Bacterial Display of Antibodies

Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Clinic

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 255-281

  Van Blarcom, Thomas J ^a   Harvey, Barrett R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Bacterial display of antibodies; Gram negative and gram positive bacteria systems; Ice nucleation protein (INP)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887391843     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470485408.ch11     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. Akamatsu, Y., K. Pakabunto, Z. Xu, Y. Zhang, and N. Tsurushita. 2007. Whole IgG surface display on mammalian cells: Application to isolation of neutralizing chicken monoclonal anti-IL-12 antibodies. J. Immunol. Methods 327:40-52.
2. Andreoni, C., L. Goetsch, C. Libon, P. Samuelson, T.N. Nguyen, A. Robert, M. Uhlen, H. Binz, and S. Stahl. 1997. Flow cytometric quantification of surface-displayed recombinant receptors on staphylococci. Biotechniques 23:696-702, 704.
3. Bae, W., W. Chen, A. Mulchandani, and R.K. Mehra. 2000. Enhanced bioaccumulation of heavy metals by bacterial cells displaying synthetic phytochelatins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 70:518-524.
4. Bae, W., R.K. Mehra, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2001. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced uptake and bioaccumulation of mercury. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5335-5338.
5. Bassi, A.S., D.N. Ding, G.B. Gloor, and A. Margaritis. 2000. Expression of single chain antibodies (ScFvs) for c-myc oncoprotein in recombinant Escherichia coli membranes by using the ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae. Biotechnol. Prog. 16:557-563.
6. Benhar, I. 2001. Biotechnological applications of phage and cell display. Biotechnol. Adv. 19:1-33.
7. Benhar, I. 2007. Design of synthetic antibody libraries. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7:763-779.
8. Beninati, C., M.R. Oggioni, M. Boccanera, M.R. Spinosa, T. Maggi, S. Conti, W. Magliani, F. De Bernardis, G. Teti, A. Cassone, G. Pozzi, and L. Polonelli. 2000. Therapy of mucosal candidiasis by expression of an anti-idiotype in human commensal bacteria. Nature Biotechnol. 18:1060-1064.
9. Bereta, M., A. Hayhurst, M. Gajda, P. Chorobik, M. Targosz, J. Marcinkiewicz, and H.L. Kaufman. 2007. Improving tumor targeting and therapeutic potential of Salmonella VNP20009 by displaying cell surface CEA-specific antibodies. Vaccine 25:4183-4192.
10. Boder, E.T., and K.D. Wittrup. 1997. Yeast surface display for screening combinatorial polypeptide libraries. Nature Biotechnol. 15:553-557.
11. Burnett, M.S., N. Wang, M. Hofmann, and G. Barrie Kitto. 2000. Potential live vaccines for HIV. Vaccine 19:735-742.
12. Carter, P.J. 2006. Potent antibody therapeutics by design. Nature Rev. Immunol. 6:343-357.
13. Charbit, A., J.C. Boulain, A. Ryter, and M. Hofnung. 1986. Probing the topology of a bacterial membrane protein by genetic insertion of a foreign epitope: Expression at the cell surface. EMBO J 5:3029-3037.
14. Chen, G., J. Cloud, G. Georgiou, and B.L. Iverson. 1996. A quantitative immunoassay utilizing Escherichia coli cells possessing surface-expressed single chain Fv molecules. Biotechnol. Prog. 12:572-574.
15. Chen, G., A. Hayhurst, J.G. Thomas, B.R. Harvey, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou, 2001. Isolation of high-affinity ligand-binding proteins by periplasmic expression with cytometric screening (PECS). Nature Biotechnol. 19:537-542.
16. Chen, W., and G. Georgiou. 2002. Cell-surface display of heterologous proteins: From high-throughput screening to environmental applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79:496-503.
17. Cole, S.T., I. Sonntag, and U. Henning. 1982. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the genes for major outer membrane protein OmpA from Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens. J. Bacteriol. 149:145-150.
18. Curnow, P., P.H. Bessette, D. Kisailus, M.M. Murr, P.S. Daugherty, and D.E. Morse. 2005. Enzymatic synthesis of layered titanium phosphates at low temperature and neutral pH by cell-surface display of silicatein-alpha. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 127:15749-15755.
19. Daugherty, P.S., G. Chen, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2000. Quantitative analysis of the effect of the mutation frequency on the affinity maturation of single chain Fv antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2029-2034.
20. Daugherty, P.S., G. Chen, M.J. Olsen, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 1998. Antibody affinity maturation using bacterial surface display. Protein Eng. 11:825-832.
21. Daugherty, P.S., B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2000. Flow cytometric screening of cell-based libraries. J. Immunol. Methods 243:211-227.
22. Daugherty, P.S., M.J. Olsen, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 1999. Development of an optimized expression system for the screening of antibody libraries displayed on the Escherichia coli surface. Protein Eng. 12:613-621.
23. Dautin, N., and H.D. Bernstein. 2007. Protein secretion in Gram-negative bacteria via the autotransporter pathway. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 61:89-112.
24. Dhillon, J.K., P.D. Drew, and A.J. Porter. 1999. Bacterial surface display of an anti-pollutant antibody fragment. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:350-354.
25. Drainas, C., G. Vartholomatos, and N.J. Panopoulos. 1995. The ice nucleation gene from Pseudomonas syringae as a sensitive gene reporter for promoter analysis in Zymomonas mobilis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:273-277.
26. Du, C., W.C. Chan, T.W. McKeithan, and K.W. Nickerson. 2005. Surface display of recombinant proteins on Bacillus thuringiensis spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3337-3341.
27. Earhart, C.F. 2000. Use of an Lpp-OmpA fusion vehicle for bacterial surface display. Methods Enzymol. 326:506-516.
28. Ezaki S, T.M., M. Takagi, and T. Imanaka. 1998. Display of heterologous gene products on the Escherichia coli cell surface as fusion proteins with flagellin. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 86:500-503.
29. Fischetti, V.A., D. Medaglini, and G. Pozzi. 1996. Gram-positive commensal bacteria for mucosal vaccine delivery. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7:659-666.
30. Foote, J., and H.N. Eisen. 1995. Kinetic and affinity limits on antibodies produced during immune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1254-1256.
31. Foote, J., and H.N. Eisen. 2000. Breaking the affinity ceiling for antibodies and T cell receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:10679-10681.
32. Francisco, J.A., R. Campbell, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 1993. Production and fluorescence-activated cell sorting of Escherichia coli expressing a functional antibody fragment on the external surface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10444-10448.
33. Francisco, J.A., C.F. Earhart, and G. Georgiou. 1992. Transport and anchoring of beta-lactamase to the external surface of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2713-2717.
34. Francisco, J.A., C. Stathopoulos, R.A. Warren, D.G. Kilburn, and G. Georgiou. 1993. Specific adhesion and hydrolysis of cellulose by intact Escherichia coli expressing surface anchored cellulase or cellulose binding domains. Biotechnology (NY) 11:491-495.
35. Freudl, R., S. MacIntyre, M. Degen, and U. Henning. 1986. Cell surface exposure of the outer membrane protein OmpA of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Mol. Biol. 188:491-494.
36. Fuchs, P., F. Breitling, S. Dubel, T. Seehaus, and M. Little. 1991. Targeting recombinant antibodies to the surface of Escherichia coli: Fusion to a peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein. Biotechnology (NY) 9:1369-1372.
37. Fuchs, P., W. Weichel, S. Dubel, F. Breitling, and M. Little. 1996. Separation of E. coli expressing functional cell-wall bound antibody fragments by FACS. Immunotechnology 2:97-102.
38. Georgiou, G., H.L. Poetschke, C. Stathopoulos, and J.A. Francisco. 1993. Practical applications of engineering Gram-negative bacterial cell surfaces. Trends Biotechnol. 11:6-10.
39. Georgiou, G., C. Stathopoulos, P.S. Daugherty, A.R. Nayak, B.L. Iverson, and R. Curtiss III. 1997. Display of het-erologous proteins on the surface of microorganisms: From the screening of combinatorial libraries to live recombinant vaccines. Nature Biotechnol. 15:29-34.
40. Georgiou, G., D.L. Stephens, C. Stathopoulos, H.L. Poetschke, J. Mendenhall, and C.F. Earhart. 1996. Display of beta-lactamase on the Escherichia coli surface: Outer membrane phenotypes conferred by Lpp'-OmpA'-beta-lactamase fusions. Protein Eng. 9:239-247.
41. Ghrayeb, J., and M. Inouye. 1984. Nine amino acid residues at the NH2-terminal of lipoprotein are sufficient for its modification, processing, and localization in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 259:463-467.
42. Giomarelli, B., T. Maggi, J. Younson, C. Kelly, and G. Pozzi. 2004. Expression of a functional single-chain Fv antibody on the surface of Streptococcus gordonii. Mol. Biotechnol. 28:105-112.
43. Goding, J.W. 1978. Use of staphylococcal protein A as an immunological reagent. J. Immunol. Methods 20:241-253.
44. Gotz, F. 1990. Staphylococcus carnosus: A new host organism for gene cloning and protein production. Soc. Appl. Bacteriol. Symp. Ser. 19:49S-53S.
45. Gunneriusson, E., P. Samuelson, J. Ringdahl, H. Gronlund, P.A. Nygren, and S. Stahl. 1999. Staphylococcal surface display of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-and IgE-specific in vitro-selected binding proteins (affibodies) based on Staphylococcus aureus protein A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4134-4140.
46. Gunneriusson, E., P. Samuelson, M. Uhlen, P.A. Nygren, and S. Stahl. 1996. Surface display of a functional single-chain Fv antibody on staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 178:1341-1346.
47. Hansson, M., S. Stahl, T.N. Nguyen, T. Bachi, A. Robert, H. Binz, A. Sjolander, and M. Uhlen. 1992. Expression of recombinant proteins on the surface of the coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus xylosus. J. Bacteriol. 174:4239-4245.
48. Harvey, B.R., G. Georgiou, A. Hayhurst, K.J. Jeong, B.L. Iverson, and G.K. Rogers. 2004. Anchored periplasmic expression, a versatile technology for the isolation of high-affinity antibodies from Escherichia coli-expressed libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:9193-9198.
49. Harvey, B.R., A.B. Shanafelt, I. Baburina, R. Hui, S. Vitone, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2006. Engineering of recombinant antibody fragments to methamphetamine by anchored periplasmic expression. J. Immunol. Methods 308:43-52.
50. Hayhurst, A. 2000. Improved expression characteristics of single-chain Fv fragments when fused downstream of the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein or upstream of a single immunoglobulin-constant domain. Protein Expr. Purif. 18:1-10.
51. Hayhurst, A., and G. Georgiou. 2001. High-throughput antibody isolation. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 5:683-689.
52. Hayhurst, A., S. Happe, R. Mabry, Z. Koch, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2003. Isolation and expression of recombinant antibody fragments to the biological warfare pathogen Brucella melitensis. J. Immunol. Methods 276:185-196.
53. Henriques, A.O., and C.P. Moran, Jr. 2007. Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 61:555-588.
54. Heras, B., M. Kurz, R. Jarrott, S.R. Shouldice, P. Frei, G. Robin, M. Cemazar, L. Thony-Meyer, R. Glockshuber, and J.L. Martin. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus DsbA does not have a destabilizing disulfide. A new paradigm for bacterial oxidative folding. J. Biol. Chem. 283:4261-4271.
55. Holliger, P., and P.J. Hudson. 2005. Engineered antibody fragments and the rise of single domains. Nature Biotechnol. 23:1126-1136.
56. Hollingshead, S.K., V.A. Fischetti, and J.R. Scott. 1986. Complete nucleotide sequence of type 6 M protein of the group A Streptococcus. Repetitive structure and membrane anchor. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1677-1686.
57. Hoogenboom, H.R. 2005. Selecting and screening recombinant antibody libraries. Nature Biotechnol. 23: 1105-1116.
58. Hultberg, A., D.M. Tremblay, H. de Haard, T. Verrips, S. Moineau, L. Hammarstrom, and H. Marcotte. 2007. Lactobacilli expressing llama VHH fragments neutralise Lactococcus phages. BMC Biotechnol. 7:58.
59. Isticato, R., G. Cangiano, H.T. Tran, A. Ciabattini, D. Medaglini, M.R. Oggioni, M. De Felice, G. Pozzi, and E. Ricca. 2001. Surface display of recombinant proteins on Bacillus subtilis spores. J. Bacteriol. 183:6294-6301.
60. Isticato, R., D.S. Di Mase, E.M. Mauriello, M. De Felice, and E. Ricca. 2007. Amino terminal fusion of heter-ologous proteins to CotC increases display efficiencies in the Bacillus subtilis spore system. Biotechniques 42:151-152, 154, 156.
61. Jensen, K.B., M. Larsen, J.S. Pedersen, P.A. Christensen, L. Alvarez-Vallina, S. Goletz, B.F. Clark, and P. Kristensen. 2002. Functional improvement of antibody fragments using a novel phage coat protein III fusion system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 298:566-573.
62. Jeong, H., S. Yoo, and E. Kim. 2001. Cell surface display of salmobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon halys venom on Escherichia coli using ice nucleation protein. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 28:155-160.
63. Jeong, K.J., M.J. Seo, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2007. APEx 2-hybrid, a quantitative protein-protein interaction assay for antibody discovery and engineering. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:8247-8252.
64. Jung, H.C., S. Ko, S.J. Ju, E.J. Kim, M.K. Kim, and J.G. Pan. 2003. Bacterial cell surface display of lipase and its randomly mutated library facilitates high-throughput screening of mutants showing higher specific activities. J. Mol. Catalysis B: Enzymatic 26:177-184.
65. Jung, H.C., S.J. Kwon, and J.G. Pan. 2006. Display of a thermostable lipase on the surface of a solvent-resistant bacterium, Pseudomonas putida GM730, and its applications in whole-cell biocatalysis. BMC Biotechnol. 6:23.
66. Jung, H.C., J.M. Lebeault, and J.G. Pan. 1998. Surface display of Zymomonas mobilis levansucrase by using the ice-nucleation protein of Pseudomonas syringae. Nature Biotechnol. 16:576-580.
67. Jung, H.C., J.H. Park, S.H. Park, J.M. Lebeault, and J.G. Pan. 1998. Expression of carboxymethylcellulase on the surface of Escherichia coli using Pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22:348-354.
68. Jung, S.T., K.J. Jeong, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2007. Binding and enrichment of Escherichia coli sphero-plasts expressing inner membrane tethered scFv antibodies on surface immobilized antigens. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 98:39-47.
69. Kang, S.M., J.K. Rhee, E.J. Kim, K.H. Han, and J.W. Oh. 2003. Bacterial cell surface display for epitope mapping of hepatitis C virus core antigen. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 226:347-353.
70. Ki, J.J., Y. Kawarasaki, J. Gam, B.R. Harvey, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2004. A periplasmic fluorescent reporter protein and its application in high-throughput membrane protein topology analysis. J. Mol. Biol. 341:901-909.
71. Kim, E.J., and S.K. Yoo. 1999. Cell surface display of hepatitis B virus surface antigen by using Pseudomonas syringae ice nucleation protein. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29:292-297.
72. Kim, Y.S., H.C. Jung, and J.G. Pan. 2000. Bacterial cell surface display of an enzyme library for selective screening of improved cellulase variants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:788-793.
73. Klauser, T., J. Pohlner, and T.F. Meyer. 1990. Extracellular transport of cholera toxin B subunit using Neisseria IgA protease beta-domain: Conformation-dependent outer membrane translocation. EMBO J. 9:1991-1999.
74. Kronqvist, N., J. Lofblom, A. Jonsson, H. Wernerus, and S. Stahl. 2008. A novel affinity protein selection system based on staphylococcal cell surface display and flow cytometry. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. 21:247-255.
75. Kruger, C., Y. Hu, Q. Pan, H. Marcotte, A. Hultberg, D. Delwar, P.J. van Dalen, P.H. Pouwels, R.J. Leer, C.G. Kelly, C. van Dollenweerd, J.K. Ma, and L. Hammarstrom. 2002. In situ delivery of passive immunity by lactobacilli producing single-chain antibodies. Nature Biotechnol. 20:702-706.
76. Kruger, C., A. Hultberg, C. van Dollenweerd, H. Marcotte, and L. Hammarstrom. 2005. Passive immunization by lactobacilli expressing single-chain antibodies against Streptococcus mutans. Mol. Biotechnol. 31:221-231.
77. Kuwajima G, A.-I., T. Fujiwara, T. Furiwara, K. Nakano, and E. Kondoh. 1988. Presentation of an antigenic determinant from hen egg-white lysoszyme on the flagellar filament of Escherichia coli. Nature Biotechnol. 6:1080-1083.
78. Kwak, Y.D., S.K. Yoo, and E.J. Kim. 1999. Cell surface display of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 on Escherichia coli by using ice nucleation protein. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6:499-503.
79. Le Duc, H., H.A. Hong, H.S. Atkins, H.C. Flick-Smith, Z. Durrani, S. Rijpkema, R.W. Titball, and S.M. Cutting. 2007. Immunization against anthrax using Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the anthrax protective antigen. Vaccine 25:346-355.
80. Lee, J.S., K.S. Shin, J.G. Pan, and C.J. Kim. 2000. Surface-displayed viral antigens on Salmonella carrier vaccine. NatureBiotechnol. 18:645-648.
81. Lee, P.A., D. Tullman-Ercek, and G. Georgiou. 2006. The bacterial twin-arginine translocation pathway. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 60:373-395.
82. Leenhouts, K., G. Buist, and J. Kok. 1999. Anchoring of proteins to lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 76:367-376.
83. Lei, Y., A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2005. Improved degradation of organophosphorus nerve agents and p-nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida JS444 with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Biotechnol. Prog. 21:678-681.
84. Leive, L. 1968. Studies on the permeability change produced in coliform bacteria by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J. Biol. Chem. 243:2373-2380.
85. Li, L., D.G. Kang, and H.J. Cha. 2004. Functional display of foreign protein on surface of Escherichia coli using N-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 85:214-221.
86. Liebl, W., and F. Gotz. 1986. Studies on lipase directed export of Escherichia coli beta-lactamase in Staphylococcus carnosus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 204:166-173.
87. Liljeqvist, S., F. Cano, T.N. Nguyen, M. Uhlen, A. Robert, and S. Stahl. 1999. Surface display of functional fibronectin-binding domains on Staphylococcus carnosus. FEBS Lett. 446:299-304.
88. Liljeqvist, S., P. Samuelson, M. Hansson, T.N. Nguyen, H. Binz, and S. Stahl. 1997. Surface display of the cholera toxin B subunit on Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2481-2488.
89. Little, M., F. Breitling, B. Micheel, and S. Dubel. 1994. Surface display of antibodies. Biotechnol. Adv. 12:539-555.
90. Lofblom, J., J. Sandberg, H. Wernerus, and S. Stahl. 2007. Evaluation of staphylococcal cell surface display and flow cytometry for postselectional characterization of affinity proteins in combinatorial protein engineering applications. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:6714-6721.
91. Lofblom, J., H. Wernerus, and S. Stahl. 2005. Fine affinity discrimination by normalized fluorescence activated cell sorting in staphylococcal surface display. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 248:189-198.
92. Lu, Z., K.S. Murray, V. Van Cleave, E.R. LaVallie, M.L. Stahl, and J.M. McCoy. 1995. Expression of thioredoxin random peptide libraries on the Escherichia coli cell surface as functional fusions to flagellin: A system designed for exploring protein-protein interactions. Biotechnology (NY) 13:366-372.
93. Maassen, C.B., J.D. Laman, M.J. den Bak-Glashouwer, F.J. Tielen, J.C. van Holten-Neelen, L. Hoogteijling, C. Antonissen, R.J. Leer, P.H. Pouwels, W.J. Boersma, and D.M. Shaw. 1999. Instruments for oral disease-intervention strategies: Recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing tetanus toxin fragment C for vaccination or myelin proteins for oral tolerance induction in multiple sclerosis. Vaccine 17:2117-2128.
94. Marcotte, H., P. Koll-Klais, A. Hultberg, Y. Zhao, R. Gmur, R. Mandar, M. Mikelsaar, and L. Hammarstrom. 2006. Expression of single-chain antibody against RgpA protease of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Lactobacillus. J. Appl. Microbiol. 100:256-263.
95. Marraffini, L.A., A.C. Dedent, and O. Schneewind. 2006. Sortases and the art of anchoring proteins to the envelopes of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70:192-221.
96. Maurer, J., J. Jose, and T.F. Meyer. 1997. Autodisplay: One-component system for efficient surface display and release of soluble recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 179:794-804.
97. Mauriello, E.M., G. Cangiano, F. Maurano, V. Saggese, M. De Felice, M. Rossi, and E. Ricca. 2007. Germination-independent induction of cellular immune response by Bacillus subtilis spores displaying the C fragment of the tetanus toxin. Vaccine 25:788-793.
98. Mauriello, E.M., H. le Duc, R. Isticato, G. Cangiano, H.A. Hong, M. De Felice, E. Ricca, and S.M. Cutting. 2004. Display of heterologous antigens on the Bacillus subtilis spore coat using CotC as a fusion partner. Vaccine 22:1177-1187.
99. Mazor, Y., T. Van Blarcom, R. Mabry, B.L. Iverson, and G. Georgiou. 2007. Isolation of engineered, full-length antibodies from libraries expressed in Escherichia coli. Nature Biotechnol. 25:563-565.
100. McCafferty, J., A.D. Griffiths, G. Winter, and D.J. Chiswell. 1990. Phage antibodies: Filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains. Nature 348:552-554.
101. McEwen, J., R. Levi, R.J. Horwitz, and R. Arnon. 1992. Synthetic recombinant vaccine expressing influenza haemagglutinin epitope in Salmonella flagellin leads to partial protection in mice. Vaccine 10:405-411.
102. Newton, S.M., C.O. Jacob, and B.A. Stocker. 1989. Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Science 244:70-72.
103. Newton, S.M., M. Kotb, T.P. Poirier, B.A. Stocker, and E.H. Beachey. 1991. Expression and immunogenicity of a streptococcal M protein epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Infect. Immun. 59:2158-2165.
104. Nord, K., E. Gunneriusson, J. Ringdahl, S. Stahl, M. Uhlen, and P.A. Nygren. 1997. Binding proteins selected from combinatorial libraries of an alpha-helical bacterial receptor domain. Nature Biotechnol. 15:772-777.
105. Nosjean, O. 1998. No prokaryotic GPI anchoring. Nature Biotechnol. 16:799.
106. Oggioni, M.R., D. Medaglini, T. Maggi, and G. Pozzi. 1999. Engineering the gram-positive cell surface for construction of bacterial vaccine vectors. Methods 19:163-173.
107. Pant, N., A. Hultberg, Y. Zhao, L. Svensson, Q. Pan-Hammarstrom, K. Johansen, P.H. Pouwels, F.M. Ruggeri, P. Hermans, L. Frenken, T. Boren, H. Marcotte, and L. Hammarstrom. 2006. Lactobacilli expressing variable domain of llama heavy-chain antibody fragments (lactobodies) confer protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea. J. Infect. Dis. 194:1580-1588.
108. Paterson, G.K., and T.J. Mitchell. 2004. The biology of Gram-positive sortase enzymes. Trends Microbiol. 12:89-95.
109. Pouwels, P.H., R.J. Leer, and W.J. Boersma. 1996. Thepotential of Lactobacillus as a carrier for oral immunization: development and preliminary characterization of vector systems for targeted delivery of antigens. J. Biotechnol. 44:183-192.
110. Pozzi, G., M. Contorni, M.R. Oggioni, R. Manganelli, M. Tommasino, F. Cavalieri, and V.A. Fischetti. 1992. Deliveryand expression of a heterologous antigen on the surface of streptococci. Infect. Immun. 60:1902-1907.
111. Reichert, J.M., C.J. Rosensweig, L.B. Faden, and M.C. Dewitz. 2005. Monoclonal antibody successes in the clinic. Nature Biotechnol. 23:1073-1078.
112. Ribnicky, B., T. Van Blarcom, and G. Georgiou. 2007. A scFv antibody mutant isolated in a genetic screen for improved export via the twin arginine transporter pathway exhibits faster folding. J. Mol. Biol. 369:631-639.
113. Richins, R.D., I. Kaneva, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 1997. Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Nature Biotechnol. 15:984-987.
114. Robert, A., P. Samuelson, C. Andreoni, T. Bachi, M. Uhlen, H. Binz, T.N. Nguyen, and S. Stahl. 1996. Surface display on staphylococci: A comparative study. FEBS Lett. 390:327-333.
115. Samuelson, P., E. Gunneriusson, P.A. Nygren, and S. Stahl. 2002. Display of proteins on bacteria. J. Biotechnol. 96:129-154.
116. Samuelson, P., M. Hansson, N. Ahlborg, C. Andreoni, F. Gotz, T. Bachi, T.N. Nguyen, H. Binz, M. Uhlen, and S. Stahl. 1995. Cell surface display of recombinant proteins on Staphylococcus carnosus. J. Bacteriol. 177:1470-1476.
117. Schneewind, O., D. Mihaylova-Petkov, and P. Model. 1993. Cell wall sorting signals in surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria. EMBO J. 12:4803-4811.
118. Schneewind, O., P. Model, and V.A. Fischetti. 1992. Sorting of protein A to the staphylococcal cell wall. Cell 70:267-281.
119. Shi, H., and W. Wen Su. 2001. Display of green fluorescent protein on Escherichia coli cell surface. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 28:25-34.
120. Shimazu, M., A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2001a. Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydrolase using ice nucleation protein. Biotechnol. Prog. 17:76-80.
121. Shimazu, M., A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2001b. Simultaneous degradation of organophosphorus pesticides and p-nitrophenol by a genetically engineered Moraxella sp. with surface-expressed organophosphorus hydrolase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 76:318-324.
122. Shimazu, M., A. Nguyen, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2003. Cell surface display of organophosphorus hydro-lase in Pseudomonas putida using an ice-nucleation protein anchor. Biotechnol. Prog. 19:1612-1614.
123. Siezen, R.J. 1999. Multi-domain, cell-envelope proteinases of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 76:139-155.
124. Skerra, A. 2007. Alternative non-antibody scaffolds for molecular recognition. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18:295-304.
125. Skerra, A., and A. Plückthun. 1988. Assembly of a functional immunoglobulin Fv fragment in Escherichia coli. Science 240:1038-1041.
126. Stahl, S., and M. Uhlen. 1997. Bacterial surface display: Trends and progress. Trends Biotechnol. 15:185-192.
127. Stephens, D.L., M.D. Choe, and C.F. Earhart. 1995. Escherichia coli periplasmic protein FepB binds ferrientero-bactin. Microbiology 141(Pt 7):1647-1654.
128. Tao, M.H., and S.L. Morrison. 1989. Studies of aglycosylated chimeric mouse-human IgG. Role of carbohydrate in the structure and effector functions mediated by the human IgG constant region. J. Immunol. 143:2595-2601.
129. Valls, M., S. Atrian, V. de Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 2000. Engineering a mouse metallothionein on the cell surface of Ralstonia eutropha CH34 for immobilization of heavy metals in soil. Nature Biotechnol. 18:661-665.
130. Veiga, E., V. de Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 1999. Probing secretion and translocation of a beta-autotransporter using a reporter single-chain Fv as a cognate passenger domain. Mol. Microbiol. 33:1232-1243.
131. Veiga, E., V. de Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 2003a. Autotransporters as scaffolds for novel bacterial adhesins: Surface properties of Escherichia coli cells displaying Jun/Fos dimerization domains. J. Bacteriol. 185:5585-5590.
132. Veiga, E., V. De Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 2003b. Neutralization of enteric coronaviruses with Escherichia coli cells expressing single-chain Fv-autotransporter fusions. J. Virol. 77:13396-13398.
133. Veiga, E., V. de Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 2004. Structural tolerance of bacterial autotransporters for folded passenger protein domains. Mol. Microbiol. 52:1069-1080.
134. Veiga, E., E. Sugawara, H. Nikaido, V. de Lorenzo, and L.A. Fernandez. 2002. Export of autotransported proteins proceeds through an oligomeric ring shaped by C-terminal domains. EMBO J. 21:2122-2131.
135. Wan, H.M., B.Y. Chang, and S.C. Lin. 2002. Anchorage of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79:457-464.
136. Wang, A.A., A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2001. Whole-cell immobilization using cell surface-exposed cellulosebinding domain. Biotechnol. Prog. 17:407-411.
137. Wang, J.Y., and Y.P. Chao. 2006. Immobilization of cells with surface-displayed chitin-binding domain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:927-931.
138. Wernerus, H., J. Lehtio, T. Teeri, P.A. Nygren, and S. Stahl. 2001. Generation of metal-binding staphylococci through surface display of combinatorially engineered cellulose-binding domains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4678-4684.
139. Wernerus, H., P. Samuelson, and S. Stahl. 2003. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting of specific affibody-displaying staphylococci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:5328-5335.
140. Wernerus, H., and S. Stahl. 2002. Biotechnological applications for surface-engineered bacteria. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 40:209-228.
141. Westerlund-Wikstrom, B. 2000. Peptide display on bacterial flagella: Principles and applications. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 290:223-230.
142. Westerlund-Wikstrom, B., J. Tanskanen, R. Virkola, J. Hacker, M. Lindberg, M. Skurnik, and T.K. Korhonen. 1997. Functionalexpression of adhesive peptides as fusions to Escherichia coli flagellin. Protein Eng. 10:1319-1326.
143. Wu, J.Y., S. Newton, A. Judd, B. Stocker, and W.S. Robinson. 1989. Expression of immunogenic epitopes of hepatitis B surface antigen with hybrid flagellin proteins by a vaccine strain of Salmonella. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4726-4730.
144. Wu, M.L., C.Y. Tsai, and T.H. Chen. 2006. Cell surface display of Ch192 on Escherichia coli using ice nucleation protein for improved catalytic and antifungal activity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 256:119-125.
145. Wu, P.H., R. Giridhar, and W.T. Wu. 2006. Surface display of transglucosidase on Escherichia coli by using the ice nucleation protein of Xanthomonas campestris and its application in glucosylation of hydroquinone. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 95:1138-1147.
146. Xu, Y., and Y. Li. 2007. Induction of immune responses in mice after intragastric administration of Lactobacillus casei producing porcine parvovirus VP2 protein. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:7041-7047.
147. Yang, C., N. Cai, M. Dong, H. Jiang, J. Li, C. Qiao, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2008. Surface display of MPH on Pseudomonas putida JS444 using ice nucleation protein and its application in detoxification of organopho-sphates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 99:30-37.
148. Yim, S.K., H.C. Jung, J.G. Pan, H.S. Kang, T. Ahn, and C.H. Yun. 2006. Functional expression of mammalian NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. Protein Expr. Purif. 49:292-298.
149. Zhang, J., W. Lan, C. Qiao, H. Jiang, A. Mulchandani, and W. Chen. 2004. Bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticides by surface-expressed carboxylesterase from mosquito on Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Prog. 20:1567-1571.