High Efficiency III-V Multijunction Solar Cells

Solar Cells

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 353-381

  Philipps, Simon P ^a   Dimroth, Frank ^a   Bett, Andreas W ^a  

^a FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882916244     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386964-7.00012-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Green M.A., Emery K., King D.L., Igari S., Warta W. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 01). Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 1993, 12:55-62.
2. Green M.A., Emery K., Hishikawa Y., Warta W., Dunlop E.D. Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 38). Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2011, 19:565-572.
3. Patel P., Aiken D., Boca A., Cho B., Chumney D., Clevenger M.B., et al. Experimental results from performance improvement and radiation hardening of inverted metamorphic multi-junction solar cells 2011, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Seattle, Washington, in press.
4. Bailey S., Raffaelle R. Space solar cells and arrays. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering 2011, 365-401. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, UK. A. Luque, S. Hegedus (Eds.).
5. Friedman D.J., Olson J.M., Kurtz S. High-efficiency III-V multijunction solar cells. Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering 2011, 314-364. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, UK. A. Luque, S. Hegedus (Eds.).
6. Bailey S.G., Raffaelle R., Emery K. Space and terrestrial photovoltaics: synergy and diversity. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2002, 10. 399-306.
7. Luque A., Andreev V.M. Concentrator Photovoltaics 2007, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 345.
8. Pérez-Higuerasa P., Muñoz E., Almonacida G., Vidala P.G. High Concentrator PhotoVoltaics efficiencies: present status and forecast. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15.
9. Andreev V.M. Solar cells for TPV converters. Next Generation Photovoltaics: High Efficiency Through Full Spectrum Utilization 2004, 246-273. Institute of Physics Publishing, St. Petersburg, Russia.
10. Coutts T.J. A review of progress in thermophotovoltaic generation of electricity. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 1999, 77-184.
11. Andreev V., Khvostikov V., Vlasov A. Solar thermophotovoltaics. Concentrator Photovoltaics 2007, 175-198. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. A. Luque, V. Andreev (Eds.).
12. Bauer T. Thermophotovoltaics: Basic Principles and Critical Aspects of System Design 2011, Springer, Berlin, Germany, p. 222.
13. Wojtczuk S.J. Long-wavelength laser power converters for optical fibers 1997, Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, CA, pp. 971-974.
14. Krut D., Sudharsanan R., Nishikawa W., Issiki T., Ermer J., Karam N.H. Monolithic multi-cell GaAs laser power converter with very high current density 2002, Proceedings of the 29th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, New Orleans, pp. 908-911.
15. Andreev V., Khvostikov V., Kalinovsky V., Lantratov V., Grilikhes V., Rumyantsev V., et al. High current density GaAs and GaSb photovoltaic cells for laser power beaming 2003, Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka, Japan, pp. 761-764.
16. Werthen J.G. Powering next generation networks by laser light over fiber 2008, Proceedings of the conference on optical fiber communication, San Diego, CA, pp. 2881-2883.
17. Oliva E., Dimroth F., Bett A.W. GaAs converters for high power densities of laser illumination. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2008, 4:289-295.
18. Schubert J., Oliva E., Dimroth F., Guter W., Loeckenhoff R., Bett A.W. High- voltage GaAs photovoltaic laser power converters. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 2009, 56:170-175.
19. Böbner G., Dreschmann M., Klamouris C., Hübner M., Röger M., Bett A.W., et al. An optically powered video camera link, IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 2008, 20:39-41.
20. Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables 2000, ASTM E490-00a, American Society for Testing and Materials.
21. Standard Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface 2008, ASTM-G173, ASTM.
22. Kurtz S.R., Myers D., McMahon W.E., Geisz J., Steiner M. A comparison of theoretical efficiencies of multi-junction concentrator solar cells. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2008, 16:537-546.
23. Shockley W., Queisser H.J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 1961, vol. 32:510-519.
24. Létay G., Bett A.W. EtaOpt-a program for calculating limiting efficiency and optimum bandgap structure for multi-bandgap solar cells and TPV cells 2001, Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, pp. 178-181.
25. Kinsey G.S., Edmondson K.M. Spectral response and energy output of concentrator multijunction solar cells. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2009, 17:279-288.
26. Philipps S.P., Peharz G., Hoheisel R., Hornung T., Al-Abbadi N.M., Dimroth F., et al. Energy harvesting efficiency of III-V triple-junction concentrator solar cells under realistic spectral conditions. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2010, 94:869-877.
27. Philipps S.P., Peharz G., Hoheisel R., Hornung T., Al-Abbadi N.M., Dimroth F., et al. Energy harvesting efficiency of lll-V multi-junction concentrator solar cells under realistic spectral conditions 2010, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems, Freiburg, Germany, pp. 294-298.
28. Dimroth F., Philipps S.P., Welser E., Kellenbenz R., Roesener T., Klinger V., et al. Promises of advanced multi-junction solar cells for the use in CPV systems 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, pp. 1231-1236.
29. Norton M., Dobbin A., Phinikarides A., Tibbits T., Georghiou G.E., Chonavel S. Field performance evaluation and modelling of spectrally tuned quantum-well solar cells 2011, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Seattle, Washington, in press.
30. Kurtz S.R., Olson J.M., Faine P. The difference between standard and average efficiencies of multijunction compared with single-junction concentrator cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1991, 30:501-513.
31. Faine P., Kurtz S.R., Riordan C., Olson J.M. The influence of spectral solar irradiance variations on the performance of selected single-junction and multijunction solar cells. Sol. Cells 1991, 31:259-278.
32. Araki K., Yamaguchi M. Influences of spectrum change to 3-junction concentrator cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2003, 75:707-714.
33. Peharz G., Siefer G., Bett A.W. A simple method for quantifying spectral impacts on multi-junction solar cells. Sol. Energy 2009, 83:1588-1598.
34. Hoheisel R., Philipps S.P., Bett A.W. Long-term energy production of III-V triple- junction solar cells on the Martian surface. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2010, 18:90-99.
35. Bett A.W., Dimroth F., Stollwerck G., Sulima O.V. III-V compounds for solar cell applications. Appl. Phys. 1999, 69:119-129.
36. Fraas L.M., Avery J.E., Martin J., Sundaram V.S., Girard G., Dinh V.T., et al. Over 35-percent efficient GaAs/GaSb tandem solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 1990, 37:443-449.
37. Andreev V.M., Karlina L.B., Kazantsev A.B., Khvostikov V.P., Rumyantsev V.D., Sorokina S.V., et al. Concentrator tandem solar cells based on AlGaAs/GaAs-InP/ InGaAs(or GaSb) structures 1994, Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Hawaii, USA, pp. 1721-1724.
38. Takamoto T., Ikeda E., Agui T., Kurita H., Tanabe T., Tanaka S., et al. InGaP/ GaAs and InGaAs mechanically stacked triple junction solar cells 1997, Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Anaheim, California, USA, pp. 1031-1034.
39. Bett A.W., Baur C., Beckert R., Dimroth F., Létay G., Hein M., et al. Development of high-efficiency mechanically stacked GaInP/GaInAs-GaSb triple-junction concentrator solar cells 2001, Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, pp. 84-87.
40. Esaki L. New phenomenon in narrow Germanium p-n junction. Phys. Rev. 1958, 109:603-604.
41. Hermle M., Létay G., Philipps S.P., Bett A.W. Numerical simulation of tunnel diodes for multi-junction solar cells. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2008, 16:409-418.
42. Meusel M., Baur C., Létay G., Bett A.W., Warta W., Fernandez E. Spectral response measurements of monolithic GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells: measurement artifacts and their explanation. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2003, 11:499-514.
43. Baur C., Hermle M., Dimroth F., Bett A.W. Effects of optical coupling in III-V multilayer systems. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90. 192109/1-192109/3.
44. Siefer G., Baur C., Bett A.W. External quantum efficiency measurements of germanium bottom subcells: measurement artifacts and correction procedures 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference Honolulu, HI, pp. 704-707.
45. Li J.-J., Lim S.H., Allen C.R., Ding D., Zhang Y.-H. Combined effects of shunt and luminescence coupling on external quantum efficiency measurements of multi- junction solar cells 2011, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Seattle, Washington, in press.
46. Bett A.W., Dimroth F., Siefer G. Multijunction concentrator solar cells. Concentrator Photovoltaics 2007, 67-87. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. A. Luque, V. Andreev (Eds.).
47. Moore A.R. An optimized grid design for a sun-concentrator solar cell. RCA Review 1979, 40:140-151.
48. Nubile P., Veissid N. A contribution to the optimization of front-contact grid patterns for solar cells. Solid-State Electron 1994, 37:220-222.
49. Rey-Stolle I., Algora C. Modeling of the resistive losses due to the bus-bar and external connections in III-V high-concentrator solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 2002, 49:1709-1714.
50. Galiana B., Algora C., Rey-Stolle I., Vara I.G. A 3-D model for concentrator solar cells based on distributed circuit units. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 2005, 52:2552-2558.
51. Steiner M., Philipps S.P., Hermle M., Bett A.W., Dimroth F. Validated front contact grid simulation for GaAs solar cells under concentrated sunlight. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2010, 19:73-83.
52. Algora C. Very-high-concentration challenges of III-V multijunction solar cells. Concentrator Photovoltaics 2007, 89-111. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. A. Luque, V. Andreev (Eds.).
53. Law D.C., King R.R., Yoon H., Archer M.J., Boca A., Fetzer C.M., et al. Future technology pathways of terrestrial III-V multijunction solar cells for concentrator photovoltaic systems. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 94:1314-1318.
54. Friedman D.J. Progress and challenges for next-generation high-efficiency multijunction solar cells. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2010, 14:131-138.
55. Philipps S.P., Guter W., Welser E., Schöne J., Steiner M., Dimroth F., et al. Present status in the development of III-V multi-junction solar cells. New Concepts for a Next Generation of Photovoltaics 2011, Springer, to be published, Berlin, Germany. L. Luque, A. Martí, A.B. Cristóbal (Eds.).
56. Kayes B.M., Nie H., Twist R., Spruytte S.G. 27.6% conversion efficiency, a new record for single-junction solar cells under 1 sun illumination 2011, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Seattle, Washington, in press.
57. Garcia I., Rey-Stolle I., Galiana B., Algora C. A 32.6 percent efficient lattice- matched dual-junction solar cell working at 1000 suns. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94:053509.
58. Sharps P.R., Stan M.A., Aiken D.J., Newman F.D., Hills J.S., Fatemi N.S. High efficiency multi-junction solar cells - past, present, and future 2004, Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Paris, France, pp. 3569-3574.
59. Alferov Z.I., Andreev V.M., Rumyantsev V.D. III-V heterostructures in photovoltaics. Concentrator Photovoltaics 2007, 25-50. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. A. Luque, V. Andreev (Eds.).
60. King R., Boca A., Hong W., Larrabee D., Edmondson K.M., Law D.C., et al. Band-gap-engineered architectures for high-efficiency multijunction concentrator solar cells 2009, Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exibition, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 55-61.
61. Barnham K.W.J., Ballard I., Connolly J.P., Ekins-Daukes N.J., Kluftinger B.G., Nelson J., et al. Quantum well solar cells. Physica 2002, 14:27-36.
62. Barnham K., Ballard I., Barnes J., Connolly J., Griffin P., Kluftinger B., et al. Quantum well solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 113-114 1997, 722-733.
63. Ekins-Daukes N.J., Barnham K.W.J., Connolly J.P., Roberts J.S., Clark J.C., Hill G., et al. Strain-balanced GaAsP/InGaAs quantum well solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75:4195-4197.
64. Walters R.J., Summers G.P., Messenger S.R., Freundlich A., Monier C., Newman F. Radiation hard multi-quantum well InP/InAsP solar cells for space applications. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2000, 8:349-354.
65. 0.01As /Ge spase solar cells with multi quantum wells 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, pp. 117-122.
66. Barnham K.W.J., Ballard I.M., Browne B.C., Bushnell D.B., Connolly J.P., Ekins-Daukes N.J., et al. Recent progress in quantum well solar cells. Nanotechnology for Photovoltaics 2010, 187-210. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. L. Tsakalakos (Ed.).
67. Adams J.G.J., Browne B.C., Ballard I.M., Connolly J.P., Chan N.L.A., Ioannides A., et al. Recent results for single-junction and tandem quantum well solar cells. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2011, in press.
68. Kailuweit P., Kellenbenz R., Philipps S.P., Guter W., Bett A.W., Dimroth F. Numerical simulation and modeling of GaAs quantum-well solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107. 064317-1-064317-6.
69. xAs tandem solar cells for space and for terrestrial concentrator applications at C.1000 suns. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2001, 9:165-178.
70. Guter W., Schöne J., Philipps S.P., Steiner M., Siefer G., Wekkeli A., et al. Current- matched triple-junction solar cell reaching 41.1% conversion efficiency under concentrated sunlight. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94. 223504-1-223504-3.
71. Bett A.W., Baur C., Dimroth F., Schöne J. Metamorphic GaInP-GaInAs layers for photovoltaic applications. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 2005, 836:223-234.
72. Schöne J., Spiecker E., Dimroth F., Bett A.W., Jäger W. Misfit dislocation blocking by Dilute Nitride intermediate layers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92:081905.
73. King R.R., Law D.C., Edmondson K.M., Fetzer C.M., Kinsey G.S., Yoon H., et al. 40% efficient metamorphic GaInP/GaInAs/Ge multijunction solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90. 183516-1-183516-3.
74. Dimroth F., Kurtz S. High-efficiency multijunction solar cells. MRS Bull. 2007, 32:230-234.
75. Geisz J.F., Friedman D.J., Ward J.S., Duda A., Olavarria W.J., Moriarty T.E., et al. 40.8% efficient inverted triple-junction solar cell with two independently metamorphic junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93. 123505-1-123505-3.
76. Cornfeld A.B., Stan M., Varghese T., Diaz J., Ley A.V., Cho B., et al. Development of a large area inverted metamorphic multi-junction (IMM) highly efficient AM0 solar cell 2008, Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, pp. 26/1-5.
77. Yoon H., Haddad M., Mesropian S., Yen J., Edmondson K., Law D., et al. Progress of inverted metamorphic III-V solar cell development at Spectrolab 2008, Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, USA, pp. 25/1-6.
78. Boisvert J., Law D., King R., Bhusari D., Liu X., Zakaria A., et al. Development of advanced space solar cells at Spectrolab 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp. 123-127.
79. Takamoto T., Agui T., Yoshida A., Nakaido K., Juso H., Sasaki K., et al. World's highest efficiency triple-junction solar cells fabricated by inverted layers transfer process 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, pp. 412-417.
80. Wojtczuk S., Chiu P., Zhang X., Derkacs D., Harris C., Pulver D., et al. InGaP/ GaAs/InGaAs 41% concentrator cells using bi-facial epigrowth 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawai, pp. 1259-1264.
81. Chiu P., Wojtczuk S., Harris C., Pulver D., Timmons M. 42.3% efficient InGaP/ GaAs/InGaAs concentrators using bifacial epigrowth 2011, Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Seattle, Washington, in press.
82. Yamaguchi M., Amano C. Efficiency calculations of thin-film GaAs solar cells on Si substrates. J. Appl. Phys. 1985, 58:3601-3606.
83. Fang S.F., Adomi K., Iyer S., Morkoç H., Zabel H., Choi C., et al. Gallium arsenide and other compound semiconductors on Silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 1990, 68:R31-58.
84. Bett A.W., Borgwarth K., Schetter C., Sulima O.V., Wettling W. GaAs-on-Si solar cell structures grown by MBE and LPE 1992, Proceedings of the 6th International Photovoltaic Scinece and Engineering Concerence, New Delhi, India, pp. 843-847.
85. Ahrenkiel R.K., Al Jassim M.M., Keyes B., Dunlavy D., Jones K.M., Venon S.M., et al. Minority carrier lifetime of GaAs on silicon. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137:996-1000.
86. Hayashi K., Soga T., Nishikawa H., Jimbo T., Umeno M. MOCVD growth of GaAsP on Si for tandem solar cell application 1994, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Waikoloa, Hawai.
87. Ringel S.A., Carlin J.A., Andre C.L., Hudait M.K., Gonzalez M., Wilt D.M., et al. Single-junction InGaP/GaAs solar cells grown on Si substrates with SiGe buffer layers. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2002, 10:417-426.
88. Lueck M.R., Andre C.L., Pitera A.J., Lee M.L., Fitzgerald E.A., Ringel S.A. Dual junction GaInP/GaAs solar cells grown on metamorphic SiGe/Si substrates with high open circuit voltage. IEEE Electron Dev. Lett. 2006, 27:142-144.
89. Geisz J.F., Olson J.M., Romero M.J., Jiang C.S., Norman A.G. Lattice-mismatched GaAsP solar cells grown on Silicon by OMVPE 2006, Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, pp. 772-775.
90. Colace L., Masini G., Galluzzi F., Assanto G., Capellini G., Gaspare L.D., et al. Metal-semiconductor-metal near-infrared light detector based on epitaxial Ge/Si. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 72:3175-3177.
91. Park J.-S., Curtin M., Bai J., Carrol M., Lochtefeld A. Growth of Ge thick layers on Si(001) substrates using reduced pressure chemcial vapor deposition. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 45:8581-8585.
92. Grassman T.J., Brenner M.R., Gonzalez M., Carlin A.M., Unocic R.R., Dehoff R.R., et al. Characterization of metamorphic GaAsP/Si materials and devices for photovoltaic applications. IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 2010, 57:3361-3369.
93. Döscher H., Hannappel T. In situ reflection anisotropy spectroscopy analysis of heteroepitaxial GaP films grown on Si(100). J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107:123523.
94. Roesener T., Döscher H., Beyer A., Brückner S., Klinger V., Wekkeli A., et al. MOVPE growth of III-V solar cells on Silicon in 300mm closed coupled showerhead reactor 2010, Proceedings of the 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Valencia, Spain, pp. 964-968.
95. Volz K., Beyer A., Witte W., Ohlmann J., Németha I., Kunert B., et al. GaP- nucleation on exact Si (001) substrates for III/V device integration. J. Cryst. Growth 2011, 315:37-47.
96. Kondow M., Uomi K., Niwa A., Kitatani T., Watahiki S., Yazawa Y. GaInNAs: a novel material for long-wavelength-range laser diodes with excellent high-temperature performance. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 35:1273-1275.
97. Geisz J.F., Friedman D.J. III-N-V semiconductors for solar photovoltaic applications. Semicond. Sci. Technol 2002, 17:769-777.
98. Volz K., Stolz W., Teubert J., Klar P.J., Heimbrodt W., Dimroth F., et al. Doping, electrical properties and solar cell application of GaInNAs. Dilute III-V Nitride Semiconductors and Material Systems 2008, 369-404. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Heidelberg. E. Ayse (Ed.).
99. Tong Q.-Y., Gösele U. Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science and Technology 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, New York, USA, p. 297.
100. Reiche M. Semiconductor wafer bonding. Phys. Status Solidi 2006, 203:747-759.
101. Mayer J.W. Ion implantation in semiconductors 1973, International Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 3-5.
102. Kelly M.K., Ambacher O., Dimitrov R., Handschuh R. Stutzmann, Optical process for liftoff of group III-nitride films. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 1997, 159:R3-R4.
103. Dross F., Robbelein J., Vandevelde B., Van Kerschaver E., Gordon I., Beaucarne G., et al. Stress-induced large-area lift-off of crystalline Si films. Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process 2007, 89:149-152.
104. Demeester P., Pollentier I., De Dobbelaere P., Brys C., Van Daele P. Epitaxial lift-off and its applications. Semicond. Sci. Technol 1993, 8:1124-1135.
105. Fontcuberta i Morral A., Zahler J.M., Atwater H.A., Ahrenkiel S.P., Wanlass M.W. InGaAs/InP double heterostructures on InP/Si templates fabricated by wafer bonding and hydrogen-induced exfoliation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83:5413.
106. Zahler J.M., Tanabe K., Ladous C., Pinnington T., Newman F.D., Atwater H.A. High efficiency InGaAs solar cells on Si by InP layer transfer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91:012108.
107. Archer M.J., Law D.C., Mesropian S., Haddad M., Fetzer C.M., Ackerman A.C., et al. GaInP/GaAs dual junction solar cells on Ge/Si epitaxial templates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92:103503.
108. Dreyer K., Fehrenbacher E., Oliva E., Leimenstoll A., Schätzle F., Hermle M., et al. GaInP/GaAs/Si triple-junction solar cell formed by wafer bonding. DPG Spring Meeting, Dresden, Germany 2011.
109. Volz K., Lackner D., Nemeth I., Kunert B., Stolz W., Baur C., et al. Optimization of annealing conditions of (GaIn)(NAs) for solar cell applications. J. Cryst. Growth 2008, 310:2222-2228.
110. 1-y solar cells 2005, Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 595-598.
111. Essig S., Stämmler E., Rönsch S., Oliva E., Schachtner M., Siefer G., et al. Dilute nitrides for 4- and 6-junction space solar cells 2011, Proceedings of the 9th European Space Power Conference, Saint Raphaël, France, in press.
112. Dimroth F., Schubert U., Bett A.W., Hilgarth J., Nell M., Strobl G., et al. Next generation GaInP/GaInAs/Ge multi-junction space solar cells 2001, Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, pp. 2150-2154.
113. Dimroth F., Meusel M., Baur C., Bett A.W., Strobl G. 3-6 junction photovoltaic cells for space and terrestrial concentrator applications 2005, Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 525-529.
114. Friedman D.J., Geisz J.F., Norman A.G., Wanlass M.W., Kurtz S.R. 0.7-eV GaInAs junction for a GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs(1eV)/GaInAs(0.7eV) four-junction solar cell 2006, Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, pp. 598-602.
115. Law D.C., Bhusari D.M., Mesropian S., Boisvert J.C., Hong W.D., Boca A., et al. Semiconductor-bonded III-V multi-junction space solar cells 2009, Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 2237-2239.
116. Cornfeld A.B., Aiken D., Cho B., Ley A.V., Sharps P., Stan M., et al. Development of a four sub-cell inverted metamorphic multi-junction (IMM) highly efficient AM0 solar cell 2010, Proceedings of the 35th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialists Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp. 105-109.
117. Imenes A.G., Mills D.R. Spectral beam splitting technology for increased conversion efficiency in solar concentrating systems: a review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2004, 84:19-69.
118. Moon R.L., James L.W., Vander Plas H.A., Yep T.O., Antypas G.A., Chai Y. Multigap solar cell requirements and the performance of AlGaAs and Si cells in concentrated sunlight 1978, Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Washington DC, USA, pp. 859-867.
119. Imenes A.G., Buie D., McKenzie D. The design of broadband, wide-angle interference filters for solar concentrating systems. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006, 90:1579-1606.
120. Fraas L.M., Avery J.E., Huang H.X., Minkin L., Shifman E. Demonstration of a 33% efficient Cassegrainian solar module 2006, Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, pp. 679-682.
121. Barnett A., Kirkpatrick D., Honsberg C., Moore D., Wanlass M., Emery K., et al. Short communication: accelerated publication very high efficiency solar cell modules. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2009, 17:75-83.
122. Vincenzi D., Busato A., Stefancich M., Martinelli G. Concentrating PV system based on spectral separation of solar radiation. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 2009, 206:375-378.
123. Torrey E.R., Ruden P.P., Cohen P.I. Performance of a split-spectrum photovoltaic device operating under time-varying spectral conditions. J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 109:074909.
124. Mitchell B., Peharz G., Siefer G., Peters M., Gandy T., Goldschmidt J.C., et al. Four-junction spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic receiver with high optical efficiency. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2010, 19:61-72.
125. McCambridge J.D., Steiner M.A., Unger B.L., Emery K.A., Christensen E.L., Wanlass M.W., et al. Compact spectrum splitting photovoltaic module with high efficiency. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 2011, 19:352-360.
126. Kailuweit P., Peters M., Leene J., Mergenthaler K., Dimroth F., Bett A.W. Numerical simulations of absorption properties of InP nanowires for solar cell applications. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl 2011.
127. Martensson T., Svensson C.P.T., Wacaser B.A., Larsson M.W., Seifert W., Deppert K., et al. Epitaxial III-V nanowires on silicon. Nano Lett. 2004, 4:1987-1990.
128. Wei W., Bao X.-Y., Soci C., Ding Y., Wang Z.-L., Wang D. Direct heteroepitaxy of vertical InAs Nanowires on Si substrates for broad band photovoltaics and photodetection. Nano Lett. 2009, 9:2926-2934.
129. Kandala A., Betti T. A.F.i. Morral, General theoretical considerations on nanowire solar cell designs. Phys. Status Solidi (a) 2009, 206:173-178.
130. Goto H., Nosaki K., Tomioka K., Hara S., Hiruma K., Motohisa J., et al. Growth of Core-Shell InP nanowires for photovoltaic application by selective-area metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Appl. Phys. Express 2009, 2:035004.
131. Heurlin M., Wickert P., Fält S., Borgström M.T., Deppert K., Samuelson L., et al. Axial InP nanowire tandem junction grown on a Silicon substrate. Nano Lett. 2011, 11:2028-2031.
132. Nanotechnology for Photovoltaics 2010, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. L. Tsakalakos (Ed.).