An eye-tracking study of how color coding affects multimedia learning

Computers and Education

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 445-453

  Ozcelik, Erol ^a   Karakus, Turkan ^b   Kursun, Engin ^c   Cagiltay, Kursat ^b  

^a ATILIM UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Color coding; Eye tracking; Multimedia learning; Split attention

Indexed keywords

COLOR CODING; EFFECTIVE LEARNING; EYE-TRACKING; MULTIMEDIA INSTRUCTION; MULTIMEDIA LEARNING; SPLIT ATTENTION; TRANSFER PERFORMANCE; UNDERLYING CAUSE;

EDUCATION; EYE MOVEMENTS;

COLOR;

EID: 67349133604     PISSN: 03601315     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Anderson J.R., Bothell D., and Douglass S. Eye movements do not reflect retrieval processes: Limits of the eye-mind hypothesis. Psychological Science 15 (2004) 225-231
2. Ballard D.H., Hayhoe M.M., Pook P.K., and Rao R.P.N. Deictic codes for the embodiment of cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20 (1997) 723-767
3. Baggett P. Role of temporal overlap of visual and auditory material in forming dual media associations. Journal of Educational Psychology 76 (1984) 408-417
4. Carroll P.J., Young R.J., and Guertin M.S. Visual analysis of cartoons: A view from the far side. In: Rayner K. (Ed). Eye movements and visual cognition: Scene perception and reading (1992), Springer, New York 444-461
5. Chandler P., and Sweller P. The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction. The British Journal of Educational Psychology 62 (1992) 233-246
6. Davis O.C., Geller A.S., Rizzuto D.S., and Kahana M.J. Temporal associative processes revealed by intrusions in paired-associate recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (2008) 64-69
7. Folker S., Ritter H., and Sichelschmidt L. Processing and integrating multimodal material - The influence of color coding. In: Bara B.G., Barsalou L., and Bucciarelli M. (Eds). Proceedings of 27th annual conference of the cognitive science society (2005), Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 690-695
8. Ginns P. Integrating information: Meta-analyses of the spatial contiguity and temporal contiguity effects. Learning and Instruction 16 (2006) 511-525
9. Graesser A.C., Lu S., Olde B., Cooper-Pye E., and Whitten S.N. Question asking and eye tracking during cognitive disequilibrium: Comprehending illustrated texts when the devices breakdown. Memory & Cognition 33 (2005) 1235-1247
10. Green B.F., and Anderson L.K. Color coding in a visual search task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 51 (1956) 19-24
11. Greene H.H., and Rayner K. Eye movements and familiarity effects in visual search. Vision Research 41 (2001) 3763-3773
12. Hannus M., and Hyönä J. Utilization of illustrations during learning of science textbook passages among low- and high-ability children. Contemporary Educational Psychology 24 (1999) 95-123
13. Hegarty M., Carpenter P.A., and Just M.A. Diagrams in the comprehension of scientific text. In: Barr R., Kamil M.L., Mosenthal P.B., and Pearson P.D. (Eds). Handbook of reading research Vol. 2 (1991), Longman, New York 641-668
14. Henderson J.M. Regarding scenes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (2007) 219-222
15. Itti L., and Koch C. A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research 40 (2000) 1489-1506
16. Jeung H., Chandler P., and Sweller J. The role of visual indicators in dual sensory mode instruction. Educational Psychology 17 (1997) 329-343
17. Just M.A., and Carpenter P.A. Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology 8 (1976) 441-480
18. Just M.A., and Carpenter P.A. A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 329-354
19. Kahana M.J. Associative retrieval processes in free recall. Memory & Cognition 24 (1996) 103-109
20. Kalyuga S., Chandler P., and Sweller J. Managing split-attention and redundancy in multimedia instruction. Applied Cognitive Psychology 13 (1999) 351-371
21. Kaplan Z., and Erden M. Instructional efficiency of integrated and separated text with animated presentations in computer-based science instruction. Computers & Education 51 (2008) 660-668
22. Keller T., Gerjetz P., Scheiter K., and Garsoffky B. Information visualizations for knowledge acquisition: The impact of dimensionality and color coding. Computers in Human Behavior 22 (2006) 43-65
23. Mayer R.E. Systematic thinking fostered by illustrations in scientific text. Journal of Educational Psychology 81 (1989) 240-246
24. Mayer R.E. Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?. Educational Psychologist 31 (1997) 1-19
25. Mayer R.E. Multimedia learning (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
26. Mayer R.E. The promise of multimedia learning: Using the same instructional design methods across different media. Learning and Instruction 13 (2003) 125-139
27. Mayer R.E., and Chandler P. When learning is just a clock away: Does simple user interaction foster deeper understanding of multimedia messages?. Journal of Educational Psychology 93 (2001) 390-397
28. Mayer R.E., and Gallini J.K. When is an illustration worth ten thousand word?. Journal of Educational Psychology 82 (1990) 715-726
29. Moreno R., and Mayer R.E. Cognitive principles of multimedia learning: The role of modality and contiguity. Journal of Educational Psychology 91 (1999) 358-368
30. Murdock B.B., and Okada R. Interresponse times in single-trial free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 86 (1970) 263-267
31. Navalpakkam V., and Itti L. Modeling the influence of task on attention. Vision Research 45 (2005) 205-231
32. Penny J., Johnson R.L., and Gordon B. Using rating augmentation to expand the scale of an analytic rubric. Journal of Experimental Education 68 (2000) 269-287
33. Raaijmakers J.G.W., and Shiffrin R.M. Search of associative memory. Psychological Review 88 (1981) 93-134
34. Rayner K. Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin 124 (1998) 372-422
35. Rayner K., Rotello C.M., Stewart A.J., Keir J., and Duffy S.A. Integrating text and pictorial information: Eye movements when looking at print advertisements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 7 (2001) 219-226
36. Seufert T. Supporting coherence formation in learning from multiple representations. Learning and Instruction 13 (2003) 227-237
37. Treisman A., and Gelade G. A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12 (1980) 97-136
38. Underwood G., and Foulsham T. Visual saliency and semantic incongruency influence eye movements when inspecting pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (2006) 1931-1949
39. Underwood G., Foulsham T., Van Loon E., Humphreys L., and Bloyce J. Eye movements during scene inspection: A test of the saliency map hypothesis. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 18 (2006) 321-343
40. Yantis S., and Egeth H.E. On the distinction between visual salience and stimulus-driven attentional capture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25 (1999) 661-676