Activation of country stereotypes: Automaticity, consonance, and impact

Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 400-417

  Herz, Marc Florian ^a   Diamantopoulos, Adamantios ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Automatic cue processing; cognitive dissonance; Country of origin effects; Country stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878796813     PISSN: 00920703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11747-012-0318-1     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Ahmed, Z. U., Johnson, J. P., Yang, X., Fatt, C. K., Teng, H. S., & Boon, L. C. (2004). Does country of origin matter for low-involvement products? International Marketing Review, 21(1), 102-120.
2. Anderson, R. E. (1973). Consumer dissatisfaction: the effect of disconfirmed expectancy on perceived product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(1), 38-44.
3. Areni, C. S., & Cox, K. C. (1994). The persuasive effects of evaluation, expectancy and relevancy dimensions of incongruent visual and verbal information. In C. T. Allen & D. Roedder John (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 21, pp. 337-342). Provo: Association for Consumer Research.
4. Arnett, D. B., German, S. D., & Hunt, S. D. (2003). The identity salience model of relationship marketing success: the case of nonprofit marketing. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 89-105.
5. Askegaard, S., & Ger, G. (1998). Product-country images: Towards a contextualized approach. In B. G. Englis & A. Olofsson (Eds.), European advances in consumer research (Vol. 3, pp. 50-58). Provo: Association for Consumer Research.
6. Balabanis, G., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2008). Brand origin identification by consumers: a consumer classification perspective. Journal of International Marketing, 16(1), 39-71.
7. Banaji, M. R., & Hardin, C. D. (1996). Automatic stereotyping. Psychological Science, 7(3), 136-141.
8. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, efficiency, intention, and control in social cognition. In J. R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 1-40). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
9. Batra, R., & Ahtola, O. T. (1990). Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian sources of consumer attitudes. Marketing Letters, 2(2), 159-170.
10. Blair, I. V., & Banaji, M. R. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1142-1163.
11. Bloemer, J., Brijs, K., & Kasper, H. (2009). The COO-ELM model: a theoretical framework for the cognitive processes underlying country of origin-effects. European Journal of Marketing, 43(1/2), 62-89.
12. Bredahl, L. (2003). Cue utilisation and quality perception with regard to branded beef. Food Quality and Preference, 15(1), 65-75.
13. Chattalas, M., Kramer, T., & Takada, H. (2008). The impact of national stereotypes on the country of origin effect-a conceptual framework. International Marketing Review, 25(1), 54-74.
14. Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81-93.
15. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: the automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18.
16. Diamantopoulos, A., & Zeugner-Roth, K. P. (2011). Country-of-origin as brand element. In D. C. Bello & D. A. Griffith (Eds.), Wiley international encyclopaedia of marketing, vol. 6 (pp. 18-22).
17. Diamantopoulos, A., Smith, G., & Grime, I. (2005). The impact of brand extensions on the brand personality: experimental evidence. European Journal of Marketing, 39(1/2), 129-149.
18. Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B., & Palihawadana, D. (2011). The relationship between country-of-origin image and brand image as drivers of purchase intentions: a test of alternative perspectives. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 508-524.
19. Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: A foundation analysis. In M. E. Goldberg, G. Gorn, & R. W. Pollay (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 17, pp. 110-119). Provo: Association for Consumer Research.
20. Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers' product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307-319.
21. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229-238.
22. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
23. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
24. Gawronski, B., LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2007). What do implicit measures tell us? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(2), 181-193.
25. Goldberg, M. E., & Gorn, G. J. (1987). Happy and sad TV programs: how they affect reactions to commercials. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(3), 387-403.
26. Golden, L. L., & Johnson, K. A. (1983). The impact of sensory preference and thinking versus feeling appeals on advertising effectiveness. In R. Bagozzi & A. Tybout (Eds.), Advances in consumer research volume, vol. 10. Provo: Association of Consumer Research.
27. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27.
28. Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved September 26, 2012 from http://www. afhayes. com/public/process2012. pdf.
29. Heckler, S. E., & Childers, T. L. (1992). The role of expectancy and relevancy in memory for verbal and visual information: what is incongruency? Journal of Consumer Research, 18(4), 475-492.
30. Hennebichler, P. (2007). Country of origin knowledge: Insights into consumers' knowledge. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
31. Heslop, L. A., & Papadopoulos, N. (1993). But who knows where or when? Reflections on the images of countries and their products. In N. Papadopoulos & L. A. Heslop (Eds.), Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing (pp. 39-76). New York: International Business Press.
32. Holloway, R. J. (1967). An experiment on consumer dissonance. Journal of Marketing, 31(1), 39-43.
33. Hong, S.-T., & Wyer, R. S. J. (1989). Effects of country-of-origin and product-attribute information on product evaluation: an information processing perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 175-187.
34. Hong, S.-T., & Wyer, R. S. J. (1990). Determinants of product evaluation: effects of the time interval between knowledge of a product's country of origin and information about its specific attributes. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(3), 277-288.
35. Jaffe, E. D., & Nebenzahl, I. D. (2006). National image and competitive advantage: The theory and practice of place branding (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
36. Josiassen, A., & Harzing, A.-W. (2008). Descending from the ivory tower: reflections on the relevance and future of country-of-origin research. European Management Review, 5(4), 264-270.
37. Kahle, L. R., & Homer, P. M. (1985). Physical attractiveness of the celebrity endorser: a social adaptation perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(4), 954-961.
38. Kamins, M. A. (1990). An investigation into the 'match-up' hypothesis in celebrity advertising: when beauty may be only skin deep. Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 4-13.
39. Katz, D., & Braly, K. W. (1933). Racial stereotypes of 100 college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28(3), 280-290.
40. Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22.
41. Keller, K. L., & Aaker, D. A. (1992). The effects of sequential introduction of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(1), 35-50.
42. Kim, J., Allen, C. T., & Kardes, F. R. (1996). An investigation of the mediational mechanisms underlying attitudinal conditioning. Journal of Marketing Research, 33(3), 318-328.
43. Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H., & Dubé, L. (1994). Foreign branding and its effects on product perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(2), 263-271.
44. Liefeld, J. P. (2004). Consumer knowledge and use of country-of-origin information at the point of purchase. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 4(2), 85-96.
45. Liu, S. S., & Johnson, K. F. (2005). The automatic country-of-origin effects on brand judgments. Journal of Advertising, 34(1), 87-97.
46. Magnusson, P., Westjohn, S. A., & Zdravkovic, S. (2011).What? I thought Samsung was Japanese": accurate or not, perceived country of origin matters. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 454-472.
47. Maheswaran, D. (1994). Country of origin as a stereotype: effects of consumer expertise and attribute strength on product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 354-365.
48. Mantel, S. P., & Kellaris, J. J. (2003). Cognitive determinants of consumers time perceptions: the impact of resources required and available. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(2), 531-538.
49. Martin, B., Lee, M. S. W., & Lacey, C. (2011). Countering negative country of origin effects using imagery processing. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 10(2), 80-92.
50. Mittal, B. (1989). A theoretical analysis of two recent measures of involvement. In T. K. Srull (Ed.), Advances in consumer research, vol. 16 (pp. 697-702). Provo: UT Association for Consumer Research.
51. Olson, J. C., & Jacoby, J. (1972). Cue utilization in the quality perception process. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Association for Consumer Research. Chicago.
52. Oshikawa, S. (1969). Can cognitive dissonance theory explain consumer behavior? Journal of Marketing, 33(4), 44-49.
53. Osterhouse, R. A., & Brock, T. C. (1970). Distraction increases yielding to propaganda by inhibiting counter-arguing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15(4), 344-358.
54. Papadopoulos, N., Banna, A. e., Murphy, S. A., & Rojas-Méndez, J. I. (2011). Place brands and brand-place associations: The role of 'place' in international marketing. In S. C. Jain & D. Griffith (Eds.), Handbook of research in international marketing (Secondth ed., pp. 88-113). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
55. Peabody, D. (1985). National characteristics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Perdue, B. C., & Summer, J. O. (1986). Checking the success of manipulations in marketing experiments. Journal of Marketing Research, 23(4), 317-326.
57. Peterson, R. A., & Jolibert, A. J. P. (1995). A meta-analysis of country-of-origin effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(4), 883-900.
58. Plutchik, R. (Ed.). (1993). Emotions and their vicissitudes: Emotions and psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.
59. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008a). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
60. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008b). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Synder (Eds.), The sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13-54). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
61. Richins, M. L. (1997). Measuring emotions in consumption experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(2), 127-146.
62. Roth, M. S., & Romeo, J. B. (1992). Matching product category and country-of-origin effects. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(2), 251-269.
63. Samiee, S. (1994). Customer evaluation of products in a global market. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(3), 579-604.
64. Samiee, S. (2010). Advancing the country image construct-a commentary essay. Journal of Business Research, 63(4), 442-445.
65. Samiee, S. (2011). Resolving the impasse regarding research on the origins of products and brands. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 473-485.
66. Samiee, S., & Leonidou, L. C. (2011). Relevance and rigor in international marketing research: Developments in product and brand origin line of inquiry. In S. C. Jain & D. A. Griffith (Eds.), Handbook of research in international marketing (2nd ed., pp. 68-87). Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar Publishing.
67. Samiee, S., Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (2005). Brand origin recognition accuracy: its antecedents and consumers' cognitive limitations. Journal of International Business Studies, 36, 379-397.
68. Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
69. Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
70. Srull, T. K. (1981). Person memory: some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7(6), 440-463.
71. Tse, D. K., & Gorn, G. J. (1993). An experiment on the salience of country-of-origin in the era of global brands. Journal of International Marketing, 1(1), 57-76.
72. Usunier, J.-C. (2006). Relevance in business research: the case of country-of-crigin research in marketing. European Management Review, 3(1), 60-73.
73. Usunier, J.-C. (2011). The shift from manufacturing to brand origin: suggestions for improving coo relevance. International Marketing Review, 28(5), 486-496.
74. Usunier, J.-C., & Cestre, G. (2008). Further considerations on the relevance of country-of-origin research. European Management Review, 5(4), 271-274.
75. Verlegh, P. W. J., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (1999). A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research. Journal of Economic Psychology, 20(5), 521-546.
76. Verlegh, P. W. J., Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Meulenberg, M. T. G. (2005). Country-of-origin effects in consumer processing of advertising claims. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 22(2), 127-139.
77. Voss, K. E., Spangenberg, E. R., & Grohmann, B. (2003). Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of consumer attitude. Journal of Marketing Research, 40(3), 310-320.
78. Westjohn, S. A., & Magnusson, P. (2011). Theory of the global consumer. In S. C. Jain & D. A. Griffith (Eds.), Handbook of research in international marketing (2nd ed., pp. 317-332). Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar Publishing.
79. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000). A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107(1), 101-126.
80. Yoo, C., & MacInnis, D. (2005). The brand attitude formation process of emotional and informational ads. Journal of Business Research, 58(10), 1397-1406.
81. Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. The Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341-352.
82. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151-175.
83. Zeugner-Roth, K. P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2010). Advancing the country image construct: reply to Samiee's (2009) commentary. Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 726-740.