메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 27, 2013, Pages 4953-4963

A review of the cardiovascular and anti-atherogenic effects of ghrelin

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular system; Ghrelin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE; ATORVASTATIN; CALCIUM ION; CORTICOTROPIN; CYCLIC AMP; DIACYLGLYCEROL; FENOFIBRATE; GEMFIBROZIL; GHRELIN; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; HYDROCORTISONE; INOSITOL TRISPHOSPHATE; INSULIN; METFORMIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NATEGLINIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4,5 BISPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; POTASSIUM ION; PROLACTIN; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; REPAGLINIDE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN;

EID: 84881348966     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319270018     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (27)

References (149)
  • 1
    • 0029958128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor
    • Argetsinger LS, Carter-Su C. Mechanism of signaling by growth hormone receptor. Physiol Rev 1996; 76: 1089-107.
    • (1996) Physiol Rev , vol.76 , pp. 1089-1107
    • Argetsinger, L.S.1    Carter-Su, C.2
  • 3
    • 9444246501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release
    • Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, et al. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 1996; 273: 974-7.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 974-977
    • Howard, A.D.1    Feighner, S.D.2    Cully, D.F.3
  • 6
    • 0033540056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is a growth-hormonereleasing acylated peptide from stomach
    • Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, et al. Ghrelin is a growth-hormonereleasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999; 402: 656-60.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 656-660
    • Kojima, M.1    Hosoda, H.2    Date, Y.3
  • 7
    • 0034731310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin: Two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue
    • Hosoda H, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279: 909-13.
    • (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.279 , pp. 909-913
    • Hosoda, H.1    Kojima, M.2    Matsuo, H.3    Kangawa, K.4
  • 9
    • 2942528459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin
    • van der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2004; 25: 426-57.
    • (2004) Endocr Rev , vol.25 , pp. 426-457
    • van der Lely, A.J.1    Tschop, M.2    Heiman, M.L.3    Ghigo, E.4
  • 11
    • 0035758109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: Short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis
    • Havel PJ. Peripheral signals conveying metabolic information to the brain: short-term and long-term regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2001; 226: 963-77.
    • (2001) Exp Biol Med (Maywood) , vol.226 , pp. 963-977
    • Havel, P.J.1
  • 14
    • 33744797675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin: A promising therapeutic target with pleiotropic action besides body weight regulation
    • Paraskevas KI, Liapis CD, Mikhailidis DP. Leptin: a promising therapeutic target with pleiotropic action besides body weight regulation. Curr Drug Targets 2006; 7: 761-71.
    • (2006) Curr Drug Targets , vol.7 , pp. 761-771
    • Paraskevas, K.I.1    Liapis, C.D.2    Mikhailidis, D.P.3
  • 16
    • 0030938684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysregulation of arcuate nucleus preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in diet-induced obese rats
    • Levin BE, Dunn-Meynell AA. Dysregulation of arcuate nucleus preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in diet-induced obese rats. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: R1365-70.
    • (1997) Am J Physiol , vol.272
    • Levin, B.E.1    Dunn-Meynell, A.A.2
  • 18
    • 0033044994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: Implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus
    • Seufert J, Kieffer TJ, Leech CA, et al. Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pancreatic islets: implications for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 670-6.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 670-676
    • Seufert, J.1    Kieffer, T.J.2    Leech, C.A.3
  • 19
    • 0842284789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin effects on pancreatic beta-cell gene expression and function
    • Seufert J. Leptin effects on pancreatic beta-cell gene expression and function. Diabetes 2004; 53 Suppl 1: S152-8.
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Seufert, J.1
  • 20
    • 33750025595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of neuropeptide Y2 receptor protein expression in the mouse brain. I. Distribution in cell bodies and nerve terminals
    • Stanic D, Brumovsky P, Fetissov S, et al. Characterization of neuropeptide Y2 receptor protein expression in the mouse brain. I. Distribution in cell bodies and nerve terminals. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499: 357-90.
    • (2006) J Comp Neurol , vol.499 , pp. 357-390
    • Stanic, D.1    Brumovsky, P.2    Fetissov, S.3
  • 21
    • 36148983020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass
    • Kos K, Harte AL, James S, et al. Secretion of neuropeptide Y in human adipose tissue and its role in maintenance of adipose tissue mass. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293: E1335-40.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.293
    • Kos, K.1    Harte, A.L.2    James, S.3
  • 22
    • 0032744176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composition of insulininduced body weight gain in diabetic patients: A bio-impedance study
    • Rigalleau V, Delafaye C, Baillet L, et al. Composition of insulininduced body weight gain in diabetic patients: a bio-impedance study. Diabetes & metabolism 1999; 25: 321-8.
    • (1999) Diabetes & metabolism , vol.25 , pp. 321-328
    • Rigalleau, V.1    Delafaye, C.2    Baillet, L.3
  • 23
    • 0030273715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in serum leptin levels in humans
    • Hickey MS, Israel RG, Gardiner SN, et al. Gender differences in serum leptin levels in humans. Biochem Mol Med 1996; 59: 1-6.
    • (1996) Biochem Mol Med , vol.59 , pp. 1-6
    • Hickey, M.S.1    Israel, R.G.2    Gardiner, S.N.3
  • 24
    • 0035433977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans
    • Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, et al. A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1714-9.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 1714-1719
    • Cummings, D.E.1    Purnell, J.Q.2    Frayo, R.S.3
  • 25
    • 0034970034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels
    • Tschop M, Wawarta R, Riepl RL, et al. Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2001; 24: RC19-21.
    • (2001) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.24
    • Tschop, M.1    Wawarta, R.2    Riepl, R.L.3
  • 26
    • 0036854343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intravenous glucose or hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions in rodents
    • McCowen KC, Maykel JA, Bistrian BR, Ling PR. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intravenous glucose or hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions in rodents. J Endocrinol 2002; 175: R7-11.
    • (2002) J Endocrinol , vol.175 , pp. 7-11
    • McCowen, K.C.1    Maykel, J.A.2    Bistrian, B.R.3    Ling, P.R.4
  • 27
    • 2442691893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects
    • Dzaja A, Dalal MA, Himmerich H, et al. Sleep enhances nocturnal plasma ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286: E963-7.
    • (2004) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.286
    • Dzaja, A.1    Dalal, M.A.2    Himmerich, H.3
  • 28
    • 3142658638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity
    • Yildiz BO, Suchard MA, Wong ML, McCann SM, Licinio J. Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 10434-9.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 10434-10439
    • Yildiz, B.O.1    Suchard, M.A.2    Wong, M.L.3    McCann, S.M.4    Licinio, J.5
  • 29
    • 84863033391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, regulation and function of ghrelin
    • Sato T, Nakamura Y, Shiimura Y, et al. Structure, regulation and function of ghrelin. J Biochem 2012; 151: 119-28.
    • (2012) J Biochem , vol.151 , pp. 119-128
    • Sato, T.1    Nakamura, Y.2    Shiimura, Y.3
  • 30
    • 0242266549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man
    • Erdmann J, Lippl F, Schusdziarra V. Differential effect of protein and fat on plasma ghrelin levels in man. Regul Pept 2003; 116: 101-7.
    • (2003) Regul Pept , vol.116 , pp. 101-107
    • Erdmann, J.1    Lippl, F.2    Schusdziarra, V.3
  • 31
    • 1542329535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient-and gender-specific manner
    • Greenman Y, Golani N, Gilad S, et al. Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient-and gender-specific manner. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60: 382-8.
    • (2004) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.60 , pp. 382-388
    • Greenman, Y.1    Golani, N.2    Gilad, S.3
  • 32
    • 15544385058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin: Structure and function
    • Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 495-522.
    • (2005) Physiol Rev , vol.85 , pp. 495-522
    • Kojima, M.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 33
    • 0033805978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans
    • Arvat E, Di Vito L, Broglio F, et al. Preliminary evidence that Ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue (GHS)-receptor ligand, strongly stimulates GH secretion in humans. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23: 493-5.
    • (2000) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.23 , pp. 493-495
    • Arvat, E.1    Di Vito, L.2    Broglio, F.3
  • 34
    • 0036083399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats
    • Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2002; 14: 555-60.
    • (2002) J Neuroendocrinol , vol.14 , pp. 555-560
    • Adeghate, E.1    Ponery, A.S.2
  • 35
    • 0034726741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin, on growth hormone release in rats
    • Date Y, Murakami N, Kojima M, et al. Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin, on growth hormone release in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275: 477-80.
    • (2000) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.275 , pp. 477-480
    • Date, Y.1    Murakami, N.2    Kojima, M.3
  • 36
    • 9844230970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion
    • Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD, et al. Peptidomimetic regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocr Rev 1997; 18: 621-45.
    • (1997) Endocr Rev , vol.18 , pp. 621-645
    • Smith, R.G.1    Van der Ploeg, L.H.2    Howard, A.D.3
  • 37
    • 0037220691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: A doubleblind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study
    • Schaller G, Schmidt A, Pleiner J, et al. Plasma ghrelin concentrations are not regulated by glucose or insulin: a doubleblind, placebo-controlled crossover clamp study. Diabetes 2003; 52: 16-20.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 16-20
    • Schaller, G.1    Schmidt, A.2    Pleiner, J.3
  • 38
    • 0035082265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity
    • Tschop M, Weyer C, Tataranni PA, et al. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 2001; 50: 707-9.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 707-709
    • Tschop, M.1    Weyer, C.2    Tataranni, P.A.3
  • 39
    • 18244391222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion
    • Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, et al. Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 240-4.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 240-244
    • Shiiya, T.1    Nakazato, M.2    Mizuta, M.3
  • 40
    • 9444236184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Katsuki A, Urakawa H, Gabazza EC, et al. Circulating levels of active ghrelin is associated with abdominal adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 573-7.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.151 , pp. 573-577
    • Katsuki, A.1    Urakawa, H.2    Gabazza, E.C.3
  • 41
    • 33749038906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential role of hypothalamic ghrelin in the pathogenesis of human obesity
    • Couce ME, Cottam D, Esplen J, et al. Potential role of hypothalamic ghrelin in the pathogenesis of human obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: 599-605.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.29 , pp. 599-605
    • Couce, M.E.1    Cottam, D.2    Esplen, J.3
  • 42
    • 40449140913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ghrelin concentrations in different clinical stages of diabetic complications and glycemic control in Japanese diabetics
    • Ueno H, Shiiya T, Mizuta M, Mondal SM, Nakazato M. Plasma ghrelin concentrations in different clinical stages of diabetic complications and glycemic control in Japanese diabetics. Endocr J 2007; 54: 895-902.
    • (2007) Endocr J , vol.54 , pp. 895-902
    • Ueno, H.1    Shiiya, T.2    Mizuta, M.3    Mondal, S.M.4    Nakazato, M.5
  • 43
    • 7644225803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations 6 months after gastric bypass are not determined by weight loss or changes in insulinemia
    • Fruhbeck G, Rotellar F, Hernandez-Lizoain JL, et al. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations 6 months after gastric bypass are not determined by weight loss or changes in insulinemia. Obesity surgery 2004; 14: 1208-15.
    • (2004) Obesity surgery , vol.14 , pp. 1208-1215
    • Fruhbeck, G.1    Rotellar, F.2    Hernandez-Lizoain, J.L.3
  • 44
    • 0035843183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding
    • Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001; 409: 194-8.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 194-198
    • Nakazato, M.1    Murakami, N.2    Date, Y.3
  • 45
    • 0035513696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats
    • Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, et al. Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2438-43.
    • (2001) Diabetes , vol.50 , pp. 2438-2443
    • Kamegai, J.1    Tamura, H.2    Shimizu, T.3
  • 46
    • 0036144322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers
    • Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology 2002; 143: 155-62.
    • (2002) Endocrinology , vol.143 , pp. 155-162
    • Lawrence, C.B.1    Snape, A.C.2    Baudoin, F.M.3    Luckman, S.M.4
  • 47
    • 0034687376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents
    • Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000; 407: 908-13.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 908-913
    • Tschop, M.1    Smiley, D.L.2    Heiman, M.L.3
  • 48
    • 77951606480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and cardiovascular diseases
    • Zhang G, Yin X, Qi Y, et al. Ghrelin and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2010; 6: 62-70.
    • (2010) Curr Cardiol Rev , vol.6 , pp. 62-70
    • Zhang, G.1    Yin, X.2    Qi, Y.3
  • 49
    • 0030010229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 809-14.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.334 , pp. 809-814
    • Fazio, S.1    Sabatini, D.2    Capaldo, B.3
  • 50
    • 17744362056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormoneindependent cardiotropic activities of growth hormone-releasing peptides in normal subjects, in patients with growth hormone deficiency, and in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Broglio F, Benso A, Valetto MR, et al. Growth hormoneindependent cardiotropic activities of growth hormone-releasing peptides in normal subjects, in patients with growth hormone deficiency, and in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Endocrine 2001; 14: 105-8.
    • (2001) Endocrine , vol.14 , pp. 105-108
    • Broglio, F.1    Benso, A.2    Valetto, M.R.3
  • 51
    • 17144451488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormonereleasing peptides and the cardiovascular system
    • Muccioli G, Broglio F, Valetto MR, et al. Growth hormonereleasing peptides and the cardiovascular system. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2000; 61: 27-31.
    • (2000) Ann Endocrinol (Paris) , vol.61 , pp. 27-31
    • Muccioli, G.1    Broglio, F.2    Valetto, M.R.3
  • 52
    • 0034454618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction
    • Tivesten A, Bollano E, Caidahl K, et al. The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin improves cardiac function in rats after experimental myocardial infarction. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 60-6.
    • (2000) Endocrinology , vol.141 , pp. 60-66
    • Tivesten, A.1    Bollano, E.2    Caidahl, K.3
  • 53
    • 20844460120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, et al. Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2004; 110: 3674-9.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , pp. 3674-3679
    • Nagaya, N.1    Moriya, J.2    Yasumura, Y.3
  • 54
    • 0035908954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Uematsu M, Kojima M, et al. Chronic administration of ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and attenuates development of cardiac cachexia in rats with heart failure. Circulation 2001; 104: 1430-5.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 1430-1435
    • Nagaya, N.1    Uematsu, M.2    Kojima, M.3
  • 55
    • 0141868869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin improves endothelial dysfunction through growth hormone-independent mechanisms in rats
    • Shimizu Y, Nagaya N, Teranishi Y, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial dysfunction through growth hormone-independent mechanisms in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310: 830-5.
    • (2003) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.310 , pp. 830-835
    • Shimizu, Y.1    Nagaya, N.2    Teranishi, Y.3
  • 56
    • 0032725129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in the heart
    • Bodart V, Bouchard JF, McNicoll N, et al. Identification and characterization of a new growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor in the heart. Circ Res 1999; 85: 796-802.
    • (1999) Circ Res , vol.85 , pp. 796-802
    • Bodart, V.1    Bouchard, J.F.2    McNicoll, N.3
  • 57
    • 3042735648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans
    • Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, et al. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 2988.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 2988
    • Gnanapavan, S.1    Kola, B.2    Bustin, S.A.3
  • 58
    • 0037164747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT
    • Baldanzi G, Filigheddu N, Cutrupi S, et al. Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT. J Cell Biol 2002; 159: 1029-37.
    • (2002) J Cell Biol , vol.159 , pp. 1029-1037
    • Baldanzi, G.1    Filigheddu, N.2    Cutrupi, S.3
  • 59
    • 0036803889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural (ghrelin) and synthetic (hexarelin) GH secretagogues stimulate H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell proliferation
    • Pettersson I, Muccioli G, Granata R, et al. Natural (ghrelin) and synthetic (hexarelin) GH secretagogues stimulate H9c2 cardiomyocyte cell proliferation. J Endocrinol 2002; 175: 201-9.
    • (2002) J Endocrinol , vol.175 , pp. 201-209
    • Pettersson, I.1    Muccioli, G.2    Granata, R.3
  • 61
    • 18044383296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Miyatake K, Uematsu M, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5854-9.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 5854-5859
    • Nagaya, N.1    Miyatake, K.2    Uematsu, M.3
  • 62
    • 0034741715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: Up-regulation of receptors with athersclerosis
    • Katugampola SD, Pallikaros Z, Davenport AP. [125I-His(9)]-ghrelin, a novel radioligand for localizing GHS orphan receptors in human and rat tissue: up-regulation of receptors with athersclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 143-9.
    • (2001) Br J Pharmacol , vol.134 , pp. 143-149
    • Katugampola, S.D.1    Pallikaros, Z.2    Davenport, A.P.3
  • 63
    • 0037384111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac cachexia in heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin improves left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac cachexia in heart failure. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3: 146-51.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 146-151
    • Nagaya, N.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 64
    • 0037784049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, in the treatment of chronic heart failure
    • Nagaya N, Kangawa K. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing peptide, in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Regul Pept 2003; 114: 71-7.
    • (2003) Regul Pept , vol.114 , pp. 71-77
    • Nagaya, N.1    Kangawa, K.2
  • 65
    • 0242383502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ghrelin and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues in normal and ischemic rat heart
    • Frascarelli S, Ghelardoni S, Ronca-Testoni S, Zucchi R. Effect of ghrelin and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues in normal and ischemic rat heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2003; 98: 401-5.
    • (2003) Basic Res Cardiol , vol.98 , pp. 401-405
    • Frascarelli, S.1    Ghelardoni, S.2    Ronca-Testoni, S.3    Zucchi, R.4
  • 67
    • 2342620868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin acts at the nucleus of the solitary tract to decrease arterial pressure in rats
    • Lin Y, Matsumura K, Fukuhara M, et al. Ghrelin acts at the nucleus of the solitary tract to decrease arterial pressure in rats. Hypertension 2004; 43: 977-82.
    • (2004) Hypertension , vol.43 , pp. 977-982
    • Lin, Y.1    Matsumura, K.2    Fukuhara, M.3
  • 68
    • 0036842016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central ghrelin modulates sympathetic activity in conscious rabbits
    • Matsumura K, Tsuchihashi T, Fujii K, Abe I, Iida M. Central ghrelin modulates sympathetic activity in conscious rabbits. Hypertension 2002; 40: 694-9.
    • (2002) Hypertension , vol.40 , pp. 694-699
    • Matsumura, K.1    Tsuchihashi, T.2    Fujii, K.3    Abe, I.4    Iida, M.5
  • 69
    • 0032881635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translocation of myocardial GLUT-4 and increased glucose uptake through activation of AMPK by AICAR
    • Russell RR, 3rd, Bergeron R, Shulman GI, Young LH. Translocation of myocardial GLUT-4 and increased glucose uptake through activation of AMPK by AICAR. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: H643-9.
    • (1999) Am J Physiol , vol.277
    • Russell III, R.R.1    Bergeron, R.2    Shulman, G.I.3    Young, L.H.4
  • 70
    • 78149279712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AMP-activated protein kinase mediates ischemic glucose uptake and prevents postischemic cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis, and injury
    • Russell RR, 3rd, Li J, Coven DL, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates ischemic glucose uptake and prevents postischemic cardiac dysfunction, apoptosis, and injury. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 495-503.
    • (2004) J Clin Invest , vol.114 , pp. 495-503
    • Russell III, R.R.1    Li, J.2    Coven, D.L.3
  • 71
    • 0036687932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: Ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin-1
    • Wiley KE, Davenport AP. Comparison of vasodilators in human internal mammary artery: ghrelin is a potent physiological antagonist of endothelin-1. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136: 1146-52.
    • (2002) Br J Pharmacol , vol.136 , pp. 1146-1152
    • Wiley, K.E.1    Davenport, A.P.2
  • 72
    • 27744446021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin improves endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome
    • Tesauro M, Schinzari F, Iantorno M, et al. Ghrelin improves endothelial function in patients with metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2005; 112: 2986-92.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 2986-2992
    • Tesauro, M.1    Schinzari, F.2    Iantorno, M.3
  • 73
    • 33947188045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin has novel vascular actions that mimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells
    • Iantorno M, Chen H, Kim JA, et al. Ghrelin has novel vascular actions that mimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292: E756-64.
    • (2007) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.292
    • Iantorno, M.1    Chen, H.2    Kim, J.A.3
  • 74
    • 70449717382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin restores the endothelin 1/nitric oxide balance in patients with obesity-related metabolic syndrome
    • Tesauro M, Schinzari F, Rovella V, et al. Ghrelin restores the endothelin 1/nitric oxide balance in patients with obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2009; 54: 995-1000.
    • (2009) Hypertension , vol.54 , pp. 995-1000
    • Tesauro, M.1    Schinzari, F.2    Rovella, V.3
  • 75
    • 0036102978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasodilatory effect of ghrelin, an endogenous peptide from the stomach
    • Okumura H, Nagaya N, Enomoto M, et al. Vasodilatory effect of ghrelin, an endogenous peptide from the stomach. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 39: 779-83.
    • (2002) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.39 , pp. 779-783
    • Okumura, H.1    Nagaya, N.2    Enomoto, M.3
  • 76
    • 17144386607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthase inhibition exaggerates the hypotensive response to ghrelin: Role of calcium-activated potassium channels
    • Shinde UA, Desai KM, Yu C, Gopalakrishnan V. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition exaggerates the hypotensive response to ghrelin: role of calcium-activated potassium channels. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 779-84.
    • (2005) J Hypertens , vol.23 , pp. 779-784
    • Shinde, U.A.1    Desai, K.M.2    Yu, C.3    Gopalakrishnan, V.4
  • 77
    • 0033756825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of growth hormone in chronic heart failure. Therapeutic implications
    • Volterrani M, Manelli F, Cicoira M, Lorusso R, Giustina A. Role of growth hormone in chronic heart failure. Therapeutic implications. Drugs 2000; 60: 711-9.
    • (2000) Drugs , vol.60 , pp. 711-719
    • Volterrani, M.1    Manelli, F.2    Cicoira, M.3    Lorusso, R.4    Giustina, A.5
  • 78
    • 0031867143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I cause coronary vasorelaxation in vitro
    • Hasdai D, Rizza RA, Holmes DR, Jr., et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I cause coronary vasorelaxation in vitro. Hypertension 1998; 32: 228-34.
    • (1998) Hypertension , vol.32 , pp. 228-234
    • Hasdai, D.1    Rizza, R.A.2    Holmes Jr., D.R.3
  • 79
    • 0026467338 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor in rat aorta after balloon denudation. Evidence for local bioactivity
    • Khorsandi MJ, Fagin JA, Giannella-Neto D, Forrester JS, Cercek B. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor in rat aorta after balloon denudation. Evidence for local bioactivity. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1926-31.
    • (1992) J Clin Invest , vol.90 , pp. 1926-1931
    • Khorsandi, M.J.1    Fagin, J.A.2    Giannella-Neto, D.3    Forrester, J.S.4    Cercek, B.5
  • 80
    • 0030002827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin-like growth factor I diminishes in vivo and in vitro vascular contractility: Role of vascular nitric oxide
    • Walsh MF, Barazi M, Pete G, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I diminishes in vivo and in vitro vascular contractility: role of vascular nitric oxide. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 1798-803.
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 1798-1803
    • Walsh, M.F.1    Barazi, M.2    Pete, G.3
  • 81
    • 0030454148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled study
    • Boger RH, Skamira C, Bode-Boger SM, et al. Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2706-13.
    • (1996) J Clin Invest , vol.98 , pp. 2706-2713
    • Boger, R.H.1    Skamira, C.2    Bode-Boger, S.M.3
  • 82
    • 0038126909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and beta-estradiol on endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in rat aortic endothelial cells
    • Isenovic ER, Divald A, Milivojevic N, et al. Interactive effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and beta-estradiol on endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in rat aortic endothelial cells. Metabolism 2003; 52: 482-7.
    • (2003) Metabolism , vol.52 , pp. 482-487
    • Isenovic, E.R.1    Divald, A.2    Milivojevic, N.3
  • 83
    • 80054904567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity/expression in rat hearts from ghrelintreated rats
    • Sudar E, Dobutovic B, Soskic S, et al. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity/expression in rat hearts from ghrelintreated rats. J Physiol Biochem 2010.
    • (2010) J Physiol Biochem
    • Sudar, E.1    Dobutovic, B.2    Soskic, S.3
  • 84
    • 31144477853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variable effect of ghrelin administration on pancreatic development in young rats. Role of insulin-like growth factor-1
    • Dembinski A, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, et al. Variable effect of ghrelin administration on pancreatic development in young rats. Role of insulin-like growth factor-1. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56: 555-70.
    • (2005) J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 555-570
    • Dembinski, A.1    Warzecha, Z.2    Ceranowicz, P.3
  • 85
    • 0032565361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy
    • Osterziel KJ, Strohm O, Schuler J, et al. Randomised, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of human recombinant growth hormone in patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1998; 351: 1233-7.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 1233-1237
    • Osterziel, K.J.1    Strohm, O.2    Schuler, J.3
  • 86
    • 2442532527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin in the heart and growth hormone: Which is chicken, which is egg?
    • Pecker F. Ghrelin in the heart and growth hormone: which is chicken, which is egg? Cardiovasc Res 2004; 62: 442-3.
    • (2004) Cardiovasc Res , vol.62 , pp. 442-443
    • Pecker, F.1
  • 87
    • 0027140982 scopus 로고
    • Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses
    • Amato G, Carella C, Fazio S, et al. Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1671-6.
    • (1993) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.77 , pp. 1671-1676
    • Amato, G.1    Carella, C.2    Fazio, S.3
  • 88
    • 0342460492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia
    • Anker SD, Chua TP, Ponikowski P, et al. Hormonal changes and catabolic/anabolic imbalance in chronic heart failure and their importance for cardiac cachexia. Circulation 1997; 96: 526-34.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 526-534
    • Anker, S.D.1    Chua, T.P.2    Ponikowski, P.3
  • 89
    • 0032146343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficient insulin-like growth factor I in chronic heart failure predicts altered body composition, anabolic deficiency, cytokine and neurohormonal activation
    • Niebauer J, Pflaum CD, Clark AL, et al. Deficient insulin-like growth factor I in chronic heart failure predicts altered body composition, anabolic deficiency, cytokine and neurohormonal activation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 393-7.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.32 , pp. 393-397
    • Niebauer, J.1    Pflaum, C.D.2    Clark, A.L.3
  • 90
    • 33646178955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: Molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms
    • Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006; 113: 1888-904.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , pp. 1888-1904
    • Kim, J.A.1    Montagnani, M.2    Koh, K.K.3    Quon, M.J.4
  • 91
    • 33745838578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central insulin action in energy and glucose homeostasis
    • Plum L, Belgardt BF, Bruning JC. Central insulin action in energy and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1761-6.
    • (2006) J Clin Invest , vol.116 , pp. 1761-1766
    • Plum, L.1    Belgardt, B.F.2    Bruning, J.C.3
  • 92
    • 0036123435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase may mediate isoproterenol-induced vascular relaxation in part through nitric oxide production
    • Isenovic E, Walsh MF, Muniyappa R, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase may mediate isoproterenol-induced vascular relaxation in part through nitric oxide production. Metabolism 2002; 51: 380-6.
    • (2002) Metabolism , vol.51 , pp. 380-386
    • Isenovic, E.1    Walsh, M.F.2    Muniyappa, R.3
  • 93
    • 0037004171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in angiotensin II and insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Isenovic ER, Meng Y, Divald A, Milivojevic N, Sowers JR. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in angiotensin II and insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrine 2002; 19: 287-92.
    • (2002) Endocrine , vol.19 , pp. 287-292
    • Isenovic, E.R.1    Meng, Y.2    Divald, A.3    Milivojevic, N.4    Sowers, J.R.5
  • 94
    • 0141643291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes
    • Poykko SM, Kellokoski E, Horkko S, et al. Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2546-53.
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 2546-2553
    • Poykko, S.M.1    Kellokoski, E.2    Horkko, S.3
  • 95
    • 0034751526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans
    • Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, et al. Ghrelin, a natural GH secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 5083-6.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 5083-5086
    • Broglio, F.1    Arvat, E.2    Benso, A.3
  • 96
    • 18544369110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocrine activities of cortistatin-14 and its interaction with GHRH and ghrelin in humans
    • Broglio F, Arvat E, Benso A, et al. Endocrine activities of cortistatin-14 and its interaction with GHRH and ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 3783-90.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 3783-3790
    • Broglio, F.1    Arvat, E.2    Benso, A.3
  • 97
    • 0038699022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in humans in young and elderly subjects
    • Broglio F, Benso A, Castiglioni C, et al. The endocrine response to ghrelin as a function of gender in humans in young and elderly subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 1537-42.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 1537-1542
    • Broglio, F.1    Benso, A.2    Castiglioni, C.3
  • 98
    • 9444264700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating Ca2+ signaling in beta-cells: Implication in the glycemic control in rodents
    • Dezaki K, Hosoda H, Kakei M, et al. Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating Ca2+ signaling in beta-cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents. Diabetes 2004; 53: 3142-51.
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , pp. 3142-3151
    • Dezaki, K.1    Hosoda, H.2    Kakei, M.3
  • 99
    • 33845534952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of pancreatic isletderived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat dietinduced glucose intolerance
    • Dezaki K, Sone H, Koizumi M, et al. Blockade of pancreatic isletderived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat dietinduced glucose intolerance. Diabetes 2006; 55: 3486-93.
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , pp. 3486-3493
    • Dezaki, K.1    Sone, H.2    Koizumi, M.3
  • 100
    • 33646141847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice
    • Sun Y, Asnicar M, Saha PK, Chan L, Smith RG. Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. Cell Metab 2006; 3: 379-86.
    • (2006) Cell Metab , vol.3 , pp. 379-386
    • Sun, Y.1    Asnicar, M.2    Saha, P.K.3    Chan, L.4    Smith, R.G.5
  • 101
    • 0042626304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ghrelin and other neuropeptides (CART, MCH, orexin A and B, and GLP-1) on the release of insulin from isolated rat islets
    • Colombo M, Gregersen S, Xiao J, Hermansen K. Effects of ghrelin and other neuropeptides (CART, MCH, orexin A and B, and GLP-1) on the release of insulin from isolated rat islets. Pancreas 2003; 27: 161-6.
    • (2003) Pancreas , vol.27 , pp. 161-166
    • Colombo, M.1    Gregersen, S.2    Xiao, J.3    Hermansen, K.4
  • 102
    • 1242318803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells
    • Wierup N, Yang S, McEvilly RJ, Mulder H, Sundler F. Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52: 301-10.
    • (2004) J Histochem Cytochem , vol.52 , pp. 301-310
    • Wierup, N.1    Yang, S.2    McEvilly, R.J.3    Mulder, H.4    Sundler, F.5
  • 103
    • 0037372044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse
    • Reimer MK, Pacini G, Ahren B. Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 916-21.
    • (2003) Endocrinology , vol.144 , pp. 916-921
    • Reimer, M.K.1    Pacini, G.2    Ahren, B.3
  • 104
    • 1542270842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ghrelin on insulin and glucagon secretion: A study of isolated pancreatic islets and intact mice
    • Salehi A, Dornonville de la Cour C, Hakanson R, Lundquist I. Effects of ghrelin on insulin and glucagon secretion: a study of isolated pancreatic islets and intact mice. Regul Pept 2004; 118: 143-50.
    • (2004) Regul Pept , vol.118 , pp. 143-150
    • Salehi, A.1    Dornonville de la Cour, C.2    Hakanson, R.3    Lundquist, I.4
  • 105
    • 0037098974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ghrelin cell: A novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas
    • Wierup N, Svensson H, Mulder H, Sundler F. The ghrelin cell: a novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas. Regul Pept 2002; 107: 63-9.
    • (2002) Regul Pept , vol.107 , pp. 63-69
    • Wierup, N.1    Svensson, H.2    Mulder, H.3    Sundler, F.4
  • 106
    • 58549091080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and new metabolic frontiers
    • van der Lely AJ. Ghrelin and new metabolic frontiers. Horm Res 2009; 71 Suppl 1: 129-33.
    • (2009) Horm Res , vol.71 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 129-133
    • van der Lely, A.J.1
  • 107
    • 33646134385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin--a new player in glucose homeostasis?
    • Ahima RS. Ghrelin--a new player in glucose homeostasis? Cell Metab 2006; 3: 301-2.
    • (2006) Cell Metab , vol.3 , pp. 301-302
    • Ahima, R.S.1
  • 108
    • 33745790094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients
    • Damjanovic SS, Lalic NM, Pesko PM, et al. Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2574-81.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.91 , pp. 2574-2581
    • Damjanovic, S.S.1    Lalic, N.M.2    Pesko, P.M.3
  • 109
    • 2942666142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans
    • Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, et al. Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3062-5.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3062-3065
    • Broglio, F.1    Gottero, C.2    Prodam, F.3
  • 110
    • 17944379112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelinlike immunoreactivity levels in humans
    • Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, et al. Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelinlike immunoreactivity levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 4753-8.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 4753-4758
    • Ariyasu, H.1    Takaya, K.2    Tagami, T.3
  • 111
    • 0020402331 scopus 로고
    • Pancreatic endocrine function after total gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy
    • Sudo T, Ishiyama K, Takemoto M, et al. Pancreatic endocrine function after total gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy. American journal of surgery 1982; 144: 539-44.
    • (1982) American journal of surgery , vol.144 , pp. 539-544
    • Sudo, T.1    Ishiyama, K.2    Takemoto, M.3
  • 112
    • 0035095755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of the growth hormone (GH) receptor unmasks rapid GH-releasing peptide-6-mediated tissue-specific insulin resistance
    • Muller AF, Janssen JA, Hofland LJ, et al. Blockade of the growth hormone (GH) receptor unmasks rapid GH-releasing peptide-6-mediated tissue-specific insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 590-3.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 590-593
    • Muller, A.F.1    Janssen, J.A.2    Hofland, L.J.3
  • 113
    • 0025973829 scopus 로고
    • Immediate effect of vagotomy on pancreatic insulin secretion
    • Nordback I, Harju E. Immediate effect of vagotomy on pancreatic insulin secretion. Gut 1991; 32: 303-5.
    • (1991) Gut , vol.32 , pp. 303-305
    • Nordback, I.1    Harju, E.2
  • 114
    • 0040184557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans
    • Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, et al. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4908-11.
    • (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.85 , pp. 4908-4911
    • Takaya, K.1    Ariyasu, H.2    Kanamoto, N.3
  • 115
    • 0016154492 scopus 로고
    • Acute metabolic effects of human growth hormone
    • Fineberg SE, Merimee TJ. Acute metabolic effects of human growth hormone. Diabetes 1974; 23: 499-504.
    • (1974) Diabetes , vol.23 , pp. 499-504
    • Fineberg, S.E.1    Merimee, T.J.2
  • 116
    • 0028148471 scopus 로고
    • The effect of 3 months of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy on insulin and glucose-mediated glucose disposal and insulin secretion in GHdeficient adults: A minimal model analysis
    • O'Neal DN, Kalfas A, Dunning PL, et al. The effect of 3 months of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy on insulin and glucose-mediated glucose disposal and insulin secretion in GHdeficient adults: a minimal model analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 975-83.
    • (1994) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.79 , pp. 975-983
    • O'Neal, D.N.1    Kalfas, A.2    Dunning, P.L.3
  • 118
    • 0022477133 scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance in acromegaly: Defects in both hepatic and extrahepatic insulin action
    • Hansen I, Tsalikian E, Beaufrere B, et al. Insulin resistance in acromegaly: defects in both hepatic and extrahepatic insulin action. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: E269-73.
    • (1986) Am J Physiol , vol.250
    • Hansen, I.1    Tsalikian, E.2    Beaufrere, B.3
  • 119
    • 0021522787 scopus 로고
    • Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance enhances B cell responsiveness to glucose level in normal men
    • Beard JC, Halter JB, Best JD, Pfeifer MA, Porte D, Jr. Dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance enhances B cell responsiveness to glucose level in normal men. Am J Physiol 1984; 247: E592-6.
    • (1984) Am J Physiol , vol.247
    • Beard, J.C.1    Halter, J.B.2    Best, J.D.3    Pfeifer, M.A.4    Porte Jr., D.5
  • 121
    • 20244389215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low plasma ghrelin level in gastrectomized patients is accompanied by enhanced sensitivity to the ghrelin-induced growth hormone release
    • Popovic V, Miljic D, Pekic S, et al. Low plasma ghrelin level in gastrectomized patients is accompanied by enhanced sensitivity to the ghrelin-induced growth hormone release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2187-91.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 2187-2191
    • Popovic, V.1    Miljic, D.2    Pekic, S.3
  • 122
    • 0344826523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of growth hormone (GH) on ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin in GHdeficient patients
    • Eden Engstrom B, Burman P, Holdstock C, Karlsson FA. Effects of growth hormone (GH) on ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin in GHdeficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5193-8.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 5193-5198
    • Eden Engstrom, B.1    Burman, P.2    Holdstock, C.3    Karlsson, F.A.4
  • 123
    • 4043065269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on ghrelin secretion in severe undernutrition
    • Grinspoon S, Miller KK, Herzog DB, Grieco KA, Klibanski A. Effects of estrogen and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I on ghrelin secretion in severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 3988-93.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 3988-3993
    • Grinspoon, S.1    Miller, K.K.2    Herzog, D.B.3    Grieco, K.A.4    Klibanski, A.5
  • 124
    • 33646177550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic and endocrine effects of physiological increments in plasma ghrelin concentrations
    • Lucidi P, Murdolo G, Di Loreto C, et al. Metabolic and endocrine effects of physiological increments in plasma ghrelin concentrations. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15: 410-7.
    • (2005) Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis , vol.15 , pp. 410-417
    • Lucidi, P.1    Murdolo, G.2    Di Loreto, C.3
  • 125
    • 58149352421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin infusion in humans induces acute insulin resistance and lipolysis independent of growth hormone signaling
    • Vestergaard ET, Gormsen LC, Jessen N, et al. Ghrelin infusion in humans induces acute insulin resistance and lipolysis independent of growth hormone signaling. Diabetes 2008; 57: 3205-10.
    • (2008) Diabetes , vol.57 , pp. 3205-3210
    • Vestergaard, E.T.1    Gormsen, L.C.2    Jessen, N.3
  • 126
    • 33745834734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism
    • Theander-Carrillo C, Wiedmer P, Cettour-Rose P, et al. Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 1983-93.
    • (2006) J Clin Invest , vol.116 , pp. 1983-1993
    • Theander-Carrillo, C.1    Wiedmer, P.2    Cettour-Rose, P.3
  • 127
    • 19944396453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle
    • Barazzoni R, Bosutti A, Stebel M, et al. Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 288: E228-35.
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.288
    • Barazzoni, R.1    Bosutti, A.2    Stebel, M.3
  • 128
    • 79953714548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and lipid metabolism: Key partners in energy balance
    • Varela L, Vazquez MJ, Cordido F, et al. Ghrelin and lipid metabolism: key partners in energy balance. J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 46: R43-63.
    • (2011) J Mol Endocrinol , vol.46
    • Varela, L.1    Vazquez, M.J.2    Cordido, F.3
  • 129
    • 77649092148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of lipid metabolism by energy availability: A role for the central nervous system
    • Nogueiras R, Lopez M, Dieguez C. Regulation of lipid metabolism by energy availability: a role for the central nervous system. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 185-201.
    • (2010) Obes Rev , vol.11 , pp. 185-201
    • Nogueiras, R.1    Lopez, M.2    Dieguez, C.3
  • 130
    • 70349326314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central ghrelin regulates peripheral lipid metabolism in a growth hormoneindependent fashion
    • Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Vazquez MJ, Varela L, et al. Central ghrelin regulates peripheral lipid metabolism in a growth hormoneindependent fashion. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 4562-74.
    • (2009) Endocrinology , vol.150 , pp. 4562-4574
    • Sangiao-Alvarellos, S.1    Vazquez, M.J.2    Varela, L.3
  • 131
    • 77953142015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncoupling protein-2 decreases the lipogenic actions of ghrelin
    • Andrews ZB, Erion DM, Beiler R, et al. Uncoupling protein-2 decreases the lipogenic actions of ghrelin. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 2078-86.
    • (2010) Endocrinology , vol.151 , pp. 2078-2086
    • Andrews, Z.B.1    Erion, D.M.2    Beiler, R.3
  • 132
    • 33744542915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans
    • Gormsen LC, Gjedsted J, Gjedde S, et al. Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 667-73.
    • (2006) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.154 , pp. 667-673
    • Gormsen, L.C.1    Gjedsted, J.2    Gjedde, S.3
  • 133
    • 33845449955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy with acipimox enhances the effect of growth hormone treatment on linear body growth in the normal and smallfor-gestational-age rat
    • Vickers MH, Hofman PL, Gluckman PD, Lobie PE, Cutfield WS. Combination therapy with acipimox enhances the effect of growth hormone treatment on linear body growth in the normal and smallfor-gestational-age rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E1212-9.
    • (2006) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , vol.291
    • Vickers, M.H.1    Hofman, P.L.2    Gluckman, P.D.3    Lobie, P.E.4    Cutfield, W.S.5
  • 134
    • 77955410058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diagnosis of GH deficiency in obese patients: A reappraisal with GHRH plus arginine testing after pharmacological blockade of lipolysis
    • Scacchi M, Orsini F, Cattaneo A, et al. The diagnosis of GH deficiency in obese patients: a reappraisal with GHRH plus arginine testing after pharmacological blockade of lipolysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163: 201-6.
    • (2010) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.163 , pp. 201-206
    • Scacchi, M.1    Orsini, F.2    Cattaneo, A.3
  • 135
    • 0037762542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin can bind to a species of high density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase
    • Beaumont NJ, Skinner VO, Tan TM, et al. Ghrelin can bind to a species of high density lipoprotein associated with paraoxonase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 8877-80.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 8877-8880
    • Beaumont, N.J.1    Skinner, V.O.2    Tan, T.M.3
  • 137
    • 80054956094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased plasma resistin concentrations are associated with atherogenic small, dense low-density lipoproteins in patients with type-2 diabetes
    • Rizzo M, Amann-Vesti B, Zwimpfer C, Spinas G, Berneis K. Increased plasma resistin concentrations are associated with atherogenic small, dense low-density lipoproteins in patients with type-2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2010; 11: 66-7.
    • (2010) Atherosclerosis , vol.11 , pp. 66-67
    • Rizzo, M.1    Amann-Vesti, B.2    Zwimpfer, C.3    Spinas, G.4    Berneis, K.5
  • 138
    • 82055198043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is more to predicting vascular disease than just established risk factors
    • Rizzo M, Mikhailidis DP. There is more to predicting vascular disease than just established risk factors. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17: 3608-10.
    • (2011) Curr Pharm Des , vol.17 , pp. 3608-3610
    • Rizzo, M.1    Mikhailidis, D.P.2
  • 139
    • 70449728066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghrelin and obestatin modulate early atherogenic processes on cells: Enhancement of monocyte adhesion and oxidized low-density lipoprotein binding
    • Kellokoski E, Kunnari A, Jokela M, et al. Ghrelin and obestatin modulate early atherogenic processes on cells: enhancement of monocyte adhesion and oxidized low-density lipoprotein binding. Metabolism 2009; 58: 1572-80.
    • (2009) Metabolism , vol.58 , pp. 1572-1580
    • Kellokoski, E.1    Kunnari, A.2    Jokela, M.3
  • 140
    • 70849128559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin increases plasma ghrelin in Type 2 diabetes
    • Doogue MP, Begg EJ, Moore MP, et al. Metformin increases plasma ghrelin in Type 2 diabetes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 68: 875-82.
    • (2009) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.68 , pp. 875-882
    • Doogue, M.P.1    Begg, E.J.2    Moore, M.P.3
  • 141
    • 52049120711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metformin, but not pioglitazone, decreases postchallenge plasma ghrelin levels in type 2 diabetic patients: A possible role in weight stability?
    • Kusaka I, Nagasaka S, Horie H, Ishibashi S. Metformin, but not pioglitazone, decreases postchallenge plasma ghrelin levels in type 2 diabetic patients: a possible role in weight stability? Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10: 1039-46.
    • (2008) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.10 , pp. 1039-1046
    • Kusaka, I.1    Nagasaka, S.2    Horie, H.3    Ishibashi, S.4
  • 142
    • 70350443793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total and acylated ghrelin levels in type 2 diabetic patients: Similar levels observed after treatment with metformin, pioglitazone or diet therapy
    • Kiyici S, Ersoy C, Oz Gul O, et al. Total and acylated ghrelin levels in type 2 diabetic patients: similar levels observed after treatment with metformin, pioglitazone or diet therapy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2009; 117: 386-90.
    • (2009) Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes , vol.117 , pp. 386-390
    • Kiyici, S.1    Ersoy, C.2    Oz Gul, O.3
  • 143
    • 76249109642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin treatment on apelin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Kadoglou NP, Tsanikidis H, Kapelouzou A, et al. Effects of rosiglitazone and metformin treatment on apelin, visfatin, and ghrelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2010; 59: 373-9.
    • (2010) Metabolism , vol.59 , pp. 373-379
    • Kadoglou, N.P.1    Tsanikidis, H.2    Kapelouzou, A.3
  • 144
    • 33646250674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in adiponectin levels during pioglitazone therapy in relation to glucose control, insulin resistance as well as ghrelin and resistin levels
    • Otto C, Otto B, Goke B, et al. Increase in adiponectin levels during pioglitazone therapy in relation to glucose control, insulin resistance as well as ghrelin and resistin levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2006; 29: 231-6.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.29 , pp. 231-236
    • Otto, C.1    Otto, B.2    Goke, B.3
  • 145
    • 77953077888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pioglitazone on energy intake and ghrelin in diabetic patients
    • Martin CK, Gupta AK, Smith SR, et al. Effect of pioglitazone on energy intake and ghrelin in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 742-4.
    • (2010) Diabetes Care , vol.33 , pp. 742-744
    • Martin, C.K.1    Gupta, A.K.2    Smith, S.R.3
  • 146
    • 75749153217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of meglitinides on postprandial ghrelin secretion pattern in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Rudovich N, Mohlig M, Otto B, et al. Effect of meglitinides on postprandial ghrelin secretion pattern in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes technology & therapeutics 2010; 12: 57-64.
    • (2010) Diabetes technology & therapeutics , vol.12 , pp. 57-64
    • Rudovich, N.1    Mohlig, M.2    Otto, B.3
  • 147
    • 77950529791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cilazapril increases plasma ghrelin concentration in obese patients with arterial hypertension
    • Skoczylas A, Adamczak M, Chudek J, Wiecek A. Cilazapril increases plasma ghrelin concentration in obese patients with arterial hypertension. Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61: 21-7.
    • (2010) Endokrynol Pol , vol.61 , pp. 21-27
    • Skoczylas, A.1    Adamczak, M.2    Chudek, J.3    Wiecek, A.4
  • 148
    • 34249731922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term therapy with atorvastatin or fenofibrate does not affect plasma ghrelin, resistin or adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with mixed hyperlipoproteinaemia
    • Otto C, Otto B, Frost RJ, et al. Short-term therapy with atorvastatin or fenofibrate does not affect plasma ghrelin, resistin or adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetic patients with mixed hyperlipoproteinaemia. Acta diabetologica 2007; 44: 65-8.
    • (2007) Acta diabetologica , vol.44 , pp. 65-68
    • Otto, C.1    Otto, B.2    Frost, R.J.3
  • 149
    • 75749155520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of orlistat on the total ghrelin and leptin levels in obese patients
    • Ozkan Y, Aydin S, Donder E, et al. Effect of orlistat on the total ghrelin and leptin levels in obese patients. J Physiol Biochem 2009; 65: 215-23.
    • (2009) J Physiol Biochem , vol.65 , pp. 215-223
    • Ozkan, Y.1    Aydin, S.2    Donder, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.