Stan, R. & Perales, M.A. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor: an adjuvant for cancer vaccines. Hematology 2004, 9(3), 207-215.
9. Dranoff, G. GM-CSF-based cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev 2002, 188, 147-154.
10. Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003, 3(2), 133-146.
11. Portielje, J.E., Gratama, J.W., van Ojik, H.H., Stoter, G. & Kruit, W.H. IL-12: a promising adjuvant for cancer vaccination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003, 52(3), 133-144.
12. Theofilopoulos, A.N., Baccala, R., Beutler, B. & Kono, D.H. Type I Interferons (A/B) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2005, 23, 307-336.
13. Boehm, U., Klamp, T., Groot, M. & Howard, J.C. Cellular responses to interferongamma. Annu Rev Immunol 1997, 15, 749-795.
14. Nelson, B.H. IL-2, regulatory T cells, and tolerance. J Immunol 2004, 172(7), 3983-3988.
15. Dranoff, G. Cytokines in cancer pathogenesis and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2004, 4, 11-22.
16. Paludan, S.R. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma: the quintessence of a mutual antagonistic relationship. Scand J Immunol 1998, 48(5), 459-468.
17. Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-18. Methods 1999, 19(1), 121-132.
18. Alpdogan, O. & van den Brink, M.R. IL-7 and IL-15: therapeutic cytokines for immunodeficiency. Trends Immunol 2005, 26(1), 56-64.
19. Fry, T.J. & Mackall, C.L. The many faces of IL-7: from lymphopoiesis to peripheral T cell maintenance. J Immunol 2005, 174(11), 6571-6576.
20. Dinarello, C.A. Interleukin-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1997, 8(4), 253-265.
21. Shurin, M.R., Esche, C. & Lotze, M.T. FLT3: receptor and ligand: biology and potential clinical application. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998, 9(1), 37-48.
22. Mocellin, S., Rossi, C.R., Pilati, P. & Nitti, D. Tumor necrosis factor, cancer and anticancer therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005, 16(1), 35-53.
23. Taylor, C.E. Cytokines as adjuvants for vaccines: antigen-specific responses differ from polyclonal responses. Infect Immun 1995, 63(9), 3241-3244.
24. Lin, R., Tarr, P.E. & Jones, T.C. Present status of the use of cytokines as adjuvants with vaccines to protect against infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21(6), 1439-1449.
25. Verkade, M.A., van de Wetering, J., Klepper, M., Vaessen, L.M., Weimar, W. & Betjes, M.G. Peripheral blood dendritic cells and GM-CSF as an adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2004, 66(2), 614-621.
26. Sasaki, M.G., Foccacia, R. & de Messias-Reason, I.J. Efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as a vaccine adjuvant for hepatitis B virus in patients with HIV infection. Vaccine 2003, 21(31), 4545-4549.
27. Hasan, M.S., Agosti, J.M., Reynolds, K.K., Tanzman, E., Treanor, J.J. & Evans, T.G. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as an adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccination of healthy adults. J Infect Dis 1999, 180(6), 2023-2026.
28. Chow, Y.H., Chiang, B.L., Lee, Y.L. et al. Development of Th1 and Th2 populations and the nature of immune responses to hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines can be modulated by codelivery of various cytokine genes. J Immunol 1998, 160(3), 1320-1329.
29. Somani, J., Lonial, S., Rosenthal, H., Resnick, S., Kakhniashvili, I. & Waller, E.K. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous administration of GMCSF as a vaccine adjuvant: effect on cellular and humoral immune responses. Vaccine 2002, 21(3-4), 221-230.
30. Lena, P., Villinger, F., Giavedoni, L., Miller, C.J., Rhodes, G. & Luciw, P. Coimmunization of rhesus macaques with plasmid vectors expressing IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and SIV antigens enhances anti-viral humoral immunity but does not affect viremia after challenge with highly pathogenic virus. Vaccine 2002, 20 (Suppl 4), A69-A79.
31. Sykes, K.F., Lewis, M.G., Squires, B. & Johnston, S.A. Evaluation of SIV library vaccines with genetic cytokines in a macaque challenge. Vaccine 2002, 20(17-18), 2382-2395.
32. Belyakov, I.M., Ahlers, J.D., Clements, J.D., Strober, W. & Berzofsky, J.A. Interplay of cytokines and adjuvants in the regulation of mucosal and systemic HIV-specific CTL. J Immunol 2000, 165(11), 1320-1326.
33. O'Neill, E., Martinez, I., Villinger, F. et al. Protection by SIV VLP DNA prime/protein boost following mucosal SIV challenge is markedly enhanced by IL-12/GM-CSF co-administration. J Med Primatol 2002, 31(4-5), 217-227.
34. Barouch, D.H., Santra, S., Tenner-Racz, K. et al. Potent CD4+ T cell responses elicited by a bicistronic HIV-1 DNA vaccine expressing gp120 and GM-CSF. J Immunol 2002, 168(2), 562-568.
35. Pauksen, K., Linde, A., Hammarstrom, V. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor as immunomodulating factor together with influenza vaccination in stem cell transplant patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 30(2), 342-348.
36. Hu, J., Cladel, N.M., Wang, Z., Han, R., Pickel, M.D. & Christensen, N.D. GM-CSF enhances protective immunity to cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E8 genetic vaccination in rabbits. Vaccine 2004, 22(9-10), 1124-1130.
37. Sin, J.I., Kim, J.J., Ugen, K.E., Ciccarelli, R.B., Higgins, T.J. & Weiner, D.B. Enhancement of protective humoral (Th2) and cell-mediated (Th1) immune responses against herpes simplex virus-2 through co-delivery of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression cassettes. Eur J Immunol 1998, 28(11), 3530-3540.
38. Nobiron, I., Thompson, I., Brownlie, J. & Collins, M.E. Cytokine adjuvancy of BVDV DNA vaccine enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2001, 19(30), 4226-4235.
39. Wang, J., Zganiacz, A. & Xing, Z. Enhanced immunogenicity of BCG vaccine by using a viral-based GM-CSF transgene adjuvant formulation. Vaccine 2002, 20(23-24), 2887-2898.
40. Kyoung, M.B., Ko, S.-Y., Lee, M., Lee, J.-S., Kim, J.-O. & Ko, H.-J. Comparative analysis of effects of cytokine gene adjuvants in DNA vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins 65. Vaccine 2003, 21, 3684-3689.
41. Lu, H., Xing, Z. & Brunham, R.C. GM-CSF transgene-based adjuvant allows the establishment of protective mucosal immunity following vaccination with inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis. J Immunol 2002, 169(11), 6324-6331.
42. Mwangi, W., Brown, W.C., Lewin, H.A. et al. DNA-encoded fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 ligand and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor increase dendritic cell recruitment to the inoculation site and enhance antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses induced by DNA vaccination of outbred animals. J Immunol 2002, 169(7), 3837-3846.
43. Siddiqui, A.A., Pinkston, J.R., Quinlin, M.L. et al. Characterization of protective immunity induced against Schistosoma mansoni via DNA priming with the large subunit of calpain (Sm-p80) in the presence of genetic adjuvants. Parasite 2005, 12(1), 3-8.
44. Siddiqui, A.A., Phillips, T., Charest, H. et al. Induction of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni via DNA priming and boosting with the large subunit of calpain (Sm-p80): adjuvant effects of granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor and interleukin-4. Infect Immun 2003, 71(7), 3844-3851.
45. Argiro, L., Henri, S., Dessein, H., Dessein, A.J. & Bourgois, A. Induction of a protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni with ovalbumin-coupled Sm37-5 coadsorbed with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or IL-12 on alum. Vaccine 1999, 17(1), 13-18.
46. Follador, I., Araujo, C., Orge, G. et al. Immune responses to an inactive vaccine against American cutaneous leishmaniasis together with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Vaccine 2002, 20(9-10), 1365-1368.
47. Argiro, L., Henri, S., Dessein, H., Kouriba, B., Dessein, A.J. & Bourgois, A. Induction of a protection against S. mansoni with a MAP containing epitopes of Sm37-GAPDH and Sm10-DLC: effect of coadsorption with GM-CSF on alum. Vaccine 2000, 18(19), 2033-2038.
48. Iwasaki, A., Stiernholm, B.J., Chan, A.K., Berinstein, N.L. & Barber, B.H. Enhanced CTL responses mediated by plasmid DNA immunogens encoding costimulatory molecules and cytokines. J Immunol 1997, 158(10), 4591-4601.
49. Ahlers, J.D., Dunlop, N., Alling, D.W., Nara, P.L. & Berzofsky, J.A. Cytokine-inadjuvant steering of the immune response phenotype to HIV-1 vaccine constructs: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and TNF-alpha synergize with IL-12 to enhance induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1997, 158(8), 3947-3958.
50. Bradney, C.P., Sempowski, G.D., Liao, H.X., Haynes, B.F. & Staats, H.F. Cytokines as adjuvants for the induction of anti-human immunodeficiency virus peptide immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions after nasal immunization. J Virol 2002, 76(2), 517-524.
51. Kim, J.J., Nottingham, L.K., Tsai, A. et al. Antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses can be modulated in rhesus macaques through the use of IFNgamma, IL-12, or IL-18 gene adjuvants. J Med Primatol 1999, 28(4-5), 214-223.
52. Gherardi, M.M., Ramirez, J.C. & Esteban, M. Towards a new generation of vaccines: the cytokine IL-12 as an adjuvant to enhance cellular immune responses to pathogens during prime-booster vaccination regimens. Histol Histopathol 2001, 16(2), 655-667.
53. Albu, D.I., Jones-Trower, A., Woron, A.M. et al. Intranasal vaccination using interleukin-12 and cholera toxin subunit B as adjuvants to enhance mucosal and systemic immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoproteins. J Virol 2003, 77(10), 5589-5597.
54. Chattergoon, M.A., Saulino, V., Shames, J.P., Stein, J., Montaner, L.J. & Weiner, D.B. Co-immunization with plasmid IL-12 generates a strong T-cell memory response in mice. Vaccine 2004, 22(13-14), 1744-1750.
55. Wang, S., Liu, X. & Caulfield, M.J. Adjuvant synergy in the response to hepatitis B vaccines. Vaccine 2003, 21(27-30), 4297-4306.
56. Hoffman, S.J., Polack, F.P., Hauer, D.A. et al. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with a recombinant measles virus expressing interleukin-12 alters humoral and cellular immune responses. J Infect Dis 2003, 188(10), 1553-1561.
57. Cooper, D., Pride, M.W., Guo, M. et al. Interleukin-12 redirects murine immune responses to soluble or aluminum phosphate adsorbed HSV-2 glycoprotein D towards Th1 and CD4+ CTL responses. Vaccine 2004, 23(2), 236-246.
58. Hanlon, L., Argyle, D., Bain, D. et al. Feline leukemia virus DNA vaccine efficacy is enhanced by coadministration with interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 expression vectors. J Virol 2001, 75(18), 8424-8433.
59. Boyaka, P.N., Marinaro, M., Jackson, R.J. et al. IL-12 is an effective adjuvant for induction of mucosal immunity. J Immunol 1999, 162(1), 122-128.
60. Martin, E., Kamath, A.T., Briscoe, H. & Britton, W.J. The combination of plasmid interleukin-12 with a single DNA vaccine is more effective than Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) in protecting against systemic Mycobacterim avium infection. Immunology 2003, 109(2), 308-314.
61. Uzonna, J.E., Chilton, P., Whitlock, R.H., Habecker, P.L., Scott, P. & Sweeney, R.W. Efficacy of commercial and field-strain Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccinations with recombinant IL-12 in a bovine experimental infection model. Vaccine 2003, 21(23), 3101-3109.
62. Lynch, J.M., Briles, D.E. & Metzger, D.W. Increased protection against pneumococcal disease by mucosal administration of conjugate vaccine plus interleukin-12. Infect Immun 2003, 71(8), 4780-4788.
63. Duckett, N.S., Olmos, S., Durrant, D.M. & Metzger, D.W. Intranasal interleukin-12 treatment for protection against respiratory infection with the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Infect Immun 2005, 73(4), 2306-2311.
64. Buchanan, R.M., Arulanandam, B.P. & Metzger, D.W. IL-12 enhances antibody responses to T-independent polysaccharide vaccines in the absence of T and NK cells. J Immunol 1998, 161(10), 5525-5533.
65. Fonseca, C.T., Brito, C.F., Alves, J.B. & Oliveira, S.C. IL-12 enhances protective immunity in mice engendered by immunization with recombinant 14 kDa Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein through an IFN-gamma and TNFalpha dependent pathway. Vaccine 2004, 22(3-4), 503-510.
66. Bungiro, R.D., Jr., Goldberg, M., Suri, P.K. & Knopf, P.M. Interleukin-12 as an adjuvant for an antischistosome vaccine consisting of adult worm antigens: protection of rats from cercarial challenge. Infect Immun 1999, 67(5), 2340-2348.
67. Letscher-Bru, V., Villard, O., Risse, B., Zauke, M., Klein, J.P. & Kien, T.T. Protective effect of vaccination with a combination of recombinant surface antigen 1 and interleukin-12 against toxoplasmosis in mice. Infect Immun 1998, 66(9), 4503-4506.
68. Santos, W.R., de Lima, V.M., de Souza, E.P., Bernardo, R.R., Palatnik, M. & Palatnik de Sousa, C.B. Saponins, IL12 and BCG adjuvant in the FML-vaccine formulation against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2002, 21(1-2), 30-43.
69. Katae, M., Miyahira, Y., Takeda, K. et al. Coadministration of an interleukin-12 gene and a Trypanosoma cruzi gene improves vaccine efficacy. Infect Immun 2002, 70(9), 4833-4840.
70. Su, Z., Tam, M.F., Jankovic, D. & Stevenson, M.M. Vaccination with novel immunostimulatory adjuvants against blood-stage malaria in mice. Infect Immun 2003, 71(9), 5178-5187.
71. Grob, P.J., Joller-Jemelka, H.I., Binswanger, U., Zaruba, K., Descoeudres, C. & Fernex, M. Interferon as an adjuvant for hepatitis B vaccination in non- and low-responder populations. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984, 3(3), 195-198.
72. Playfair, J.H. & de Souza, J.B. Recombinant gamma interferon is a potent adjuvant for a malaria vaccine in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1987, 67(1), 5-10.
73. Goldwater, P.N. Randomized comparative trial of interferon-alpha versus placebo in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders and hyporesponders. Vaccine 1994, 12(5), 410-414.
74. Gehring, S., Gregory, S.H., Kuzushita, N. & Wands, J.R. Type 1 interferon augments DNA-based vaccination against hepatitis C virus core protein. J Med Virol 2005, 75(2), 249-257.
75. Bracci, L., Canini, I., Puzelli, S. et al. Type I IFN is a powerful mucosal adjuvant for a selective intranasal vaccination against influenza virus in mice and affects antigen capture at mucosal level. Vaccine 2005, 23(23), 2994-3004.
76. Sturchler, D., Berger, R., Etlinger, H. et al. Effects of interferons on immune response to a synthetic peptide malaria sporozoite vaccine in non-immune adults. Vaccine 1989, 7(5), 457-461.
77. Kim, J.J., Yang, J.S., Manson, K.H. & Weiner, D.B. Modulation of antigen-specific cellular immune responses to DNA vaccination in rhesus macaques through the use of IL-2, IFN-gamma, or IL-4 gene adjuvants. Vaccine 2001, 19(17-19), 2496-2505.
78. Kim, J.J., Yang, J.S., VanCott, T.C. et al. Modulation of antigen-specific humoral responses in rhesus macaques by using cytokine cDNAs as DNA vaccine adjuvants. J Virol 2000, 74(7), 3427-3429.
79. McCormick, A.L., Thomas, M.S. & Heath, A.W. Immunization with an interferongamma-gp120 fusion protein induces enhanced immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus gp120. J Infect Dis 2001, 184(11), 1423-1430.
80. Nimal, S., McCormick, A.L., Thomas, M.S. & Heath, A.W. An interferon gammagp120 fusion delivered as a DNA vaccine induces enhanced priming. Vaccine 2005, 23(30), 3984-3990.
81. Osorio, Y. & Ghiasi, H. Comparison of adjuvant efficacy of herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant viruses expressing Th1 and Th2 cytokine genes. J Virol 2003, 77(10), 5774-5783.
82. van Slooten, M.L., Hayon, I., Babai, I. et al. Immunoadjuvant activity of interferongamma-liposomes co-administered with influenza vaccines. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001, 1531(1-2), 99-110.
83. Griffin, K.F., Eyles, J.E., Spiers, I.D., Alpar, H.O. & Williamson, E.D. Protection against plague following immunisation with microencapsulated V antigen is reduced by co-encapsulation with IFN-gamma or IL-4, but not IL-6. Vaccine 2002, 20(31-32), 3650-3657.
84. Hovav, A.H., Fishman, Y. & Bercovier, H. Gamma interferon and monophosphoryl lipid A-trehalose dicorynomycolate are efficient adjuvants for Mycobacterium tuberculosis multivalent acellular vaccine. Infect Immun 2005, 73(1), 250-257.
85. Ding, X., Lillehoj, H.S., Quiroz, M.A., Bevensee, E. & Lillehoj, E.P. Protective immunity against Eimeria acervulina following in ovo immunization with a recombinant subunit vaccine and cytokine genes. Infect Immun 2004, 72(12), 6939-6944.
86. Calarota, S.A. & Weiner, D.B. Enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-DNA vaccine potency through incorporation of T-helper 1 molecular adjuvants. Immunol Rev 2004, 199, 84-99.
87. Kawamura, H., Rosenberg, S.A. & Berzofsky, J.A. Immunization with antigen and interleukin 2 in vivo overcomes Ir gene low responsiveness. J Exp Med 1985, 162(1), 381-386.
88. Weinberg, A. & Merigan, T.C. Recombinant interleukin 2 as an adjuvant for vaccine-induced protection: immunization of guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus subunit vaccines. J Immunol 1988, 140(1), 294-299.
89. Reddy, P.G., Blecha, F., Minocha, H.C. et al. Bovine recombinant interleukin-2 augments immunity and resistance to bovine herpesvirus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1989, 23(1-2), 61-74.
90. Nunberg, J.H., Doyle, M.V., York, S.M. & York, C.J. Interleukin 2 acts as an adjuvant to increase the potency of inactivated rabies virus vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86(11), 4240-4243.
91. Hughes, H.P., Campos, M., Godson, D.L. et al. Immunopotentiation of bovine herpes virus subunit vaccination by interleukin-2. Immunology 1991, 74(3), 461-466.
92. Hughes, H.P., Campos, M., van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk, S. et al. Multiple administration with interleukin-2 potentiates antigen-specific responses to subunit vaccination with bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein IV. Vaccine 1992, 10(4), 226-230.
93. Abraham, E. & Shah, S. Intranasal immunization with liposomes containing IL-2 enhances bacterial polysaccharide antigen-specific pulmonary secretory antibody response. J Immunol 1992, 149(11), 3719-3726.
94. Hazama, M., Mayumi-Aono, A., Asakawa, N., Kuroda, S., Hinuma, S. & Fujisawa, Y. Adjuvant-independent enhanced immune responses to recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D by fusion with biologically active interleukin-2. Vaccine 1993, 11(6), 629-636.
95. Ben-Yehuda, A., Joseph, A., Barenholz, Y. et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel IL-2-supplemented liposomal influenza vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) in nursing-home residents. Vaccine 2003, 21(23), 3169-3178.
96. Oh, Y.K., Sohn, T., Park, J.S. et al. Enhanced mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of human papillomavirus-like particles encapsidating interleukin-2 gene adjuvant. Virology 2004, 328(2), 266-273.
97. Yadav, S., Sharma, R. & Chhabra, R. Interleukin-2 potentiates foot-and-mouth disease vaccinal immune responses in mice. Vaccine 2005, 23(23), 3005-3009.
98. Lin, Y., Qigai, H., Xiaolan, Y., Weicheng, B. & Huanchun, C. The co-administrating of recombinant porcine IL-2 could enhance protective immune responses to PRV inactivated vaccine in pigs. Vaccine 2005, 23(35), 4436-4441.
99. Barouch, D.H., Santra, S., Schmitz, J.E. et al. Control of viremia and prevention of clinical AIDS in rhesus monkeys by cytokine-augmented DNA vaccination. Science 2000, 290(5491), 486-492.
100. Nacsa, J., Edghill-Smith, Y., Tsai, W.P. et al. Contrasting effects of low-dose IL-2 on vaccine-boosted simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in macaques chronically infected with SIVmac251. J Immunol 2005, 174(4), 1913-1921.
101. Boyer, J.D., Nath, B., Schumann, K. et al. IL-4 increases simian immunodeficiency virus replication despite enhanced SIV immune responses in infected rhesus macaques. Int J Parasitol 2002, 32(5), 543-550.
102. Fujioka, N., Akazawa, R., Ohashi, K., Fujii, M., Ikeda, M. & Kurimoto, M. Interleukin-18 protects mice against acute herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1999, 73(3), 2401-2409.
103. Ohkusu, K., Yoshimoto, T., Takeda, K. et al. Potentiality of interleukin-18 as a useful reagent for treatment and prevention of Leishmania major infection. Infect Immun 2000, 68(5), 2449-2456.
104. Billaut-Mulot, O., Idziorek, T., Loyens, M., Capron, A. & Bahr, G.M. Modulation of cellular and humoral immune responses to a multiepitopic HIV-1 DNA vaccine by interleukin-18 DNA immunization/viral protein boost. Vaccine 2001, 19(20-22), 2803-2811.
105. Zhu, M., Xu, X., Liu, H. et al. Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency against herpes simplex virus 1 by co-administration of an interleukin-18 expression plasmid as a genetic adjuvant. J Med Microbiol 2003, 52(Pt 3), 223-228.
106. Degen, W.G., van Zuilekom, H.I., Scholtes, N.C., van Daal, N. & Schijns, V.E. Potentiation of humoral immune responses to vaccine antigens by recombinant chicken IL-18 (rChIL-18). Vaccine 2005, 23(33), 4212-4218.
107. Gursel, M. & Gregoriadis, G. Interleukin-15 acts as an immunological co-adjuvant for liposomal antigen in vivo. Immunol Lett 1997, 55(3), 161-165.
108. Umemura, M., Nishimura, H., Saito, K. et al. Interleukin-15 as an immune adjuvant to increase the efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. Infect Immun 2003, 71(10), 6045-6048.
109. Melchionda, F., Fry, T.J., Milliron, M.J., McKirdy, M.A., Tagaya, Y. & Mackall, C.L. Adjuvant IL-7 or IL-15 overcomes immunodominance and improves survival of the CD8+ memory cell pool. J Clin Invest 2005, 115(5), 1177-1187.
110. Kutzler, M.A., Robinson, T.M., Chattergoon, M.A. et al. Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help. J Immunol 2005, 175(1), 112-123.
111. Antoni, G., Presentini, R., Perin, F. et al. Interleukin 1 and its synthetic peptides as adjuvants for poorly immunogenic vaccines. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989, 251, 153-160.
112. Manivel, V. & Rao, K.V. Interleukin-1 derived synthetic peptide as an added coadjuvant in vaccine formulations. Vaccine 1991, 9(6), 395-397.
113. Reddy, D.N., Reddy, P.G., Minocha, H.C. et al. Adjuvanticity of recombinant bovine interleukin-1 beta: influence on immunity, infection, and latency in a bovine herpesvirus-1 infection. Lymphokine Res 1990, 9(3), 295-307.
114. Pisarev, V.M., Parajuli, P., Mosley, R.L. et al. Flt3 ligand and conjugation to IL-1beta peptide as adjuvants for a type 1, T-cell response to an HIV p17 gag vaccine. Vaccine 2002, 20(17-18), 2358-2368.
115. Gresser, I., Bourali, C., Levy, J.P., Fontaine-Brouty-Boye, D. & Thomas, M.T. Increased survival in mice inoculated with tumor cells and treated with interferon preparations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1969, 63(1), 51-57.
116. Cheever, M.A., Greenberg, P.D., Fefer, A. & Gillis, S. Augmentation of the antitumor therapeutic efficacy of long-term cultured T lymphocytes by in vivo administration of purified interleukin 2. J Exp Med 1982, 155(4), 968-980.
117. Bubenik, J., Perlmann, P., Indrova, M., Simova, J., Jandlova, T. & Neuwirt, J. Growth inhibition of an MC-induced mouse sarcoma by TCGF (IL 2)-containing preparations: preliminary report. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1983, 14(3), 205-206.
118. Donohue, J.H., Rosenstein, M., Chang, A.E., Lotze, M.T., Robb, R.J. & Rosenberg, S.A. The systemic administration of purified interleukin 2 enhances the ability of sensitized murine lymphocytes to cure a disseminated syngeneic lymphoma. J Immunol 1984, 132(4), 2123-2128.
119. Smyth, M.J., Cretney, E., Kershaw, M.H. & Hayakawa, Y. Cytokines in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2004, 202, 275-293.
120. Antonia, S., Mule, J.J. & Weber, J.S. Current developments of immunotherapy in the clinic. Curr Opin Immunol 2004, 16(2), 130-136.
121. Forni, G., Cavallo, G.P., Giovarelli, M. et al. Tumor immunotherapy by local injection of interleukin 2 and non-reactive lymphocytes: experimental and clinical results. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1988, 32, 187-212.
122. Bubenik, J., Voitenok, N.N., Kieler, J. et al. Local administration of cells containing an inserted IL-2 gene and producing IL-2 inhibits growth of human tumours in nu/nu mice. Immunol Lett 1988, 19(4), 279-282.
123. Tepper, R.I., Pattengale, P.K. & Leder, P. Murine interleukin-4 displays potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. Cell 1989, 57(3), 503-508.
124. Parmiani, G., Rodolfo, M. & Melani, C. Immunological gene therapy with ex vivo gene-modified tumor cells: a critique and a reappraisal. Hum Gene Ther 2000, 11(9), 1269-1275.
125. Ribas, A., Butterfield, L.H., Glaspy, J.A. & Economou, J.S. Current developments in cancer vaccines and cellular immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21(12), 2415-2432.
126. Mach, N. & Dranoff, G. Cytokine-secreting tumor cell vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2000, 12(5), 571-575.
127. Bendandi, M., Gocke, C.D., Kobrin, C.B. et al. Complete molecular remissions induced by patient-specific vaccination plus granulocyte-monocyte colonystimulating factor against lymphoma. Nat Med 1999, 5(10), 1171-1177.
128. Sun, Y., Jurgovsky, K., Moller, P. et al. Vaccination with IL-12 gene-modified autologous melanoma cells: preclinical results and a first clinical phase I study. Gene Ther 1998, 5(4), 481-490.
129. Kang, W.K., Park, C., Yoon, H.L. et al. Interleukin 12 gene therapy of cancer by peritumoral injection of transduced autologous fibroblasts: outcome of a phase I study. Hum Gene Ther 2001, 12(6), 671-684.
130. Rook, A.H., Wood, G.S., Yoo, E.K. et al. Interleukin-12 therapy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma induces lesion regression and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Blood 1999, 94(3), 902-908.
131. Jager, E., Jager, D. & Knuth, A. Antigen-specific immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. Int J Cancer 2003, 106(6), 817-820.
132. Novellino, L., Castelli, C. & Parmiani, G. A listing of human tumor antigens recognized by T cells: March 2004 update. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005, 54(3), 187-207.
133. Scheibenbogen, C., Letsch, A., Schmittel, A., Asemissen, A.M., Thiel, E. & Keilholz, U. Rational peptide-based tumour vaccine development and T cell monitoring. Semin Cancer Biol 2003, 13(6), 423-429.
134. Kirkwood, J.M., Ibrahim, J., Lawson, D.H. et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b does not diminish antibody response to GM2 vaccination in patients with resected melanoma: results of the Multicenter Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase II Trial E2696. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(5), 1430-1436.
135. Kirkwood, J.M., Ibrahim, J.G., Sosman, J.A. et al. High-dose interferon alfa-2b significantly prolongs relapse-free and overall survival compared with the GM2-KLH/QS-21 vaccine in patients with resected stage IIB-III melanoma: results of intergroup trial E1694/S9512/C509801. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(9), 2370-2380.
136. Coscia, M. & Kwak, L.W. Therapeutic idiotype vaccines in B lymphoproliferative diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2004, 4(6), 959-963.
137. Neidhart, J., Allen, K.O., Barlow, D.L. et al. Immunization of colorectal cancer patients with recombinant baculovirus-derived KSA (Ep-Cam) formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A in liposomal emulsion, with and without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Vaccine 2004, 22(5-6), 773-780.
138. Parmiani, G., Pilla, L., Castelli, C. & Rivoltini, L. Vaccination of patients with solid tumours. Ann Oncol 2003, 14(6), 817-824.
139. Jager, E., Ringhoffer, M., Dienes, H.P. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage-colonystimulating factor enhances immune responses to melanoma-associated peptides in vivo. Int J Cancer 1996, 67(1), 54-62.
140. Scheibenbogen, C., Schadendorf, D., Bechrakis, N.E. et al. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and foreign helper protein as immunologic adjuvants on the T-cell response to vaccination with tyrosinase peptides. Int J Cancer 2003, 104(2), 3012-3024.
141. Weber, J., Sondak, V.K., Scotland, R. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage-colonystimulating factor added to a multipeptide vaccine for resected stage II melanoma. Cancer 2003, 97(1), 186-200.
142. Letsch, A., Keilholz, U., Fluck, M. et al. Peptide vaccination after repeated resection of metastases can induce a prolonged relapse-free interval in melanoma patients. Int J Cancer 2005, 114(6), 936-941.
143. Schaed, S.G., Klimek, V.M., Panageas, K.S. et al. T-cell responses against tyrosinase 368-376(370D) peptide in HLA*A0201+ melanoma patients: randomized trial comparing incomplete Freund's adjuvant, granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factor, and QS-21 as immunological adjuvants. Clin Cancer Res 2002, 8(5), 967-972.
144. Disis, M.L., Grabstein, K.H., Sleath, P.R. & Cheever, M.A. Generation of immunity to the HER-2/neu oncogenic protein in patients with breast and ovarian cancer using a peptide-based vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 1999, 5(6), 1289-1297.
145. Bocchia, M., Gentili, S., Abruzzese, E. et al. Effect of a p210 multipeptide vaccine associated with imatinib or interferon in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and persistent residual disease: a multicentre observational trial. Lancet 2005, 365(9460), 657-662.
146. Rosenberg, S.A., Yang, J.C., Schwartzentruber, D.J. et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998, 4(3), 321-327.
147. Rosenberg, S.A., Yang, J.C., Schwartzentruber, D.J. et al. Impact of cytokine administration on the generation of antitumor reactivity in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving a peptide vaccine. J Immunol 1999, 163(3), 1690-1695.
148. Lee, P., Wang, F., Kuniyoshi, J. et al. Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001, 19(18), 3836-3847.
149. Cebon, J., Jager, E., Shackleton, M.J. et al. Two phase I studies of low dose recombinant human IL-12 with Melan-A and influenza peptides in subjects with advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer Immun 2003, 3, 7.
150. Salem, M.L., Kadima, A.N., Zhou, Y. et al. Paracrine release of IL-12 stimulates IFN-gamma production and dramatically enhances the antigen-specific T cell response after vaccination with a novel peptide-based cancer vaccine. J Immunol 2004, 172(9), 5159-5167.
151. Sun, X., Hodge, L.M., Jones, H.P., Tabor, L. & Simecka, J.W. Co-expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor with antigen enhances humoral and tumor immunity after DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2002, 20(9-10), 1466-1474.
152. Chang, S.Y., Lee, K.C., Ko, S.Y., Ko, H.J. & Kang, C.Y. Enhanced efficacy of DNA vaccination against Her-2/neu tumor antigen by genetic adjuvants. Int J Cancer 2004, 111(1), 86-95.
153. Timmerman, J.M., Singh, G., Hermanson, G. et al. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding chimeric idiotype in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2002, 62(20), 5845-5852.
154. Kass, E., Panicali, D.L., Mazzara, G., Schlom, J. & Greiner, J.W. Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor produced by recombinant avian poxviruses enriches the regional lymph nodes with antigen-presenting cells and acts as an immunoadjuvant. Cancer Res 2001, 61(1), 206-214.
155. Hancock, G.E., Smith, J.D. & Heers, K.M. The immunogenicity of subunit vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus after co-formulation with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and recombinant interleukin-12. Viral Immunol 2000, 13(1), 57-72.
156. Chianese-Bullock, K.A., Pressley, J., Garbee, C. et al. MAGE-A1-, MAGE-A10-, and gp100-derived peptides are immunogenic when combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and montanide ISA-51 adjuvant and administered as part of a multipeptide vaccine for melanoma. J Immunol 2005, 174(5), 3080-3086.
157. Liao, H.X., Cianciolo, G.J., Staats, H.F. et al. Increased immunogenicity of HIV envelope subunit complexed with alpha2-macroglobulin when combined with monophosphoryl lipid A and GM-CSF. Vaccine 2002, 20(17-18), 2396-2403.
158. Toka, F.N., Pack, C.D. & Rouse, B.T. Molecular adjuvants for mucosal immunity. Immunol Rev 2004, 199, 100-112.
159. Murphy, A., Westwood, J.A., Teng, M.W., Moeller, M., Darcy, P.K. & Kershaw, M.H. Gene modification strategies to induce tumor immunity. Immunity 2005, 22(4), 403-414.
160. Barouch, D.H., Letvin, N.L. & Seder, R.A. The role of cytokine DNAs as vaccine adjuvants for optimizing cellular immune responses. Immunol Rev 2004, 202, 266-274.
161. Disis, M.L., Shiota, F.M., McNeel, D.G. & Knutson, K.L. Soluble cytokines can act as effective adjuvants in plasmid DNA vaccines targeting self tumor antigens. Immunobiology 2003, 207(3), 179-186.
162. Moses, M.A., Brem, H. & Langer, R. Advancing the field of drug delivery: taking aim at cancer. Cancer Cell 2003, 4(5), 337-341.
163. Lofthouse, S. Immunological aspects of controlled antigen delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002, 54(6), 863-870.
164. O'Hagan, D.T., Singh, M. & Ulmer, J.B. Microparticles for the delivery of DNA vaccines. Immunol Rev 2004, 199, 191-200.
165. O'Hagan, D.T., MacKichan, M.L. & Singh, M. Recent developments in adjuvants for vaccines against infectious diseases. Biomol Eng 2001, 18(3), 69-85.
166. O'Hagan, D.T. & Valiante, N.M. Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvants. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003, 2(9), 727-735.
167. Ten Hagen, T.L. Liposomal cytokines in the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. Methods Enzymol 2005, 391, 125-145.
168. Krup, O.C., Kroll, I., Bose, G. & Falkenberg, F.W. Cytokine depot formulations as adjuvants for tumor vaccines: I. Liposome-encapsulated IL-2 as a depot formulation. J Immunother 1999, 22(6), 525-538.
169. Babai, I., Samira, S., Barenholz, Y., Zakay-Rones, Z. & Kedar, E. A novel influenza subunit vaccine composed of liposome-encapsulated haemagglutinin/neuraminidase and IL-2 or GM-CSF: I. Vaccine characterization and efficacy studies in mice. Vaccine 1999, 17(9-10), 1223-1238.
170. Babai, I., Barenholz, Y., Zakay-Rones, Z. et al. A novel liposomal influenza vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) containing hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and IL-2 or GM-CSF induces protective anti-neuraminidase antibodies cross-reacting with a wide spectrum of influenza A viral strains. Vaccine 2001, 20(3-4), 505-515.
171. Wales, J.R., Baird, M.A., Davies, N.M. & Buchan, G.S. Fusing subunit antigens to interleukin-2 and encapsulating them in liposomes improves their antigenicity but not their protective efficacy. Vaccine 2005, 23(17-18), 2339-2341.
172. Golumbek, P.T., Azhari, R., Jaffee, E.M. et al. Controlled release, biodegradable cytokine depots: a new approach in cancer vaccine design. Cancer Res 1993, 53(24), 5841-5844.
173. Egilmez, N.K., Jong, Y.S., Sabel, M.S., Jacob, J.S., Mathiowitz, E. & Bankert, R.B. In situ tumor vaccination with interleukin-12-encapsulated biodegradable microspheres: induction of tumor regression and potent antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2000, 60(14), 3832-3837.
174. Hill, H.C., Conway, T.F., Jr., Sabel, M.S. et al. Cancer immunotherapy with interleukin 12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encapsulated microspheres: coinduction of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity and cure of disseminated disease. Cancer Res 2002, 62(24), 7254-7263.
175. Sharma, A., Harper, C.M., Hammer, L., Nair, R.E., Mathiowitz, E. & Egilmez, N.K. Characterization of cytokine-encapsulated controlled-release microsphere adjuvants. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2004, 19(6), 764-769.