Noninvasive strategies to promote functional recovery after stroke

Neural Plasticity

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Faralli, Alessio ^a   Bigoni, Matteo ^b   Mauro, Alessandro ^a,b   Rossi, Ferdinando ^a   Carulli, Daniela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO AUXOLOGICO ITALIANO   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN PERFUSION; CAREGIVER; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONSTRAINT INDUCED MOVEMENT THERAPY; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; ELECTRIC CURRENT; ENVIRONMENT; EXERCISE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; INDEPENDENCE; LEARNING; MAGNETIC FIELD; MAZE TEST; MOTIVATION; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MOVEMENT THERAPY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; PATIENT; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PREMOTOR CORTEX; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REHABILITATION; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL NETWORK; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRESS; STROKE PATIENT; STROKE REHABILITATION; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VIRTUAL REALITY; CONVALESCENCE; DISABLED PERSON; KINESIOTHERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES; STROKE; METHODOLOGY;

DISABLED PERSONS; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; MOTOR SKILLS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; RECOVERY OF FUNCTION; STROKE;

EID: 84880175954     PISSN: 20905904     EISSN: 16875443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/854597     Document Type: Review

References (224)

1. Kolominsky-Rabas P. L., Weber M., Gefeller O., Neundoerfer B., Heuschmann P. U., Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke 2001 32 12 2735 2740 2-s2.0-0035210949 (Pubitemid 33134456)
2. Langhorne P., Bernhardt J., Kwakkel G., Stroke rehabilitation. The Lancet 2011 377 9778 1693 1702 2-s2.0-79955887519 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60325-5
3. Carmichael S. T., Targets for neural repair therapies after stroke. Stroke 2010 41 10 S124 S126 2-s2.0-77957974182 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.597146
4. Rossi F., Gianola S., Corvetti L., Regulation of intrinsic neuronal properties for axon growth and regeneration. Progress in Neurobiology 2007 81 1 1 28 2-s2.0-33847094740 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.12.001 (Pubitemid 46282271)
5. Foscarin S., Rossi F., Carulli D., Influence of the environment on adult CNS plasticity and repair. Cell and Tissue Research 2012 349 1 161 167 2-s2.0-82455175509 10.1007/s00441-011-1293-4
6. Yiu G., He Z., Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2006 7 8 617 627 2-s2.0-33746308062 10.1038/nrn1956 (Pubitemid 44106744)
7. Lee J., Kim J., Sivula M., Strittmatter S. M., Nogo receptor antagonism promotes stroke recovery by enhancing axonal plasticity. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 27 6209 6217 2-s2.0-3042838912 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1643-04.2004 (Pubitemid 38891112)
8. Hill J. J., Jin K., Mao X. O., Xie L., Greenberg D. A., Intracerebral chondroitinase ABC and heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican improve outcome from chronic stroke in rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012 5 109 9155 9160
9. Soleman S., Yip P. K., Duricki D. A., Moon L. D. F., Delayed treatment with chondroitinase ABC promotes sensorimotor recovery and plasticity after stroke in aged rats. Brain 2012 135 4 1210 1223 2-s2.0-84860132066 10.1093/brain/aws027
10. Pekcec A., Yigitkanli K., Jung J. E., Pallast S., Xing C., Antipenko A., Minchenko M., Nikolov D. B., Holman T. R., Lo E. H., van Leyen K., Following experimental stroke, the recovering brain is vulnerable to lipoxygenase- dependent semaphorin signaling. FASEB Journal 2013 27 2 437 445 10.1096/fj.12-206896
11. Overman J. J., Clarkson A. N., Wanner I. B., Overman W. T., Eckstein I., Maguire J. L., Dinov I. D., Toga A. W., Carmichael S. T., A role for ephrin-A5 in axonal sprouting, recovery, and activity-dependent plasticity after stroke. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012 109 33 2230 2239 10.1073/pnas.1204386109
12. Lemmens R., Jaspers T., Robberecht W., Thijs V. N., Modifying expression of EphA4 and its downstream targets improves functional recovery after stroke. Human Molecular Genetics 2013 22 11 2214 2220 10.1093/hmg/ddt073
13. Lorber B., Howe M. L., Benowitz L. I., Irwin N., Mst3b, an Ste20-like kinase, regulates axon regeneration in mature CNS and PNS pathways. Nature Neuroscience 2009 12 11 1407 1414 2-s2.0-71149108631 10.1038/nn.2414
14. Benowitz L. I., Carmichael S. T., Promoting axonal rewiring to improve outcome after stroke. Neurobiology of Disease 2010 37 2 259 266 2-s2.0-72749104890 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.009
15. Cossetti C., Alfaro-Cervello C., Donegà M., Tyzack G., Pluchino S., New perspectives of tissue remodelling with neural stem and progenitor cell-based therapies. Cell and Tissue Research 2012 349 1 321 329 2-s2.0-84856614156 10.1007/s00441-012-1341-8
16. Honmou O., Onodera R., Sasaki M., Waxman S. G., Kocsis J. D., Mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic outlook for stroke. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2012 18 5 292 297 2-s2.0-84860539878 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.02.003
17. Oki K., Tatarishvili J., Wood J., Koch P., Wattananit S., Mine Y., Monni E., Tornero D., Ahlenius H., Ladewig J., Brüstle O., Lindvall O., Kokaia Z., Human-induced pluripotent stem cells form functional neurons and improve recovery after grafting in stroke-damaged brain. Stem Cells 2012 30 6 1120 1133 10.1002/stem.1104
18. Murphy T. H., Corbett D., Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009 10 12 861 872 2-s2.0-70450267518 10.1038/nrn2735
19. Schaechter J. D., Motor rehabilitation and brain plasticity after hemiparetic stroke. Progress in Neurobiology 2004 73 1 61 72 2-s2.0-2942607522 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.04.001 (Pubitemid 38749091)
20. Levin M. F., Kleim J. A., Wolf S. L., What do motor "recovery" and "compensationg" mean in patients following stroke? Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009 23 4 313 319 2-s2.0-64149115027 10.1177/1545968308328727
21. Teasell R., Bitensky J., Foley N., Bayona N. A., Training and stimulation in post stroke recovery brain reorganization. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2005 12 3 37 45 2-s2.0-24144436113 10.1310/E893-M0PR-NJEJ-1GXM (Pubitemid 41233412)
22. Small S. L., Buccino G., Solodkin A., The mirror neuron system and treatment of stroke. Developmental Psychobiology 2012 54 3 293 310 2-s2.0-84858172179 10.1002/dev.20504
23. Page S. J., Gater D. R., Bach-Y-Rita P., Reconsidering the motor recovery plateau in stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004 85 8 1377 1381 2-s2.0-3543128343 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.12.031 (Pubitemid 39024445)
24. Bernhardt J., Thuy M. N., Collier J. M., Legg L. A., Very early versus delayed mobilisation after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 1 CD006187 2-s2.0-62449087107
25. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration, Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002 1 CD000197
26. The European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee, ESO Writing Committee, Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008 25 457 507
27. Kwakkel G., Wagenaar R. C., Twisk J. W. R., Lankhorst G. J., Koetsier J. C., Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. The Lancet 1999 354 9174 191 196 2-s2.0-0033578213 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09477-X (Pubitemid 29329157)
28. Macko R. F., Ivey F. M., Forrester L. W., Task-oriented aerobic exercise in chronic hemiparetic stroke: training protocols and treatment effects. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2005 12 1 45 57 2-s2.0-14744272420 10.1310/PJQN-KAN9- TTVY-HYQH (Pubitemid 40328257)
29. van de Port I. G. L., Wood-Dauphinee S., Lindeman E., Kwakkel G., Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. The American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007 86 11 935 951 2-s2.0-38449104043 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31802ee464 (Pubitemid 351339392)
30. Govender P., Kalra L., Benefits of occupational therapy in stroke rehabilitation. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2007 7 8 1013 1019 2-s2.0-34548025578 10.1586/14737175.7.8.1013 (Pubitemid 47281315)
31. Wolf S. L., Winstein C. J., Miller J. P., Taub E., Uswatte G., Morris D., Giuliani C., Light K. E., Nichols-Larsen D., EXCITE Investigators, Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. The Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 296 17 2095 2104 2-s2.0-33750532312 10.1001/jama.296.17.2095 (Pubitemid 44664704)
32. Sirtori V., Corbetta D., Moja L., Gatti R., Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in stroke patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009 4 CD004433 2-s2.0-75349108062
33. Langhorne P., Coupar F., Pollock A., Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. The Lancet Neurology 2009 8 8 741 754 2-s2.0-67650071086 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70150-4
34. Jackson P. L., Lafleur M. F., Malouin F., Richards C. L., Doyon J., Functional cerebral reorganization following motor sequence learning through mental practice with motor imagery. NeuroImage 2003 20 2 1171 1180 2-s2.0-0141943402 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00369-0 (Pubitemid 37268135)
35. Page S. J., Szaflarski J. P., Eliassen J. C., Pan H., Cramer S. C., Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009 23 4 382 388 2-s2.0-64149101062 10.1177/1545968308326427
36. Braun S. M., Beurskens A. J., Borm P. J., Schack T., Wade D. T., The effects of mental practice in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87 6 842 852 2-s2.0-33646785754 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.02.034 (Pubitemid 43767706)
37. Zimmermann-Schlatter A., Schuster C., Puhan M. A., Siekierka E., Steurer J., Efficacy of motor imagery in post-stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2008 5 article 8 2-s2.0-41749121222 10.1186/1743-0003-5-8 (Pubitemid 351490548)
38. Barclay-Goddard R. E., Stevenson T. J., Poluha W., Thalman L., Mental practice for treating upper extremity deficits in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011 5 CD005950 2-s2.0-79959491197
39. Garry M. I., Loftus A., Summers J. J., Mirror, mirror on the wall: viewing a mirror reflection of unilateral hand movements facilitates ipsilateral M1 excitability. Experimental Brain Research 2005 163 1 118 122 2-s2.0-19544375822 10.1007/s00221-005-2226-9 (Pubitemid 40868522)
40. Rizzolatti G., Craighero L., The mirror-neuron system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2004 27 169 192 2-s2.0-3943111670 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203. 144230 (Pubitemid 39050401)
41. Rizzolatti G., Sinigaglia C., The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2010 11 4 264 274 2-s2.0-77949874507 10.1038/nrn2805
42. Ertelt D., Small S., Solodkin A., Dettmers C., McNamara A., Binkofski F., Buccino G., Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. NeuroImage 2007 36 2 T164 T173 2-s2.0-34247849297 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.043 (Pubitemid 46702737)
43. Thieme H., Mehrholz J., Pohl M., Behrens J., Dohle C., Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012 3 CD008449 10.1002/14651858.CD008449.pub2
44. Riva G., Applications of virtual environments in medicine. Methods of Information in Medicine 2003 42 5 524 534 2-s2.0-0346964662 (Pubitemid 38055492)
45. Sveistrup H., Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2004 1 article 10 2-s2.0-15244358260 10.1186/1743-0003-1-10 (Pubitemid 40390053)
46. Holden M. K., Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review. Cyberpsychology and Behavior 2005 8 3 187 211 2-s2.0-20544477178 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.187 (Pubitemid 40847797)
47. Laver K. E., George S., Thomas S., Deutsch J. E., Crotty M., Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011 9 CD008349 2-s2.0-80055100650
48. Saposnik G., Levin M., Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a meta-analysis and implications for clinicians. Stroke 2011 42 5 1380 1386 2-s2.0-79951598833 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.605451
49. Kwakkel G., Kollen B. J., Krebs H. I., Effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008 22 2 111 121 2-s2.0-39649101658 10.1177/1545968307305457 (Pubitemid 351287594)
50. Lo A. C., Guarino P. D., Richards L. G., Haselkorn J. K., Wittenberg G. F., Federman D. G., Ringer R. J., Wagner T. H., Krebs H. I., Volpe B. T., Bever C. T. Jr., Bravata D. M., Duncan P. W., Corn B. H., Maffucci A. D., Nadeau S. E., Conroy S. S., Powell J. M., Huang G. D., Peduzzi P., Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 362 19 1772 1783 2-s2.0-77952301687 10.1056/NEJMoa0911341
51. Mehrholz J., Platz T., Kugler J., Pohl M., Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving arm function and activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008 4 CD006876 2-s2.0-58249089210 10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub2
52. Duncan P. W., Sullivan K. J., Behrman A. L., Azen S. P., Wu S. S., Nadeau S. E., Dobkin B. H., Rose D. K., Tilson J. K., Cen S., Hayden S. K., LEAPS Investigative Team, Body-weight-supported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011 364 21 2026 2036 2-s2.0-79957444504 10.1056/NEJMoa1010790
53. Dominici N., Keller U., Vallery H., Friedli L., van den Brand R., Starkey M. L., Musienko P., Riener R., Courtine G., Versatile robotic interface to evaluate, enable and train locomotion and balance after neuromotor disorders. Nature Medicine 2012 18 7 1142 1147 10.1038/nm.2845
54. Hummel F. C., Cohen L. G., Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke? The Lancet Neurology 2006 5 8 708 712 2-s2.0-33745968282 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70525-7 (Pubitemid 44062420)
55. Bestmann S., Swayne O., Blankenburg F., Ruff C. C., Teo J., Weiskopf N., Driver J., Rothwell J. C., Ward N. S., The role of contralesional dorsal premotor cortex after stroke as studied with concurrent TMS-fMRI. Journal of Neuroscience 2010 30 36 11926 11937 2-s2.0-77956577934 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5642- 09.2010
56. Corti M., Patten C., Triggs W., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex after stroke: a focused review. The American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2012 91 3 254 270 10.1097/PHM. 0b013e318228bf0c
57. Hsu W. Y., Cheng C. H., Liao K. K., Lee I. H., Lin Y. Y., Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor functions in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2012 43 7 1849 1857 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111. 649756
58. Talelli P., Wallace A., Dileone M., Hoad D., Cheeran B., Oliver R., VandenBos M., Hammerbeck U., Barratt K., Gillini C., Musumeci G., Boudrias M. H., Cloud G. C., Ball J., Marsden J. F., Ward N. S., Di Lazzaro V., Greenwood R. G., Rothwell J. C., Theta burst stimulation in the rehabilitation of the upper limb: a semirandomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2012 26 8 976 987 10.1177/1545968312437940
59. Schjetnan G. P., Faraji J., Metz G. A., Tatsuno M., Luczak A., Transcranial direct current stimulation in stroke rehabilitation: a review of recent advancements. Stroke Research and Treatment 2013 2013 14 170256 10.1155/2013/170256
60. Feng W. W., Bowden M. G., Kautz S., Review of transcranial direct current stimulation in poststroke recovery. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2013 20 1 68 77 10.1310/tsr2001-68
61. Khedr E. M., Shawky O. A., El-Hammady D. H., Rothwell J. C., Darwish E. S., Mostafa O. M., Tohamy A. M., Effect of anodal versus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2013 10.1177/1545968313484808
62. Will B., Galani R., Kelche C., Rosenzweig M. R., Recovery from brain injury in animals: relative efficacy of environmental enrichment, physical exercise or formal training (1990-2002). Progress in Neurobiology 2004 72 3 167 182 2-s2.0-2342461096 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.001 (Pubitemid 38591294)
63. Nithianantharajah J., Hannan A. J., Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2006 7 9 697 709 2-s2.0-33747613561 10.1038/nrn1970 (Pubitemid 44267494)
64. Ohlsson A. L., Johansson B. B., Environment influences functional outcome of cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke 1995 26 4 644 649 2-s2.0-0028906372
65. Johansson B. B., Functional outcome in rats transferred to an enriched environment 15 days after focal brain ischemia. Stroke 1996 27 2 324 326 2-s2.0-0030024623 (Pubitemid 26044508)
66. Biernaskie J., Corbett D., Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 14 5272 5280 2-s2.0-0035879070 (Pubitemid 32622952)
67. Risedal A., Mattsson B., Dahlqvist P., Nordborg C., Olsson T., Johansson B. B., Environmental influences on functional outcome after a cortical infarct in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 2002 58 3 315 321 2-s2.0-0035997064 10.1016/S0361-9230(02)00796-7 (Pubitemid 34786465)
68. Knieling M., Metz G. A., Antonow-Schlorke I., Witte O. W., Enriched environment promotes efficiency of compensatory movements after cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2009 163 3 759 769 2-s2.0-70149087720 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.004
69. Wang Y., Bontempi B., Hong S. M., Mehta K., Weinstein P. R., Abrams G. M., Liu J., A comprehensive analysis of gait impairment after experimental stroke and the therapeutic effect of environmental enrichment in rats. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2008 28 12 1936 1950 2-s2.0-56649105242 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.82
70. Whishaw I. Q., Loss of the innate cortical engram for action patterns used in skilled reaching and the development of behavioral compensation following motor cortex lesions in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2000 39 5 788 805 2-s2.0-0033980568 10.1016/S0028-3908(99)00259-2 (Pubitemid 30103683)
71. Krakauer J. W., Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Current Opinion in Neurology 2006 19 1 84 90 2-s2.0-31644436786 (Pubitemid 43172710)
72. Metz G. A., Antonow-Schlorke I., Witte O. W., Motor improvements after focal cortical ischemia in adult rats are mediated by compensatory mechanisms. Behavioural Brain Research 2005 162 1 71 82 2-s2.0-19444370499 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.03.002 (Pubitemid 40726281)
73. van Dellen A., Blakemore C., Deacon R., York D., Hannan A. J., Delaying the onset of Huntington's in mice. Nature 2000 404 6779 721 722 2-s2.0-0034643362 10.1038/35008142 (Pubitemid 30212388)
74. Arendash G. W., Garcia M. F., Costa D. A., Cracchiolo J. R., Wefes I. M., Potter H., Environmental enrichment improves cognition in aged Alzheimer's transgenic mice despite stable β -amyloid deposition. NeuroReport 2004 15 11 1751 1754 2-s2.0-4043147336 10.1097/01.wnr.0000137183.68847.4e (Pubitemid 39062588)
75. Jankowsky J. L., Melnikova T., Fadale D. J., Xu G. M., Slunt H. H., Gonzales V., Younkin L. H., Younkin S. G., Borchelt D. R., Savonenko A. V., Environmental enrichment mitigates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25 21 5217 5224 2-s2.0-21144456098 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5080-04.2005 (Pubitemid 40726973)
76. Lazarov O., Robinson J., Tang Y. P., Hairston I. S., Korade-Mirnics Z., Lee V. M., Hersh L. B., Sapolsky R. M., Mirnics K., Sisodia S. S., Environmental enrichment reduces A β levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. Cell 2005 120 5 701 713 2-s2.0-20044377403 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.015 (Pubitemid 40343081)
77. Restivo L., Ferrari F., Passino E., Sgobio C., Bock J., Oostra B. A., Bagni C., Ammassari-Teule M., Enriched environment promotes behavioral and morphological recovery in a mouse model for the fragile X syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 32 11557 11562 2-s2.0-23844547567 10.1073/pnas.0504984102 (Pubitemid 41153858)
78. Mandolesi L., de Bartolo P., Foti F., Gelfo F., Federico F., Leggio M. G., Petrosini L., Environmental enrichment provides a cognitive reserve to be spent in the case of brain lesion. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2008 15 1 11 28 2-s2.0-52449089202
79. Turner A. M., Greenough W. T., Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. I. Synaptic and neuronal density and synapses per neuron. Brain Research 1985 329 1-2 195 203 2-s2.0-0021922249 (Pubitemid 15142234)
80. Nithianantharajah J., Levis H., Murphy M., Environmental enrichment results in cortical and subcortical changes in levels of synaptophysin and PSD-95 proteins. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2004 81 3 200 210 2-s2.0-1842635537 10.1016/j.nlm.2004.02.002 (Pubitemid 38479660)
81. Greenough W. T., Volkmar F. R., Juraska J. M., Effects of rearing complexity on dendritic branching in frontolateral and temporal cortex of the rat. Experimental Neurology 1973 41 2 371 378 2-s2.0-0015816889
82. Faherty C. J., Kerley D., Smeyne R. J., A Golgi-Cox morphological analysis of neuronal changes induced by environmental enrichment. Developmental Brain Research 2003 141 1-2 55 61 2-s2.0-0037436416 10.1016/S0165-3806(02)00642- 9 (Pubitemid 36315692)
83. Kolb B., Gibb R., Gorny G., Experience-dependent changes in dendritic arbor and spine density in neocortex vary qualitatively with age and sex. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2003 79 1 1 10 2-s2.0-0037227172 10.1016/S1074-7427(02)00021-7 (Pubitemid 36071184)
84. Sale A., Maya Vetencourt J. F., Medini P., Cenni M. C., Baroncelli L., de Pasquale R., Maffei L., Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition. Nature Neuroscience 2007 10 6 679 681 2-s2.0-34249667112 10.1038/nn1899 (Pubitemid 46828505)
85. Foscarin S., Ponchione D., Pajaj E., Leto K., Gawlak M., Wilczynski G. M., Rossi F., Carulli D., Experience-dependent plasticity and modulation of growth regulatory molecules at central synapses. PLoS ONE 2011 6 1 2-s2.0-79551648938 10.1371/journal.pone.0016666 e16666
86. Dobkin B. H., Motor rehabilitation after stroke, traumatic brain, and spinal cord injury: common denominators within recent clinical trials. Current Opinion in Neurology 2009 22 6 563 569 2-s2.0-74049144029 10.1097/WCO. 0b013e3283314b11
87. Yang Y. R., Wang R. Y., Wang P. S., Early and late treadmill training after focal brain ischemia in rats. Neuroscience Letters 2003 339 2 91 94 2-s2.0-0037457353 10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00010-7 (Pubitemid 36254784)
88. Ding Y., Li J., Lai Q., Rafols J. A., Luan X., Clark J., Diaz F. G., Motor balance and coordination training enhances functional outcome in rat with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neuroscience 2004 123 3 667 674 2-s2.0-0346099205 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.031 (Pubitemid 38045403)
89. Nudo R. J., Wise B. M., SiFuentes F., Milliken G. W., Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science 1996 272 5269 1791 1794 2-s2.0-0030017218 (Pubitemid 26256399)
90. Taub E., Uswatte G., Elbert T., New treatments in neurorehabilitation founded on basic research. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2002 3 3 228 236 2-s2.0-0036513251 10.1038/nrn754 (Pubitemid 135706592)
91. Kim M. W., Bang M. S., Han T. R., Ko Y. J., Yoon B. W., Kim J. H., Kang L. M., Lee K. M., Kim M. H., Exercise increased BDNF and trkB in the contralateral hemisphere of the ischemic rat brain. Brain Research 2005 1052 1 16 21 2-s2.0-23644450397 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.070 (Pubitemid 41116283)
92. Moraska A., Deak T., Spencer R. L., Roth D., Fleshner M., Treadmill running produces both positive and negative physiological adaptations in Sprague-Dawley rats. The American Journal of Physiology 2000 279 4 R1321 R1329 2-s2.0-0033680478
93. Müller H. D., Hanumanthiah K. M., Diederich K., Schwab S., Schäbitz W., Sommer C., Brain-derived neurotrophic factor but not forced arm use improves long-term outcome after photothrombotic stroke and transiently upregulates binding densities of excitatory glutamate receptors in the rat brain. Stroke 2008 39 3 1012 1021 2-s2.0-41249102074 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107. 495069 (Pubitemid 351619554)
94. Colantonio A., Kasl S. V., Ostfeld A. M., Berkman L. F., Psychosocial predictors of stroke outcomes in an elderly population. Journals of Gerontology 1993 48 5 S261 S268 2-s2.0-0027202670 (Pubitemid 23272465)
95. Glass T. A., Matchar D. B., Belyea M., Feussner J. R., Impact of social support on outcome in first stroke. Stroke 1993 24 1 64 70 2-s2.0-0027395252 (Pubitemid 23014384)
96. Johansson B. B., Ohlsson A. L., Environment, social interaction, and physical activity as determinants of functional outcome after cerebral infarction in the rat. Experimental Neurology 1996 139 2 322 327 2-s2.0-0030158237 10.1006/exnr.1996.0106 (Pubitemid 26228100)
97. Craft T. K. S., Glasper E. R., McCullough L., Zhang N., Sugo N., Otsuka T., Hurn P. D., DeVries A. C., Social interaction improves experimental stroke outcome. Stroke 2005 36 9 2006 2011 2-s2.0-24644503083 10.1161/01.STR. 0000177538.17687.54 (Pubitemid 41266542)
98. Pietropaolo S., Feldon J., Yee B. K., Nonphysical contact between cagemates alleviates the social isolation syndrome in C57BL/6 male mice. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008 122 3 505 515 2-s2.0-44649164970 10.1037/0735-7044.122.3.505 (Pubitemid 351787830)
99. Karelina K., Norman G. J., Zhang N., DeVries A. C., Social contact influences histological and behavioral outcomes following cerebral ischemia. Experimental Neurology 2009 220 2 276 282 2-s2.0-71549168952 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.022
100. Gibb R. L., Gonzalez C. L. R., Wegenast W., Kolb B. E., Tactile stimulation promotes motor recovery following cortical injury in adult rats. Behavioural Brain Research 2010 214 1 102 107 2-s2.0-77955055224 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.008
101. Lay C. C., Davis M. F., Chen-Bee C. H., Frostig R. D., Mild sensory stimulation completely protects the adult rodent cortex from ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE 2010 5 6 2-s2.0-77955324220 10.1371/journal.pone.0011270 e11270
102. Lay C. C., Davis M. F., Chen-Bee C. H., Frostig R. D., Mild sensory stimulation reestablishes cortical function during the acute phase of ischemia. Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31 32 11495 11504 2-s2.0-80051575994 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1741-11.2011
103. Yoon K. J., Oh B. M., Kim D. Y., Functional improvement and neuroplastic effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered 1 day versus 1 week after cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Research 2012 1452 61 72 2-s2.0-84859609476 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.062
104. Jiang T., Xu R. X., Zhang A. W., Di W., Xiao Z. J., Miao J. Y., Luo N., Fang Y. N., Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on hemichannel pannexin-1 and neural plasticity in rat model of cerebral infarction. Neuroscience 2012 226 421 426 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.035
105. Rossi C., Sallustio F., Di Legge S., Stanzione P., Koch G., Transcranial direct current stimulation of the affected hemisphere does not accelerate recovery of acute stroke patients. European Journal of Neurology 2013 20 1 202 204 2-s2.0-84858995023 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03703.x
106. Nitsche M. A., Schauenburg A., Lang N., Liebetanz D., Exner C., Paulus W., Tergau F., Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003 15 4 619 626 2-s2.0-0038405097 10.1162/ 089892903321662994 (Pubitemid 36530095)
107. Nitsche M. A., Doemkes S., Karaköse T., Antal A., Liebetanz D., Lang N., Tergau F., Paulus W., Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 2007 97 4 3109 3117 2-s2.0-34147162167 10.1152/jn.01312.2006 (Pubitemid 46557737)
108. Bolognini N., Pascual-Leone A., Fregni F., Using non-invasive brain stimulation to augment motor training-induced plasticity. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2009 6 1, article 8 2-s2.0-64749101609 10.1186/1743-0003-6-8
109. Esser S. K., Huber R., Massimini M., Peterson M. J., Ferrarelli F., Tononi G., A direct demonstration of cortical LTP in humans: a combined TMS/EEG study. Brain Research Bulletin 2006 69 1 86 94 2-s2.0-31844442521 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.11.003 (Pubitemid 43185348)
110. Quartarone A., Rizzo V., Bagnato S., Morgante F., Sant'Angelo A., Girlanda P., Roman Siebner H., Rapid-rate paired associative stimulation of the median nerve and motor cortex can produce long-lasting changes in motor cortical excitability in humans. Journal of Physiology 2006 575 2 657 670 2-s2.0-33747722719 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114025 (Pubitemid 44270188)
111. Di Lazzaro V., Profice P., Pilato F., Dileone M., Oliviero A., Ziemann U., The effects of motor cortex rTMS on corticospinal descending activity. Clinical Neurophysiology 2010 121 4 464 473 2-s2.0-77649188329 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.11.007
112. Conte A., Belvisi D., Iezzi E., Mari F., Inghilleri M., Berardelli A., Effects of attention on inhibitory and facilitatory phenomena elicited by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects. Experimental Brain Research 2008 186 3 393 399 2-s2.0-43449109782 10.1007/s00221-007-1244-1
113. Siebner H. R., Peller M., Willoch F., Minoshima S., Boecker H., Auer C., Drzezga A., Conrad B., Bartenstein P., Lasting cortical activation after repetitive TMS of the motor cortex: a glucose metabolic study. Neurology 2000 54 4 956 963 2-s2.0-0034701051 (Pubitemid 30111358)
114. Wang F., Geng X., Tao H. Y., Cheng Y., The restoration after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment on cognitive ability of vascular dementia rats and its impacts on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal ca1 area. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 2010 41 1 145 155 2-s2.0-77950189824 10.1007/s12031-009-9311-7
115. Wang H., Crupi D., Liu J., Stucky A., Cruciata G., di Rocco A., Friedman E., Quartarone A., Ghilardi M. F., Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation enhances BDNF-TrkB signaling in both brain and lymphocyte. Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31 30 11044 11054 2-s2.0-79960945293 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2125- 11.2011
116. Fujiki M., Steward O., High frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation mimics the effects of ECS in upregulating astroglial gene expression in the murine CNS. Molecular Brain Research 1997 44 2 301 308 2-s2.0-0031038724 10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00232-X (Pubitemid 27100097)
117. Zhang X., Mei Y., Liu C., Yu S., Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the expression of c-Fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factor of the cerebral cortex in rats with cerebral infarct. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology-Medical Science 2007 27 4 415 418 2-s2.0-34548537495 10.1007/s11596-007-0416-3
118. Biernaskie J., Chernenko G., Corbett D., Efficacy of rehabilitative experience declines with time after focal ischemic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 5 1245 1254 2-s2.0-0842281813 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3834-03. 2004 (Pubitemid 38177031)
119. Barbay S., Plautz E. J., Friel K. M., Frost S. B., Dancause N., Stowe A. M., Nudo R. J., Behavioral and neurophysiological effects of delayed training following a small ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex of squirrel monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 2006 169 1 106 116 2-s2.0-33344457629 10.1007/s00221-005-0129-4 (Pubitemid 43286727)
120. Risedal A., Zeng J., Johansson B. B., Early training may exacerbate brain damage after focal brain ischemia in the rat. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1999 19 9 997 1003 2-s2.0-0033496646 (Pubitemid 30173722)
121. Bland S. T., Schallert T., Strong R., Aronowski J., Grotta J. C., Early exclusive use of the affected forelimb after moderate transient focal ischemia in rats: functional and anatomic outcome. Stroke 2000 31 5 1144 1152 2-s2.0-0034017360 (Pubitemid 30253539)
122. Humm J. L., Kozlowski D. A., Bland S. T., James D. C., Schallert T., Use-dependent exaggeration of brain injury: is glutamate involved? Experimental Neurology 1999 157 2 349 358 2-s2.0-0033012635 10.1006/exnr.1999.7061 (Pubitemid 29260742)
123. Jones T. A., Chu C. J., Grande L. A., Gregory A. D., Motor skills training enhances lesion-induced structural plasticity in the motor cortex of adult rats. Journal of Neuroscience 1999 19 22 10153 10163 2-s2.0-0033571908 (Pubitemid 30226687)
124. Domann R., Hagemann G., Kraemer M., Freund H. J., Witte O. W., Electrophysiological changes in the surrounding brain tissue of photochemically induced cortical infarcts in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 1993 155 1 69 72 2-s2.0-0027238824 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90675-B (Pubitemid 23186671)
125. Carmichael S. T., Brain excitability in stroke: the yin and yang of stroke progression. Archives of Neurology 2012 69 2 161 167 2-s2.0-84856851275 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1175
126. Farrell R., Evans S., Corbett D., Environmental enrichment enhances recovery of function but exacerbates ischemic cell death. Neuroscience 2001 107 4 585 592 2-s2.0-0035965698 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00386-4 (Pubitemid 33097496)
127. Lee R. G., van Donkelaar P., Mechanisms underlying functional recovery following stroke. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1995 22 4 257 263 2-s2.0-0029557940 (Pubitemid 26005566)
128. Chen R., Cohen L. G., Hallett M., Nervous system reorganization following injury. Neuroscience 2002 111 4 761 773 2-s2.0-0037030726 10.1016/S0306- 4522(02)00025-8 (Pubitemid 34603248)
129. Seitz R. J., Freund H. J., Plasticity of the human motor cortex. Advances in Neurology 1997 73 321 333 2-s2.0-0030641427
130. Cicinelli P., Traversa R., Rossini P. M., Post-stroke reorganization of brain motor output to the hand: a 2-4 month follow-up with focal magnetic transcranial stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology-Electromyography and Motor Control 1997 105 6 438 450 2-s2.0-0031445106 10.1016/S0924-980X(97)00052-0 (Pubitemid 28020520)
131. Traversa R., Cicinelli P., Bassi A., Rossini P. M., Bernardi G., Mapping of motor cortical reorganization after stroke: a brain simulation study with focal magnetic pulses. Stroke 1997 28 1 110 117 2-s2.0-0031018883 (Pubitemid 27039474)
132. Liepert J., Miltner W. H. R., Bauder H., Sommer M., Dettmers C., Taub E., Weiller C., Motor cortex plasticity during constraint,induced movement therapy in stroke patients. Neuroscience Letters 1998 250 1 5 8 2-s2.0-0032569074 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00386-3 (Pubitemid 28341763)
133. Marshall R. S., Perera G. M., Lazar R. M., Krakauer J. W., Constantine R. C., DeLaPaz R. L., Evolution of cortical activation during recovery from corticospinal tract infarction. Stroke 2000 31 3 656 661 2-s2.0-0034011299 (Pubitemid 30131651)
134. Ward N. S., Newton J. M., Swayne O. B. C., Lee L., Thompson A. J., Greenwood R. J., Rothwell J. C., Frackowiak R. S. J., Motor system activation after subcortical stroke depends on corticospinal system integrity. Brain 2006 129 part 3 809 819 2-s2.0-33244477374 10.1093/brain/awl002 (Pubitemid 43278241)
135. Ward N. S., Newton J. M., Swayne O. B. C., Lee L., Frackowiak R. S. J., Thompson A. J., Greenwood R. J., Rothwell J. C., The relationship between brain activity and peak grip force is modulated by corticospinal system integrity after subcortical stroke. European Journal of Neuroscience 2007 25 6 1865 1873 2-s2.0-34047268576 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05434.x (Pubitemid 46550008)
136. Adesnik H., Scanziani M., Lateral competition for cortical space by layer-specific horizontal circuits. Nature 2010 464 7292 1155 1160 2-s2.0-77951544361 10.1038/nature08935
137. Carmichael S. T., Wei L., Rovainen C. M., Woolsey T. A., New patterns of intracortical projections after focal cortical stroke. Neurobiology of Disease 2001 8 5 910 922 2-s2.0-0035173635 10.1006/nbdi.2001.0425 (Pubitemid 33055605)
138. Kaas J. H., Qi H. X., Burish M. J., Gharbawie O. A., Onifer S. M., Massey J. M., Cortical and subcortical plasticity in the brains of humans, primates, and rats after damage to sensory afferents in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Experimental Neurology 2008 209 2 407 416 2-s2.0-38649083144 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.014 (Pubitemid 351174131)
139. Jones T. A., Schallert T., Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage. Brain Research 1992 581 1 156 160 2-s2.0-0026642175 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90356-E
140. Stroemer R. P., Kent T. A., Hulsebosch C. E., Neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke 1995 26 11 2135 2144 2-s2.0-0028808693
141. Dancause N., Vicarious function of remote cortex following stroke: recent evidence from human and animal studies. Neuroscientist 2006 12 6 489 499 2-s2.0-33750492297 10.1177/1073858406292782 (Pubitemid 44657964)
142. Starkey M. L., Bleul C., Zörner B., Lindau N. T., Mueggler T., Rudin M., Schwab M. E., Back seat driving: hindlimb corticospinal neurons assume forelimb control following ischaemic stroke. Brain 2012 135 11 3265 3281 10.1093/brain/aws270
143. Komitova M., Johansson B. B., Eriksson P. S., On neural plasticity, new neurons and the postischemic milieu: an integrated view on experimental rehabilitation. Experimental Neurology 2006 199 1 42 55 2-s2.0-33745212184 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.010 (Pubitemid 43949265)
144. Johansson B. B., Belichenko P. V., Neuronal plasticity and dendritic spines: effect of environmental enrichment on intact and postischemic rat brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2002 22 1 89 96 2-s2.0-0036139655 (Pubitemid 34038387)
145. Briones T. L., Rogozinska M., Woods J., Modulation of ischemia-induced NMDAR1 activation by environmental enrichment decreases oxidative damage. Journal of Neurotrauma 2011 28 12 2485 2492 2-s2.0-83455163272 10.1089/neu.2011.1842
146. Gobbo O. L., O'Mara S. M., Impact of enriched-environment housing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and on cognitive performance after a transient global ischemia. Behavioural Brain Research 2004 152 2 231 241 2-s2.0-1842463731 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.10.017 (Pubitemid 38757893)
147. Ploughman M., Granter-Button S., Chernenko G., Attwood Z., Tucker B. A., Mearow K. M., Corbett D., Exercise intensity influences the temporal profile of growth factors involved in neuronal plasticity following focal ischemia. Brain Research 2007 1150 1 207 216 2-s2.0-34247868737 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.065 (Pubitemid 46702117)
148. Li S., Overman J. J., Katsman D., Kozlov S. V., Donnelly C. J., Twiss J. L., Giger R. J., Coppola G., Geschwind D. H., Carmichael S. T., An age-related sprouting transcriptome provides molecular control of axonal sprouting after stroke. Nature Neuroscience 2010 13 12 1496 1506 2-s2.0-78649339985 10.1038/nn.2674
149. Keyvani K., Sachser N., Witte O. W., Paulus W., Gene expression profiling in the intact and injured brain following environmental enrichment. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2004 63 6 598 609 2-s2.0-2942616850 (Pubitemid 38736423)
150. Milbrandt J., A nerve growth factor-induced gene encodes a possible transcriptional regulatory factor. Science 1987 238 4828 797 799 2-s2.0-0023491356 (Pubitemid 18005238)
151. Yau J. L. W., Olsson T., Morris R. G. M., Noble J., Seckl J. R., Decreased NGFI-A gene expression in the hippocampus of cognitively impaired aged rats. Molecular Brain Research 1996 42 2 354 357 2-s2.0-0030477815 10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00220-3 (Pubitemid 27035767)
152. Dragunow M., A role for immediate-early transcription factors in learning and memory. Behavior Genetics 1996 26 3 293 299 2-s2.0-0030055163 10.1007/BF02359385 (Pubitemid 26234782)
153. Thiel G., Schoch S., Petersohn D., Regulation of synapsin I gene expression by the zinc finger transcription factor zif268/egr-1. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1994 269 21 15294 15301 2-s2.0-0028283543 (Pubitemid 24198380)
154. Petersohn D., Schoch S., Brinkmann D. R., Thiel G., The human synapsin II gene promoter. Possible role for the transcription factors zif268/egr-1, polyoma enhancer activator 3, and AP2. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995 270 41 24361 24369 2-s2.0-0028784229 10.1074/jbc.270.41.24361
155. Ferreira A., Rapoport M., The synapsins: beyond the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2002 59 4 589 595 2-s2.0-0036237621 10.1007/s00018-002-8451-5 (Pubitemid 34457537)
156. Pagnussat A. S., Simao F., Anastacio J. R., Mestriner R. G., Michaelsen S. M., Castro C. C., Salbego C., Netto C. A., Effects of skilled and unskilled training on functional recovery and brain plasticity after focal ischemia in adult rats. Brain Research 2012 1486 53 61 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.019
157. Yan S. F., Fujita T., Lu J., Okada K., Zou Y. S., Mackman N., Pinsky D. J., Stern D. M., Egr-1, a master switch coordinating upregulation of divergent gene families underlying ischemic stress. Nature Medicine 2000 6 12 1355 1361 2-s2.0-0034533374 10.1038/82168 (Pubitemid 32001019)
158. Milbrandt J., Nerve growth factor induces a gene homologous to the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Neuron 1988 1 3 183 188 2-s2.0-0024002468
159. Dragunow M., Abraham W., Hughes P., Activation of NMDA and muscarinic receptors induces nur-77 mRNA in hippocampal neurons. Molecular Brain Research 1996 36 2 349 356 2-s2.0-0029919646 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00294-3 (Pubitemid 26095596)
160. Dahlqvist P., Rönnbäck A., Risedal A., Nergårdh R., Johansson I. M., Seckl J. R., Johansson B. B., Olsson T., Effects of postischemic environment on transcription factor and serotonin receptor expression after permanent focal cortical ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2003 119 3 643 652 2-s2.0-0038521207 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00195-7 (Pubitemid 36694792)
161. Dahlqvist P., Zhao L., Johansson I. M., Mattsson B., Johansson B. B., Seckl J. R., Olsson T., Environmental enrichment alters nerve growth factor-induced gene A and glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA expression after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Neuroscience 1999 93 2 527 535 2-s2.0-0032787896 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00183-9 (Pubitemid 29329457)
162. Nygren J., Wieloch T., Enriched environment enhances recovery of motor function after focal ischemia in mice, and downregulates the transcription factor NGFI-A. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2005 25 12 1625 1633 2-s2.0-28044468869 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600157 (Pubitemid 41683173)
163. Shono Y., Yokota C., Kuge Y., Kido S., Harada A., Kokame K., Inoue H., Hotta M., Hirata K., Saji H., Tamaki N., Minematsu K., Gene expression associated with an enriched environment after transient focal ischemia. Brain Research 2011 1376 60 65 2-s2.0-79851513160 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.058
164. Cayre M., Canoll P., Goldman J. E., Cell migration in the normal and pathological postnatal mammalian brain. Progress in Neurobiology 2009 88 1 41 63 2-s2.0-65049088695 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.02.001
165. Keiner S., Walter J., Oberland J., Redecker C., Contribution of constitutively proliferating precursor cell subtypes to dentate neurogenesis after cortical infarcts. BMC Neuroscience 2010 11 article 146 2-s2.0-78349255552 10.1186/1471-2202-11-146
166. Walter J., Keiner S., Witte O. W., Redecker C., Differential stroke-induced proliferative response of distinct precursor cell subpopulations in the young and aged dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 2010 169 3 1279 1286 2-s2.0-77955272729 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.035
167. Arvidsson A., Collin T., Kirik D., Kokaia Z., Lindvall O., Neuronal replacement from endogenous precursors in the adult brain after stroke. Nature Medicine 2002 8 9 963 970 2-s2.0-0036735672 10.1038/nm747 (Pubitemid 35033700)
168. Parent J. M., Vexler Z. S., Gong C., Derugin N., Ferriero D. M., Rat forebrain neurogenesis and striatal neuron replacement after focal stroke. Annals of Neurology 2002 52 6 802 813 2-s2.0-0036895463 10.1002/ana.10393 (Pubitemid 35403191)
169. Zhang R., Zhang Z., Zhang C., Zhang L., Robin A., Wang Y., Lu M., Chopp M., Stroke transiently increases subventricular zone cell division from asymmetric to symmetric and increases neuronal differentiation in the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 25 5810 5815 2-s2.0-3042817392 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1109-04.2004 (Pubitemid 38857235)
170. Gotts J. E., Chesselet M., Mechanisms of subventricular zone expansion after focal cortical ischemic injury. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2005 488 2 201 214 2-s2.0-18744370383 10.1002/cne.20609 (Pubitemid 40840463)
171. Komitova M., Mattsson B., Johansson B. B., Eriksson P. S., Enriched environment increases neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of stroke-lesioned adult rats. Stroke 2005 36 6 1278 1282 2-s2.0-20444416669 10.1161/01.STR.0000166197.94147.59 (Pubitemid 40798751)
172. Koketsu D., Furuichi Y., Maeda M., Matsuoka N., Miyamoto Y., Hisatsune T., Increased number of new neurons in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus of adult non-human primates after focal ischemia. Experimental Neurology 2006 199 1 92 102 2-s2.0-33745189464 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.012
173. Collin T., Arvidsson A., Kokaia Z., Lindvall O., Quantitative analysis of the generation of different striatal neuronal subtypes in the adult brain following excitotoxic injury. Experimental Neurology 2005 195 1 71 80 2-s2.0-23644456973 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.03.017 (Pubitemid 41116815)
174. Jin K., Wang X., Xie L., Mao X. O., Greenberg D. A., Transgenic ablation of doublecortin-expressing cells suppresses adult neurogenesis and worsens stroke outcome in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010 107 17 7993 7998 2-s2.0-77952392015 10.1073/pnas.1000154107
175. Sun Y., Jin K., Xie L., Childs J., Mao X. O., Logvinova A., Greenberg D. A., VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003 111 12 1843 1851 2-s2.0-0041743159 10.1172/JCI200317977 (Pubitemid 38057729)
176. Komitova M., Zhao L. R., Gidö G., Johansson B. B., Eriksson P., Postischemic exercise attenuates whereas enriched environment has certain enhancing effects on lesion-induced subventricular zone activation in the adult rat. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005 21 9 2397 2405 2-s2.0-20444496110 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04072.x (Pubitemid 40813922)
177. Briones T. L., Suh E., Hattar H., Wadowska M., Dentate gyrus neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia and behavioral training. Biological Research for Nursing 2005 6 3 167 179 2-s2.0-12944249626 10.1177/1099800404271328 (Pubitemid 43920962)
178. Trejo J. L., Carro E., Torres-Alemán I., Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates exercise-induced increases in the number of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 5 1628 1634 2-s2.0-0035283153 (Pubitemid 32182203)
179. Fabel K., Fabel K., Tam B., Kaufer D., Baiker A., Simmons N., Kuo C. J., Palmer T. D., VEGF is necessary for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 2003 18 10 2803 2812 2-s2.0-0346751060 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03041.x (Pubitemid 37542133)
180. Cao L., Jiao X., Zuzga D. S., Liu Y., Fong D. M., Young D., During M. J., VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nature Genetics 2004 36 8 827 835 2-s2.0-3542999278 10.1038/ng1395 (Pubitemid 39014099)
181. Wurm F., Keiner S., Kunze A., Witte O. W., Redecker C., Effects of skilled forelimb training on hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning after focal cortical infarcts in the adult rat brain. Stroke 2007 38 10 2833 2840 2-s2.0-34848912613 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.485524 (Pubitemid 47494025)
182. Zhao C., Wang J., Zhao S., Nie Y., Constraint-induced movement therapy enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery after stroke in adult rats. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009 218 4 301 308 2-s2.0-70349780053 10.1620/tjem.218.301
183. Matsumori Y., Hong S. M., Fan Y., Kayama T., Hsu C. Y., Weinstein P. R., Liu J., Enriched environment and spatial learning enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and salvages ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiology of Disease 2006 22 1 187 198 2-s2.0-33645073389 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.10.015
184. Nedergaard M., Dirnagl U., Role of glial cells in cerebral ischemia. Glia 2005 50 4 281 286 2-s2.0-20344394153 10.1002/glia.20205 (Pubitemid 40780834)
185. Nilsson M., Pekny M., Enriched environment and astrocytes in central nervous system regeneration. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007 39 5 345 352 2-s2.0-34250351936 10.2340/16501977-0084
186. Ridet J. L., Malhotra S. K., Privat A., Gage F. H., Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends in Neurosciences 1997 20 12 570 577 2-s2.0-0030697366 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01139-9 (Pubitemid 27508969)
187. Ullian E. M., Christopherson K. S., Barres B. A., Role for glia in synaptogenesis. Glia 2004 47 3 209 216 2-s2.0-4344605165 10.1002/glia.20082 (Pubitemid 39121065)
188. Pekny M., Wilhelmsson U., Bogestål Y. R., Pekna M., The role of astrocytes and complement system in neural plasticity. International Review of Neurobiology 2007 82 95 111 2-s2.0-34547381007 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)82005-8
189. Song H., Stevens C. F., Gage F. H., Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells. Nature 2002 417 6884 39 44 2-s2.0-0037007647 10.1038/417039a (Pubitemid 34498810)
190. Alvarez-Buylla A., Lim D. A., For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron 2004 41 5 683 686 2-s2.0-1542268981 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00111-4 (Pubitemid 38326831)
191. Robel S., Berninger B., Götz M., The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2011 12 2 88 104 2-s2.0-78751677843 10.1038/nrn2978
192. Kimelberg H. K., Astrocytic swelling in cerebral ischemia as a possible cause of injury and target for therapy. Glia 2005 50 4 389 397 2-s2.0-20344374445 10.1002/glia.20174 (Pubitemid 40780842)
193. Keiner S., Wurm F., Kunze A., Witte O. W., Redecker C., Rehabilitative therapies differentially alter proliferation and survival of glial cell populations in the perilesional zone of cortical infarcts. Glia 2008 56 5 516 527 2-s2.0-44949259301 10.1002/glia.20632
194. Kraig R. P., Jaeger C. B., Ionic concomitants of astroglial transformation to reactive species. Stroke 1990 21 11, supplement III184 III187 2-s2.0-0025513710
195. Wilson J. X., Antioxidant defense of the brain: a role for astrocytes. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1997 75 10-11 1149 1163 2-s2.0-0031465419 10.1139/cjpp-75-10-11-1149 (Pubitemid 28033933)
196. Ruscher K., Freyer D., Karsch M., Isaev N., Megow D., Sawitzki B., Priller J., Dirnagl U., Meisel A., Erythropoietin is a paracrine mediator of ischemic tolerance in the brain: evidence from an in vitro model. Journal of Neuroscience 2002 22 23 10291 10301 2-s2.0-0036896201 (Pubitemid 35416867)
197. Trendelenburg G., Prass K., Priller J., Kapinya K., Polley A., Muselmann C., Ruscher K., Kannbley U., Schmitt A. O., Castell S., Wiegand F., Meisel A., Rosenthal A., Dirnagl U., Serial analysis of gene expression identifies metallothionein-II as major neuroprotective gene in mouse focal cerebral ischemia. Journal of Neuroscience 2002 22 14 5879 5888 2-s2.0-0037101619 (Pubitemid 35387632)
198. Anderson M. F., Blomstrand F., Blomstrand C., Eriksson P. S., Nilsson M., Astrocytes and stroke: networking for survival? Neurochemical Research 2003 28 2 293 305 2-s2.0-0037321810 10.1023/A:1022385402197 (Pubitemid 36207353)
199. Trendelenburg G., Dirnagl U., Neuroprotective role of astrocytes in cerebral ischemia: focus on ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2005 50 4 307 320 2-s2.0-20344394152 10.1002/glia.20204 (Pubitemid 40780837)
200. Bush T. G., Puvanachandra N., Horner C. H., Polito A., Ostenfeld T., Svendsen C. N., Mucke L., Johnson M. H., Sofroniew M. V., Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 1999 23 2 297 308 2-s2.0-0033152442 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80781-3 (Pubitemid 29315725)
201. Pekny M., Johansson C. B., Eliasson C., Stakeberg J., Wallén Å., Perlmann T., Lendahl U., Betsholtz C., Berthold C., Frisén J., Abnormal reaction to central nervous system injury in mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Journal of Cell Biology 1999 145 3 503 514 2-s2.0-0033519334 10.1083/jcb.145.3.503 (Pubitemid 29215715)
202. Faulkner J. R., Herrmann J. E., Woo M. J., Tansey K. E., Doan N. B., Sofroniew M. V., Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 9 2143 2155 2-s2.0-1542317072 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3547-03.2004 (Pubitemid 38314546)
203. Liberto C. M., Albrecht P. J., Herx L. M., Yong V. W., Levison S. W., Pro-regenerative properties of cytokine-activated astrocytes. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004 89 5 1092 1100 2-s2.0-2642542373 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004. 02420.x (Pubitemid 38715826)
204. Morioka T., Kalehua A. N., Streit W. J., Characterization of microglial reaction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1993 327 1 123 132 2-s2.0-0027386940 10.1002/cne.903270110 (Pubitemid 23006616)
205. Streit W. J., Walter S. A., Pennell N. A., Reactive microgliosis. Progress in Neurobiology 1999 57 6 563 581 2-s2.0-0033044951 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00069-0 (Pubitemid 29148415)
206. Streit W. J., Microglial response to brain injury: a brief synopsis. Toxicologic Pathology 2000 28 1 28 30 2-s2.0-0033980264 (Pubitemid 30078202)
207. Bechmann I., Priller J., Kovac A., Böntert M., Wehner T., Klett F. F., Bohsung J., Stuschke M., Dirnagl U., Nitsch R., Immune surveillance of mouse brain perivascular spaces by blood-borne macrophages. European Journal of Neuroscience 2001 14 10 1651 1658 2-s2.0-0035784701 10.1046/j.0953-816X.2001. 01793.x (Pubitemid 35478033)
208. Jander S., Schroeter M., Saleh A., Imaging inflammation in acute brain ischemia. Stroke 2007 38 2, supplement 642 645 2-s2.0-33846596215 10.1161/01.STR.0000250048.42916.ad (Pubitemid 46184233)
209. Elkabes S., DiCicco-Bloom E. M., Black I. B., Brain microglia/macrophages express neurotrophins that selectively regulate microglial proliferation and function. Journal of Neuroscience 1996 16 8 2508 2521 2-s2.0-0029972857 (Pubitemid 26122673)
210. Imai F., Suzuki H., Oda J., Ninomiya T., Ono K., Sano H., Sawada M., Neuroprotective effect of exogenous microglia in global brain ischemia. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2007 27 3 488 500 2-s2.0-33847206404 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600362
211. Boje K. M., Arora P. K., Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Research 1992 587 2 250 256 2-s2.0-0026702955 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91004-X
212. von Zahn J., Möller T., Kettenmann H., Nolte C., Microglial phagocytosis is modulated by pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. NeuroReport 1997 8 18 3851 3856 2-s2.0-0031583918 (Pubitemid 28027197)
213. Aschner M., Allen J. W., Kimelberg H. K., LoPachin R. M., Streit W. J., Glial cells in neurotoxicity development. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1999 39 151 173 2-s2.0-0032903955 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.151 (Pubitemid 29222555)
214. Gibson C. L., Coughlan T. C., Murphy S. P., Glial nitric oxide and ischemia. Glia 2005 50 4 417 426 2-s2.0-20344392918 10.1002/glia.20143 (Pubitemid 40780845)
215. Barger S. W., Goodwin M. E., Porter M. M., Beggs M. L., Glutamate release from activated microglia requires the oxidative burst and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007 101 5 1205 1213 2-s2.0-34248152778 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04487.x (Pubitemid 46718822)
216. Dheen S. T., Kaur C., Ling E., Microglial activation and its implications in the brain diseases. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2007 14 11 1189 1197 2-s2.0-34248392684 10.2174/092986707780597961 (Pubitemid 46739320)
217. Hewlett K. A., Corbett D., Delayed minocycline treatment reduces long-term functional deficits and histological injury in a rodent model of focal ischemia. Neuroscience 2006 141 1 27 33 2-s2.0-33749069319 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2006.03.071
218. Liu Z., Fan Y., Won S. J., Neumann M., Hu D., Zhou L., Weinstein P. R., Liu J., Chronic treatment with minocycline preserves adult new neurons and reduces functional impairment after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2007 38 1 146 152 2-s2.0-33845938979 10.1161/01.STR.0000251791.64910.cd (Pubitemid 46035620)
219. Komitova M., Perfilieva E., Mattsson B., Eriksson P. S., Johansson B. B., Enriched environment after focal cortical ischemia enhances the generation of astroglia and NG2 positive polydendrocytes in adult rat neocortex. Experimental Neurology 2006 199 1 113 121 2-s2.0-33745211955 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.007
220. Nishiyama A., Watanabe M., Yang Z., Bu J., Identity, distribution, and development of polydendrocytes: NG2-expressing glial cells. Brain Cell Biology 2002 31 6-7 437 455 2-s2.0-54249108963 (Pubitemid 37378257)
221. Belachew S., Chittajallu R., Aguirre A. A., Yuan X., Kirby M., Anderson S., Gallo V., Postnatal NG2 proteoglycan-expressing progenitor cells are intrinsically multipotent and generate functional neurons. Journal of Cell Biology 2003 161 1 169 186 2-s2.0-0037437148 10.1083/jcb.200210110 (Pubitemid 36459089)
222. Aguirre A., Gallo V., Postnatal neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the olfactory bulb from NG2-expressing progenitors of the subventricular zone. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 46 10530 10541 2-s2.0-9244237576 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3572-04.2004 (Pubitemid 39552638)
223. Boda E., Buffo A., Glial cells in non-germinal territories: insights into their stem/progenitor properties in the intact and injured nervous tissue. Archives Italiennes de Biologie 2010 148 2 119 136 2-s2.0-77955595031
224. Butler A. J., Page S. J., Mental practice with motor imagery: evidence for motor recovery and cortical reorganization after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006 87 12 2 11 2-s2.0-33751416342 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.326 (Pubitemid 44820031)