Current developments in cancer vaccines and cellular immunotherapy

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 21, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 2415-2432

  Ribas, Antoni ^a   Butterfield, Lisa H ^a   Glaspy, John A ^a   Economou, James S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER VACCINE; CYTOKINE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGEN CLASS 1; TUMOR ANTIGEN;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY; AUTOREGULATION; CANCER CELL; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL CULTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; IN VITRO STUDY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUMOR IMMUNITY; ANIMAL; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; NEOPLASM;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; CANCER VACCINES; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0038826031     PISSN: 0732183X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2003.06.041     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Klein J, Sato A: The HLA system: First of two parts. N Engl J Med 343:702-709, 2000
2. Klein J, Sato A: The HLA system: Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 343:782-786, 2000
3. Huang AY, Golumbek P, Ahmadzadeh M, et al: Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 264:961-965, 1994
4. Rosenberg SA: Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature 411:380-384, 2001
5. Hunt DF, Henderson RA, Shabanowitz J, et al: Characterization of peptides bound to the class I MHC molecule HLA-A2.1 by mass spectrometry. Science 255:1261-1263, 1992
6. Rammensee HG, Falk K, Rotzschke O: MHC molecules as peptide receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 5:35-44, 1993
7. Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, et al: Molecular classification of cancer: Class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531-537, 1999
8. Schultze JL, Vonderheide RH: From cancer genomics to cancer immunotherapy: Toward second-generation tumor antigens. Trends Immunol 22:516-523, 2001
9. Farris AD, Keech CL, Gordon TP, et al: Epitope mimics and determinant spreading: Pathways to autoimmunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:569-578, 2000
10. Nanda NK, Sercarz E: A truncated T cell receptor repertoire reveals underlying immunogenicity of an antigenic determinant. J Exp Med 184: 1037-1043, 1996
11. Lee PP, Yee C, Savage PA, et al: Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens in melanoma patients. Nat Med 5:677-685, 1999
12. Pardoll DM: Inducing autoimmune disease to treat cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:5340-5342, 1999
13. Sercarz EE, Lehmann PV, Ametani A, et al: Dominance and crypticity of T cell antigenic determinants. Annu Rev Immunol 11:729-766, 1993
14. Matzinger P: The danger model: A renewed sense of self. Science 296:301-305, 2002
15. Bretscher P, Cohn M: A theory of self-nonself discrimination. Science 169:1042-1049, 1970
16. Bevan MJ: Cross-priming for a secondary cytotoxic response to minor H antigens with H-2 congenic cells which do not cross-react in the cytotoxic assay. J Exp Med 143:1283-1288, 1976
17. Heath WR, Carbone FR: Cross-presentation, dendritic cells, tolerance and immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 19:47-64, 2001
18. Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H: Regulation of the immune response by antigen. Science 293:251-253, 2001
19. Phan GQ, Attia P, Steinberg SM, et al: Factors associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19:3477-3482, 2001
20. Lehmann PV, Forsthuber T, Miller A, et al: Spreading of T-cell autoimmunity to cryptic determinants of an autoantigen. Nature 358:155-157, 1992
21. Markiewicz MA, Fallarino F, Ashikari A, et al: Epitope spreading upon P815 tumor rejection triggered by vaccination with the single class I MHC-restricted peptide PIA. Int Immunol 13:625-632, 2001
22. Ranieri E, Kierstead LS, Zarour H, et al: Dendritic cell/peptide cancer vaccines: Clinical responsiveness and epitope spreading. Immunol Invest 29:121-125, 2000
23. Jonuleit H, Giesecke-Tuettenberg A, Tuting T, et al: A comparison of two types of dendritic cell as adjuvants for the induction of melanoma-specific T-cell responses in humans following intranodal injection. Int J Cancer 93:243-251, 2001
24. Lally KM, Mocellin S, Ohnmacht GA, et al: Unmasking cryptic epitopes after loss of immunodominant tumor antigen expression through epitope spreading. Int J Cancer 93:841-847, 2001
25. Butterfield LH, Ribas A, Dissette VB, et al: Determinant spreading associated with clinical response in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 9:998-1008, 2003
26. Banchereau J, Steinman RM: Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392:245-252, 1998
27. Steinman RM, Pope M: Exploiting dendritic cells to improve vaccine efficacy. J Clin Invest 109:1519-1526, 2002
28. Mayordomo JI, Zorina T, Storkus WJ, et al: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells serve as potent adjuvants for peptide-based antitumor vaccines. Stem Cells 15:94-103, 1997
29. Timmerman JM, Levy R: Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Annu Rev Med 50:507-529, 1999
30. van Der Merwe PA, Davis SJ: Immunology: The immunological synapse-a multitasking system. Science 295:1479-1480, 2002
31. Schoenberger SP, Toes RE, van der Voort EI, et al: T-cell help for cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by CD40-CD40L interactions. Nature 393:480-483, 1998
32. Ridge JP, Di Rosa F, Matzinger P: A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge between a CD4+ T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature 393:474-478, 1998
33. Bennett SR, Carbone FR, Karamalis F, et al: Help for cytotoxic-T-cell responses is mediated by CD40 signalling. Nature 393:478-480, 1998
34. Miller JS: The biology of natural killer cells in cancer, infection, and pregnancy. Exp Hematol 29:1157-1168, 2001
35. Zitvogel L: Dendritic and natural killer cells cooperate in the control/switch of innate immunity. J Exp Med 195:F9-F14, 2002
36. Lanier LL: NK cell receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 16:359-393, 1998
37. Karre K, Ljunggren HG, Piontek G, et al: Selective rejection of H-2-deficient lymphoma variants suggests alternative immune defence strategy. Nature 319:675-678, 1986
38. Cerwenka A, Baron JL, Lanier LL: Ectopic expression of retinoic acid early inducible-1 gene (RAE-1) permits natural killer cell-mediated rejection of a MHC class I-bearing tumor in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:11521-11526, 2001
39. Porcelli SA, Modlin RL: The CD1 system: Antigen-presenting molecules for T cell recognition of lipids and glycolipids. Annu Rev Immunol 17:297-329, 1999
40. Steinman RM: The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu Rev Immunol 9:271-296, 1991
41. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL: TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7:145-173, 1989
42. Seder RA, Paul WE: Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 12:635-673, 1994
43. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, Hu B, et al: Immune deviation and Fas-mediated deletion limit antitumor activity after multiple dendritic cell vaccinations in mice. Cancer Res 60:2218-2224, 2000
44. Ardavin C, Martinez del Hoyo G, Martin P, et al: Origin and differentiation of dendritic cells. Trends Immunol 22:691-700, 2001
45. Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, et al: Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193:233-238, 2001
46. Lenardo M, Chan KM, Homung F, et al: Mature T lymphocyte apoptosis: Immune regulation in a dynamic and unpredictable antigenic environment. Annu Rev Immunol 17:221-253, 1999
47. Green DR, Scott DW: Activation-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 6:476-487, 1994
48. Chambers CA, Kuhns MS, Egen JG, et al: CTLA-4-mediated inhibition in regulation of T cell responses: Mechanisms and manipulation in tumor immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 19:565-594, 2001
49. Shevach EM: Certified professionals: CD4(+) CD25(+) suppressor T cells. J Exp Med 193:F41-F46, 2001
50. Ciubotariu R, Colovai AI, Pennesi G, et al: Specific suppression of human CD4+ Th cell responses to pig MHC antigens by CD8+CD28-regulatory T cells. J Immunol 161:5193-5202, 1998
51. Sloan-Lancaster J, Allen PM: Altered peptide ligand-induced partial T cell activation: Molecular mechanisms and role in T cell biology. Annu Rev Immunol 14:1-27, 1996
52. Fong L, Hou Y, Rivas A, et al: Altered peptide ligand vaccination with Flt3 ligand expanded dendritic cells for tumor immunotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:8809-8814, 2001
53. Marincola FM, Jaffee EM, Hicklin DJ, et al: Escape of human solid tumors from T-cell recognition: Molecular mechanisms and functional significance. Adv Immunol 74:181-273, 2000
54. Gabrilovich DI, Chen HL, Girgis KR, et al: Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 2:1096-1103, 1996
55. National Cancer Institute: National Cancer Institute's Physician Data Query (PDQ). Http://www.cancer.gov/search/clinical_trials/
56. National Institutes of Health: Office of Biotechnology Activities' Human Gene Transfer Clinical Trials Database. Www4.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/ clinicaltrial.htm
57. Mathe G, Halle-Pannenko O, Bourut C: BCG in cancer immunotherapy: Results obtained with various BCG preparations in a screening study for systemic adjuvants applicable to cancer immunoprophylaxis or immunotherapy. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 39:107-113, 1973
58. Stopeck AT, Hersh EM, Akporiaye ET, et al: Phase I study of direct gene transfer of an allogeneic histocompatibility antigen, HLA-B7, in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 15:341-349, 1997
59. Mitchell MS: Perspective on allogeneic melanoma lysates in active specific immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 25:623-635, 1998
60. Sondak VK, Liu PY, Tuthill RJ, et al: Adjuvant immunotherapy of resected, intermediate-thickness, node-negative melanoma with an allogeneic tumor vaccine: Overall results of a randomized trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 20:2058-2066, 2002
61. Fisher RI, Terry WD, Hodes RJ, et al: Adjuvant immunotherapy or chemotherapy for malignant melanoma: Preliminary report of the National Cancer Institute randomized clinical trial. Surg Clin North Am 61:1267-1277, 1981
62. Wallack MK, Sivanandham M, Balch CM, et al: Surgical adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for patients with stage III melanoma: The final analysis of data from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter vaccinia melanoma oncolysate trial. J Am Coll Surg 187:69-79, 1998
63. Dranoff G: Cancer gene therapy: Connecting basic research with clinical inquiry. J Clin Oncol 16:2548-2556, 1998
64. Fearon ER, Pardoll DM, Itaya T, et al: Interleukin-2 production by tumor cells bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor response. Cell 60:397-403, 1990
65. Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, et al: Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:3539-3543, 1993
66. Freeman SM, McCune C, Robinson W, et al: The treatment of ovarian cancer with a gene modified cancer vaccine: A phase I study. Hum Gene Ther 6:927-939, 1995
67. Sobol RE, Fakhrai H, Shawler D, et al: Interleukin-2 gene therapy in a patient with glioblastoma. Gene Ther 2:164-167, 1995
68. Soiffer R, Lynch T, Mihm M, et al: Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor generates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13141-13146, 1998
69. Jaffee EM, Abrams R, Cameron J, et al: A phase I clinical trial of lethally irradiated allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with the GM-CSF gene for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 9:1951-1971, 1998
70. Tamura Y, Peng P, Liu K, et al: Immunotherapy of tumors with autologous tumor-derived heat shock protein preparations. Science 278:117-120, 1997
71. Srivastava PK, Menoret A, Basu S, et al: Heat shock proteins come of age: Primitive functions acquire new roles in an adaptive world. Immunity 8:657-665, 1998
72. Binder RJ, Han DK, Srivastava PK: CD91: A receptor for heat shock protein gp96. Nat Immunol 1:151-155, 2000
73. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al: Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 4:321-327, 1998
74. Sercarz EE, Datta SK: Mechanisms of autoimmunization: Perspective from the mid-90s. Curr Opin Immunol 6:875-881, 1994
75. Wolff JA, Malone RW, Williams P, et al: Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo. Science 247:1465-1468, 1990
76. Kumar V, Sercarz E: Genetic vaccination: The advantages of going naked. Nat Med 2:857-859, 1996
77. Wang R, Doolan DL, Le TP, et al: Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine. Science 282:476-480, 1998
78. Seder RA, Gurunathan S: DNA vaccines: Designer vaccines for the 21st century. N Engl J Med 341:277-278, 1999
79. Klencke B, Matijevic M, Urban RG, et al: Encapsulated plasmid DNA treatment for human papillomavirus 16-associated anal dysplasia: A phase I study of ZYC101. Clin Cancer Res 8:1028-1037, 2002
80. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, Economou JS: Genetic immunotherapy for cancer. Oncologist 5:87-98, 2000
81. Rosenberg SA, Zhai Y, Yang JC, et al: Immunizing patients with metastatic melanoma using recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART-1 or gp100 melanoma antigens. J Natl Cancer Inst 90:1894-1900, 1998
82. Van Der Burg SH, Menon AG, Redeker A, et al: Induction of p53-specific immune responses in colorectal cancer patients receiving a recombinant ALVAC-p53 candidate vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 8:1019-1027, 2002
83. Abrams SI, Schlom J: Rational antigen modification as a strategy to upregulate or downregulate antigen recognition. Curr Opin Immunol 12:85-91, 2000
84. Ramshaw IA, Ramsay AJ: The prime-boost strategy: Exciting prospects for improved vaccination. Immunol Today 21:163-165, 2000
85. Marshall JL, Hoyer RJ, Toomey MA, et al: Phase I study in advanced cancer patients of a diversified prime-and-boost vaccination protocol using recombinant vaccinia virus and recombinant nonreplicating avipox virus to elicit anti-carcinoembryonic antigen immune responses. J Clin Oncol 18: 3964-3973, 2000
86. Mincheff M, Tchakarov S, Zoubak S, et al: Naked DNA and adenoviral immunizations for immunotherapy of prostate cancer: A phase I/II clinical trial. Eur Urol 38:208-217, 2000
87. Pan ZK, Ikonomidis G, Lazenby A, et al: A recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing a model tumour antigen protects mice against lethal tumour cell challenge and causes regression of established tumours. Nat Med 1:471-477, 1995
88. Roth MD, Gitlitz BJ, Kiertscher SM, et al: Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 enhance the number and antigen-presenting activity of circulating CD14+ and CD83+ cells in cancer patients. Cancer Res 60:1934-1941, 2000
89. Maraskovsky E, Brasel K, Teepe M, et al: Dramatic increase in the numbers of functionally mature dendritic cells in Flt3 ligand-treated mice: Multiple dendritic cell subpopulations identified. J Exp Med 184:1953-1962, 1996
90. Lotze MT: Getting to the source: Dendritic cells as therapeutic reagents for the treatment of patients with cancer. Ann Surg 226:1-5, 1997
91. Spitler LE, Grossbard ML, Ernstoff MS, et al: Adjuvant therapy of stage III and IV malignant melanoma using granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Oncol 18:1614-1621, 2000
92. Morse MA, Nair S, Fernandez-Casal M, et al: Preoperative mobilization of circulating dendritic cells by Flt3 ligand administration to patients with metastatic colon cancer. [Comment in J Clin Oncol 18:3879-3882, 2000 UI: 20551332]. J Clin Oncol 18:3883-3893, 2000
93. Ribas A, Butterfield LH, Glaspy JA, et al: Cancer immunotherapy using gene-modified dendritic cells. Curr Gene Ther 2:57-78, 2002
94. Rafiq K, Bergtold A, Clynes R: Immune complex-mediated antigen presentation induces tumor immunity. J Clin Invest 110:71-79, 2002
95. Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, et al: Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 2:52-58, 1996
96. Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, et al: Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 184:465-472, 1996
97. Kugler A, Stuhler G, Walden P, et al: Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat Med 6:332-336, 2000
98. Birmingham K: Misconduct trouble brewing in Gottingen. Nat Med 7:875, 2001
99. Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, et al: Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4(+) T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 192:1213-1222, 2000
100. Nestle FO, Banchereau J, Hart D: Dendritic cells: On the move from bench to bedside. Nat Med 7:761-765, 2001
101. Wolfers J, Lozier A, Raposo G, et al: Tumor-derived exosomes are a source of shared tumor rejection antigens for CTL cross-priming. Nat Med 7:297-303, 2001
102. Zitvogel L, Regnault A, Lozier A, et al: Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: Dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Med 4:594-600, 1998
103. Rosenberg SA: Karnofsky Memorial Lecture: The immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. J Clin Oncol 10:180-199, 1992
104. Figlin R, Gitlitz B, Franklin J, et al: Interleukin-2-based immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: An analysis of 203 consecutively treated patients. Cancer J Sci Am 3:S92-S97, 1997 (suppl 1)
105. Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK, et al: High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: First analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 18:2444-2458, 2000
106. Trinchieri G: Immunobiology of interleukin-12. Immunol Res 17: 269-278, 1998
107. Kawano T, Cui J, Koezuka Y, et al: CD1d-restricted and TCR-mediated activation of valpha14 NKT cells by glycosylceramides. Science 278:1626-1629, 1997
108. Andrews KJ, Ribas A, Butterfield LH, et al: Adenovirus-interleukin-12- mediated tumor regression in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model is not dependent on CD1-restricted natural killer T cells. Cancer Res 60:6457-6464, 2000
109. Robertson MJ, Cameron C, Atkins MB, et al: Immunological effects of interleukin 12 administered by bolus intravenous injection to patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res 5:9-16, 1999
110. Lee P, Wang F, Kuniyoshi J, et al: Effects of interleukin-12 on the immune response to a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19:3836-3847, 2001
111. Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al: Impact of cytokine administration on the generation of antitumor reactivity in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving a peptide vaccine. J Immunol 163:1690-1695, 1999
112. Vonderheide R, Dutcher J, Anderson J, et al: Phase I study of recombinant human CD40 ligand in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 19:3280-3287, 2001
113. Hoffman DM, Figlin RA: Intratumoral interleukin 2 for renal-cell carcinoma by direct gene transfer of a plasmid DNA/DMRIE/DOPE lipid complex. World J Urol 18:152-156, 2000
114. Sayre P, Pericle F, Andratschke M, et al: Cytokine gene therapy with IN-2 plasmid-based gene medicine. Cancer Gene Ther 83:83, 2001 (suppl; abstr 119)
115. Imboden M, Murphy KR, Rakhmilevich AL, et al: The level of MHC class I expression on murine adenocarcinoma can change the antitumor effector mechanism of immunocytokine therapy. Cancer Res 61:1500-1507, 2001
116. Champlin R, Khouri I, Komblau S, et al: Reinventing bone marrow transplantation: Nonmyeloablative preparative regimens and induction of graft-vs-malignancy effect. Oncology (Huntingt) 13:621-628; discussion 631, 635-638, 641, 1999
117. Goldman JM, Gale RP, Horowitz MM, et al: Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase: Increased risk for relapse associated with T-cell depletion. Ann Intern Med 108:806-814, 1988
118. Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N, et al: Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 343:750-758, 2000
119. Rosenberg SA, Yannelli JR, Yang JC, et al: Treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma with autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin 2. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1159-1166, 1994
120. Economou JS, Belldegrun AS, Glaspy J, et al: In vivo trafficking of adoptively transferred interleukin-2 expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes: Results of a double gene marking trial. J Clin Invest 97:515-521, 1996
121. Figlin RA, Thompson JA, Bukowski RM, et al: Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17:2521-2529, 1999
122. Riddell SR, Warren EH, Gavin MA, et al: Immunotherapy of human viral and malignant diseases with genetically modified T-cell clones. Cancer J Sci Am 6:S250-S258, 2000 (suppl 3)
123. Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, et al: Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science 298:850-854, 2002
124. Mitchell MS, Darrah D, Yeung D, et al: Phase I trial of adoptive immunotherapy with cytolytic T lymphocytes immunized against a tyrosinase epitope. J Clin Oncol 20:1075-1086, 2002
125. Huang M, Stolina M, Sharma S, et al: Non-small cell lung cancer cyclooxygenase-2-dependent regulation of cytokine balance in lymphocytes and macrophages: Up-regulation of interleukin 10 and down-regulation of interleukin 12 production. Cancer Res 58:1208-1216, 1998
126. Fakhrai H, Dorigo O, Shawler DL, et al: Eradication of established intracranial rat gliomas by transforming growth factor beta antisense gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:2909-2914, 1996
127. Gorelik L, Flavell RA: Immune-mediated eradication of tumors through the blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells. Nat Med 7:1118-1122, 2001
128. Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, et al: Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med 6:443-446, 2000
129. Kalergis AM, Ravetch JV: Inducing tumor immunity through the selective engagement of activating Fc gamma receptors on dendritic cells. J Exp Med 195:1653-1659, 2002
130. Schuurhuis DH, Ioan-Facsinay A, Nagelkerken B, et al: Antigen-antibody immune complexes empower dendritic cells to efficiently prime specific CD8+ CTL responses in vivo. J Immunol 168:2240-2246, 2002
131. Clay TM, Hobeika AC, Mosca PJ, et al: Assays for monitoring cellular immune responses to active immunotherapy of cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7:1127-1135, 2001
132. Keilholz U, Weber J, Finke JH, et al: Immunologic monitoring of cancer vaccine therapy: Results of a workshop sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy. J Immunother 25:97-138, 2002