Microfabricated Electrochemical Cell-Based Biosensors for Analysis of Living Cells In Vitro

Biosensors

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 127-170

  Wang, Jun ^a   Wu, Chengxiong ^a   Hu, Ning ^a   Zhou, Jie ^a   Du, Liping ^a   Wang, Ping ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cell based biosensor; Electrochemical biosensor; In vitro monitoring; Microfabrication

Indexed keywords

BIOSENSORS; CELLS; CHEMICAL DETECTION; CYTOLOGY; ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRODES; MICROANALYSIS; MICROELECTRODES; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS;

CELL-BASED BIOSENSOR; CELLULARS; ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR; IN VITRO MONITORING; IN-VITRO; LIVING CELL; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; MICRO-FABRICATION; MICROFABRICATED; VITRO MONITORING;

MICROFABRICATION;

BIOSENSOR; CELL BASED BIOSENSOR; DRUG SCREENING; ELECTRIC CELL SUBSTRATE IMPEDANCE SENSING; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; IN VITRO STUDY; LIGHT ADDRESSABLE POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR; MICROELECTRODE; MICROFLUIDICS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; ONLINE ANALYSIS; POTENTIOMETRY; REVIEW; TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84875193047     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20796374     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/bios2020127     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Bery, M.N.; Grivell, M.B. An electrochemical description of metabolism. In Bioelectrochemistry of Cells and Tissues; Walz, D., Berg, H., Milazzo, G., Eds.; Birkhauser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland, 1995; pp. 134-158.
2. Nonner, W.; Eisenberg, B. Electrodiffusion in ionic channels of biological membranes. J. Mol. Liq. 2000, 87, 149-162.
3. Du, D.; Cai, J.; Ju, H.X.; Yan, F.; Chen, J.; Jiang, X.Q.; Chen, H.Y. Construction of a biomimetic zwitterionic interface for monitoring cell proliferation and apoptosis. Langmuir 2005, 21, 8394-8399.
4. Du, D.; Liu, S.L.; Chen, J.; Ju, H.X.; Lian, H.Z.; Li, J.X. Colloidal gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste interface for studies of tumor cell adhesion and viability. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 6487-6495.
5. Yan, F.; Chen, J.; Ju, H.X. Immobilization and electrochemical behavior of gold nanoparticles modified leukemia K562 cells and application in drug sensitivity test. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 293-298.
6. Cheng, W.; Ding, L.; Lei, J.P.; Ding, S.J.; Ju, H.X. Effective cell capture with tetrapeptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes and dual signal amplification for cytosensing and evaluation of cell surface carbohydrate. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 3867-3872.
7. Hao, C.; Ding, L.; Zhang, X.J.; Ju, H.X. Biocompatible conductive architecture of carbon nanofiber-doped chitosan prepared with controllable electrodeposition for cytosensing. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 4442-4447.
8. Hu, H.L.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X.M.; Chen, B.A. Detection and distinguishability of leukemia cancer cells based on Au nanoparticles modified electrodes. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 1121-1124.
9. Shen, Q.; You, S.K.; Park, S.G.; Jiang, H.; Guo, D.D.; Chen, B.A.; Wang, X.M. Electrochemical biosensing for cancer cells based on TiO2/CNT nanocomposites modified electrodes. Electroanalysis 2008, 20, 2526-2530.
10. Jia, X.E.; Tan, L.; Zhou, Y.P.; Jiang, X.F.; Xie, Q.J.; Tang, H.; Yao, S.Z. Magnetic immobilization and electrochemical detection of leukemia K562 cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 141-144.
11. Zhong, X.; Bai, H.J.; Xu, J.J.; Chen, H.Y.; Zhu, Y.H. A reusable interface constructed by 3-aminophenylboronic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for cell capture, release, and cytosensing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 992-999.
12. Weng, J.; Zhang, Z.W.; Sun, L.P.; Wang, J.A. High sensitive detection of cancer cell with a folic acid-based boron-doped diamond electrode using an AC impedimetric approach. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 1847-1852.
13. Zhang, J.J.; Cheng, F.F.; Zheng, T.T.; Zhu, J.J. Design and implementation of electrochemical cytosensor for evaluation of cell surface carbohydrate and glycoprotein. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 3547-3555.
14. Ding, L.; Du, D.; Wu, H.; Ju, H.X. A disposable impedance sensor for electrochemical study and monitoring of adhesion and proliferation of K562 leukaemia cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 953-958.
15. Wang, P.; Liu, Q.J. Cell-Based Biosensors: Principles and Applications; Artech House Publishers: Norwood, MA, USA, 2010.
16. Thomas, C.A., Jr.; Springer, P.A.; Loeb, G.E.; Berwald-Netter, Y.; Okun, L.M. A miniature microelectrode array to monitor the bioelectric activity of cultured cells. Exp. Cell Res. 1972, 74, 61-66.
17. Cheng, Y.; Luo, X.; Tsao, C.Y.; Wu, H.C.; Betz, J.; Payne, G.F.; Bentley, W.E.; Rubloff, G.W. Biocompatible multi-address 3D cell assembly in microfluidic devices using spatially programmable gel formation. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 2316-2318.
18. Hsiung, L.C.; Yang, C.H.; Chiu, C.L.; Chen, C.L.; Wang, Y.; Lee, H.; Cheng, J.Y.; Ho, M.C.; Wo, A.M. A planar interdigitated ring electrode array via dielectrophoresis for uniform patterning of cells. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2008, 24, 869-875.
19. Giaever, I.; Keese, C.R. Monitoring fibroblast behavior in tissue-culture with an applied electric-field. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1984, 81, 3761-3764.
20. Giaever, I.; Keese, C.R. A Morphological biosensor for mammalian-cells. Nature 1993, 366, 591-592.
21. Ehret, R.; Baumann, W.; Brischwein, M.; Schwinde, A.; Stegbauer, K.; Wolf, B. Monitoring of cellular behaviour by impedance measurements on interdigitated electrode structures. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 29-41.
22. Wegener, J.; Sieber, M.; Galla, H.J. Impedance analysis of epithelial and endothelial cell monolayers cultured on gold surfaces. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 1996, 32, 151-170.
23. Nguyen, D.D.; Huang, X.Q.; Greve, D.W.; Domach, M.M. Fibroblast growth and H-7 protein kinase inhibitor response monitored in microimpedance sensor arrays. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 87, 138-144.
24. Bergveld, P. Development of an ion-sensitive solid-state device for neurophysiological measurements. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1970, Bm17, 70-71.
25. Lin, P.; Yan, F.; Yu, J.; Chan, H.L.W.; Yang, M. The application of organic electrochemical transistors in cell-based biosensors. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3655-3660.
26. Cheng, Y.; Chen, K.S.; Meyer, N.L.; Yuan, J.; Hirst, L.S.; Chase, P.B.; Xiong, P. Functionalized SnO2 nanobelt field-effect transistor sensors for label-free detection of cardiac troponin. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 4538-4544.
27. Hafeman, D.G.; Parce, J.W.; Mcconnell, H.M. Light-addressable potentiometric sensor for biochemical systems. Science 1988, 240, 1182-1185.
28. McConnell, H.M.; Owicki, J.C.; Parce, J.W.; Miller, D.L.; Baxter, G.T.; Wada, H.G.; Pitchford, S. The cytosensor microphysiometer: Biological applications of silicon technology. Science 1992, 257, 1906-1912.
29. Wu, Y.C.; Wang, P.; Ye, X.S.; Zhang, Q.T.; Li, R.; Yan, W.M.; Zheng, X.X. A novel microphysiometer based on MLAPS for drugs screening. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2001, 16, 277-286.
30. Siu, W.M.; Cobbold, R.S.C. Basic properties of the electrolyte-SiO2-Si system: Physical and theoretical aspects. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 1979, 26, 1805-1815.
31. Bove, M.; Grattarola, M.; Martinoia, S.; Verreschi, G. Interfacing cultured neurons to planar substrate microelectrodes: Characterization of the neuron-to-microelectrode junction. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1995, 38, 255-265.
32. Breckenridge, L.; Wilson, R.; Connolly, P.; Curtis, A.; Dow, J.; Blackshaw, S.; Wilkinson, C. Advantages of using microfabricated extracellular electrodes for in vitro neuronal recording. J. Neurosci. Res. 1995, 42, 266-276.
33. Regehr, W.G.; Pine, J.; Cohan, C.S.; Mischke, M.D.; Tank, D.W. Sealing cultured invertebrate neurons to embedded dish electrodes facilitates long-term stimulation and recording. J. Neurosci. Methods 1989, 30, 91-106.
34. Grattarola, M.; Martinoia, S.; Massobrio, G.; Cambiaso, A.; Rosichini, R.; Tetti, M. Computer simulations of the responses of passive and active integrated microbiosensors to cell activity. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 1991, 4, 261-265.
35. Heuschkel, M.O.; Fejtl, M.; Raggenbass, M.; Bertrand, D.; Renaud, P. A three-dimensional multi-electrode array for multi-site stimulation and recording in acute brain slices. J. Neurosci. Methods 2002, 114, 135-148.
36. Koo, K.; Chung, H.; Yu, Y.; Seo, J.; Park, J. Fabrication of pyramid shaped three-dimensional 8 × 8 electrodes for artificial retina. Sens. Actuat. A: Phys. 2006, 130, 609-615.
37. Gross, G.W.; Wen, W.Y.; Lin, J.W. Transparent indium-tin oxide electrode patterns for extracellular, multisite recording in neuronal cultures. J. Neurosci. Methods 1985, 15, 243-252.
38. Pine, J. Recording action potentials from cultured neurons with extracellular microcircuit electrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 1980, 2, 19-31.
39. Wegener, J.; Keese, C.R.; Giaever, I. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) as a noninvasive means to monitor the kinetics of cell spreading to artificial surfaces. Exp. Cell Res. 2000, 259, 158-166.
40. Giaever, I.; Keese, C.R. Use of electric fields to monitor the dynamical aspect of cell behavior in tissue culture. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1986, 33, 242-247.
41. Xiao, C.; Lachance, B.; Sunahara, G.; Luong, J.H.T. An in-depth analysis of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing to study the attachment and spreading of mammalian cells. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1333-1339.
42. Wang, L.; Zhu, J.; Deng, C.; Xing, W.; Cheng, J. An automatic and quantitative on-chip cell migration assay using self-assembled monolayers combined with real-time cellular impedance sensing. Lab Chip 2008, 8, 872-878.
43. Chang, B.W.; Chen, C.H.; Ding, S.J.; Chen, D.C.H.; Chang, H.C. Impedimetric monitoring of cell attachment on interdigitated microelectrodes. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2005, 105, 159-163.
44. Parce, J.W.; Owicki, J.C.; Kercso, K.M.; Sigal, G.B.; Wada, H.; Muir, V.C.; Bousse, L.J.; Ross, K.L.; Sikic, B.I.; McConnell, H.M. Detection of cell-affecting agents with a silicon biosensor. Science 1989, 246, 243-247.
45. Piras, L.; Adami, M.; Fenu, S.; Dovis, M.; Nicolini, C. Immunoenzymatic application of a redox potential biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 1996, 335, 127-135.
46. Bousse, L. The chemical Sensitivity of Electrolyte/Interface/Silicon Structures. Ph.D. Dissertation, Twente University of Technology, Enschede, The Netherlands, 1982.
47. Stern, E.; Klemic, J.F.; Routenberg, D.A.; Wyrembak, P.N.; Turner-Evans, D.B.; Hamilton, A.D.; LaVan, D.A.; Fahmy, T.M.; Reed, M.A. Label-free immunodetection with CMOS-compatible semiconducting nanowires. Nature 2007, 445, 519-522.
48. Cheng, Y.; Xiong, P.; Yun, C.S.; Strouse, G.; Zheng, J.; Yang, R.; Wang, Z. Mechanism and optimization of pH sensing using SnO2 nanobelt field effect transistors. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4179-4184.
49. Hafner, F. Cytosensor® Microphysiometer: Technology and recent applications. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2000, 15, 149-158.
50. Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1980.
51. Rabinowitz, J.D.; Vacchino, J.F.; Beeson, C.; McConnell, H.M. Potentiometric measurement of intracellular redox activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2464-2473.
52. Ward, K.; Hawkridge, F.; Brahim, S.; Lewis, K.L.; Rhoten, M.C. Non-biofouling, universal redox electrode and measurement system. U.S. Patent Application 20090134043, May 2009.
53. Natarajan, A.; Stancescu, M.; Dhir, V.; Armstrong, C.; Sommerhage, F.; Hickman, J.J.; Molnar, P. Patterned cardiomyocytes on microelectrode arrays as a functional, high information content drug screening platform. Biomaterials 2011, 32, 4267-4274.
54. Chen, M.Q.; Whittington, R.H.; Day, P.W.; Kobilka, B.K.; Giovangrandi, L.; Kovacs, G.T.A. A device for separated and reversible co-culture of cardiomyocytes. Biotechnol. Prog. 2010, 26, 1164-1171.
55. Gholmieh, G.; Soussou, W.; Han, M.; Ahuja, A.; Hsiao, M.C.; Song, D.; Tanguay, A.R., Jr.; Berger, T.W. Custom-designed high-density conformal planar multielectrode arrays for brain slice electrophysiology. J. Neurosci. Methods 2006, 152, 116-129.
56. Hofmann, F.; Bading, H. Long term recordings with microelectrode arrays: Studies of transcription-dependent neuronal plasticity and axonal regeneration. J. Physiol.-Paris 2006, 99, 125-132.
57. Kiryushko, D.; Kofoed, T.; Skladchikova, G.; Holm, A.; Berezin, V.; Bock, E. A synthetic peptide ligand of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), C3d, promotes neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis and modulates presynaptic function in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 12325-12334.
58. David-Pur, M.; Shein, M.; Hanein, Y.; Balasubramanian, K. Carbon nanotube-based neurochips. Methods Mol. Biol. 2010, 625, 171-177.
59. Charvet, G.; Rousseau, L.; Billoint, O.; Gharbi, S.; Rostaing, J.P.; Joucla, S.; Trevisiol, M.; Bourgerette, A.; Chauvet, P.; Moulin, C. BioMEATM: A versatile high-density 3D microelectrode array system using integrated electronics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 25, 1889-1896.
60. Rajaraman, S.; Choi, S.O.; Shafer, R.H.; Ross, J.D.; Vukasinovic, J.; Choi, Y.; DeWeerth, S.P.; Glezer, A.; Allen, M.G. Microfabrication technologies for a coupled three-dimensional microelectrode, microfluidic array. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 163-171.
61. Chu, H.Y.; Kuo, T.Y.; Chang, B.; Lu, S.W.; Chiao, C.C.; Fang, W. Design and fabrication of novel three-dimensional multi-electrode array using SOI wafer. Sens. Actuat. A: Phys. 2006, 130, 254-261.
62. Morin, F.O.; Takamura, Y.; Tamiya, E. Investigating neuronal activity with planar microelectrode arrays: Achievements and new perspectives. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2005, 100, 131-143.
63. Streit, J.; Tscherter, A.; Heuschkel, M.O.; Renaud, P. The generation of rhythmic activity in dissociated cultures of rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2001, 14, 191-202.
64. Robinson, H.; Kawahara, M.; Jimbo, Y.; Torimitsu, K.; Kuroda, Y.; Kawana, A. Periodic synchronized bursting and intracellular calcium transients elicited by low magnesium in cultured cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 1993, 70, 1606-1616.
65. Pan, L.; Xiang, G.; Huang, L.; Yu, Z.; Cheng, J.; Xing, W.; Zhou, Y. Automatic positioning and sensing microelectrode array (APSMEA) for multi-site electrophysiological recordings. J. Neurosci. Methods 2008, 170, 123-129.
66. Jing, G.; Yao, Y.; Gnerlich, M.; Perry, S.; Tatic-Lucic, S. Towards a multi-electrode array (MEA) system for patterned neural networks. Procedia Chem. 2009, 1, 329-332.
67. Berdondini, L.; Chiappalone, M.; Van Der Wal, P.; Imfeld, K.; De Rooij, N.F.; Koudelka-Hep, M.; Tedesco, M.; Martinoia, S.; Van Pelt, J.; Le Masson, G. A microelectrode array (MEA) integrated with clustering structures for investigating in vitro neurodynamics in confined interconnected sub-populations of neurons. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2006, 114, 530-541.
68. Pearce, T.M.; Wilson, J.A.; Oakes, S.G.; Chiu, S.Y.; Williams, J.C. Integrated microelectrode array and microfluidics for temperature clamp of sensory neurons in culture. Lab Chip 2004, 5, 97-101.
69. Dworak, B.J.; Wheeler, B.C. Novel MEA platform with PDMS microtunnels enables the detection of action potential propagation from isolated axons in culture. Lab Chip 2008, 9, 404-410.
70. Parviz, M.; Gross, G.W. Quantification of zinc toxicity using neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays. NeuroToxicology 2007, 28, 520-531.
71. Kamioka, H.; Maeda, E.; Jimbo, Y.; Robinson, H.P.C.; Kawana, A. Spontaneous periodic synchronized bursting during formation of mature patterns of connections in cortical cultures. Neurosci. Lett. 1996, 206, 109-112.
72. Hescheler, J.; Halbach, M.; Egert, U.; Lu, Z.J.; Bohlen, H.; Fleischmann, B.K.; Reppel, M. Determination of electrical properties of ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes using MEAs. J. Electrocardiol. 2004, 37, 110-116.
73. Illes, S.; Fleischer, W.; Siebler, M.; Hartung, H.P.; Dihné, M. Development and pharmacological modulation of embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal network activity. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 207, 171-176.
74. Taketani, M.; Baudry, M. Advances in Network Electrophysiology: Using Multi-Electrode Arrays; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 321-331.
75. Liu, Q.; Ye, W.; Xiao, L.; Du, L.; Hu, N.; Wang, P. Extracellular potentials recording in intact olfactory epithelium by microelectrode array for a bioelectronic nose. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 25, 2212-2217.
76. LeBaron, R.G.; Athanasiou, K.A. Extracellular matrix cell adhesion peptides: Functional applications in orthopedic materials. Tissue Eng. 2000, 6, 85-103.
77. Cuvelier, D.; Théry, M.; Chu, Y.S.; Dufour, S.; Thiéry, J.P.; Bornens, M.; Nassoy, P.; Mahadevan, L. The universal dynamics of cell spreading. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17, 694-699.
78. Luong, J.H.T.; Xiao, C.; Lachance, B.; Leabu, S.M.; Li, X.; Uniyal, S.; Chan, B. Extended applications of electric cell-substrate impedance sensing for assessment of the structure-function of α2β1 integrin. Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 501, 61-69.
79. Bouafsoun, A.; Helali, S.; Othmane, A.; Kerkeni, A.; Prigent, A.F.; Jaffrézic-Renault, N.; Bessueille, F.; Léonard, D.; Ponsonnet, L. Evaluation of endothelial cell adhesion onto different protein/gold electrodes by EIS. Macromol. Biosci. 2007, 7, 599-610.
80. Kataoka, N.; Iwaki, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Mochizuki, S.; Ogasawara, Y.; Sato, M.; Tsujioka, K.; Kajiya, F. Measurements of endothelial cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate gaps and micromechanical properties of endothelial cells during monocyte adhesion. Proc. Natil. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 15638-15643.
81. Atienza, J.M.; Yu, N.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Abassi, Y. Label-free and real-time cell-based kinase assay for screening selective and potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors using microelectronic sensor array. J. Biomol. Screen. 2006, 11, 634-643.
82. Yu, N.; Atienza, J.M.; Bernard, J.; Blanc, S.; Zhu, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Abassi, Y.A. Real-time monitoring of morphological changes in living cells by electronic cell sensor arrays: An approach to study G protein-coupled receptors. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 35-43.
83. Cho, R.J.; Huang, M.; Campbell, M.J.; Dong, H.; Steinmetz, L.; Sapinoso, L.; Hampton, G.; Elledge, S.J.; Davis, R.W.; Lockhart, D.J. Transcriptional regulation and function during the human cell cycle. Nat. Genet. 2001, 27, 48-54.
84. Tapon, N.; Moberg, K.H.; Hariharan, I.K. The coupling of cell growth to the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001, 13, 731-737.
85. Wang, L.; Yin, H.; Xing, W.; Yu, Z.; Guo, M.; Cheng, J. Real-time, label-free monitoring of the cell cycle with a cellular impedance sensing chip. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 25, 990-995.
86. Bieberich, E.; Guiseppi-Elie, A. Neuronal differentiation and synapse formation of PC12 and embryonic stem cells on interdigitated microelectrode arrays: Contact structures for neuron-to-electrode signal transmission (NEST). Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 923-931.
87. Maercker, C.; Rogge, T.; Mathis, H.; Ridinger, H.; Bieback, K. Development of live cell chips to monitor cell differentiation processes. Eng. Life Sci. 2008, 8, 33-39.
88. Diederichs, S.; Riechers, D.; Sempf, F.; Kall, S.; Kasper, C.; Griensven, M.; Scheper, T. Investigation of the effect of mechanical strain on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cells Cult. 2010, 579-589.
89. Hediger, S.; Fontannaz, J.; Sayah, A.; Hunziker, W.; Gijs, M. Biosystem for the culture and characterisation of epithelial cell tissues. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2000, 63, 63-73.
90. Asami, K. Dielectric spectra of biological cells and tissues simulated by three-dimensional finite difference method. IFMBE Proc. 2007, 17, 98-101.
91. Frampton, J.; Hynd, M.; Williams, J.; Shuler, M.; Shain, W. Three-dimensional hydrogel cultures for modeling changes in tissue impedance around microfabricated neural probes. J. Neural Eng. 2007, 4, 399-409.
92. Han, A.; Yang, L.; Frazier, A.B. Quantification of the heterogeneity in breast cancer cell lines using whole-cell impedance spectroscopy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13, 139-143.
93. Linderholm, P.; Vannod, J.; Barrandon, Y.; Renaud, P. Bipolar resistivity profiling of 3D tissue culture. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 789-796.
94. Williams, J.C.; Hippensteel, J.A.; Dilgen, J.; Shain, W.; Kipke, D.R. Complex impedance spectroscopy for monitoring tissue responses to inserted neural implants. J. Neural Eng. 2007, 4, 410-423.
95. Atienza, J.M.; Zhu, J.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Abassi, Y. Dynamic monitoring of cell adhesion and spreading on microelectronic sensor arrays. J. Biomol. Screen. 2005, 10, 795-805.
96. Webb, D.J.; Zhang, H.Y.; Horwitz, A.F. Cell migration. In Cell Migration: Developmental Methods and Protocols; Guan, J.-L., Ed.; Humana Press Inc.: Totowa, NJ, USA, 2005; Volume 294, pp. 3-11.
97. Noiri, E.; Hu, Y.; Bahou, W.F.; Keese, C.R.; Giaever, I.; Goligorsky, M.S. Permissive role of nitric oxide in endothelin-induced migration of endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 1747-1752.
98. Keese, C.R.; Wegener, J.; Walker, S.R.; Giaever, I. Electrical wound-healing assay for cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 1554-1559.
99. Shaw, L.M. Tumor cell invasion assays. Methods Mol. Biol. 2005, 294, 97-105.
100. Keese, C.R.; Bhawe, K.; Wegener, J.; Giaever, I. Real-time impedance assay to follow the invasive activities of metastatic cells in culture. Biotechniques 2002, 33, 842-851.
101. Wang, G.; Zhang, W. The signaling network of tumor invasion. Histol. Histopathol. 2005, 20, 593-602
102. Ren, J.; Xiao, Y.; Singh, L.S.; Zhao, X.; Zhao, Z.; Feng, L.; Rose, T.M.; Prestwich, G.D.; Xu, Y. Lysophosphatidic acid is constitutively produced by human peritoneal mesothelial cells and enhances adhesion, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 3006-3014.
103. Saxena, N.K.; Sharma, D.; Ding, X.; Lin, S.; Marra, F.; Merlin, D.; Anania, F.A. Concomitant activation of the JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and ERK signaling is involved in leptin-mediated promotion of invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 2497-2507.
104. Chen, J.; Ye, L.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, W.G. Placenta growth factor, PLGF, influences the motility of lung cancer cells, the role of Rho associated kinase, Rock1. J. Cell. Biochem. 2008, 105, 313-320.
105. Earley, S.; Plopper, G.E. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase promotes extravasation of breast cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 366, 476-482.
106. Saxena, N.K.; Taliaferro-Smith, L.T.; Knight, B.B.; Merlin, D.; Anania, F.A.; O'Regan, R.M.; Sharma, D. Bidirectional crosstalk between leptin and insulin-like growth factor-I signaling promotes invasion and migration of breast cancer cells via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 9712-9722.
107. Sgambato, A.; De Paola, B.; Migaldi, M.; Di Salvatore, M.; Rettino, A.; Rossi, G.; Faraglia, B.; Boninsegna, A.; Maiorana, A.; Cittadini, A. Dystroglycan expression is reduced during prostate tumorigenesis and is regulated by androgens in prostate cancer cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2007, 213, 528-539.
108. Taliaferro-Smith, L.; Nagalingam, A.; Zhong, D.; Zhou, W.; Saxena, N.; Sharma, D. LKB1 is required for adiponectin-mediated modulation of AMPK-S6K axis and inhibition of migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2009, 28, 2621-2633.
109. Patani, N.; Douglas-Jones, A.; Mansel, R.; Jiang, W.; Mokbel, K. Tumour suppressor function of MDA-7/IL-24 in human breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2010, 10, 29.
110. Mandel, L.J. Energy metabolism of cellular activation, growth, and transformation. Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 1986, 27, 261-291.
111. Hu, N.; Ha, D.; Wu, C.X.; Cheng, G.; Yu, H.; Wang, T.X.; Wu, J.Y.; Cai, H.; Liu, Q.J.; Wang, P. Design of microphysiometer based on multiparameter cell-based biosensors for quick drug analysis. J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2012, 5, 1150005:1-1150005:12.
112. Deuticke, B. Monocarboxylate transport in red blood cells: Kinetics and chemical modification. Methods Enzymol. 1989, 173, 300-329.
113. Wada, H.; Owicki, J.; Bruner, L.; Miller, K.; Raley-Susman, K.; Panfili, P.; Humphries, G.; Parce, J. Measurement of cellular responses to toxic agents using a silicon microphysiometer. Altern. Anim. Test. Exp. (AATEX) 1992, 1, 154-164.
114. Fujii, R.; Hosoya, M.; Fukusumi, S.; Kawamata, Y.; Habata, Y.; Hinuma, S.; Onda, H.; Nishimura, O.; Fujino, M. Identification of neuromedin U as the cognate ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor FM-3. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 21068-21074.
115. Wille, K.; Paige, L.A.; Higgins, A.J. Application of the Cytosensor microphysiometer to drug discovery. Recept. Channels 2003, 9, 125-131.
116. Kramarenko, I.I.; Bunni, M.A.; Morinelli, T.A.; Raymond, J.R.; Garnovskaya, M.N. Identification of functional bradykinin B2 receptors endogenously expressed in HEK293 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2009, 77, 269-276.
117. Needham, J.; Needham, D.M. The oxidation-reduction potential of protoplasm: A review. Protoplasma 1926, 1, 255-294.
118. Allyn, W.P.; Baldwin, I. Oxidation-reduction potentials in relation to the growth of an aerobic form of bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1932, 23, 369-398.
119. Ward, W.E. The apparent oxidation-reduction potentials of bright platinum electrodes in synthetic media cultures of bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 1938, 36, 337-355.
120. Kwong, S.C.; Randers, L.; Rao, G. On-line assessment of metabolic activities based on culture redox potential and dissolved oxygen profiles during aerobic fermentation. Biotechnol. Prog. 1992, 8, 576-579.
121. Cater, D.; Phillips, A.; Silver, I. The measurement of oxidation-reduction potentials, pH, and oxygen tension in tumours. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 1957, 146, 382-399.
122. Eyer, K.; Heinzle, E. On-line estimation of viable cells in a hybridoma culture at various DO levels using ATP balancing and redox potential measurement. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996, 49, 277-283.
123. Higareda, A.E.; Possani, L.D.; Ramirez, O.T. The use of culture redox potential and oxygen uptake rate for assessing glucose and glutamine depletion in hybridoma cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1997, 56, 555-563.
124. Relchart, O.; Szakmar, K.; Jozwiak, A.; Felfoldi, J.; Baranyai, L. Redox potential measurement as a rapid method for microbiological testing and its validation for coliform determination. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 114, 143-148.
125. Zheng, J.D.; Xu, G.; Chu, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhuang, Y.; Zhang, S. Using oxidation-reduction potential to optimize lactic acid production by Lactobacillus paracasei. Chin. J. Bioprocess Eng. 2008, 6, 73-77.
126. Koo, B.S.; Gong, Y.J.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, C.W.; Lee, H.C. Improvement of coenzyme Q(10) production by increasing the NADH/NAD(+) ratio in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2010, 74, 895-898.
127. Hwang, C.; Sinskey, A. The role of oxidation-reduction potential in monitoring growth of cultured mammalian cells. In Production of Biologicals from Animal Cells in Culture; Spier Raymond G.J.B., Meignier B., Eds.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 1991; pp. 548-569.
128. Carelli, S.; Ceriotti, A.; Cabibbo, A.; Fassina, G.; Ruvo, M.; Sitia, R. Cysteine and glutathione secretion in response to protein disulfide bond formation in the ER. Science 1997, 277, 1681-1684.
129. Hwang, C.; Sinskey, A.J.; Lodish, H.F. Oxidized Redox State of Glutathione in the Endoplasmic-Reticulum. Science 1992, 257, 1496-1502.
130. Bellomo, G.; Palladini, G.; Vairetti, M. Intranuclear distribution, function and fate of glutathione and glutathione-S-conjugate in living rat hepatocytes studied by fluorescence microscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 1997, 36, 243-252.
131. Natarajan, A.; Molnar, P.; Sieverdes, K.; Jamshidi, A.; Hickman, J. Microelectrode array recordings of cardiac action potentials as a high throughput method to evaluate pesticide toxicity. Toxicol. in vitro 2006, 20, 375-381.
132. Borkholder, D.A. Cell Based Biosensors Using Microelectrodes. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 1998.
133. Halbach, M.D.; Egert, U.; Hescheler, J.; Banach, K. Estimation of action potential changes from field potential recordings in multicellular mouse cardiac myocyte cultures. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2003, 13, 271-284.
134. Reppel, M.; Igelmund, P.; Egert, U.; Juchelka, F.; Hescheler, J.; Drobinskaya, I. Effect of cardioactive drugs on action potential generation and propagation in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2007, 19, 213-224.
135. Gilchrist, K.H. Characterization and validation of cell-based biosensors. Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, 2003.
136. Yeung, C.; Sommerhage, F.; Wrobel, G.; Offenhäusser, A.; Chan, M.; Ingebrandt, S. Drug profiling using planar microelectrode arrays. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387, 2673-2680.
137. Tsai, C.T.; Tseng, C.D.; Hwang, J.J.; Wu, C.K.; Yu, C.C.; Wang, Y.C.; Chen, W.P.; Lai, L.P.; Chiang, F.T.; Lin, J.L. Tachycardia of atrial myocytes induces collagen expression in atrial fibroblasts through transforming growth factor β1. Cardiovasc. Res. 2011, 89, 805-815.
138. Stett, A.; Egert, U.; Guenther, E.; Hofmann, F.; Meyer, T.; Nisch, W.; Haemmerle, H. Biological application of microelectrode arrays in drug discovery and basic research. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 377, 486-495.
139. Meyer, T.; Leisgen, C.; Gonser, B.; Günther, E. QT-screen: High-throughput cardiac safety pharmacology by extracellular electrophysiology on primary cardiac myocytes. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 2004, 2, 507-514.
140. Gross, G.W.; Harsch, A.; Rhoades, B.K.; Göpel, W. Odor, drug and toxin analysis with neuronal networks in vitro: Extracellular array recording of network responses. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 373-393.
141. Xiang, G.; Pan, L.; Huang, L.; Yu, Z.; Song, X.; Cheng, J.; Xing, W. Microelectrode array-based system for neuropharmacological applications with cortical neurons cultured in vitro. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2007, 22, 2478-2484.
142. Gross, G.W.; Rhoades, B.; Jordan, R. Neuronal networks for biochemical sensing. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 1992, 6, 1-8.
143. Eytan, D.; Minerbi, A.; Ziv, N.; Marom, S. Dopamine-induced dispersion of correlations between action potentials in networks of cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 92, 1817-1824.
144. Keefer, E.W.; Gramowski, A.; Gross, G.W. NMDA receptor-dependent periodic oscillations in cultured spinal cord networks. J. Neurophysiol. 2001, 86, 3030-3042.
145. Harsch, A.; Ziegler, C.; Gopel, W. Strychnine analysis with neuronal networks in vitro: Extracellular array recording of network responses. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1997, 12, 827-835.
146. Gross, G.W.; Rhoades, B.K.; Azzazy, H.M.E.; Wu, M.C. The use of neuronal networks on multielectrode arrays as biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1995, 10, 553-567.
147. Keefer, E.W.; Norton, S.J.; Boyle, N.A.J.; Talesa, V.; Gross, G.W. Acute toxicity screening of novel AChE inhibitors using neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays. NeuroToxicology 2001, 22, 3-12.
148. Xia, Y.; Gross, G.W. Histiotypic electrophysiological responses of cultured neuronal networks to ethanol. Alcohol 2003, 30, 167-174.
149. Scarlatos, A.; Cadotte, A.; DeMarse, T.; Welt, B. Cortical networks grown on microelectrode arrays as a biosensor for botulinum toxin. J. Food Sci. 2008, 73, E129-E136.
150. Guenther, E.; Herrmann, T.; Stett, A. The retinasensor: An in vitro tool to study drug effects on retinal signaling. In Advances in Network Electrophysiology: Using Multi-Electrode Arrays; Taketani, M., Baudry, M., Eds.; Springer Science+Business Media Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 321-331.
151. Suyama, K.; Daikoku, S.; Funabashi, T.; Kimura, F. Effects of GABA and bicuculline on the electrical activity of rat olfactory placode neurons derived at E13. 5 and cultured for 1 week on multi-electrode dishes. Endocr. J. 2004, 51, 171-176.
152. Omori, T.; Saijo, K.; Kato, M.; Hayashi, M.; Itagaki, H.; Miyazaki, S.; Ohno, T.; Sugawara, H.; Teramoto, N.; Tanaka, N. Validation study on five cytotoxicity assays by JSAAE II. Statistical analysis. Altern. Anim. Test. Exp. 1998, 5, 39-58.
153. Clemedson, C.; Barile, F.; Chesne, C.; Cottin, M.; Curren, R.; EKWALL, B.; Ferro, M.; Gomez-Lechon, M.; Imai, K.; Janus, J. MEIC evaluation of acute systemic toxicity. Part VII. Prediction of human toxicity by results from testing of the first 30 reference chemicals with 27 further in vitro assays. ATLA. Altern. Lab. Anim. 2000, 28, 161-200.
154. Botham, P.A. Acute systemic toxicity. ILAR J. 2002, 43, 27-30.
155. Botham, P. Acute systemic toxicity-Prospects for tiered testing strategies. Toxicol. in vitro 2004, 18, 227-230.
156. Xing, J.Z.; Zhu, L.; Jackson, J.A.; Gabos, S.; Sun, X.J.; Wang, X.; Xu, X. Dynamic monitoring of cytotoxicity on microelectronic sensors. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18, 154-161.
157. Keese, C.; Karra, N.; Dillon, B.; Goldberg, A.; Giaever, I. Cell-substratum interactions as a predictor of cytotoxicity. In Vitro Mol. Toxicol. 1998, 11, 183-192.
158. Xiao, C.; Luong, J.H.T. On-line monitoring of cell growth and cytotoxicity using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). Biotechnol. Prog. 2003, 19, 1000-1005.
159. Xing, J.Z.; Zhu, L.; Gabos, S.; Xie, L. Microelectronic cell sensor assay for detection of cytotoxicity and prediction of acute toxicity. Toxicol. in vitro 2006, 20, 995-1004.
160. Brischwein, M.; Motrescu, E.; Cabala, E.; Otto, A.; Grothe, H.; Wolf, B. Functional cellular assays with multiparametric silicon sensor chips. Lab Chip 2003, 3, 234-240.
161. Otto, A.M.; Brischwein, M.; Niendorf, A.; Henning, T.; Motrescu, E.; Wolf, B. Microphysiological testing for chemosensitivity of living tumor cells with multiparametric microsensor chips. Cancer Detect. Prev. 2003, 27, 291-296.
162. Geisler, T.; Ressler, J.; Harz, H.; Wolf, B.; Uhl, R. Automated multiparametric platform for high-content and high-throughput analytical screening on living cells. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 2006, 3, 169-176.
163. Ceriotti, L.; Kob, A.; Drechsler, S.; Ponti, J.; Thedinga, E.; Colpo, P.; Ehret, R.; Rossi, F. Online monitoring of BALB/3T3 metabolism and adhesion with multiparametric chip-based system. Anal. Biochem. 2007, 371, 92-104.
164. Becker, B.; Lob, V.; Janzen, N.; Grundl, D.; Ilchmann, F.; Wolf, B. Automated multi-parametric label free 24 channel real-time screening system. IFMBE Proc. 2008, 20, 186-189.
165. Xi, B.; Yu, N.; Wang, X.; Xu, X.; Abassi, Y. The application of cell-based label-free technology in drug discovery. Biotechnol. J.2008, 3, 484-495.
166. Asphahani, F.; Wang, K.; Thein, M.; Veiseh, O.; Yung, S.; Xu, J.; Zhang, M. Single-cell bioelectrical impedance platform for monitoring cellular response to drug treatment. Phys. Biol. 2011, 8, 015006.
167. Wang, W.; Foley, K.; Shan, X.; Wang, S.; Eaton, S.; Nagaraj, V.J.; Wiktor, P.; Patel, U.; Tao, N. Single cells and intracellular processes studied by a plasmonic-based electrochemical impedance microscopy. Nat. Chem. 2011, 3, 249-255.
168. Poulain, B.; De Paiva, A.; Deloye, F.; Doussau, F.; Tauc, L.; Weller, U.; Dolly, J. Differences in the multiple step process of inhibition of neurotransmitter release induced by tetanus toxin and botulinum neurotoxins type A and B atAplysia synapses. Neuroscience 1996, 70, 567-576.
169. Wu, Y.C.; Wang, P.; Ye, X.S.; Zhang, G.Y.; He, H.Q.; Yan, W.M.; Zheng, X.X.; Han, J.H.; Cui, D.F. Drug evaluations using a novel microphysiometer based on cell-based biosensors. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2001, 80, 215-221.
170. Wang, J.; Yu, H.; Cai, H.; Du, L.; Liu, Q.; Wang, P. A photovoltage-based integrated sensor for nephrotoxicity evaluation under drug stimulation. In Proceeding of the 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference (TRANSDUCERS), Beijing, China, 5-9 June 2011; pp. 2122-2125.
171. Adami, M.; Martini, M.; Piras, L. Characterization and enzymatic application of a redox potential biosensor based on a silicon transducer. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1995, 10, 633-638.
172. Primiceri, E.; Chiriacò, M.S.; Dioguardi, F.; Monteduro, A.G.; D'Amone, E.; Rinaldi, R.; Giannelli, G.; Maruccio, G. Automatic transwell assay by an EIS cell chip to monitor cell migration. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 4081-4086.
173. Wu, C.C.; Lin, W.C.; Fu, S.Y. The open container-used microfluidic chip using IrOx ultramicroelectrodes for the in situ measurement of extracellular acidification. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 4191-4197.
174. Chao, T.C.; Ros, A. Microfluidic single-cell analysis of intracellular compounds. J. R. Soc. Interface 2008, 5, S139-S150.
175. Gao, Y.; Bhattacharya, S.; Chen, X.; Barizuddin, S.; Gangopadhyay, S.; Gillis, K.D. A microfluidic cell trap device for automated measurement of quantal catecholamine release from cells. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 3442-3446.
176. Werdich, A.A.; Lima, E.A.; Ivanov, B.; Ges, I.; Anderson, M.E.; Wikswo, J.P.; Baudenbacher, F.J. A microfluidic device to confine a single cardiac myocyte in a sub-nanoliter volume on planar microelectrodes for extracellular potential recordings. Lab Chip 2004, 4, 357-362.
177. Gao, C.; Rilo, H.; Myneni, P.; Ahn, C. A new on-chip insulin biosensor for monitoring dynamic reponse of human islet cells. Spec. Publ.-R. Soc. Chem. 2004, 297, 581-583.
178. Pereira Rodrigues, N.; Sakai, Y.; Fujii, T. Cell-based microfluidic biochip for the electrochemical real-time monitoring of glucose and oxygen. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2008, 132, 608-613.
179. Fan, C.Y.; Tung, Y.C.; Takayama, S.; Meyhöfer, E.; Kurabayashi, K. Electrically programmable surfaces for configurable patterning of cells. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1418-1423.
180. Kaji, H.; Hashimoto, M.; Sekine, S.; Kawashima, T.; Nishizawa, M. Patterning adherent cells within microchannels by combination of electrochemical biolithography technique and repulsive dielectrophoretic force. Electrochemistry 2008, 76, 555-558.
181. Kaji, H.; Camci-Unal, G.; Langer, R.; Khademhosseini, A. Engineering systems for the generation of patterned co-cultures for controlling cell-cell interactions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj. 2011, 1810, 239-250.
182. Li, Q.; Tang, D.; Tang, J.; Su, B.; Chen, G.; Wei, M. Magneto-controlled electrochemical immunosensor for direct detection of squamous cell carcinoma antigen by using serum as supporting electrolyte. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 27, 153-159.
183. Shi, B.X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Lam, T.L.; Chan, H.L.W. Monitoring of dopamine release in single cell using ultrasensitive ITO microsensors modified with carbon nanotubes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 2917-2921.
184. Merkoçi, A. Nanoparticles-based strategies for DNA, protein and cell sensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2010, 26, 1164-1177.