A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012

Educational Research Review

Volumn 10, Issue , 2013, Pages 90-115

  Lai, Meng Lung ^a   Tsai, Meng Jung ^b   Yang, Fang Ying ^c   Hsu, Chung Yuan ^d   Liu, Tzu Chien ^e   Lee, Silvia Wen Yu ^f   Lee, Min Hsien ^g   Chiou, Guo Li ^h   Liang, Jyh Chong ^b   Tsai, Chin Chung ^b  

^a NATIONAL CHIAYI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

^c NATIONAL TAIWAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL PINGTUNG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

^e NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^f NATIONAL CHANGHUA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION   (Taiwan)

^g NATIONAL SUN YAT SEN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^h NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Eye movements; Eye tracking; Process of learning

Indexed keywords

EID: 84887336087     PISSN: 1747938X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.edurev.2013.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. *Amadieu F., van Gog T., Paas F., Tricot A., Marine C. Effects of prior knowledge and concept-map structure on disorientation, cognitive load, and learning. Learning and Instruction 2009, 19:376-386.
2. Anderson J. Cognitive psychology and its implication 2009, Worth Publishers, NY.
3. Anderson C.W. Perspectives on science learning. Handbook of research on science education 2007, 3-30. Routledge, NY. S.K. Abell, N.G. Lederman (Eds.).
4. *Ariasi N., Mason L. Uncovering the effect of text structure in learning from a science text: An eye-tracking study. Instructional Science 2011, 39:581-601.
5. *Arnold J.E., Eisenband J.G., Brown-Schmidt S., Trueswell J.C. The rapid use of gender information: Evidence of the time course of pronoun resolution from eye tracking. Cognition 2000, 76:B13-B26.
6. *Balslev T., Jarodzka H., Holmqvist K., de Grave W., Muijtjens A.M., Eika B., van Merriënboer J., Scherpbier A.J. Visual expertise in paediatric neurology. European Paediatric Neurology Society 2012, 16:161-166.
7. *Bartolotti J., Marian V. Language learning and control in monolinguals and bilinguals. Cognitive Science 2012, 36:1129-1147.
8. Beatty J. Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychological Bulletin 1982, 91:276-292.
9. *Beesley T., Le Pelley M.E. The influence of blocking on overt attention and associability in human learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2010, 10:1-7.
10. *Blair M.R., Watson M.R., Meier M.M. Errors, efficiency, and the interplay between attention and category learning. Cognition 2009, 112:330-336.
11. *Blair M.R., Watson M.R., Walshe R.C., Maj F. Extremely selective attention: Eye-tracking studies of the dynamic allocation of attention to stimulus features in categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2009, 35(5):1196-1206.
12. *Blythe H.I., Liang F., Zang C., Wang J., Yan G., Bai X., Liversedge S.P. Inserting spaces into Chinese text helps readers to learn new words: An eye movement study. Journal of Memory and Language 2012, 67:241-254.
13. *Bolger P., Zapata G. Semantic categories and context in L2 vocabulary learning. Language Learning 2011, 61(2):614-646.
14. *Boucheix J.M., Lowe R. An eye tracking comparison of external pointing cues and internal continuous cues in learning with complex animations. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:123-135.
15. *Brandt-Kobele O.-C., Höhle B. What asymmetries within comprehension reveal about asymmetries between comprehension and production: The case of verb inflection in language acquisition. Lingua 2010, 120:1910-1925.
16. *Brockmole J.R., Le-Hoa Võ M. Semantic memory for contextual regularities within and across scene categories: Evidence from eye movements. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2010, 72(7):1803-1813.
17. *Brown-Schmidt S.B. Partner-specific interpretation of maintained referential precedents during interactive dialog. Journal of Memory and Language 2009, 61:171-190.
18. *Brusnighan S.M., Folk J.R. Combining contextual and morphemic cues is beneficial during incidental vocabulary acquisition: Semantic transparency in novel compound word processing. Reading Research Quarterly 2012, 47(2):172-215.
19. *Castelhano M.S., Heaven C. Scene context influences without scene gist: Eye movements guided by spatial associations in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2011, 18:890-896.
20. *Chaffin R., Morris R.K., Seely R.E. Learning new word meanings from context: A study of eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2001, 27(1):225-235.
21. *de Koning B.B., Tabbers H.K., Rikers R., Paas F. Attention guidance in learning from a complex animation: Seeing is understanding?. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:111-122.
22. D'Melloa S., Olney A., Williams C., Hays P. Gaze tutor: A gaze-reactive intelligent tutoring system. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 2012, 70:377-398.
23. Duchowski A. Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice 2007, Springer, London.
24. Gagné E.D., Yekovich C.W., Yekovich F.R. The cognitive psychology of school learning 1993, Longman, NY.
25. Galván A. Neural plasticity of development and learning. Human Brain, Mapping 2010, 31:879-890.
26. Gilman E., Underwood G. Restricting the field of view to investigate theperceptual spans of pianists. Visual Cognition 2003, 2:201-232.
27. Ginsburg H.P., Opper S. Piaget's theory of intellectual development 1988, Printice Hall, NJ.
28. Goldberg J.H., Helfman J.I. Eye tracking for visualization evaluation: reading values on linear versus radial graphs. Information Visualization 2011, 10(3):182-195.
29. Goldberg H.J., Kotval X.P. Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: Methods and constructs. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 1999, 24:631-645.
30. *Goldinger S.D., He Y., Papesh M.H. Deficits in cross-race face learning: Insights from eye movements and pupillometry. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2009, 35(5):1105-1122.
31. Goswami U. Cognitive development - The Learning Brain 2008, Psychology Press, NY.
32. *Goujon A., Brockmole J.R., Ehinger K.A. How visual and semantic information influence learning in familiar contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2012, 38(5):1315-1327.
33. *Grüter T., Lew-Williams C., Fernald A. Grammatical gender in L2: A production or a real-time processing problem?. Second Language Research 2012, 28(2):191-215.
34. *Guérard K., Saint-Aubin J., Boucher P., Tremblay S. The role of awareness in anticipation and recall performance in the hebb repetition paradigm: Implications for sequence learning. Memory & Cognition 2011, 39:1012-1022.
35. *Guérard K., Tremblay S., Saint-Aubin J. The processing of spatial information in short-term memory: Insights from eye tracking the path length effect. Acta Psychologica 2009, 132:136-144.
36. *Hegarty M., Canham M.S., Fabrikant S.I. Thinking about the weather: How display salience and knowledge affect performance in a graphic inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2010, 36(1):37-53.
37. Hegarty M., Mayer R.E., Green C. Comprehension of arithmetic word problems: Evidence from students' eye fixations. Journal of Educational Psychology 1992, 84(1):76-84.
38. *Henderson J.M., Williams C.C., Falk R.J. Eye movements are functional during face learning. Memory & Cognition 2005, 33(1):98-106.
39. *Herwig A., Horstmann G. Action-effect associations revealed by eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2011, 18:531-537.
40. Hess E.H., Polt J.M. Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving. Science 1964, 143(3611):1190-1192.
41. *Hoffman A.B., Rehder B. The costs of supervised classification: The effect of learning task on conceptual flexibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2010, 139(2):319-340.
42. Holmqvist K., Nystrom M., Andersson R., Dewhurst R., Jarodzka H., van de Weijer J. Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures 2011, Oxford University Press, NY.
43. *Hout M.C., Goldinger S.D. Incidental learning speeds visual search by lowering response thresholds, not by improving efficiency: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2011, 38(1):90-112.
44. *Hsiao J.H.W., Cottrell G. Two fixations suffice in face recognition. Psychological Science 2008, 19(10):998-1006.
45. *Huestegge L., Koch I. Eye movements as a gatekeeper for memorization: evidence for the persistence of attentional sets in visual memory search. Psychological Research 2012, 76:270-279.
46. Hyönä, J. (Ed.). (2003). Section 5: Eye movements in media applications and communication. In J. Hyönä, R. Radach, & H. Deubel (Eds.), The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 607-703). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
47. *Isaacowitz D.M., Choi Y.S. Looking, feeling, and doing: Are there age differences in attention, mood, and behavioral responses to skin cancer information?. Health Psychology 2012, 31(5):650-659.
48. Jacob R.J., Karn S.K. Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. The mind's eye: Cognitive and applied aspects of eye movement research 2003, 573-605. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. J. Hyönä, R. Radach, H. Deubel (Eds.).
49. *Jarodzka H., Balslev T., Holmqvist K., Nystrom M., Scheiter K., Gerjets P., Eika B. Conveying clinical reasoning based on visual observation via eye-movement modelling examples. Instructional Science 2012, 40:813-827.
50. *Johnson C.I., Mayer R.E. An eye movement analysis of the spatial contiguity effect in multimedia learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 2012, 18(2):178-191.
51. *Jones J.L., Kaschak M.P. Global statistical learning in a visual search task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2011, 38(1):152-160.
52. Just M.A., Carpenter P.A. A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review 1980, 87:329-355.
53. *Karacan H., Cagiltay K., Tekman H.G. Change detection in desktop virtual environments: An eye-tracking study. Computers in Human Behavior 2010, 26:1305-1313.
54. *Kelly D.J., Liu S., Liu S., Rodger H., Miellet H., Ge H., Caldara R. Developing cultural differences in face processing. Developmental Science 2011, 14(5):1176-1184.
55. *Kim K., Mundy P. Joint attention, social-cognition, and recognition memory in adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2012, 6(172):1-11.
56. *Kim S.W., Rehder B. How prior knowledge affects selective attention during category learning: An eye tracking study. Memory & Cognition 2011, 39:649-665.
57. *Koenig S., Lachnit H. Curved saccade trajectories reveal conflicting predictions in associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2011, 37(5):1164-1177.
58. LeCompte M.D., Preissle J. Ethnography and qualitative design in educational research 1993, Academic Press, San Diego.
59. *Lee F.J., Anderson J.R. Does learning a complex task have to be complex?: A study in learning decomposition. Cognitive Psychology 2001, 42:267-316.
60. Lee B., Park J.Y., Jung W.H., Kim H.S., Oh J.S., Choi C.H., Jan J.H., Kang D.H., Kwon J.S. White matter neuroplastic changes in long-term trained players of the game of "Baduk" (GO): A voxel-based diffusion-tensor imaging study. NeuroImage 2010, 52:9-19.
61. *Lewis M.R., Mensink M.C. Prereading questions and online text comprehension. Discourse Processes 2012, 49(5):367-390.
62. Litchfield D., Ball L., Donovan T., Manning D.J., Crawford T. Viewing another person's eye movements improves identification of pulmonary nodules in chest x-ray inspection. Journal of Experimental Psychology 2010, 16:251-262.
63. *Liu H.C., Chuang H.H. An examination of cognitive processing of multimedia information based on viewers' eye movements. Interactive Learning Environments 2011, 19(5):503-517.
64. *Liu H.C., Lai M.L., Chuang H.H. Using eye-tracking technology to investigate the redundant effect of multimedia web pages on viewers' cognitive processes. Computers in Human Behavior 2011, 27:2410-2417.
65. *Liu C.J., Shen M.H. The influence of different representations on solving concentration problems at elementary school. Journal of Science Education and Technology 2011, 20:621-629.
66. Liversedge S.P., Findlay J.M. Saccadic eye movements and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2000, 4(1):6-14.
67. The oxford handbook of eye movements 2011, Oxford University Press, NY. S. Liversedge, I. Gilchrist, S. Everling (Eds.).
68. Liversedge S.P., Paterson K.B., Pickering M.J. Eye movements and measures of reading time. Eye guidance in reading and scene perception 1998, 55-75. Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam. G. Underwood (Ed.).
69. *Meyer K., Rasch T., Schnotz W. Effects of animation's speed of presentation on perceptual processing and learning. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:136-145.
70. *Miller L.M., Cassady D.L. Making healthy food choices using nutrition facts panels: The roles of knowledge, motivation, dietary modifications goals, and age. Appetite 2012, 59:129-139.
71. Mintzes J.J., Wandersee J.H., Novak J.D. Assessing science understanding 1999, Academic Press, San Diego.
72. *Miwa M., Egusa Y., Saito H., Takaku M., Terai H., Kando N. A method to capture information encountering embedded in exploratory web searches. Information Research 2011, 16(3):487.
73. *Mou W., Liu X., McNamara T.P. Layout geometry in encoding and retrieval of spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2009, 35(1):83-93.
74. *Mu X. Towards effective video annotation: An approach to automatically link notes with video content. Computers & Education 2010, 55:1752-1763.
75. *Nakabayashi K., Jones T.J., Butcher N., Liu C.H. Independent influences of verbalization and race on the configural and featural processing of faces: A behavioral and eye movement study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2012, 38(1):61-77.
76. *Neider M.B., Kramer A.F. Older adults capitalize on contextual information to guide search. Experimental Aging Research 2011, 37(5):539-571.
77. *Ooms K., De Maeyer P., Fack V., Van Assche A., Witlox F. Interpreting maps through the eyes of expert and novice users. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 2012, 26(10):1733-1788.
78. Öquist G., Hein A., Ygge J., Goldstein M. Eye movement study of reading on a mobile device using the page and RSVP text presentation formats. Mobile human computer interaction - Mobile HCI 2004, LNCS 3160 2004, 108-119. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. S. Brewster, M. Dunlop (Eds.).
79. *Ozcelik E., Arslan-Ari I., Cagiltay K. Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning? Evidence from eye movements. Computers in Human Behavior 2010, 26:110-117.
80. *Ozcelik E., Karakus T., Kursun E., Cagiltay K. An eye-tracking study of how color coding affects multimedia learning. Computers & Education 2009, 53(2):445-453.
81. Perspectives on learning 2009, Teachers College Press, NY. 5th ed. D.C. Phillips, J.F. Soltis (Eds.).
82. Posner G.J., Strike K.A., Hewson P.W., Gertzog W.A. Accommodation of a scientific conception: Toward a theory of conceptual change. Science Education 1982, 66:211-227.
83. *Pradhan A.K., Divekar G., Masserang K., Romoser M., Zafian T., Blomberg R.D., Thomas F.D., Reagan I., Knodler M., Pollatsek A., Fisher D.L. The effects of focused attention training (FOCAL) on the duration of novice drivers' glances inside the vehicle. Ergonomics 2011, 54(10):917-931.
84. Radach R., Kennedy A. Theoretical perspectives on eye movements in reading: Past controversies, current issues, and an agenda for future research. Eye movements and information processing during reading 2004, 3-26. Psychology Press, New York. R. Radach, A. Kennedy, K. Rayner (Eds.).
85. Rayner K. Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1986, 41:211-236.
86. Rayner K. Eye movement in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletins 1998, 124(3):372-422.
87. Rayner K. Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2009, 62(8):1457-1506.
88. Rayner K., Chace K.H., Slattery T.J., Ashby J. Eye movements as reflections of comprehension process in reading. Scientific Studies of Reading 2006, 10(3):241-255.
89. *Rehder B., Colner R.M., Hoffman A.B. Feature inference learning and eye tracking. Journal of Memory and Language 2009, 60:393-419.
90. *Rehder B., Hoffman A.B. Thirty-something categorization results explained: Selective attention, eyetracking, and models of category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2005, 31(5):811-829.
91. *Rehder B., Hoffman A.B. Eye tracking and selective attention in category learning. Cognitive Psychology 2005, 51:1-41.
92. *Renkewitz F., Jahn G. Memory indexing: A novel method for tracing memory processes in complex cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2012, 38(6):1622-1639.
93. *Roderer T., Krebs S., Schmid C., Roebers C. The role of executive control of attention and selective encoding for preschoolers' learning. Infant and Child Development 2012, 21:146-159.
94. *Roderer T., Roebers C.M. Explicit and implicit confidence judgments and developmental differences in meta-memory: An eye-tracking approach. Metacognition and Learning 2010, 5(3):229-250.
95. San Agustin, J., Skovsgaard, H., Mollenbach, E., Barret, M., Tall, M., Hansen, D. W., & Hansen, J. P. (2010). Evaluation of a low-cost open-source gaze tracker. In Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, Austin, Texas. (March 22 - 24). http://dx.doi.acm.org/10.1145/1743666.1743685.
96. *Schmidt-Weigand F., Kohnert A., Glowalla U. A closer look at split visual attention in system- and self-paced instruction in multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:100-110.
97. *Schmiedtova B. Do L2 speakers think in the L1 when speaking in the L2?. International Journal of Applied Linguistic 2011, 8:138-179.
98. *Schneider E., Maruyama M., Dehaene S., Sigman M. Eye gaze reveals a fast, parallel extraction of the syntax of arithmetic formulas. Cognition 2012, 125:475-490.
99. Schnotz W., Vosniadou S., Carretero M. New perspectives on conceptual change 1999, Elsevier Science, Oxford.
100. *Sekiguchi T. Individual differences in face memory and eye fixation patterns during face learning. Acta Psychologica 2011, 137:1-9.
101. *Shatzman K.B., McQueen J.M. Prosodic knowledge affects the recognition of newly acquired words. Psychological Science 2006, 17(5):372-377.
102. *She H.C., Chen Y.Z. The impact of multimedia effect on science learning: Evidence from eye movements. Computers & Education 2009, 53:1297-1307.
103. *Smerecnik C.M., Mesters I., Kessels L.T., Ruiter R.A., de Vries N.K., de Vries H. Understanding the positive effects of graphical risk information on comprehension: Measuring attention directed to written, tabular, and graphical risk information. Risk Analysis 2010, 30(9):1387-1398.
104. *Stieff M., Hegarty M., Deslongchamps G. Identifying representational competence with multi-representational displays. Cognition and Instruction 2011, 29(1):123-145.
105. *Tremblay A. Learning to parse liaison-initial words: An eye-tracking study. Bilingualism: Language and. Cognition 2011, 14(3):257-279.
106. Tsai M.-J., Hou H.T., Lai M.L., Liu W.-Y., Yang F.Y. Visual attention for solving multiple-choice science problem: An eye-tracking analysis. Computers & Education 2012, 58(1):375-385.
107. Underwood G., Radach R. Eye guidance and visual information processing: Reading, visual search, picture perception and driving. Eye guidance in reading and scene perception 1998, 1-28. Elsevier, Oxford. G. Underwood (Ed.).
108. *van Asselen M., Sampaio J., Pina A., Castelo-Branco M. Object based implicit contextual learning: A study of eye movements. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2011, 73:297-302.
109. van Gog T., Jarodzka H., Scheiter K., Gerjets P., Paas F. Attention guidance during example study via the model's eye movements. Computers in Human Behavior 2009, 25:785-791.
110. van Gog T., Scheiter K. Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction 2010, 20:95-99.
111. *Wang T., Mitchell C. Attention and relative novelty in human perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2011, 37(4):436-445.
112. *Welham A.K., Wills A.J. Unitization, similarity, and overt attention in categorization and exposure. Memory & Cognition 2011, 39:1518-1533.
113. *Whitford V., Titone D. Second-language experience modulates first- and second-language word frequency effects: Evidence from eye movement measures of natural paragraph reading. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2012, 19:73-80.
114. *Wiebe E.N., Minogue J., Jones M.J., Cowley J., Krebs D. Haptic feedback and students' learning about levers: Unravelingthe effect of simulated touch. Computers & Education 2009, 53:667-676.
115. *Wills A.J., Lavric A., Croft G.S., Hodgson T.L. Predictive learning, prediction errors, and attention: Evidence from event-related potentials and eye tracking. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2007, 19(5):843-854.
116. *Wonnacott E., Newport E.L., Tanenhaus M.K. Acquiring and processing verb argument structure: Distributional learning in a miniature language. Cognitive Psychology 2008, 56:165-209.