Integration of peripheral adiposity signals and psychological controls of appetite

Appetite and Body Weight

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 167-190

  Lattemann, Dianne Figlewicz ^a   Sanders, Nicole M ^a   Naleid, Amy MacDonald ^b   Sipols, Alfred J ^c  

^a VA PUGET SOUND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA   (Latvia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882407695     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370633-1/50007-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (205)

1. Abrahamsen G.C., Carr K.D. Effects of corticosteroid synthesis inhibitors on the sensitization of reward by food restriction. Brain Res. 1996, 726:39-48.
2. Adami G., Campostano A., Cella F., Fernandes G. Serum leptin level and restrained eating-Study with Eating Disorder Examination. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 75:189-192.
3. Agmo A., Galvan A., Talamantes B. Reward and reinforcement produced by drinking sucrose: two processes that may depend on different neurotransmitters. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1995, 52:403-414.
4. Anand B.K., Brobeck J.R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J. Biol. Med. 1951, 24:123-146.
5. Arase K., Fisler J.S., Shargill N.S., York D.A., Bray G.A. Intracerebroventricular infusions of 3-OHB and insulin in a rat model of dietary obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 1988, 255:R974-R981.
6. Arjune D., Standifer K.M., Pasternak G.W., Bodnar R.J. Reduction by central beta-funaltrexamine of food intake in rats under freely-feeding, deprivation and glucoprivic conditions. Brain Res. 1990, 535:101-109.
7. Arjune D., Bowen W.D., Bodnar R.J. Ingestive behavior following central [d-Ala2, Leu5,Cys6]-enkephalin (DALCE), a short-acting agonist and long-acting antagonist at the delta opioid receptor. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1991, 39:429-436.
8. Arnone M., Maruani J., Chaperon F., Thiebot M.H., Poncelet M., Soubrie P., LeFur G. Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors. Psychopharmacology 1997, 132:104-106.
9. Badiani A., Leone P., Noel M.B., Stewart J. Ventral tegmental area opioid mechanisms and modulation of ingestive behavior. Brain Res. 1995, 670:264-276.
10. Bakshi V.P., Kelley A.E. Feeding induced by opioid stimulation of the ventral striatum: role of opiate receptor subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 265:1253-1260.
11. Balagura S., Hoebel B.G. Self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus modified by insulin and glucagons. Physiol. Behav. 1967, 2:337-340.
12. Barbano M.F., Cador M. Differential regulation of the consummatory, motivational, and anticipatory aspects of feeding behavior by dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, e-Pub Oct. 2005.
13. Bardo M.T., Bevins R.A. Conditioned place preference: what does it add to our preclinical understanding of drug reward?. Psychopharmacology 2000, 153:31-43.
14. Baskin D.G., Figlewicz Lattemann D., Seeley R.J., Woods S.C., Porte D., Schwartz M.W. Insulin and leptin: dual adiposity signals to the brain for the regulation of food intake and body weight. Brain Res. 1999, 848:114-123.
15. Bassareo V., DiChiara G. Differential influence of associative and nonassociative learning mechanisms on the responsiveness of prefrontal and accumbal dopamine transmission to food stimulus in rats fed ad libitum. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:851-861.
16. Bassareo V., DiChiara G. Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11:4389-4397.
17. Basso A.M., Kelley A.E. Feeding induced by GABA (A) receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens shell: regional mapping and characterization of macronutrient and taste preference. Behav. Neurosci. 1999, 113:324-336.
18. Baunez C., Amalric M., Robbins T.W. Enhanced food-related motivation after bilateral lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:562-568.
19. Baunez C., Dias C., Cador M., Amalric M. The subthalamic nucleus exerts opposite control on cocaine and 'natural' rewards. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:484-489.
20. Bell S.M., Stewart R.B., Thompson S.C., Meisch R.A. Food deprivation increases cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1997, 131:1-8.
21. Bernardis L.L., Bellinger L.L. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: neuroanatomy, body weight regulation, neuroendocrinology and metabolism. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1993, 17:141-193.
22. Berridge K.C. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1996, 28:309-369.
23. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 28:309-369.
24. Berry E.M., Mechoulam R. Tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoids in feeding and appetite. Pharmacol. Ther. 2002, 95:185-190.
25. Berthoud H.R. Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2002, 26:393-428.
26. Bielajew C., Trzcinska M. Characteristics of stimulation-induced feeding sites in the sulcal prefrontal cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 1994, 61:29-35.
27. Birketvedt G., Florholmen J., Sundsfjord J., Osterud B., Dinges D., Bilker W., Stunkard A.J. Behavioral and neuroendocrine characteristics of the night-eating syndrome. JAMA 1999, 282:657-663.
28. Birketvedt G., Sundsfjord J., Florholmen J.R. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the night-eating syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 282:E366-E369.
29. Bittencourt J.C., Presse F., Arias C., Peto C., Vaughan J., Nahon J.L., Vale W., Sawchenko P.E. The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 319:218-245.
30. Blundell J.E., Herberg L.J. Effectiveness of lateral hypothalamic stimulation, arousal, and food deprivation in the intiation of hoarding behavior in naïve rats. Physiol. Behav. 1973, 4:763-764.
31. Brady L.C., Smith M.A., Gold P.W., Herkenham M. Altered expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNAs in food-restricted and food-deprived rats. Neuroendocrinology 1990, 52:441-447.
32. Branson R., Potoczna N., Kral J.G., Lenter K.U., Hoehe M.R., Horber F.F. Binge eating as a major phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:1096-1103.
33. Broberger C., DeLecea L., Sutcliffe J.G., Hokfelt T. Hypocretin/orexin- and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:460-474.
34. Cabeza de Vaca S., Holiman S., Carr K.D. A search for the metabolic signal that sensitizes lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in food-restricted rats. Physiol. Behav. 1998, 64:251-260.
35. Cabeza de Vaca S., Kim G.Y., Carr K.D. The melanocortin receptor agonist MT II augments the rewarding effect of amphetamine in ad-libitum and food-restricted rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2002, 161:77-85.
36. Cabeza de Vaca S., Hao J., Afroz T., Krahne L.L., Carr K.D. Feeding, body weight, and sensitivity to non-ingestive reward stimuli during and after 12-day continuous central infusions of melanocortin receptor ligands. Peptides 2005, 26:2314-2321.
37. Carr K.D. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes produces a naltrexone-reversible lowering of threshold for lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. Brain Res. 1994, 664:211-214.
38. Carr K.D. Augmentation of drug reward by chronic food restriction: behavioral evidence and underlying mechanisms. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 76:353-364.
39. Carr K.D., Wolinsky T.D. Chronic food restriction and weight loss produce opioid facilitation of perifornical hypothalamic self-stimulation. Brain Res. 1993, 607:141-148.
40. Carr K.D., Aleman D.O., Bak T.H., Simon E.J. Effects of parabrachial opioid antagonism on stimulation-induced feeding. Brain Res. 1991, 545:283-286.
41. Carr K.D., Kim G.Y., Cabeza de Vaca S. Hypoinsulinemia may mediate the lowering of self-stimulation thresholds by food restriction and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Brain Res. 2000, 863:160-168.
42. Carroll M.E., Meisch R.A. Increased drug-reinforced behavior due to food deprivation. Adv. Behav. Pharmacol. 1984, 4:47-88.
43. Chaperon F., Soubrie P., Puech A.J., Thiebot M.H. Involvement of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in the establishment of place conditioning in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1998, 135:324-332.
44. Chavez M., Riedy C.A., Van Dijk G.V., Woods S.C. Central insulin and macronutrient intake in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 271:R727-R731.
45. Cleary I., Weldon D.T., O'Hare E., Billington C., Levine A.S. Naloxone effects on sucrosemotivated behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1996, 126:110-114.
46. Cummings D.E., Shannon M.H. Roles for ghrelin in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Arch. Surg. 2003, 138:389-396.
47. Davis C., Strachan S., Berkson M. Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. Appetite 2003, 42:131-138.
48. Dawe S., Loxton N.J. The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Eat. Behav. 2004, 4:343-351.
49. Delgado J., Anand B.K. Increase of food intake induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1953, 172:162-168.
50. De Olmos J.S., Heimer L. The concepts of the ventral striatopallidal system and extended amygdala. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 877:1-32.
51. Deroche-Gamonet V., LeMoal M., Piazza P.V., Soubrie P. SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, decreases the sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2001, 157:254-259.
52. de Zwaan M. Binge eating disorder and obesity. Int. J. Obes. Rel. Metab. Disrod. 2001, 25(Suppl. 1):S51-S55.
53. Di Marzo V., Goparaju S.K., Wang L., Liu J., Batkal S., Jaral Z., Fezza F., Miura G.L., Palmiter R.D., Sugiura T., Kunos G. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature 2001, 410:822-825.
54. Drewnowski A., Krahn D.D., Demitrack M.A., Nairn K., Gosnell B.A. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high fat foods: evidence of opioid involvement. Physiol. Behav. 1992, 51:371-379.
55. Drewnowski A., Krahn D.D., Demitrack M.A., Nairn K., Gosnell B.A. Naloxone, an opiate blocker, reduces the consumption of sweet high fat foods in obese and lean, female binge eaters. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 61:1206-1212.
56. Duarte C., Alonso R., Bichet N., Cohen C., Soubrie P., Thiebot M.-H. Blockade by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, antagonist, Rimonabant (SR141716), of the potentiation by quinelorane of food-primed reinstatement of food-seeking behavion. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:911-920.
57. Elias C.F., Saper C.B., Maratos-Flier E., Tritos N.A., Lee C., Kelly J., Tatro J.B., Hoffman G.E., Ollman M.M., Barsh G.S., Sakurai T., Yanagisawa M., Elmquist J.K. Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:442-459.
58. Epstein A.N., Teitelbaum P. Specific loss of the hypoglycemic, control of feeding in recovered lateral rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1967, 213:1159-1167.
59. Everitt B.J., Parkinson J.A., Olmstead M.C., Arroyo M., Robledo P., Robbins T.W. Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1999, 877:412-438.
60. Figlewicz D.P. Adiposity signals and food reward: expanding the CNS roles of insulin and leptin. Am. J. Physiol. 2003, 284:R882-R892.
61. Figlewicz D.P., Higgins M.S., Ng-Evans S.B., Havel P.J. Leptin reverses sucrose-conditioned place preference in food-restricted rats. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 73:229-234.
62. Figlewicz D.P., Evans S.B., Murphy J., Hoen M., Baskin D.G. Expression of receptors for insulin and leptin in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) of the rat. Brain Res. 2003, 964:107-115.
63. Figlewicz D.P., Bennett J., Evans S.B., Kaiyala K., Sipols A.J., Benoit S.B. Intraventricular insulin and leptin reverse place preference conditioned with high-fat diet in rats. Behav. Neurosci. 2004, 118:479-487.
64. Frank G.K., Kaye W.H., Carter C.S., Brooks S., May C., Fissell K., Stenger V.A. The evaluation of brain activity in response to taste stimuli-a pilot study and method for central taste activation as assessed by event-related fMRI. J. Neurosci. Methods 2003, 131:99-105.
65. Fride E. Endocannabinoids in the central nervous system-an overview. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2002, 66:221-233.
66. Frisina P.G., Sclafani A. Naltrexone suppresses the late but not early licking response to a palatable sweet solution: opioid hedonic hypothesis reconsidered. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2002, 74:163-172.
67. Fulton S., Woodside B., Shizgal P. Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin. Science 2000, 287:125-128.
68. Fulton S., Richard D., Woodside B., Shizgal P. Interaction of CRH and energy balance in the modulation of brain stimulation reward. Behav. Neurosci. 2002, 116:651-659.
69. Fulton S., Woodside B., Shizgal P. Does neuropeptide Y contribute to the modulation of brain stimulation reward by chronic food restriction?. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 134:157-164.
70. Fulton S., Richard D., Woodside B., Shizgal P. Food restriction and leptin impact brain reward circuitry in lean and obese Zucker rats. Behav. Brain Res. 2004, 155:319-329.
71. Gautier J.F., Chen K., Salbe A.D., Bandy D., Pratley R.E., Heiman M., Ravussin E., Reiman E.M., Tataranni P.A. Differential brain responses to satiation in obese and lean men. Diabetes 2000, 49:838-846.
72. Georgescu D., Sears R.M., Hommel J.D., Barrot M., Bolanos C.A., Marsh D.J., Bednarek M.A., Bibb J.A., Maratos-Flier E., Nestler E.J., DiLeone R.J. The hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone acts in the nucleus accumbens to modulate feeding behavior and forced-swim performance. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:2933-2940.
73. Giraudo S.Q., Grace M.K., Welch C.C., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Naloxone's anorectic effect is dependent upon the relative palatability of food. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1993, 46:917-921.
74. Glass M.J., Grace M., Cleary J.P., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Potency of naloxone's anorectic effect in rats is dependent on diet preference. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 271:R217-R221.
75. Glass M.J., Cleary J.P., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Role of carbohydrate type on diet selection in neuropeptide Y-stimulated rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:R2040-R2045.
76. Glass M.J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Role of lipid type on morphine-stimulated diet selection in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1999, 277:R1345-R1350.
77. Glass M.J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Naltrexone administered to central nucleus of amygdale or PVN: neural dissociation of diet and energy. Am. J. Physiol. 2000, 279:R86-R92.
78. Gosnell B.A., Krahn D.D. The effects of continuous naltrexone infusions on diet preferences are modulated by adaption to the diets. Physiol. Behav. 1992, 51:239-244.
79. Gottfried J.A., O'Doherty J., Dolan R.J. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 2003, 301:1104-1107.
80. Hakansson M.L., Brown H., Ghilardi N., Skoda R.C., Meister B. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:559-572.
81. Harrold J.A., Williams G. The cannabinoid system: a role in both the homeostatic and hedonic control of eating?. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 90:729-734.
82. Harrold J.A., Elliott J.C., King P.J., Widdowson P.S., Williams G. Downregulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic, regions of rats with dietary obesity: a role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food?. Brain Res. 2002, 952:232-238.
83. Havel P.J. Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanism regulating leptin production and energy balance. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2000, 59:359-371.
84. Hebebrand J., Blum W.F., Barth N., Coners H., Enlargo P., Juul A., Ziegler A., Warnke A., Rascher W., Remschmidt H. Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration. Mol. Psychiatry 1997, 2:330-334.
85. Heimer L., Zahm D.S., Churchill L., Kalivas P.W., Wohltmann C. Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience 1991, 41:89-125.
86. Hill J.O., Wyatt H.R., Reed G.W., Peters J.C. Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?. Science 2003, 299:853-855.
87. Hodgkins C., Cahill K.S., Seraphine A.E., Frost-Pineda K., Gold M.S. Adolescent drug addiction treatment and weight gain. J. Addict. Dis. 2004, 23:55-65.
88. Hoebel B., Hernandez L., Schwartz D.H., Mark G.P., Hunter G.A. Microdialysis studies of brain norepinephine, serotonin, and dopamine release during ingestive behavior. Theoretical and clinical implications. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1989, 575:171-191.
89. Ikemoto S., Panksepp J. Dissociations between appetitive and consummatory responses by pharmacological manipulations of reward-relevant brain regions. Behav. Neurosci. 1996, 100:331-345.
90. Islam A.K., Bodnar R.J. Selective opioid receptor antagonist effects upon intake of a high-fat diet in rats. Brain Res. 1990, 508:293-296.
91. Jarosz P.A., Metzger B.L. The effect of opioid antagonism on food intake behavior and body weight in a biobehavioral model of obese binge eating. Biol. Res. Nurs. 2002, 3:198-209.
92. Jimerson D.C., Mantzoros C., Wolfe B.E., Metzger E.D. Decreased serum leptin in bulimia nervosa. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2000, 85:4511-4514.
93. Karhunen L., Haffner S., Lappalainen R., Turpeinen A., Miettinen H., Uusitupa M. Serum leptin and short-term regulation of eating in obese women. Clin. Sci. 1997, 92:573-578.
94. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Haber S.N., Steininger T.L., Will M.J., Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiol. Behav. 2002, 76:365-377.
95. Killgore W.D.S., Young A.D., Femia L.A., Bogorodzki P., Rogowska J., Yurgelun-Todd D.A. Cortical and limbic activation during viewing of high-versus low-calorie foods. Neuroimage 2003, 19:1381-1394.
96. Kim E.M., Welch C.C., Grace M.K., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Chronic food restriction and acue food deprivation decrease mRNA levels of opioid peptides in arcuate nucleus. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:R1019-R1024.
97. Kirkham T.C. Endocannabinoids in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Behav. Pharmacol. 2005, 16:297-313.
98. Kirkham T.C., Blundell J.E. Effect of naloxone and naltrexone on the development of satiation measured in the runway: comparisons with d-amphetamine and d-fenfluramine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1986, 25:123-128.
99. Kirkham T.C., Cooper S.J. Attenuation of sham feeding by naloxone is stereospecific: evidence for opioid mediation of orosensory reward. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 43:845-857.
100. Kirkham T.C., Cooper S.J. Naloxone attenuation of sham feeding is modified by manipulation of sucrose concentration. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 44:491-494.
101. Kirkham T.C., Williams C.M. Endocannabinoid receptor antagonists. Treat. Endocrinol. 2004, 3:1-16.
102. Kirkham T.C., Williams C.M., Fezza F., Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid levels in rat limbic forebrain and hypothalamus in relation, to fasting, feeding and satiation: stimulation of eating by 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 136:550-557.
103. Kirouac G.J., Ganguly P.K. Topographical organization in the nucleus accumbens of afferents from the basolateral amygdala and efferents to the lateral hypothalamus. Neuroscience 1995, 67:625-630.
104. Kiyatkin A.E. Functional significance of mesolimbic dopamine. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1995, 19:573-598.
105. Kleiner K.D., Gold M.S., Frost-Pineda K., Lenz-Brunsman B., Perri M.G., Jacobs W.S. Body mass index and alcohol use. J. Addict. Dis. 2004, 23:105-118.
106. Koob G.F., Bloom F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 1988, 242:715-723.
107. Kringelbach M.L., O'Doherty J., Rolls E.T., Andrews C. Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cereb. Cortex 2003, 13:1064-1071.
108. Krugel U., Schraft T., Kittner H., Kiess W., Illes P. Basal and feeding-evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens is depressed by leptin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 482:185-187.
109. Lamonte N., Ackerman T.F., Bodnar R.J. Opioid subtype antagoinst modulation of mu opioid-induced feeding: ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens interactions in rats. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 2002.
110. Lamonte N., Echo J.A., Ackerman T.E., Christian G., Bodnar R.J. Analysis of opioid recpetor subtype antigonist effects upon mu opioid agonist-induced feeding elicited from the ventral tegmental area of rats. Brain Res. 2002, 929:96-100.
111. Lang I.M., Strahlendorf J.C., Strahlendorf H.K., Barnes C.D. Effects of chronic administration of naltrexone on appetitive behaviors of rats. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1981, 68:197-207.
112. Lepore M., Vorel S.R., Lowinson J., Gardner E.L. Conditioned place preference induced by delta9-tetra-hydrocannabinol: comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food reward. Life Sci. 1995, 56:2073-2080.
113. Lerman C., Berrettini W., Pinto A., Patterson F., Crystal-Mansour S., Wileyto E.P., Restine S., Leonard D.G.B., Shields P.G., Epstein L.H. Changes in food reward following smoking cessation; a pharmacogenetic investigation. Psycholopharmacology (Berlin) 2004, 174:571-577.
114. Levine A.S., Grace M., Billington C.J., Portoghese P.S. Nor-binaltorphimine decreses deprivation and opioid-induced feeding. Brain Res. 1990, 534:60-64.
115. Levine A.S., Grace M., Billington C.J. Beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) decreases deprivation and opioid-induced feeding. Brain Res. 1991, 562:281-284.
116. Levine A.S., Weldon D.T., Grace M., Cleary J.P., Billington C.J. Naloxone blocks that portion of feeding driven by sweet taste in food-restricted rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1995, 268:R248-R252.
117. Levine A.S., Kotz C.M., Gosnell B.A. Sugars and fats: the neurobiology of preference. J. Nutr. 2003, 133:831S-834S.
118. Lu L., Shepard J.D., Scott Hall F., Shaham Y. Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulatn reinforcement reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003, 27:457-491.
119. Ludwig D.S., Tritos N.A., Mastaitis J.W., Klkarni R., Kokkotou E., Elmquist J., Lowell B., Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Melanin-concentrating hormone overexpression in transgenic mice leads to obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 107:379-386.
120. Maldonado-Irizarry C.S., Swanson C.J., Kelley A.E. Glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell control feeding behavior via the lateral hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:6779-6788.
121. Margules D.L., Olds J. Identical "feeding" and "rewarding" systems in the lateral hypothalamus of rats. Science 1962, 135:374-375.
122. Marinelli M., Piazza P.V. Interaction between glucocorticoid hormones, stress, and psychostimulant drugs. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 16:387-394.
123. Marks-Kaufman R., Balmagiya T., Gross E. Modifications in food intake and energy metabolism in rats as a function of chronic naltrexone infusions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1984, 20:911-916.
124. Marks-Kaufman R., Plager A., Kanarek R.B. Central and peripheral contributions of endogenous opioid systems to nutrient selection in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1985, 85:414-418.
125. Martin W.R., Wikler A., Eades C.G., Pescor F.T. Tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in rats. Psychopharmacologia 1963, 65:247-260.
126. Maurice N., Deniau J.M., Glowinski J., Thierry A.M. Relationships between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia in the rat: physiology of the cortico-nigral circuits. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:4674-4681.
127. McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Ikemoto S. Localization of brain reinforcement mechanisms: intracranial self-administration and inctracranial place-conditioning studies. Behav. Brain Res. 1999, 101:129-152.
128. McGregor I.S., Menendez J.A., Atrens D.M. Metabolic effects obtained from excitatory amino acid stimulation of the sucal prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 1990, 529:1-6.
129. McGregor I.S., Menendez J.A., Atrens D.M. Metalobic effects of neuropeptide Y injected into the sulcal prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. Bull. 1990, 24:363-367.
130. Miller C.C., Murray T.F., Freeman K.G., Edwards G.L. Cannabinoid agonist, CP55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected, into the hindbrain. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 80:611-616.
131. Mokdad A., Bowman B., Ford E., Vinicor R., Marks J., Koplan J. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 2001, 286:1195-1200.
132. Monteleone P, Di Lieto A., Tortorella A., Longobardi N., Maj M. Circulating leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder: relationship to body weight, eating patterns, psychopathology and endocrine changes. Psychiat. Res. 2000, 94:121-129.
133. Monteleone P., Martiadis V., Colurcio B., Maj M. Leptin secretion is related to chronicity and severity of the illness in bulimia nervosa. Psychosom. Med. 2002, 64:874-879.
134. Naleid A.M., Grace M.K., Cummings D.E., Levine A.S. Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens. Peptides 2005, 26:2274-2279.
135. Noel M.B., Wise R.A. Ventral tegmental injections of a selective mu or delta opioid enhance feeding in food-deprived rats. Brain Res. 1995, 673:304-312.
136. Olds J. Self-stimulation of the brain. Science 1958, 127:315-324.
137. Olds J. Hypothalamic substrate of reward. Physiol. Rev. 1962, 42:554-604.
138. Olszewski P.K., Levine A.S. Minireview: characterization of influence of central nociceptin/orphanin, FQ on consummatory behavior. Endocrinology 2004, 145:2627-2632.
139. Oomura Y., Ono T., Ooyama H., Wayner M.J. Glucose and osmosensitive neurons of the rat hypothalamus. Nature 1969, 222:282-284.
140. Oomura Y., Ooyama H., Sugimori M., Nakamura T., Yamada Y. Glucose inhibition of the glucose-sensitive neurone in the rat lateral hypothalamus. Nature 1974, 247:284-286.
141. Papp M. Different effects of short-and long-term treatment with imipramine on the apomor-phine- and food-induced place preference conditioning in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1988, 30:889-893.
142. Pecina S., Cagniard B., Berridge K.C., Aldridge J.W., Zhuang X. Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher "wanting" but not "liking" for sweet nerwards. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9395-9402.
143. Petrovic G.D., Setlow B., Holland P.C., Gallagher M. Amygdalo-hypothalamic circuit allows learned cues to override satiety and promote eating. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:8748-8753.
144. Phillipson O.T., Griffiths A.C. The topographic order of inputs to nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroscience 1985, 16:275-296.
145. Pi-Sunyer X. A clinical view of the obesity problem. Science 2003, 299:859-860.
146. Pomonis J.D., Levine A.S., Billington C.J. Interaction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone blockade of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding revealed by c-fos expression. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:5175-5182.
147. Presse F., Sorokovsky I., Max J.-P., Nicolaidis S., Nahon J.L. Melanin-concentrating hormone is a potent anorectic peptide regulated by food-deprivation and glucopenia in the rat. Neuroscience 1996, 71:735-745.
148. Qu D., Ludwig D.S., Gammeltoft S., Piper M., Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Mathes W.F., Przyper R., Kanarek R., Maratos-Flier E. A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior. Nature 1996, 380:243-247.
149. Ravinet Trillou^C., Arnone M., Delgorge C., Gonalons N., Keane P., Maffrand J.-P., Soubrie P. Anti-obesity effect of SR141716, a CB1 receptor antagonist, in diet-induced obese mice. Am. J. Physiol. 2003, 284:R345-R353.
150. Richardson N.R., Gratton A. Behavior-relevant changes in nucleus accumbens dopamine transmission elicited by food reinforcement: an electrochemical study in rat. J. Neurosci. 1996, 24:8160-8169.
151. Robbins T.W., Koob G.F. Selective disruption of diplacement behavior by lesions of the mesolimble dopamine system. Nature 1980, 285:409-412.
152. Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 1996, 6:228-236.
153. Robbins T.W., Cador M., Taylor J.R., Everitt B.J. Limbic-striatal interactions in reward- related processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1989, 13:155-162.
154. Rolls E.T. Neural processing related to feeding in primates. Appetite: Neural and Behavioral Bases 1994, 11-53. Oxford University Press, Oxford. C.R. Legg, D.A. Booth (Eds.).
155. Rolls E.T. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. Brain Cogn 2004, 55:11-29.
156. Rolls E.T., Critchley H.D., Browning A.S., Hernadi I., Lenard L. Responses to the sensory properties of fat of neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1532-1540.
157. Rudski J.M., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Naloxone's effects on operant responding depend upon level of deprivation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1994, 49:377-383.
158. Saito Y., Cheng M., Leslie F.M., Civelli O. Expression of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor mRNA in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 435:26-40.
159. Salamone J.D., Correa M., Mingote S., Weber S.M. Nucleus accumbens dopamine and the regulation of effort in food-seeking behavior: implications for studies of natural motivation, psychiatry, and drug abuse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 305:1-8.
160. Sanchis-Segura C., Cline B.H., Marsicano G., Lutz B., Spanagel R. Reduced sensitivity to reward in CB1 knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2004, 176:223-232.
161. Saper C.B., Chou T.C., Elmquist J.K. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002, 36:199-211.
162. Schultz W. Getting formal with dopamine and reward. Neuron 2002, 36:241.
163. Schultz W. Neural coding of basic reward terms of animal learning theory, game theory, microeconomics and behavioural ecology. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2004, 14:139-147.
164. Sergeyev V., Broberger C., Gorbatyuk O., Hokfelt T. Effect of 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration on the expression of NPY AGRP, POMC, MCH and hypocretin/orexin in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroreport 2000, 11:117-121.
165. Shalev U., Yap J., Shaham Y. Leptin attenuates food deprivation-induced relapse to heroin seeking. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:RC129.
166. Shalev U., Grimm J.W., Shaham Y. Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54:1-42.
167. Shimada M., Tritos N.A., Lowell B.B., Flier L.S., Maratos-Flier E. Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean. Nature 1998, 396:670-674.
168. Shinohara M., Mizushima H., Hirano M., Shioe K., Nakazawa M., Hiejima Y., Ono Y., Kanba S. Eating disorders with binge-eating behaviour are associated with the s allele of the 3'-UTR VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene. J. Psych. Neurosci. 2004, 29:134-137.
169. Shizgal P., Fulton S., Woodside B. Brain reward circuitry and the regulation of energy balance. Int. J. Obes. 2001, 25(Suppl. 5):S17-S21.
170. Sipols A.J., Bayer J., Bennett R., Figlewicz D.P. Intraventricular insulin decreases kappa opioid-mediated sucrose intake in rats. Peptides 2002, 23:2181-2187.
171. Small D.M., Jones-Gotman M., Dagher A. Feeding-induced dopamine release in dorsal striatum correlates with meal pleasantness ratings in healthy human volunteers. Neuroimage 2003, 19:1709-1715.
172. Smith S.L., Harrold J.A., Williams G. Diet-induced obesity increases mu opioid receptor binding in specific regions of the rat brain. Brain Res. 2002, 953:215-222.
173. Spring B., Pagoto S., McChargue D., Hedeker D., Werth J. Altered reward value of carbohydrate snacks for female smokers with-drawn from nicotine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2004, 76:351-360.
174. Stanley B.G., Willett V.L., Donias H.W., Ha L.H., Spears L.C. The lateral hypothalamus: a primary site mediating excitatory amino acidelicited eating. Brain Res. 1993, 630:41-49.
175. Stratford T.R., Kelley A.E. GABA in the nucleus accumbens shell participates in the central regulation of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:4434-4440.
176. Stratford T.R., Kelley A.E. Evidence of a functional relationship between the nucleus accumbens shell and lateral hypothalamus subserving the control of feeding behavior. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:11040-11048.
177. Stunkard A.J., Allison K.C. Two forms of disordered eating in obesity: binge eating and night eating. Int. J. Obes. 2003, 27:1-12.
178. Swerdlow N.R., Van der Kooy D., Koob G.F., Wenger J.R. Cholecystokinin produces conditioned place-aversions, not place preferences, in food-deprived rats: evidence against involvement in satiety. Life Sci. 1983, 32:2087-2093.
179. Tanda G., DiChiara G. A dopamine-mu 1 opioid link in the rat ventral tegmentum shared by palatable food (Fonzies) and non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10:1179-1187.
180. Trojniar W., Wise R.A. Facilitory effect of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on hypothalamically induced feeding. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1991, 103:172-176.
181. Tucci S.A., Rogers E.K., Korbonits M., Kirkham T.C. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716 blocks the orexigenic effects of intrahypothalamic ghrelin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 143:520-523.
182. Tzschentke T.M. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress, and new issues. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 56:613-672.
183. Volkow N.D., Wang G.-J., Fowler J.S., Logan J., Jayne M., Franceschi D., Wong C., Gatley S.J., Gifford A.N., Ding Y.S., Pappas N. "Nonhedonic" food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect. Synapse 2002, 44:175-180.
184. Volkow N.D., Wang G.-J., Maynard L., Jayne M., Fowler J.S., Zhu W., Logan J., Gatley S.J., Ding Y.-S., Wong C., Pappas N. Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2003, 33:136-142.
185. Wang G.-J., Volkow N.D., Logan J., Pappas N.R., Wong C.T., Zhu W., Netusil L., Fowler J.S. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 2001, 357:354-357.
186. Wang G.-J., Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S. The role of dopamine in motivation for food in humans: implications for obesity. Expert Opin. ther. Targets 2002, 6:601-609.
187. Welch C.C., Kim E.M., Grace M.K., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Palatability-induced hyperphagia increases hypothalamic dynorphin peptide and mRNA levels. Brain Res. 1996, 721:126-131.
188. Weldon D.T., O'Hare E., Cleary J., Billington C.J., Levine A.S. Effect of naloxone on intake of cornstarch, sucrose, and polycose diets in restricted and non-restricted rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:R1183-R1188.
189. Westerhaus M.J., Loewy A.D. Central representation of the sympathetic nervous system in the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 2001, 903:117-127.
190. Williams G., Bing C., Cai X.J., Harrold J.A., King P.J., Liu X.H. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 74:683-701.
191. Wilson C., Nomikos G.G., Collu M., Fibiger H.C. Dopaminergic correlates of motivated behavior: importance of drive. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:5169-5178.
192. Wise R.A. Psychomotor stimulant properties of addictive drugs. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988, 537:228-234.
193. Wise R.A. Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives. Neuron 2002, 36:229-240.
194. Wise R.A., Hoffman D.C. Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections. Synapse 1992, 10:247-263.
195. Wolinsky T.D., Carr K.D., Hiller J.M., Simon E.J. Effects of chronic food restriction on mu and kappa opioid binding in rat forebrain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 1994, 656:274-280.
196. Wolinsky T.D., Abrahamsen G.C., Carr K.D. Diabetes alters mu and kappa opioid binding in rat brain regions: comparison with effects of food restriction. Brain Res. 1996, 738:167-171.
197. Wolinsky T.D., Carr K.D., Hiller J.M., Simon E.J. Chronic food restriction alters mu and kappa opioid receptor binding in the parabrachial nucleus of the rat: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 1996, 706:333-336.
198. Woods S.C., Lotter E.C., McKay L.D., Porte D. Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons. Nature 1979, 282:503-505.
199. Yanovski S.Z., Yanovski J.A. Obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:591-602.
200. Yeomans M.R., Wright P., Macleod H.A., Critchley J.A.J.H. Effect of nalmefene on feeding in humans. Dissociation of hunger and palatability. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1990, 100:426-432.
201. Yu W.Z., Ruegg H., Bodnar R.J. Delta and kappa opioid receptor subtypes and ingestion: antagonist and glucoprivic effects. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1997, 56:353-361.
202. Yu W.Z., Sclafani A., Delamater A.R., Bodnar R.J. Pharmacology of flavor preference conditioning in sham-feeding rats: effects of naltrexone. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1999, 64:573-584.
203. Zhang M., Kelley A.E. Enhanced intake of high-fat food following striatal mu-opioid stimulation: microinjection mapping and fos expression. Neuroscience 2000, 99:267-277.
204. Zhang M., Gosnell B.A., Kelley A.E. Intake of high-fat food is selectively enhanced by mu opioid receptor stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998, 285:908-914.
205. Zheng H., Corkern M., Stoyanova I., Patterson L.M., Tian R., Berthoud H.-R. Appetite-inducing accumbens manipulation activates hypothalamic orexin neurons and inhibits POMC neurons. Am. J. Physiol. 2003, 284:R1436-R1444.