Metal oxide nanowires for chemiresistive gas sensors: Issues, challenges and prospects

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

Volumn 439, Issue , 2013, Pages 101-116

  Ramgir, Niranjan ^a   Datta, Niyanta ^a   Kaur, Manmeet ^a   Kailasaganapathi, S ^a   Debnath, Anil K ^a   Aswal, D K ^a   Gupta, S K ^a  

^a BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE   (India)

Author keywords

Chemiresistive gas sensors; Metal oxide; Nanowires; Thin films

Indexed keywords

GAS DETECTORS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; NANOWIRES; SENSORS; THIN FILMS;

FASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY TIME; FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS; HIGH INTEGRATION DENSITY; LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION; METAL OXIDES; ROOM-TEMPERATURE OPERATION; SENSOR CONFIGURATIONS;

METALLIC COMPOUNDS;

ALUMINUM OXIDE; CUPROUS ION; METAL OXIDE; METAL OXIDE NANOWIRE; METHYL RED; NANORIBBON; NANOROD; NANOWIRE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AQUEOUS SOLUTION; ARTICLE; CRYSTALLIZATION; DENSITY; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; GAS SENSOR; LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION; NANOFABRICATION; NANOSENSOR; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ROOM TEMPERATURE; SURFACE CHARGE; SURFACE TENSION; VAPOR;

EID: 84887020236     PISSN: 09277757     EISSN: 18734359     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.02.029     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Henzie J., Barton J.E., Stender C.L., Odom T.W. Large-area nanoscale patterning: chemistry meets fabrication. Acc. Chem. Res. 2006, 39:249.
2. Hangarter C.M., Bangar M., Mulchandani A., Myung N.V. Conducting polymer nanowires for chemiresistive and FET-based bio/chemical sensors. J. Mater. Chem. 2010, 20:3131-3140.
3. Li Y., Qian F., Xiang J., Lieber C.M. Nanowire electronic and optoelectronic devices. Mater. Today 2006, 9:18-27.
4. Science and Technology of Chemiresistive Gas Sensors 2007, Nova Science Publisher, NY, USA. D.K. Aswal, S.K. Gupta (Eds.).
5. Ramgir N.S., Datta N., Kaur M., Debnath A.K., Aswal D.K., Gupta S.K. Semiconductor nanowires and heterostructures based gas sensors. Nanowires: Properties, Synthesis and Applications 2011, 1-46. Nova Science Publisher, NY, USA, ISBN 978-1-61470-129-3. V. Lefevre (Ed.).
6. Hochbaum A.I., Yang P. Semiconductor nanowires for energy conversion. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110:527-546.
7. Joshi R.K., Hu Q., Alvi F., Joshi N., Kumar A. Au decorated zinc oxide nanowires for co sensing. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:16199.
8. Hong W.-K., Sohn J.I., Hwang D.-K., Kwon S.-S., Jo G., Song S., Kim S.-M., Ko H.-J., Park S.-Ju., Welland M.E., Lee T. Tunable electronic transport characteristics of surface-architecture-controlled ZnO nanowire field effect transistors. Nano Lett. 2008, 8:950-956.
9. Ramgir N.S., Yang Y., Zacharias M. Nanowires based sensors. Small 2010, 6:1705-1722.
10. Huang J., Wan Q. Gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide one-dimensional nanostructures. Sensors 2009, 9:9903-9924.
11. Afzal A., Cioffi N., Sabbatini L., Torsi L. NOx sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide nanostructures: progress and perspectives. Sens. Actuators B 2012, 171-172:25-42.
12. Yamazoe N. Toward innovations of gas sensor technology. Sens. Actuators B 2005, 108:2-14.
13. Blaser G., Th Ruhl, Diehl C., Ulrich M., Kohl D. Nanostructured semiconductor gas sensors to overcome sensitivity limitations due to percolation effects. Physica A 1999, 266:218-223.
14. 3 semiconductor gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 1997, 44:327-333.
15. 2 sensors: current status and future prospects. Sens. Actuators B 1995, 26:1-12.
16. Nanoscale Devices - Fundamental and Applications 2006, Springer, Dordrecht. R. Gross, L. Tagirov (Eds.).
17. Wang Z.L. Splendid one-dimensional nanostructures of zinc oxide: a new nanomaterial family for nanotechnology. ACS Nano 2008, 2:1987-1992.
18. Ramgir N.S., Mulla I.S., Pillai V.K. Micropencils and microhexagonal cones of ZnO. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:3995-4001.
19. Ramgir N.S., Late D.J., Bhise A.B., More M.A., Mulla I.S., Joag D.S., Vijayamohanan K. ZnO multipods, submicron wires, and spherical structures and their unique field emission behavior. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:18236-18242.
20. Yan X., Li Z., Zou C., Li S., Yang J., Chen R., Han J., Gao W. Renucleation and sequential growth of ZnO complex nano/microstructure: from nano/microrod to ball-shaped cluster. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:1436-1443.
21. Yang J., Qiu Y., Yang S. Studies of electrochemical synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanorod/nanobelt arrays on Zn substrates in alkaline solutions of amine-alcohol mixtures. Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7:2562-2567.
22. 2S sensor. CP1313 International Conference on Progress in Emerging Functional Materials, PEFM-2010 2010, 322-324. D.K. Aswal, A.K. Debnath (Eds.).
23. Wang Z.L. Novel nanostructures of ZnO for nanoscale photonics, optoelectronics, piezoelectricity, and sensing. Appl. Phys. A 2007, 88:7-15.
24. Rao C.N.R., Deepak F.L., Gundiah G., Govindaraj A. Inorganic nanowires. Prog. Solid State Chem. 2003, 31:5-147.
25. Greene L.E., Yuhas B.D., Law M., Zitoun D., Yang P. Solution-grown zinc oxide nanowires. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45:7535-7543.
26. Law M., Goldberger J., Yang P. Semiconductor nanowires and nanotubes. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2004, 34:83-122.
27. VanderWal R.L., Hunter G.W., Xu J.C., Kulis M.J., Berger G.M., Ticich T.M. Metal-oxide nanostructure and gas-sensing performance. Sens. Actuators B 1997, 44:327-333.
28. Korotcenkova G., Cho B.K. The role of grain size on the thermal instability of nanostructured metal oxides used in gas sensor applications and approaches for grain-size stabilization. Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 2012, 58:167-208.
29. 2 ultrafine particles by additives. J. Mater. Sci. 1992, 27:963-971.
30. 2 sensitivity and thermal stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18:1969-1976.
31. Korotcenkov G., Cho B.K., Nazarov M., Noh D.-Y., Kolesnikova E. Cathodoluminescence studies of un-doped and (Cu, Fe, and Co)-doped tin dioxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2010, 10:1123-1131.
32. Chitara B., Late D.J., Krupanidhi S.B., Rao C.N.R. Room-temperature gas sensors based on gallium nitride nanoparticles. Solid State Commun. 2010, 150:2053-2056.
33. Tomchenko A.A., Harmer G.P., Marquis B.T., Allen J.W. Semiconducting metal oxide sensor array for the selective detection of combustion gases. Sens. Actuators B 2003, 93:126-134.
34. Mitzner K.D., Sternhagen J., Galipeau D.W. Development of a micromachined hazardous gas sensor array. Sens. Actuators B 2003, 93:92-99.
35. Wollenstein J., Plaza J.A., Cane C., Min Y., Botttner H., Tuller H.L. A novel single chip thin film metal oxide array. Sens. Actuators B 2003, 93:350-355.
36. Liu A. Towards development of chemosensors and biosensors with metal-oxide-based nanowires or nanotubes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24:167-177.
37. Long Y.-Z., Yu M., Sun B., Gu C.-Z., Fan Z. Recent advances in large-scale assembly of semiconducting inorganic nanowires and nanofibers for electronics, sensors and photovoltaics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41:4560-4580.
38. Menzel A., Subannajui K., Moser F., Paul O., Zacharias M. Multifunctional ZnO nanowire based sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, 21:4342.
39. Göpel W. Ultimate limits in the miniaturization of chemical sensors. Sens. Actuators A 1996, 56:83-102.
40. Hobbs R.G., Petkov N., Holmes J.D. Semiconductor nanowire fabrication by bottom-up and top-down paradigms. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24:1975-1991.
41. Gupta S.K., Ramgir N.S., Kaur M., Datta N., Saxena V., Joshi A., Singh A., Aswal D.K. Studies on polymer-ZnO nanowires composites for gas sensing application. World J. Eng. 2010, 7:379-380.
42. 2S sensors. TFST, Indian Vacuum Symposium on Thin Films: Science and Technology 2011.
43. Schmitt S.W., Schechtel F., Amkreutz D., Bashouti M., Srivastava S.K., Hoffmann B., Dieker C., Spiecker E., Rech B., Christiansen S.H. Nanowire arrays in multicrystalline silicon thin films on glass: a promising material for research and applications in nanotechnology. Nano Lett. 2012, 12:4050-4054.
44. Peng K.-Q., Lee S.-T. Silicon nanowires for photovoltaic solar energy conversion. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23:198-215.
45. Subannajui K., Güder F., Zacharias M. Bringing order to the world of nanowire devices by phase shift lithography. Nano Lett. 2011, 11(9):3513-3518.
46. Haghiri-Gosnet A.M., Vieu C., Simon G., Mejias M., Carcenac F., Launois H. Nanofabrication at a 10nm length scale: limits of lift-off and electroplating transfer processes. J. Phys. IV: Proc. 9 1999, 133-141.
47. Marrian C.R.K., Tennant D.M. Nanofabrication. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2003, 21:S207-S215.
48. Fan H.J., Werner P., Zacharias M. Semiconductor nanowires: from self-organization to patterned growth. Small 2006, 2:700-717.
49. Lu W., Lieber C.M. Semiconductor nanowires. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006, 39:R387-R406.
50. Menzel A., Subannajui K., Bakhda R., Wang Y., Thomann R., Zacharias M. Tuning the growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires by controlled carrier and reaction gas modulation in thermal CVD. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3(19):2815-2821.
51. Zacharias M., Subannajui K., Menzel A., Yang Y. ZnO nanowire arrays - pattern generation, growth and applications. Phys. Status Solidi B 2010, 247:2305-2314.
52. Kang H.W., Yeo J., Hwang J.O., Hong S., Lee P., Han S.Y., Lee J.H., Rho Y.S., Kim S.O., Ko S.H., Sung H.J. Simple ZnO nanowires patterned growth by microcontact printing for high performance field emission device. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:11435-11441.
53. Subannajui K., Wongchoosuk C., Ramgir N., Wang C., Yang Y., Hartel A., Cimalla V., Zacharias M. Photoluminescent and gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanowires prepared by an ionic liquid assisted vapor transfer approach. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 112:034311.
54. Ramgir N.S., Subannajui K., Yang Y., Grimm R., Michiels R., Zacharias M. Reactive VLS and the reversible switching between VS and VLS growth modes for ZnO nanowire growth. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:10323-10329.
55. Wagner R.S., Ellis W.C. Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism of single crystal growth. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1964, 4:89-90.
56. Wang X., Song J., Summers C.J., Ryou J.H., Li P., Dupuis R.D. Density-controlled growth of aligned ZnO nanowires sharing a common contact: a simple, low-cost, and mask-free technique for large-scale applications. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:7720-7724.
57. Zhi C.Y., Bai X.D., Wang E.G. Synthesis of semiconductor nanowires by annealing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85:1802-1804.
58. Ng H.T., Chen B., Li J., Han J., Meyyappan M., Wu J. Optical properties of single-crystalline ZnO nanowires on m-sapphire. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82:2023-2055.
59. Zhao Q.X., Willander M., Morjan R.R., Hu Q.H., Campbell E.E.B. Optical recombination of ZnO nanowires grown on sapphire and Si substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83:165-167.
60. Sears G.W. A growth mechanism for mercury whiskers. Acta Metall. 1955, 3:361-366.
61. Sears G.W. A mechanism of whisker growth. Acta Metall. 1955, 3:367-369.
62. Fan H.J., Bertram F., Dadgar A., Christen J., Krost A., Zacharias M. Self-assembly of ZnO nanowires and the spatial resolved characterization of their luminescence. Nanotechnology 2004, 15:1401-1404.
63. Fan H.J., Lee W., Hauschild R., Alexe M.G., Le Rhun R., Scholz A., Dadgar K., Nielsch H., Kalt A., Krost A., Zacharias M., Goesele U. Template-assisted large-scale ordered arrays of ZnO pillars for optical and piezoelectric applications. Small 2006, 2:561-568.
64. Kim D.S., Scholz R., Goesele U., Zacharias M. Gold at the root or at the tip of ZnO nanowires: a model. Small 2008, 4:1615-1619.
65. Yang P., Yan H., Mao S., Russo R., Johnson J., Saykally R., Morris N., Pham J., He R., Choi H.-J. Controlled growth of ZnO nanowires and their optical properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2002, 2:323-331.
66. Menzel A., Subannajui K., Bakhda R., Wang Y., Thomann R., Zacharias M. Tuning the growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires by controlled carrier and reaction gas modulation in thermal CVD. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3:2815-2821.
67. Xu H., Hou Y., Gao J., Zhu H., Zhu R., Sun Y., Zhu X., Wang Y., Wang X., Yu D. Regrowth of template ZnO nanowires for the underlying catalyst-free growth mechanism. Cryst. Growth Des. 2011, 11:2135-2141.
68. Kolasinski K.W. Catalytic growth of nanowires: vapor-liquid-solid, vapor-solid-solid, solution-liquid-solid and solid-liquid-solid growth. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2006, 10:182-191.
69. Xia Y., Yang P., Sun Y., Wu Y., Mayers B., Gates B., Yin Y., Kim F., Yan H. One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15:353-389.
70. Subannajui K., Ramgir N., Grimm R., Michiels R., Yang Y., Müller S., Zacharias M. ZnO nanowire growth: a deeper understanding based on simulations and controlled oxygen experiments. Cryst. Growth Des. 2010, 10:1585-1589.
71. Wang F., Dong A., Sun J., Tang R., Yu H., Buhro W.E. Solution-liquid-solid growth of semiconductor nanowires. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45:7511-7521.
72. Despic A., Parkhutik V.P. Modern Aspect of Electrochemistry 1989, vol. 20. Plenum Press, NY, (Chapter 6).
73. Foss C.A., Hornyak G.L., Stockert M.C.R. Optical-properties of composite membranes containing arrays of nanoscopic gold cylinders. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96:7497-7499.
74. Cepak V.M., Hulteen J.C., Che G., Jirage K.B.J.A., Lakshmi B.B., Fisher E.R. Chemical strategies for template syntheses of composite micro- and nanostructures. Chem. Mater. 1997, 9:1065.
75. Jessensky O., Muller F., Gosele U. Self-organized formation of hexagonal pore arrays in anodic alumina. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72:1173-1175.
76. Hulteen J.C., Martin C.R. A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. 1997, 7:1075-1087.
77. 3 nanostructures and nanostructured arrays. ACS Nano 2008, 2:944-958.
78. Wang D., Jakobson H.P., Kou R., Tang J., Fineman R.Z., Yu D., Lu Y. Metal and semiconductor nanowire network thin films with hierarchical pore structures. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18:4231-4237.
79. Liang Y., Zhen C., Zou D., Xu D. Preparation of free-standing nanowire arrays on conductive substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126:16338-16339.
80. 2 nanostructures. Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12:3829-3833.
81. George A., Maijenburg A.W., Maas M.G., Blank D.H.A., ten Elshof J.E. Patterning functional materials using channel diffused plasma-etched self-assembled monolayer templates. Langmuir 2011, 27:12235-12242.
82. Sui R., Charpentier P. Synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures by direct sol-gel chemistry in supercritical fluids. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112:3057-3082.
83. Jung S.-H., Oh E., Lee K.-H., Yang Y., Park C.G., Park W., Jeong S.-H. Sonochemical preparation of shape-selective ZnO nanostructures. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8:265-269.
84. Mai L., Xu L., Han C., Xu X., Luo Y., Zhao S., Zhao Y. Electrospun ultralong hierarchical vanadium oxide nanowires with high performance for lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett. 2010, 10:4750-4755.
85. Xu C., Kim D., Chun J., Rho K., Chon B., Hong S., Joo T. Temperature-controlled growth of ZnO nanowires and nanoplates in the temperature range 250-300°C. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:21741-21746.
86. Liu B., Zeng H.C. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods in the diameter regime of 50nm. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125:4430-4431.
87. Wang J.M., Gao L. Wet chemical synthesis of ultralong and straight single-crystalline ZnO nanowires and their excellent UV emission properties. J. Mater. Chem. 2003, 13:2551-2554.
88. Guo M., Diao P., Cai S.M. Hydrothermal growth of well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays: dependence of morphology and alignment ordering upon preparing conditions. J. Solid State Chem. 2005, 178:1864-1873.
89. Sun Y., Ndifor-Angwafor N.G., Riley D.J., Ashfold M.N.R. Synthesis and photoluminescence of ultra-thin ZnO nanowire/nanotube arrays formed by hydrothermal growth. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 431:352-357.
90. Kahn M., Monge M., Snoeck E., Maisonnat A., Chaudret B. Spontaneous formation of ordered 2D and 3D superlattices of ZnO nanocrystals. Small 2005, 1:221-224.
91. Kahn M.L., Monge M., Colliere V., Senocq F., Maisonnat A., Chaudret B. Size- and shape-control of crystalline zinc oxide nanoparticles: a new organometallic synthetic method. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15:458-468.
92. Wu J., Coffer J.L. Strongly emissive erbium-doped tin oxide nanofibers derived from sol gel/electrospinning methods. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111:16088-16091.
93. 2 nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:21538-21542.
94. Feng Y., Hou W., Zhang X., Lv P., Li Y., Feng W. Highly sensitive reversible light-driven switches using electrospun porous aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanofibers. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:3956-3961.
95. Khan R., Ra H.-W., Kim J.T., Jang W.S., Sharma D., Im Y.H. Nanojunction effects in multiple ZnO nanowire gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B 2010, 150:389-393.
96. Huang X.-J., Choi Y.-K. Chemical sensors based on nanostructured materials. Sens. Actuators B 2007, 122:659-671.
97. Das S.N., Kar J.P., Choi J.-H., Il Lee T., Moon K.-J., Myoung J.-M. Fabrication and characterization of ZnO single nanowire-based hydrogen sensor. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:1689-1693.
98. Tien L.C., Wang H.T., Kang B.S., Ren F., Sadik P.W., Norton D.P., Pearton S.J., Lin J. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2005, 8:G230.
99. Liao L., Lu H.B., Li J.C., Liu C., Fu D.J., Liu Y.L. The sensitivity of gas sensor based on single ZnO nanowire modulated by helium ion radiation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91:173110.
100. 2S gas. Appl. Phys. A 2007, 87:91-96.
101. Ahn M.-W., Park K.-S., Heo J.-H., Park J.-G., Kim D.-W., Choi K.J., Lee J.-H., Hong S.-H. Gas sensing properties of defect-controlled ZnO-nanowire gas sensor. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93:263103.
102. Li L.M., Li C.C., Zhang J., Du Z.F., Zou B.S., Yu H.C., Wang Y.G., Wang T.H. Bandgap narrowing and ethanol sensing properties of In-doped ZnO nanowires. Nanotechnology 2007, 18:22.
103. Hsueh T.-J., Chang S.-J., Hsu C.-L., Lin Y.-R., Chen I.-C. Highly sensitive ZnO nanowire ethanol sensor with Pd adsorption. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91:053111.
104. Chang S.-J., Hsueh T.-J., Chen I.-C., Huang B.-R. Highly sensitive ZnO nanowire CO sensors with the adsorption of Au nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:175502.
105. Park S., An S., Ko H., Jin C., Lee C. Synthesis of nanograined ZnO nanowires and their enhanced gas sensing properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4:3650-3656.
106. Wan Q., Li Q.H., Chen Y.J., Wang T.H., He X.L., Li J.P., Lin C.L. Fabrication and ethanol sensing characteristics of ZnO nanowire gas sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84:3654.
107. Hongsith N., Viriyaworasakul C., Mangkorntong P., Mangkorntong N., Choopan S. Ethanol sensor based on ZnO and Au-doped ZnO nanowires. Ceram. Int. 2008, 34:823-826.
108. 3 nanowires arising from grain boundary barrier modulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91:022111.
109. 3 nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86:233101.
110. 3 nanowires. Cryst. Growth Des. 2007, 7:2500-2504.
111. 3 nanowires. Appl. Phys. A 2006, 85:241-246.
112. Ramirez F.-H., Barth S., Tarancon A., Casals O., Pellicer E., Rodriguez J., Rodriguez A.R., Morante J.R., Mathur S. Water vapor detection with individual tin oxide nanowires. Nanotechnology 2007, 18:424016.
113. 2 nanowire gas sensor and sensor performance for hydrogen. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:6643-6647.
114. 2 nanowire gas sensor with high sensitivity. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:095508.
115. 2 nanowires on metallic nanowire backbones for ethanol sensors application. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92:102101.
116. 2 nanowires for NOx gas sensors application. Ceram. Int. 2012, 38:6557-6563.
117. 2 nanowires: the temperature effect and acetone gas sensors. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:185705.
118. 2 nanowires and their sensing properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:12774-12781.
119. 2 nanowires. Sens. Actuators B 2005, 107:708.
120. 2 nanowires: synthesis and gas sensor application. Chem. Commun. 2005, 3841-3843.
121. 3. Sens. Actuators B 2008, 133:228.
122. 2 nanowire networks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3:3140-3145.
123. Hieu N.V. Highly reproducible synthesis of very large-scale tin oxide nanowires used for screen-printed gas sensor. Sens. Actuators B 2010, 144:425-431.
124. Polleux J., Gurlo A., Barsan N., Weimar U., Antonietti M., Niederberger M. Template-free synthesis and assembly of single-crystalline tungsten oxide nanowires and their gas-sensing properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45:261.
125. Ponzoni A., Comini E., Sberveglieri G., Zhou J., Deng S.Z., Xu N.S., Ding Y., Wang Z.L. Ultrasensitive and highly selective gas sensors using three-dimensional tungsten oxide nanowire networks. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88:203101.
126. 2 gas sensor application. Sens. Actuators B 2012, 171-172:760-768.
127. 3 nanofibers and their application for ammonia sensing. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110:23777-23782.
128. 3 nanowires for gas sensing application. J. Alloys Compd. 2012, 540:21-26.
129. 5 nanowire-based nanoelectronic devices for helium detection. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86:253102.
130. Wang G., Gou X., Horvat J., Park J. Facile synthesis and characterization of iron oxide semiconductor nanowires for gas sensing application. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:15220-15225.
131. 3 to acetone and the sensing mechanism. Langmuir 2012, 28:14090-14099.
132. Shyue J.-J., Cochran R.E., Padture N.P. Transparent-conducting, gas-sensing nanostructures (nanotubes, nanowires, and thin films) of titanium oxide synthesized at near-ambient conditions. J. Mater. Res. 2006, 21:2894.
133. 2 nanowire gas nanosensor by AFM anode oxidation. Ultramicroscopy 2008, 108:1334-1337.
134. 2 nanowire gas sensor supported with Pt nanocrystals: gas sensitivity, surface bond states, and chemical mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:9061.
135. 2 nanowires. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90:173119.
136. 2S detection by vertically aligned cuo nanowire array sensors. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:16017-16021.
137. Mashock M., Yu K., Cui S., Mao S., Lu G., Chen J. Modulating gas sensing properties of CuO nanowires through creation of discrete nanosized p-n junctions on their surfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4:4192-4199.
138. 2 gas sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134:4905-4917.
139. 2S detection by CuO nanowires at room temperature. Int. J. Neurosci. 2011, 10:733-737.
140. 2 nanowires based gas sensors. Asian J. Phys. 2010, 19:273-278.
141. Baik J.M., Zielke M., Kim M.H., Turner K.L., Wodtke A.M., Moskovits M. Tin-oxide-nanowire-based electronic nose using heterogeneous catalysis as a functionalization strategy. ACS Nano 2010, 4:3117-3122.
142. Youn S.K., Ramgir N., Wang C., Subannajui K., Cimalla V., Zacharias M. Catalyst-free growth of ZNO nanowires based on topographical confinement and preferential chemisorption and their use for room temperature co detection. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114:10092-10100.
143. Ahn M.-W., Park K.-S., Heo J.-H., Kim D.-W., Choi K.J., Park J.-G. On-chip fabrication of ZnO-nanowire gas sensor with high gas sensitivity. Sens. Actuators B 2009, 138:168-173.
144. Ramgir N.S., Ghosh M., Veerender P., Datta N., Kaur M., Aswal D.K., Gupta S.K. Growth and gas sensing characteristics of p and n-type ZnO nanostructures. Sens. Actuators B 2011, 156:875-880.
145. Yamazoe N., Tamaki J., Miura N. Role of hetero-junctions in oxide semiconductor gas sensors. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 1996, 41:178-181.
146. Korotcenkov G. Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: what determines our choice?. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2007, 139:1-23.
147. Yamazoe N., Miura N. Some basic aspects of semiconductor gas sensors. Chem. Sens. Technol. 1992, 4:19-42.
148. Yamazoe N. New approaches for improving semiconductor gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 1991, 5:7-19.
149. 2 thin films: a transmission electron microscopy analysis of the porosity evolution. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149(8):H153-H158.
150. 2S sensing characteristics of hydrothermally grown ZnO-nanowires network tailored by ultrathin CuO layers. Sens. Actuators B 2012, 166-167:394-401.
151. 2-ZnO core-shell nanofibers via a novel two-step process and their gas sensing properties. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:465603.
152. 2 core-shell nanowires. Sens. Actuators B 2010, 148:595-600.
153. 2 core-shell nanorods. Nanotechnology 2009, 20:045502.
154. Du N., Zhang H., Chen B., Wu J., Yang D. Low-temperature chemical solution route for ZnO based sulfide coaxial nanocables: general synthesis and gas sensor application. Nanotechnology 2007, 18:115619.
155. 2 core/shell PN-junction nanorods. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:12157-12160.
156. 3/ZnO hetero-nanostructures. Sens. Actuators B 2009, 140:185-189.
157. 3/ZnO core-shell nanorods for gas sensors. Sens. Actuators B 2006, 119:52-56.
158. 2-ZnO core-shell nano fibers. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2009, 92:2551-2554.
159. 3-ZnO core-shell nanowires and their application in gas sensing. Sens. Actuators B 2011, 160:1346-1351.
160. Korotcenkov G. The role of morphology and crystallographic structure of metal oxides in response of conductometric-type gas sensors. Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep. 2008, 61:1-39.
161. Han X., Jin M., Xie S., Kuang Q., Jiang Z., Jiang Y., Xie Z., Zheng L. Synthesis of tin dioxide octahedral nanoparticles with exposed high-energy {221} facets and enhanced gas-sensing properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48:9180-9183.
162. 3 case studies. Nanoscale 2011, 3:154-165.
163. Han X.-G., He H.-Z., Kuang Q., Zhou X., Zhang X.-H., Xu T., Xie Z.-X., Zheng L.-S. Controlling morphologies and tuning the related properties of nano/microstructured ZnO crystallites. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:584-589.
164. Greene L.E., Law M., Goldberger F., Kim F., Johnson J.C., Zhang Y., Saykally R.J., Yang P. Low temperature wafer scale production of ZnO nanowires arrays. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42:3031-3034.
165. Shen G., Cho J.H., Yoo J.K., Yi G.-C., Lee C.J. Synthesis and optical properties of S-doped ZnO nanostructures: nanonails and nanowires. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109:5491-5496.
166. Japic D., Paramo J.A., Marinsek M., Strzhemechny Y.M., Ore Z.C. Growth-morphology-luminescence correlation in ZnO-containing nanostructures synthesized in different media. J. Lumin. 2012, 132:1589-1596.
167. Carotta M.C., Cervi A., di Natale V., Gherardi S., Giberti A., Guidi V., Puzzovio D., Vendemiati B., Martinelli G., Sacerdoti M., Calestani D., Zappettini A., Zha M., Zanotti L. ZnO gas sensors: a comparison between nanoparticles and nanotetrapods-based thick films. Sens. Actuators B 2009, 137:164-169.
168. Guo W., Liu T., Zhang H., Sun R., Chen Y., Zeng W., Wang Z. Gas-sensing performance enhancement in ZnO nanostructures by hierarchical morphology. Sens. Actuators B 2012, 166-167:492-499.
169. Asar N., Erol A., Okur S., Arikan M.C. Morphology-dependent humidity adsorption kinetics of ZnO nanostructures. Sens. Actuators A 2012, 187:37-42.
170. Wu Q., Chen X., Zhang P., Han Y., Chen X., Yan Y., Li S. Amino acid-assisted synthesis of ZnO hierarchical architectures and their novel photocatalytic activities. Cryst. Growth Des. 2008, 8:3010-3018.
171. Liu Y., Kang Z.H., Chen Z.H., Shafiq I., Zapien J.A., Bello I., Zhang W.J., Lee S.T. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic application of different ZnO nanostructures in array configurations. Cryst. Growth Des. 2009, 9:3222-3227.
172. Xu F., Lu Y., Xie Y., Liu Y. Synthesis and photoluminescence of assembly-controlled ZnO architectures by aqueous chemical growth. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113:1052-1059.
173. Cao B., Cai W. From ZnO nanorods to nanoplates: chemical bath deposition growth and surface-related emissions. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112:680-685.
174. Wang X., Zhang Q., Wan Q., Dai G., Zhou C., Zou B. Controllable ZnO architectures by ethanolamine-assisted hydrothermal reaction for enhanced photocatalytic activity. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115:2769-2775.
175. Wang Z.L. ZnO nanowire and nanobelt platform for nanotechnology. Mater. Sci. Eng. Rep. 2009, 64:33-71.
176. I.M. Tiginyanu, O. Lupan, V.V. Ursaki, L. Chow, M. Enachi, Nanostructures of Metal Oxides in Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology, Volume 3: Materials, Preparation, and Properties, 2011, pp. 396-479.
177. 2. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108:14815-14819.
178. Asar N., Erol A., Okur S., Arikan M.C. Morphology-dependent humidity adsorption kinetics of ZnO nanostructures. Sens. Actuators A 2012, 187:37-42.
179. 2S sensors based on tungsten oxide nanostructures. Sens. Actuators B 2008, 128:488-493.
180. Rout C.S., Krishna S.H., Vivekchand S.R.C., Govindaraj A., Rao C.N.R. Hydrogen and ethanol sensors based on ZnO nanorods, nanowires and nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 418:586-590.
181. 2 nanowire sensors. Sens. Actuators B 2012, 165:110-118.
182. Gao P.X., Ding Y., Wang Z.L. Crystallographic orientation-align ZnO nanorods grown by a tin catalyst. Nano Lett. 2003, 3:1315-1320.
183. Baxter J.B., Aydil E.S. Epitaxial growth of ZnO nanowires on a- and c-plane sapphire. J. Cryst. Growth 2005, 274:407-411.
184. Wang D., Zhu R., Zhaoying Z., Ye X. Controlled assembly of zinc oxide nanowires using dielectrophoresis. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90:103110.
185. Lao C.S., Liu J., Gao P., Zhang L., Davidovic D., Tummala R. ZnO nanobelt/nanowire Schottky diodes formed by dielectrophoresis alignment across Au electrodes. Nano Lett. 2006, 6:263-266.
186. Suehiro J., Nakagawa N., Hidaka S.-I., Ueda M., Imasaka K., Higashihata M. Dielectrophoretic fabrication and characterization of a ZnO nanowire-based UV photosensor. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:2567-2573.
187. Zhang D., Wang S., Cheng K., Dai S., Hu B., Han X., Shi Q., Du Z. Controllable fabrication of patterned ZnO nanorod arrays: investigations into the impacts on their morphology. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4:2969-2977.
188. Liu J.-W., Liang H.-W., Yu S.-H. Macroscopic-scale assembled nanowire thin films and their functionalities. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112:4770-4799.
189. Assad O., Leshansky A.M., Wang B., Stelzner T., Christiansen S., Haick H. Spray-coating route for highly aligned and large-scale arrays of nanowires. ACS Nano 2012, 6:4702-4712.
190. Tsivion D., Schvartzman M., Popovitz-Biro R., Joselevich E. Guided growth of horizontal ZNO nanowires with controlled orientations on flat and faceted sapphire surfaces. ACS Nano 2012, 6:6433-6445.
191. Kallesøe C., Wen C.-Y., Booth T.J., Hansen O., Bøggild P., Ross F.M., Mølhave K. In situ tem creation and electrical characterization of nanowire devices. Nano Lett. 2012, 12:2965-2970.
192. Pevzner A., Engel Y., Elnathan R., Tsukernik A., Barkay Z., Patolsky F. Confinement-guided shaping of semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons: writing with nanowires. Nano Lett. 2012, 12:7-12.
193. Heurlin M., Magnusson M.H., Lindgren D., Ek M., Wallenberg L.R., Deppert K., Samuelson L. Continuous gas-phase synthesis of nanowires with tunable properties. Nature 2012, 492:90-94.