Overcoming Salinity Barriers to Crop Production Using Traditional Methods

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 250-291

  Plaut, Z ^a   Edelstein, M ^a   Ben Hur, M ^a  

^a VOLCANI CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

antioxidant; compatible solute; grafting; growth regulator; leaching; mycorrhiza; sodium

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874438535     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: 15497836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2012.752236     Document Type: Review

References (375)

1. Abbas, W., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N. A. 2010. Alleviation of stressed-induced adverse effects in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by glycinebetaine and sugarbeet extraxts. Scientia Hort., 125: 188-195.
2. Abbaspour, H. 2010. Investigation of the effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhyza on mineral nutrition and growth of Carthamus tinctorius under salt stress conditions. Russian J. Plant Physiol., 57: 526-531.
3. Abd El-Baki, H. H., El-Baz, F. K. and El-Baroty, G. S. 2010. Enhancing antioxidant vailability in wheat grains from plants grown under seawater stress in response to microalgae extract treatment. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90: 299-303.
4. Abdul Jaleel, C., Manivannan, P., Sankar, P., Kishorekumar, A. and Panneerselvam, R. 2007. Calcium chloride effects on salinity-induced oxidative stress, proline metabolism and indole alkaloid accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. C.R. Biologies., 330: 674-683.
5. Aguilar-Aguilar, S., Perez-Moreno, J., Ferrera-Cerrato, R., Grimaldo-Juarez, O., Cervantes-Diaz, L. and Gonzalez-Mondoza, D. 2009. Ectomycorrhiza fungi and tolerance to salinity in plants. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural., 82: 163-168.
6. Ahmed, B. A. O., Inoue, M. and Moritani, S. 2010. Effect of saline water irrigation and manure application on the available water content, soil salinity and growth of wheat. Agric. Water Manage., 97: 165-170.
7. Ahmed, B. A. O., Ymamoto, T. and Inoui, M. 2007. Impact of leaching on sustainability of sorghum on dune sand under saline drip irrigation. Transactions of the ASABE., 50: 1279-1288.
8. Akbari, G. A., Gholam, A., Hojati, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S., Seyed, A. M. and Ghanati, F. 2011. Exogenously applied hexaconazole ameliorates salinity stress by inducing an antioxidant defense system in Brassica napus L. plants. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 100: 244-250.
9. Akram, M. S. and Ashraf, M. 2009. Alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of potassium nitrate. J. Applied Bot. Food Quality-Angewandte Botanik., 83: 19-27.
10. Akram, M. S. and Ashraf, M. 2011. Exogenous application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can alleviate the adverse effect of salt stress on sunflower. J. Plant Nutr., 34: 1041-1057.
11. Akram, M. S., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N. A. 2009a. Effectiveness of potassium sulfate in mitigating salt-induced adverse effects of different physio-biochemical attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Flora., 204: 471-483.
12. Akram, M. S., Ashraf, M., Shahbaz, M. and Akram, N. A. 2009b. Growth and photo synthesis of salt stressed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants as affected by foliar-applied different potassium salts. J. Plant Nutrit. Soil Sci-Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde., 172: 884-893.
13. Aktas, H., Abak, K., Ozturk, L. and Cakmak, I. 2006. The effect of zinc on growth and shoot concentration of sodium and potassium in pepper plants under salinity stress. Turkish J. Agric. Forestry., 30: 407-412.
14. Aktas, H., Karni, L., Chang, D. C., Turhan, E., Bar-Tal, A. and Aloni, B. 2005. The suppression of salinity associated oxygen radicals production, in pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit, by manganese, zinc and calcium in relation to its sensitivity to blossom end rot. Physiol. Plantarum., 123: 67-74.
15. Albacete, A., Ghanem, M. E., Martinez-Andujar, C., Acodta, M., Sanchez-Bravo, J., Martinez, V., Lutts, S., Dodd, I. C. and Perez-AlfoCea, F. 2008. Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J. Exp. Bot., 59: 4119-4131.
16. Al-Hakimi, A. and Hamada, A. M. 2001. Counteraction of salinity stress on wheat plants by grain soaking in ascorbic acid, thiamin or sodium salicylate. Biol. Plantarum., 44: 253-261.
17. Ali, B., Athar, H. U. R. and Ashraf, M. 2008. Modulation of growth, photosynthetic capacity and water relations in salt stressed wheat plants by exogenously applied 24-Epibrassinolide. Plant Growth Regul., 56: 107-116.
18. Ali, B., Hayat, S. and Ahmed, A. 2007. 24-Epibrassinolide ameliorates the saline stressin Chickpea (Cicer arientum L). Environ. Exp. Bot., 59: 217-223.
19. Al-Karaki, G. N. 2006. Nursary inoculation of tomato with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and subsequent performance under irrigation with saline water. Scientia Hort., 109: 1-7.
20. An, P., Inanaga, S., Lux, A., Li, X. J., Ali, M. E. K., Matsui, T. and Sugimoto, Y. 2002. Effects of salinity and relative humidity on two melon cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Biolo. Plantarum., 45: 409-415.
21. An, P., Inanaga, S., Lux, A., Li, X. J., Enji, A. E. and Zhu, N. W. 2005. Interactive effects of salinity and air humidity on two tomato cultivars differing in salt tolerance. J. Plant Nutr., 28: 459-473.
22. Arafa, A. A., Khafagy, M. A. and El-Banna, M. F. 2009. The effect of glycinebetaine or ascorbic acid on grain germination and leaf structure of sorghum plants grown under salinity stress. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 3: 294-304.
23. Arfan, M., Athar, H. R. and Ashraf, M. 2007. Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting system modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivats under salt stress?. J. Plant Physiol., 164: 685-694.
24. Arshadullah, M., Hyder, S. and Ali, A. 2011. Sulphur supply enhances wheat growth and yield on saline-sodic soils. Pak. J. Scientific and Industrial Res. Series B, 54: 122-125.
25. Asghari, H. R. 2008. Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza improve salinity tolerance in pre-inoculation subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Int. J. Plant Produc., 2: 243-256.
26. Ashraf, M. and Harris, P. J. C. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci., 166: 3-16.
27. Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. R. 2005. Pre-sowing seed treatment-A shotgun approach to improve germination, plant growth, and crop yield under saline and non-saline conditions. Adv. Agron., 88: 223-271.
28. Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M. R. 2007. Roles of glycine Btaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ. Exp. Bot., 59: 206-216.
29. Ashraf, M., Afzal, M., Ahmed, R., Maqsood, M. A., Shahzad, Tahir, M. A., Akhtar, N. and Aziz, A. 2012. Growth response of the salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant sugarcane genotypes to potassium nutrition under salt stress. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 58: 365-398.
30. Ashraf, M., Nawaz, K., Athar, H. U. R. and Raza, S. H. 2008a. "Growth enhancement of two potential cereal crops, maize and wheat, by exogenous application of glycinebetaine". In Biosaline Agriculture and High Salinity Tolerance, Edited by: Abdelly, C., Ozturk, M., Ashraf, M. and Grignon, C. 21-35. Birkhauser Verlag AG P.O. Box 133 CH-4010 Basel
31. Ashraf, M., Athar, H. R., Harris, P. J. C. and Kwon, T. R. 2008b. Some prospective strategies for improving salt tolerance. Adv. Agron., 97: 232-240.
32. Ashraf, M. Y., Hussain, F., Javed, A., Gul, A., Ross, M. and Ebert, G. 2008c. Effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen and supra optimal level of potassium fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane grown under saline conditions. Pak. J, Bot., 40: 1521-1531.
33. Ashraf, M., Rahmatullah, A. R., Afzal, M., Tahir, M. A., Kanwal, S. and Maqsood, M. A. 2009. Potassium and silicon improve yield and juice quality in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) under salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 195: 284-291.
34. Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., Arteca, R. N. and Foolad, M. R. 2010a. The physiological, biochemical and molecular roles of brassinosteroides and salicylic acid in plant processes and salt tolerance. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 29: 162-190.
35. Assouline, S., Muller, M., Cohen, S., Ben-Hur, M., Grava, A., Narkis, K. and Silber, A. 2006. Soil-plant response to pulsed drip irrigation and salinity: Bell pepper case study. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70: 1556-1568.
36. Athar, H. U. R., Khan, A. and Ashraf, M. 2008. Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates salt-induced oxidation stress in wheat. Environ. Exp. Bot., 63: 224-231.
37. Avalbaev, A. M., Yuldashev, R. A., Fatkhuddinova, R. A., Urusov, F. A., Safutdinova, Yu.V. and Shakirova, F. M. 2010. The influence of 24-epibrassidinolide on the hormonal status of wheat plants under sodium chloride. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol., 46: 99-102.
38. Ayers, R. S. and Westcot, D. W. 1985. "Water quality for agriculture". In FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Vol. 29, 174Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
39. Baltruschat, H., Fodor, J., Harrach, B. D., Niemczyk, E., Barna, B., Gullner, G., Janeczko, A., Kogel, K. H., Schafer, P. and Schwarczinger, I. 2008. Salt tolerance of barley induced by the root endophyte Piriformospora indica is associated with a strong increase in antioxidants. New Phytol., 180: 501-510.
40. Banon, S., Fernandez, J. A., Ochoa, A. and Sanchez Bianco, M. J. 2005. Paclobutrazol as an aid to reduce some effects of salt stress in oleander seedlings. Eur. J. Hort. Sci., 70: 43-49.
41. Barhoumi, Z., Atia, A., Rabhi, M., Djebali, W., Abdelly, C. and Smaoui, A. 2010. Nitrogen and NaCl salinity effects on the growth and nutrient acquisition of the grasses Aeluropus littoralis, Catapodium rigidum and Brachypodium distachyum. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 173: 149-157.
42. Barnard, J. H., van Rensburg, L. D. and Bennie, A. T.P. 2010. Leaching irrigation saline sandy to sandy loam apedal soils with water of a constant salinity. Irrigation Sci., 28: 191-201.
43. Bekheta, M. A., Abdelhamid, M. T. and El-Morsi, A. A. 2009. Physiological responses of Vicia faba to prohexadione calcium under saline conditions. Planta Daninha., 27: 769-779.
44. Belew, D., Astatkie, T., Mokashi, M. N., Getachew, Y. and Patil, C. P. 2010. Effects of salinity and mycorrhizal inoculation (Glomus fasciculatum) on growth responses of grape rootstocks (Vitis spp). S. African J. Ecol. Viticulture., 31: 82-88.
45. Ben Ahmed, C., Ben Rouina, B., Sansoy, S., Boukhriss, M. and Ben Abdullah, F. 2010. Exogenous proline effects on photosynthesis performance and Antioxidant defense system in young olive tree. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: 4216-4222.
46. Ben Ahmed, H., Manaa, A. and Zid, E. 2008. Salt tolerance of Setaria verticullata L.: a short-cycle poaceae. Comptes Renddus Biologies., 31: 164-170.
47. Ben-Gal, A., Ityel, E., Dudley, L., Cohen, S., Yermiyahu, U., Presnov, E. and Zigmond, L. 2008. Effect of irrigation water salinity on transpiration and leaching requirements: A case stydy of bell peppers. Agric. Water Manage., 95: 587-597.
48. Ben-Hur, M., Li, F. H., Keren, R., Ravina, I. and Shalit, G. 2001. Water and salt distribution in a field irrigated with marginal water under high water table conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65: 191-198.
49. Ben-Oliel, G., Kant, S., Naim, M., Rabinowitch, H. D., Takeoka, G. R., Buttery, R. G. and Kafkafi, U. 2004. Effect of ammonium to nitrate ratio and salinity on yield and fruit quality of large and small tomato fruit hybrids. J. Plant Nutr., 27: 1795-1812.
50. Bera, A. K., Pat, M. K. and Bera, A. 2006. Brassinolide ameliorates effects of salt stress on germination and seedling growth of rice. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 11: 182-189.
51. Bernstein, N. 2013. "Effects of salinity on root growth". In Plant Roots: The Hidden Half 4th ed, Edited by: Eshel, A. and Beeckman, T. 784CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
52. Bernstein, N., Shoresh, M., Xu, Y. and Huang, B. 2010. Involvement of the plant antioxidative response in the differential growth sensitivity to salinity of leaves vs. roots during cell development. Free Radicals Biol Med., 49: 1161-1171.
53. Bezborodov, G. A., Shadmanov, D. K., Mirhashimov, R. T., Yuldashev, T., Qureshi, A. S., Noble, A. D. and Qadir, M. 2010. Mulching and water quality effects on soil salinity and sodicity dynamics and cotton productivity in Central Asia. Agric. Ecosystems Environ., 138: 95-102.
54. Bezrukova, M., Kildibekova, A. and Shakirova, F. 2008. WGA reduces the level of oxidative stress in wheat seedlings under salinity. Plant Growth Regul., 54: 195-201.
55. Bhadauria, H. S. and Afria, B. S. 2005. Effect of Cycocel and saline irrigation water on germination, yield and yield attributes in different cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J. Physiol. Res., 18: 47-52.
56. Bhattacharjes, S. 2008. Triadimefon pretreatment protects newly assembled membrane system and causes up-regulation of stress proteins in salinity stressed Amaranthus lividus L. during early germination. J. Environ. Biol., 29: 805-810.
57. Bhattarai, S. P. and Midmore, D. J. 2009. Oxigation enhances growth, gas exchange and salt tolerance of vegetable soybean and cotton in saline Vertisol. J. Integrative Plant Biol., 52: 675-688.
58. Bhattarai, S. P., Pendergast, L. and Midmore, D. J. 2006. Root aeration improves yield and water use efficiency of tomato in heavy clay and saline soils. Scientia Hort., 108: 278-288.
59. Blanco, F. F., Folefatti, M. V., Ghei, H. R. and Fernandes, P. D. 2008. Growth and yield of corn irrigated with saline water. Scientia Agricola., 65: 574-580.
60. Blom-Zanstra, M., Vogelzang, S. and Veen, B. 1998. Sodium fluxes in sweet pepper at varying sodium concentrations. J. Exp. Bot., 49: 1863-1868.
61. Boise, G., Bigras, F., Bertrand, A., Piche, Y., Fung, M. Y.P. and Khasa, D. P. 2006. Ectomycorrhizal fungi affect the physiological responses of Picea gluca and Pinus banksiana seedlings exposed to an NaCl gradient. Tree Physiol., 26: 1185-1196.
62. Bolat, I., Kaya, C., Almaca, A. and Tmucin, S. 2006. Calcium sulfate improves salinity tolerance in rootstock of plum. J. Plant Nutr., 29: 553-564.
63. Brumos, J., Talon, M., Buhlal, R. and Colmenero-Flores, J. 2010. Cl-Homeostasis in include and excluder citrus rootstocks: transport mechanism and identification of candidate genes. Plant Cell Environ., 33: 2012-2027.
64. Bybordi, A. 2011. Effect of different ratios of nitrate and ammonium on seed yield, oil yield, physiological attributes and fatty acid composition of canola under conditions of salt stress. J. Food Agric. Environ., 9: 520-524.
65. Cantrell, I. C. and Linderman, R. G. 2001. Preinoculation of lettuce and onion with VA mycorrhizal fungi reduces deleterious effects of soil salinity. Plant Soil., 233: 269-281.
66. Castro, V. M., Iturrieta, E. R. and Fassio, O. C. 2009. Rootstock effect on the tolerance of avocado plants cv Hass to NaCl stress. Chilean J. Agric. Res., 69: 316-324.
67. Chachar, Q. L., Solangi, A. G. and Verhoef, A. 2008. Influence of sodium chloride on seed germination and seedling root growth of cotton. Pak. J. Bot., 40: 183-197.
68. Chai, Q., Shao, X. Q. and Zhang, J. Q. 2010. Silicon effects on Poa pratensis responses to salinity. HortScience., 45: 1876-1881.
69. Chen, M., Kang, Y. H., Wan, S. Q. and Liu, S. P. 2009. Drip irrigation with saline water for oleic sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Agric.Water Manage., 96: 1766-1772.
70. Chen, W. P., Hou, Z. A., Wu, L. S., Liang, Y. C. and Wei, C. Z. 2010. Effects of salinity and nitrogen on cotton growth in arid environment. Plant Soil., 326: 61-73.
71. Cimrin, K. M., Turkmen, O., Turan, M. and Tuncer, B. 2010. Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedlings. African J. Biotech., 9: 5845-5851.
72. Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Fallovo, C., Cardarelli, M. and Graifenberg, A. 2006. Use of Salsola soda as a companion plant to improve greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum) performance under saline conditions. New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci., 34: 283-290.
73. Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Leonardi, C. and Bei, Z. 2010. Role of grafting in vegetable crops under saline conditions. Scientia Hort., 127: 147-155.
74. Corwin, D. l., Rhoades, J. D. and Simunek, J. 2007. Leaching requirement for soil salinity control: Steady-state versus transient models. Agric. Water Manage., 90: 165-180.
75. Cuin, T. A. and Shabala, S. 2005. Exogenously applied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol., 46: 1924-1933.
76. Cuin, T. A. and Shabala, S. 2008. Compatible solutes mitigate damaging effects of salt stress by reducing the impact of stress-induced reactive oxygen species. Plant Signal Behav., 3: 207-208.
77. Cuin, T. A., Betts, S. A., Chalmandrier, R. and Shabals, S. 2008. A root's ability to retain K +correlates with salt tolerance of wheat. J. Exp. Bot., 59: 2687-2706.
78. Cuin, T. A., Parsons, D. and Shabala, S. 2010. Wheat cultivars can be screened for NaCl salinity tolerance by measuring leaf chlorophyll content and shoot sap potassium. Functional Plant Biol., 37: 656-664.
79. 2+ in the amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) under saline stress and mulch. Revista Ciencia Agronomica., 39: 209-216.
80. Daei, G., Ardekani, M. R., Rejali, F. and Teimuri, S. 2009. Alleviation of salinity stress on wheat yield components and nutrient uptake during arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 617-625.
81. Davenport, S. B., Gallego, S. M., Benavides, M. O. and Tomaro, M. L. 2003. Behaviour of antioxidant defense system in the adaptive response to salt stress in Helianthus annus L. cell. Plan Growth Regul., 40: 81-88.
82. de Oliveira, F. R. A., de Oliveira, F. A., de Medeiros, J. F., de Sousa, F. L. and Freir, A. G. 2010. Phosphorus-salinity interaction in radish. Revista Ciencia Agronomica., 41: 519-526.
83. Degl'lnnocenti, E., Hafsi, C., Guidi, L. and Navari-Izzo, F. 2009. The effect of salinity on photosynthetic activity in potassium deficient barley species. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 1968-1981.
84. del Amor, F. M. and Cuadra-Crespo, P. 2011. Alleviation of salinity stress in broccoli using foliar urea or methyl-jasmonate analysis of growth, gas exchange, and isotope composition. Plant Growth Regul., 63: 55-62.
85. Dimkpa, C., Weinand, T. and Asch, F. 2009. Plant-rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions. Plant Cell Environ., 32: 1682-1694.
86. Djanaguiraman, M., Sheeba, J. A., Shanker, A. K., Devi, D. D. and Bangarusamy, U. 2006. Rice can acclimate to lethal level of salinity by pretreatment with sublethal level of salinity through osmotic adjustment. Plant Soil., 204: 363-373.
87. Dolatabadian, A., Sanavy, S. A. M. M. and Chashmi, N. A. 2008. The effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on oxidant enzymes activities, lipid peroxidation and proline accumulation of canola (Brassica napus L.) under conditions of salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 194: 208-213.
88. Dolatabadian, A., Sanavy, S. A. M. M. and Sharifi, M. 2009. Effect of salicylic acid and salt on wheat seed germination. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Setion B., 59: 456-464.
89. Dolatabadian, A. and Jouneghani, R. S. 2009. Impact of exogenous ascorbic acid on antioxidant activity and some physiological traits of common bean subjected to salinity stress. Notulae Botanicae Hoeri Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca., 37: 165-172.
90. Dominguez, A., Tarjuelo, J. M., de Juan, I. A., Lopez-Mata, E., Breidy, J. and Karam, F. 2011. Deficit irrigation under water stress and salinity conditions: The MOPECO-Salt Model. Agric. Water Manage., 98: 1451-1461.
91. Dong, H. Z., Li, W. J., Tang, W. and Zheng, D. M. 2008. Furrow seeding with plastic mulching increases stand establishment and lint yield of cotton in a saline field. Agron. J., 100: 1640-1646.
92. Dong, H. Z., Li, W. J., Tang, W. and Zheng, D. M. 2009. Early plastic mulching increases stand establishment and lint yield of cotton in saline fields. Field Crop Res., 111: 269-275.
93. Du, C. X., Fan, H. F., Guo, S. R. and Tezuka, T. 2010. Applying spermidine for different responses of antioxidant enzymes in cucumber subjected toshort-term salinity. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 135: 18-24.
94. Duan, J., Li, J., Guo, S. and Kang, Y. 2008. Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in salinity-stressed Cucumis sativus roots and enhances short-term salinity tolerance. J. Plant Physiol., 165: 1620-1635.
95. Dubey, A. K., Srivastav, M., Sharma, Y. K., Pandey, R. N. and Deshmukh, P. S. 2007. Dry mass production and distribution of nutrients in two mango rootstocks as affected by salinity. Indian J. Hort., 64: 385-390.
96. Ebrahim, M. K. H. 2005. Amelioration of sucrose-metabolism and yield change, in storage roots of NaCl-stressed sugarbeet, by ascorbic acid. Agronomica., 49: 93-103.
97. Edelstein, M., Ben-Hur, M. and Plaut, Z. 2007. Grafting melons irrigated with fresh or effluent water tolerate eexcess boron. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 132: 484-491.
98. Edelstein, M., Plaut, Z., Dudai, N. and Ben-Hur, M. 2009. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) responses to fertilization and salinity under irrigation conditions. J. Environ. Manage., 91: 215-221.
99. Edelstein, M., Plaut, Z. and Ben-Hur, M. 2010. Sodium and chloride exclusion and retention by non-grafted and grafted melon and Cucurbita plants. J. Exp. Bot., 62: 177-184.
100. Edelstein, M., Plaut, Z. and Ben-Hur, M. 2011. Mechanism responsible for restricted boron concentration in plant shoots grafted on pumpkin rootstocks. Israel J. Plant Sci., 59: 207-215.
101. Egamberdieva, D. and Kucharova, Z. 2009. Selection for root colonising bacteria stimulating wheat growth in saline soils. Biol. Fertility Soils., 45: 563-571.
102. Elkhatib, H. A., Elkhatib, E. A., Allah, A. M. K. and El-Sharkawy, A. M. 2004. Yield response of salt-stressed potato to potassium fertilization: A preliminary mathematical model. J. Plant Nutr., 27: 111-122.
103. El-Nakhlawy, F. S., Shaheen, M. A. and Al-Shareef, A. R. 2012. Response of forage yield, protein and proline contents of alfalfa genotypes to irrigation water salinity and phosphorus fertilizer. J. Food Agric. Environ., 10: 551-557.
104. Elwan, M. W. M. 2010. Ameliorative effects of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate on salt stressed eggplants. J. Plant Nutr., 33: 1593-1604.
105. Elwan, M. W.M. and El-Hamahmi, M. A.M. 2009. Improved productivity and quality associated with salicylic acid application in greenhouse pepper. Scientia Hort., 122: 521-526.
106. Endris, S. and Mohammed, M. J. 2007. Nutrient acquisition and yield response of barley exposed to salt stress under different levels of potassium nutrition. Inter. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 3: 323-330.
107. Epstein, E. 1994. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 91: 11-17.
108. Eraslan, F., Inal, A., Gunes, A. and Alpaslan, M. 2007. Impact of salicylic acid on the growth, antioxidant activity and physiology of carrot plants subjected to combined salinity and boron toxicity. Scientia Hort., 113: 120-128.
109. Eraslan, F., Inal, A., Pilbeam, D. and Gunes, A. 2008. Interactive effects of salicylic acid and silicon on oxidative damage and antioxidant activity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Matador) grown under boron toxicity and salinity. Plant Growth Regul., 55: 207-219.
110. Esmaili, E., Kapourchal, S. A., Malakouti, M. J. and Homaee, M. 2008. Interactive effect of salinity and two nitrogen fertilizers on growth and composition of sorghum. Plant Soil Environ., 54: 537-546.
111. Etehadnia, M., Watere, D. R. and Tanini, K. K. 2008. The method of ABA application affects salt stress responses in resistant and sensitive potato lines. J. Plant Growth. Regul., 27: 331-341.
112. Fageira, N. K., Gheyi, H. R. and Moreira, A. 2011. Nutrient bioavailability in salt affected soils. J. Plant Nutr., 34: 945-962.
113. FAO. 2008. FAO Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service. http://www.fao.org/agl/agll/spush
114. Fan, M., Bie, Z. L., Krumbein, A. and Schwarz, D. 2011. Salinity stress in tomatoes can be alleviated by potassium depending on rootstock and K-concentration employed. Scientia Hort., 130: 615-623.
115. Farag, A. A. A., El-Gizawy, A. M., Abu-Hadid, A. F., El-Behairy, U. A. and Medany, M. A. 2006. Effect of modified micro-climate in the plastic house on salt tolerance of cucumber plants. Egyptian J. Hort., 33: 45-58.
116. Fariduddin, Q., Fariduddin, A. A. and Hayat, S. 2003. Photosynthetic Response of Vigna radiata to pre-sowing seed treatment with 28-homobrassinolide. Photosynthetica., 41: 307-310.
117. Feng, G. L., Meiri, A. and Letey, J. 2003. Evaluation of a model for irrigation management under saline conditions: I. Effects on plant growth. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67: 71-76.
118. Flowers, T. J. 2004. Improving crop salt tolerance. J. Exp. Bot., 55: 307-319.
119. Flowers, T. J., Rageb, R., Malash, N., Abdel Gawad, G., Cuartero, F. and Arslan, A. 2005. Sustainable strategic for irrigation in salt-prone Mediterranean: Salrmed. Agric. Water Manage., 76: 3-14.
120. Forkutsa, I., Sommer, R., Shirokova, Y. I., Lamers, J. P. A., Kienzler, K., Tischbein, B., Martius, C. and Vlek, P. L. G. 2009. Modeling irrigated cotton with shallow groundwater in the Aral Sea Basin of Uzbekistan: I. Water dynamics. Irrig. Sci., 27: 331-340.
121. Gama, P. B. S., Inanaga, S., Tanaka, K. and Nakazawa, R. 2007. Physiological response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings to salinity stress. African J. Biotechnol., 6: 77-88.
122. Garcia-Legaz, M. F., Lopez-Gomez, E., Beneyto, J. M., Navarro, A. and Sanchez-Blanco, J. 2008. Physiological behavior of loquat and anger rootstocks in relation to salinity and calcium addition. J. Plant Physiol., 165: 1049-1060.
123. 2 enrichment during growth. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 131: 24-31.
124. Garg, B. K., Burman, U. and Kathju, S. 2006. Alleviation of salinity stress effects on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of Indian mustard by nitrogen fertilization. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 11: 145-151.
125. Garg, N. and Chandel, S. 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal network: process and functions. A review. Agron. Sustainable Develop., 39: 581-599.
126. Gawad, G. A., Arsian, A., Gaihbi, A. and Kadouri, F. 2005. The effect of saline irrigation water management and salt tolerant tomato varieties on sustainable production of tomato in Syria (1999-2002). Agric. Water Manage., 78: 39-53.
127. 2 concentration ameliorates effect of NaCl salinity on photosynthesis and leaf structure of Aster tripolium L. J. Exp. Bot., 60: 137-151.
128. 2 concentration on growth, water relations and chemical composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Aster tripolium L. Envir. Exp. Bot., 65: 220-231.
129. 2 concentration enhances salinity tolerance in Aster tripolium L. Planta., 231: 583-594.
130. Ghanem, M. E., Albacete, A., Martinez-Andujar, C., Acosta, M., Romero-Arand, R., Dodd, I. C., Lutts, S. and Perez-Alfoncea, F. 2008. Hormonal changes during salinity-induced leaf senescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersium L.). J. Exp. Bot., 59: 3039-3050.
131. Gharineh, M. H., Nadian, H., Fathi, G., Siadat, A. and Maadi, B. 2009. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in development of salt tolerance of Trifolium alexandrinum plants under salinity stress. J. Food Agric. Environ., 7: 432-437.
132. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Teifeh-Noori, M., Oustan, S. H. and Moghaddam, M. 2009. Response of soybean cultivars to salinity stress. J. Food Agric. Environ., 7: 401-404.
133. Gholami, A., Sharafi, S., Sharafi, A. and Ghasemi, S. 2009. Germination of different seed size of pinto bean cultivars as affected by salinity and drought stress. J. Food Agric. Environ., 7: 555-558.
134. Gimeno, V., Syvrtsen, J. P., Nieves, M., Simon, I., Martinez, V. and Garcia-Anchez, F. 2009. Additional nitrogen fertilization affects salt tolerance of lemon trees on different rootstocks. Scientia Hort., 121: 298-305.
135. Gimeno, V., Syvrtsen, J. P., Rubio, F., Martinez, V. and Garcia-Anchez, F. 2010. Growth and mineral nutrition are affected by substrate type and salt stress in seedlings of two contrasting citrus rootstocks. J. Plant Nutr., 33: 1435-1447.
136. Giri, B., Kapoor, R. and Mukerji, K. G. 2007. Improved tolerance of Acacia nilotica to salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza, Glomus fasciculatum may be partly related to elevated K/Na ratios in root and shoot tissues. Microbial Ecol., 54: 753-760.
137. Golabi, M., Naseri, A. A. and Kashkuli, H. A. 2009. Evaluation of SALTMED model performance in irrigation and drainage of sugarcane farms in Khuzestan province of Iran. J. Food Agric. Environ., 7: 874-880.
138. Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M., Eraslan, F., Bagci, E. G. and Cicek, N. 2007. Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. J. Plant Physiol., 164: 728-736.
139. Gurmani, A. R., Bano, A. and Salim, M. 2007. Effect of abcisic acid and Benzyladenine on growth and ion accumulation of wheat under saline stress. Pak. J. Bot., 39: 141-149.
140. Hafsi, C., Lakhdhar, A., Rabhi, M., Debez, A., Abdelly, C. and Ouerghi, Z. 2007. Interactive effects of salinity and potassium availability on growth, water status, and ionic composition of Hordeum maritimum. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Bodenkunde., 170: 469-473.
141. Hajiboland, R., Aliasgharzadeh, N., Laiegh, S. F. and Poschenrieder, C. 2010. Colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves salinity tolerance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Plant Soil, 331: 313-327.
142. Hanson, B. R., Grattan, S. R. and Fulton, A. 2006. Agricultural Salinity and Drainage, Revised edition. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 164University of California. Publication 3375
143. Hasaneen, M. N.A., Younis, M. E. and Tourky, S. M.N. 2008. Plant growth metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions: Further studies supporting nullification of harmful effects on salinity in lettuceplants by urea treatments. Plant Soil Environ., 54: 123-131.
144. Hasaneen, M. N.A., Younis, M. E. and Tourky, S. M.N. 2009. Plant growth metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. III. Salinity-biofertility interactive effects on growth, carbohydrates and photosynthetic efficiency of Lactuca sativa. Plant Omics., 2: 60-69.
145. Hashem, H. A., Bassuony, F. M., Hassanein, R. A., Baraka, D. M. and Khalil, R. R. 2011. Stigmasterol seed treatment alleviates the drastic effect of NaCl and improves quality and yield in flax plants. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 5: 1858-1867.
146. Hashemi, A., Abdolzadeh, A. and Sadeghipour, H. R. 2010. Beneficial effects of silicon nutrition in alleviating salinity stress in hydroponically grown canola, Beassica napus L., plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 56: 244-253.
147. Heikham, E., Kapoor, R. and Giri, B. 2009. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi in alleviation of salt stress: a review. Ann. Bot., 104: 1263-1280.
148. Hejiden, J. N., Klironomos, M. and Ursic, P. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungi diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature., 396: 69-72.
149. Hepaksoy, S., Ben-Asher, J., De Mlsch, Y., David, I., Sagih, M. and Bravdo, B. 2006. Grapevine irrigation with saline water: Effect of rootstock on quality and yield of Cabernet Sauvignon. J. Plant Nutr., 29: 783-795.
150. Heuer, B. 2003. Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycinebetaine on growth of salt-stressed tomato plants. Plant Sci., 165: 693-699.
151. Hillel, D. Soil salinity: Historic and contemporary perspectives. Proceedings of the International, Salinity Forum. Riverside Ca, pp.235-240.
152. Hilda, P., Graciela, R., Sorgio, A., Otto, M., Ingrid, R., Hugo, P. C., Edith, T., Estela, M. D. and Guillermina, A. 2003. Salt tolerant tomato plants show increased levels of jasmonic acid. Plant Growth Regul., 41: 149-58.
153. Hoffman, G. J. and van Genuchten, M. T. H. 1983. "Soil properties and efficient water use: Water management for salinity control". In Limitations to Efficient Water Use in Crop Production Edited by: Taylor, H. M., Jordan, W. R. and Sinclair, T. R. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin
154. Hopkins, W. G. 1999. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 2nd ed, New York: Wiley.
155. Hou, Z. N., Chen, W. P., Li, X., Xiu, L. and Wu, L. S. 2009. Effect of salinity and irrigation practice on cotton yield and N-15 recovery. Agric. Water Manage., 96: 1483-1489.
156. Hsu, S. Y. and Kao, C. H. 2003. Differential effect of sorbitol and polyethylene glycol on antioxidant enzymes in rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul., 39: 83-90.
157. Huang, Y., Bie, Z. L., Liu, Z. X., Zhen, A. and Wang, W. J. 2009. Protective role of proline against salt stress is partly related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 5: 698-704.
158. Ibrahim, A. H., Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Eman, F. M., Abd El-Aziz, M. H. and Sbokr, A. E. 2011. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and spermine alleviate the adverse effects of salinity stress on electrolyte leakage and productivity of wheat plants. Phyton-Annales- Rei Botanicae., 51: 261-276.
159. Iqbal, M. and Ashraf, M. 2005. Changes in growth, photosynthetic capacity and ionic relations in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to pre-soaking seed treatment with polyamines. Plant Growth Regul., 46: 19-30.
160. Iqbal, M. and Ashraf, M. 2006. Wheat seed priming in relation to salt tolerance: growth, yield and levels of free salicylic acid and polyamines. Annales Botanici Fennici., 43: 250-259.
161. Iqbal, M. and Ashraf, M. 2007. Seed preconditioning modulates growth, ionic relations, and photosynthetic capacity in adult plants of hexaploid wheat under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr., 30: 381-396.
162. Isidoro, D. and Grattan, S. R. 2011. Predicting soil salinity in response to different irrigation practices, soil types and rainfall scenarios. Irrig. Sci., 29: 197-211.
163. Jabeen, N. and Ahmad, R. 2012. Improving tolerance of sunflower during growth stages to salinity through foliar spray of nutrient solution. Pak. Jour. Bot., 44: 563-572.
164. Jabeen, R. and Ahmed, R. 2009. Alleviation of the adverse effects of salt stress by foliar application of sodium antagonistic essential minerals on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Pak. J. Bot., 41: 2199-2208.
165. Jafari, M. H. S., Kafi, M. and Astaraie, A. 2009. Effects of NaCl induced salinity, calcium and potassium on physiomorphological traits of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Pak. J. Bot., 41: 3053-3063.
166. Jaleel, C. A., Gopi, R., Manivannan, P. and Panneerselvam, R. 2007. Response of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol. Plantarum., 29: 205-209.
167. Jaleel, C. A., Lakshmanan, G. M. A., Gomathinayagam, M. and Panneerselvam, R. 2008. Triadimefon induced salt stress tolerance in Withania Somnifera and its relationship to antioxidant defense system. S. African J. Bot., 74: 126-132.
168. Jalill, F., Khavazi, K., Pazira, E., Nejati, A., Tahmani, H. A., Sadaghiani, H. R. and Miransari, M. 2009. Isolation and characterization of ACC deaminase-producing fluorescent pseudomonas, to alleviate salinity stress on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 667-674.
169. Kalaji, M. H. and Pietkiewica, S. 1993. Salinity effects on plant growth and other physiological processes. Acta Physiol. Plantarum., 15: 89-124.
170. Kang, D. J., Seo, V. J., Lee, J. D., Ishii, R., Kim, K. U., Shin, D. H., Park, S. K., Jang, S. W. and Lee, S. W. 2005. Jasmonic acid differentially affects growth, ion uptake and abcisic acid concentration in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice cultivars. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 191: 273-282.
171. Karlidag, H., Yildirim, E. and Turan, M. 2009. Salicylic acid amelioratesthe adverse effect of salt stress on strawberries. Scintia Agricola., 66: 160-167.
172. Katerji, N., Mastrorilli, M., van Hoorn, J. V., Lahmer, F. Z., Hamdy, A. and Oweis, T. 2009. Durum wheat and barley productivity in saline-drought environments. European J. Agron., 31: 1-9.
173. Kaya, C., Tuna, A. L., Ashraf, M. and Altunlu, H. 2007. Improved salt tolerance of melon (Cucumis melo L.) by addition of proline and potassium nitrate. Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 397-403.
174. Kaya, C., Tuna, A. L. and Yokas, I. 2009. "The role of plant hormones in plants under salinity stress". In Biosaline Agriculture and High Salinity Tolerance, Edited by: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M. and Athar, H. R. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. pp. 45-50.
175. Kaya, C., Tuna, A. L., Dikilitas, M. and Cullu, M. A. 2010. Response of some enzymes and key growth parameters of salt-stressed maize plants to foliar and seed application of kinetin and indole acetic acid. J. Plant Nutr., 33: 405-422.
176. Kaya, M., Kaya, G., Kaya, M. D., Atak, M., Saglam, S., Khawar, K. M. and Ciftci, C. Y. 2008. Interaction between seed size and NaCl on germination and early seedling growth of some Turkish cultivars of chickpea (Cicer arientum L.). J. Zhejiang University Sci. B., 9: 371-377.
177. Kaya, M. D. and Day, S. 2008. Relationship between seed size and NaCl on germination, seed vigor and early seedling growth of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). African J. Agric. Res., 3: 787-791.
178. Khadri, M., Tejera, N. A. and Lluch, C. 2007. Sodium chloride ABA interaction in two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 211-216.
179. Khafagy, M. A., Arafa, A. A. and El-Banna, M. F. 2009. Glycinebetaine and ascorbic acid can alleviate the harmful effects of NaCl salinity in sweet pepper. Aust. J. Crop Sci., 3: 257-267.
180. Khan, M. A., Gul, B. and Webber, D. J. 2009. Effect of germination regulating chemicals on seed germination of Halogeton glomeratus for alleviation of salinity stress. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 1205-1212.
181. Khan, M. N., Siddiqui, M. H., Mohammed, F., Naeem, M. and Khan, M. M. A. 2010. Calcium chloride and gibberellic acid prtotect linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) from NaCl stress by inducing antioxidative defense system and osmoprotectants accumulation. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum., 32: 121-132.
182. Khayyat, M., Rajaee, S., Sajjadinia, A., Eshghi, S. and Tafazoli, E. 2009a. Calcium effects changes in chlorophyll content, dry weight and micronutrients of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Dutch.) plants under salt-stress conditions. Fruits., 64: 53-59.
183. Khayyat, M., Tafazoli, E., Rajaee, S., Vazifeshenas, M., Mahmoodabadi, M. R. and Sajjadinia, A. 2009b. Effect of NaCl and Supplementary potassium on gas exchange, ionic content, and growth of salt-stressed strawberry plants. J. Plant Nutr., 32: 907-918.
184. Kiani, A. R. and Abbasi, F. 2009. Assessment of the water-salinity crop production function of wheat using experimental data of the Golestan province of Iran. Irrig. Drainage., 58: 445-455.
185. Kocsy, G., Szalai, G. and Galiba, G. 2004. Effect of osmotic stress on glutathione and hydroxymethyl glutathione accumulation in wheet. J. Plant Physiol., 161: 785-794.
186. Kotera, A., Sakamoto, T., Nguyen, D. K. and Yokozawa, M. 2008. Regional consequences of seawater intrusion on rice productivity and land use in coastal areas of the Mekong river delta. JARQ-Japan Agric. Res. Quarterly., 42: 267-274.
187. Kuznetsov, V. V., Radyukina, N. L. and Shevyakova, N. L. 2006. Polyamines and stress: Biological role, metabolism, and regulation. Russian J. Plant Physiol., 53: 583-604.
188. Lado, M., Bar-Tal, A., Azenkot, A., Assouline, S., Ravina, I., Erner, Y., Fine, P., Dasberg, S. and Ben-Hur, M. 2012. Changes in chemical properties of semiarid soils under long-term secondary treated wastewater irrigation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 76: 1358-1369.
189. Lakhdar, A., Hafsi, C., Rabhi, M., Debez, A., Montemurro, F., Abdelly, C., Jedidi, N. and Ouerghi, Z. 2008. Application of municipal solid waste compost reduces the negative effects of saline water in Hordeum maritimum L. Bioresource Technol., 99: 7160-7167.
190. Langenfeld-Heyser, R., Gao, J., Ducic, T., Tachd, P., Lu, C. F., Fritz, E., Gafur, A. and Polle, A. 2007. Paxillus involutus mycorrhiza attenuate NaCl stress responses in the salt-sensitive hybrid poplar Populus 3 canescens. Mycorrhiza., 17: 121-131.
191. Latef, A. A. H. A. and He, C. X. 2011. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress. Scientia Hort., 127: 228-233.
192. Lee, S. K., Sohn, E. Y., Hamayun, M., Yoon, J. L. and Lee, I. J. 2010. Effect of silicon on growth and salinity stress of soybean plant growth under hydroponic system. Agroforestry Systems., 80: 330-349.
193. Letey, J. and Feng, G. L. 2007. Dynamic versus steady-state approaches to evaluate irrigation management of saline water. Agric. Water Manage., 91: 1-10.
194. Letey, J., Dinar, A. and Knapp, K. C. 1985. Crop-water production function model for saline irrigation water. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49: 1005-1009.
195. Letey, J., Hoffman, G. J., Hopmans, J. W., Grattan, S. R., Suarez, D., Corwin, D. L., Oster, J. D., Wu, L. and Amrhein, C. 2011. Evaluation of soil salinity leaching requirement guidelines. Agric. Water Manage., 98: 502-506.
196. Li, Y. L., Stanghellini, C. and Challa, H. 2001. Effect of electrical conductivity and transpiration on production of greenhouse tomato (Licopersicon eaculentum L.). Scientia Hortic., 88: 11-29.
197. Liang, Y. C. 1999. Effect of silicon on enzyme activity, and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress. Plant Soil., 209: 217-224.
198. +-PPase activity, fatty acid composition and fluidity in roots of salt stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 53: 29-37.
199. Liang, Y., Sun, W., Zhu, Y. G. and Christie, P. 2007. Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: A review. Environ. Pollution., 147: 422-428.
200. Liopa-Tsakalidi, A. 2008. Germination and seedling growth of wild green vegetables under salinity and temperature conditions. J. Food Agric. Environ., 8: 1090-1095.
201. Liu, Z. K., Bie, Z. L., Huang, Y., Zhen, A., Lei, B. and Zhang, H. Y. 2012. Grafting onto Cucurbita moschata rootstock alleviates salt stress in cucumber plants by delaying photoinhibition. Photosynthetica., 50: 152-160.
202. Lopez, M., Tajera, N. O. and Lluch, C. 2009. Validamycine A improves the response of Medicgo truncatula plants to salt stress by inducing trehalose accumulation in the root nodules. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 1218-1222.
203. Lopez-Gomez, E., San Juan, M. A., Diaz-Vivancos, P., Beneyto, J. M., Garcia-Legaz, M. F. and Hernandez, J. A. 2007. Effect of rootstock grafting and boron on the antioxidant system and salinity tolerance of loquat plants (Eryobotria japonica Lindl.). Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 151-158.
204. Luo, Z. B., Janz, D., Jiang, X. N., Gobel, C., Wildhagen, H., Tan, Y. P., Rennenberg, H., Feussner, I. and Polle, A. 2009. Upgrading root physiology for stress tolerance by ectomycorrhizas: Insight from metabolite and transcriptional profiling into reprogramming for stress anticipation. Plant Physiol., 151: 1902-1917.
205. Maas, E. V. and Hoffman, G. J. 1977. Crop salt tolerance- Current assessment. J. Irrig. Drainage Division., 102: 115-134.
206. Madueno-Molina, A., Garcia-Paredes, J. D., Martinez-Hernandez, J., Montoya, R. B. and Bojorquez-Serrano, J. I. 2008. Induced salinity and supplementary phosphorus on growth and mineral content of frijolillo. Comm. in Soil Sci. Plant Analysis., 39: 1447-1459.
207. Maeda, Y., Yoshiba, M. and Tadano, T. 2005. Comparison of calcium effect on the salt tolerance of suspension cells and intact plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2). Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 51: 485-490.
208. Mahajan, S. and Tuteja, N. 2005. Cold salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Archives Biochem. Biophys., 444: 139-158.
209. Maheshwari, B. L. and Grewal, H. S. 2009. Magnetic treatment of irrigation water: Its effect on vegetable crop yield and water productivity. Agric. Water Manage., 96: 1229-1236.
210. Malash, M. M., Flowers, T. J. and Ragab, R. 2008. Effect of irrigation method, management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield, soil moisture and salinity distribution. Irrig. Sci., 26: 313-323.
211. Manchanda, G. and Garg, N. 2008. Salinity and its effect on the functional biology of legumes. Acta Physiol. Plant., 30: 595-618.
212. Mandare, A. B., Ambast, S. K., Tyagi, N. K. and Singh, J. 2008. On-farm water management in saline groundwater area under scarce canal water supply condition in the Northwest India. Agric. Water Manage., 95: 516-526.
213. Manivannan, P., Abdul Jaleel, C., Kishorekumar, A., Sankar, B., Somasundaram, R. and Panneerselvam, R. 2008. Protection of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Plants from salt stress by paclobutrazol. Coloidsls and Surface Biointrefaces., 51: 315-318.
214. Martinez, V., Bernstein, N. and Läuchli, A. E. 1996. Salt induced inhibition of phosphorous transport in lettuce leaves. Physiol. Plantarum., 97: 118-122.
215. Massai, R., Remorini, D. and Tattini, M. 2004. Gas exchange, water relations and osmotic adjustment in two scion/rootstock combinations of Prunus under various salinity concentrations. Plant Soil., 259: 153-162.
216. 2 enrichment on growth and photosynthetic responses of the invasive cordgrass Spartina densiflora. J. Exp. Bot., 61: 1643-1654.
217. 2 enrichment and salinity. Chemosphere., 81: 725-731.
218. Mathur, N., Singh, J., Bohra, S., Bohra, A. and Vyas, A. 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate salt stress of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Acta Agri. Scandinavica Secrion B-Soil Plant Sci., 60: 510-516.
219. Matsumoto, K., Tamura, F., Chun, J. P. and Tanabe, K. 2006. Native Mediterranean Pyrus rootstock, P-amygdaliformis and P-elegrifolia, present higher tolerance to salinity stress compared with Asian natives. J. Japan. Soc. Hvort. Sci., 75: 450-457.
220. Matthews, N., Grove, B., Barnard, J. H. and van Rensburg, L. D. 2010. Modeling the economic tradeoffs between allocating water for crop production or leaching for salinity management. Water South Africa., 36: 37-43.
221. 2 improve salt tolerance in olive trees?. J. Plant Physiol., 165: 631-640.
222. Mickelbart, M. V., Melser, S. and Arpaia, M. L. 2007. Salinity induced changes in ion concentration of 'Hass' avocado trees on three rootstocks. J. Plant Nutr., 30: 105-122.
223. Miransari, M. and Smith, D. L. 2007. Overcoming the stressful effects of salinity and acidity on soybean nodulation and yield using signal molecules genistein under field conditions. J. Plant Nutr., 30: 1967-1992.
224. Misra, N. and Saxena, P. 2009. Effect of salicylic acid on proline metabolism in lentil grown under salinity stress. Plant Sci., 177: 181-189.
225. Molassiotis, A. N., Sotiropoulos, T., Tanou, G., Kofidis, G., Diamantidis, G. and Therios, I. 2006. Anatioxidant and anatomical responses in shoot cultureof the apple rootstock MM 106 treated with NaCl, mannitol or sorbitol. Biol. Plantarum., 50: 331-338.
226. Montoliu, A., Lopez-Climent, M. F., Arbona, V., Perez-Clemente, R. M. and Gomez-Cadenas, A. 2009. A novel in vitro tissue culture approach to study stress responses in citrus. Plant Growth Regul., 59: 179-187.
227. Moreira-Nordemann, L. M. 1984. Salinity and weathering rate of rocks in a semi-arid region. J. Hydrology., 71: 131-147.
228. Mostafazadeh-Fard, B., Mansouri, H., Mousavi, S. F. and Feizi, M. 2009. Effects of different levels of irrigation water salinity and leaching on yield and yield components of wheat in an arid region. J. Irrig. Drainage Engineering-ASCE., 135: 32-38.
229. Moya, J. L., Gomez-Cadenas, A., Primo-Millo, E. and Talon, M. 2003. Chloride accumulation in salt-sensitive Carrizo citrange and salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin citrus rootstocks is linked to water use. J. Exp. Bot., 54: 825-833.
230. Munns, R. and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanism of salinity tolerance. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 59: 651-681.
231. 2, soil salinity and plant growth". In Carbon Dioxide and Environmental Stress, Edited by: Luo, Y. and Mooney, H. A. 139-167. San Diego: Academic Press.
232. Murillo-Amador, B., Jones, H. G., Kaya, C., Aguilar, P. L., Garcia-Hernandez, J. L., Troyo-Dieguez, E., Avila-Serrano, N. Y. and Rueda-Puenta, E. 2006. Effect of foliar application of calcium-nitratreon growth and Physiological attributes of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown under salt stress. Environ. Exp. Bot., 58: 188-196.
233. Murugan, K. and Sathish, D. K. 2005. Ameliorative effect by calcium on NaCl salinity stress related to proline metabolismin the callus of Centella asiatica L. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech., 14: 205-207.
234. Musacchi, S., Quartieri, M. and Taghavini, M. 2006. Pear (Pyrus communis) and Quince (Cydonia oblonga) roots exhibit different ability to prevent sodium and chloride uptake when irrigated with saline water. Eur. J. Agron., 24: 268-275.
235. Nadian, H., Nateghzadwh, B. and Jafari, S. 2012. Effect of salinity and nitrogen fertilizers on some quantity and quality parameters of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.). J. Food Agric. Environ., 10: 470-474.
236. Naeda, Y., Yoshiba, M. and Tadano, T. 2005. Comparison of Ca effect on salt tolerance of suspension cells and intact plants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2). Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 51: 485-490.
237. Naeem, M. S., Jin, Z. L., Wan, G. L., Liu, D., Liu, H. B., Yoneyama, K. and Zhou, W. J. 2010. 5-Aminolevulinic acid improves photosynthetic gas exchange capacity and ion uptake under salinity stress in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Plant Soil., 332: 405-415.
238. Nathawat, N. S., Kuhad, M. S., Goswami, C. L., Patel, A. L. and Kumar, R. 2007. Interactive effects of nitrogen sources and salinity on growth indices and ion content of Indian mustard. J. Plant Nutrit., 30: 569-598.
239. Nazar, R., Iqbal, N., Masood, A., Syeed, S. and Khan, N. 2011. Understanding the significance of sulfur improving salinity tolerance in plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 70: 80-87.
240. Nawaz, K. and Ashraf, M. 2007. Improvement in salt tolerance of maize by exogenous application of glycinebetaine: Growth and water relations. Pak. J. Bot., 39: 1647-1653.
241. Ndayiragije, A. and Lutts, S. 2007. Long term exogenous Putrescine application improves grain yield of a salt-sensitive rice cultivar exposed to NaCl. Plant Soil., 291: 225-238.
242. Neves-Piestum, B. G. and Bernstein, N. 2005. Salinity induced changes in the nutritional status of expanding cells my impact leaf growth inhibition in Maize. Func. Plant Biol., 32: 141-152.
243. Noreen, S. and Ashraf, M. 2010. Modulation of salt (NaCl)-induced effects of oil composition and fatty acid profile of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90: 2608-2616.
244. Nuttall, J. G., Davies, S. L., Armstronf, R. A. and Peoples, M. B. 2008. Testing the primer-plant concept: Whear yield can be increased on alkaline sodic soils when an effective primer phase is used. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 59: 331-338.
245. Oda, M. 2002. Grafting vegetable crops (Review). Specific Report of the Graduate School of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Osaka Perfecture University, 54: 49-72.
246. Okubo, M., Furukawa, Y. and Sakuratani, T. 2000. Growth, flowering and leaf properties of pear cultivars grafted on Asian pear rootstock seedlings under NaCl. Scientia Hort., 85: 91-101.
247. Omar, M. N. A., Osman, M. E. H., Kasim, W. A. and El-Daim, I. A. Abd. 2009. Improvement of salt tolerance mechanisms of barley cultivated under salt stress using Azospirillum brasilense. Tasks Vegetation Sci., 44: 133-147.
248. Ortega, L., Fry, S. C. and Taleisnik, E. 2006. Why are Chloris gayana leaves shorter in salt-affected plants? Analyses in the elongation zone. J. Exp. Bot., 57: 3945-3952.
249. Oster, J. D., Stottimyer, D. E. and Arpaia, M. L. 2007. Salinity and water effects on 'Hass' avocado yield. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 132: 253-261.
250. Özdemir, F., Bor, M., Demiral, T. and Turkan, I. 2004. Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on seed germination, seedling growth, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidant system of rice (oryza sativa L.) under saline stress. Plant Growth Regul., 41: 1-9.
251. Palma, F., Lluch, C., Iribarne, C., Garcia-Garrido, J. M. and Garcia, N. A.T. 2009. Combined effect of salicylic acid and salinity on some antioxidant activities, oxidative stress and metabolite accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Growth Regul., 58: 307-316.
252. Pang, H. C., Li, Y. Y., Yang, J. S. and Liang, Y. S. 2010. Effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yields under monsoonal climatic conditions. Agric. Water Manage., 97: 1971-1977.
253. Parida, A. K. and Das, A. B. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environ. Safety., 60: 324-340.
254. Parra, M., Albacete, A., Martinez-Andujar, C. and Perez-Alfocea, F. 2007. Increasing plant vigor and tomato fruit yield under salinity by inducing plant adaptation at the earliest seedling stage. Environ. Exp. Bot., 60: 77-85.
255. 2. Physiol. Plantarum., 135: 29-43.
256. 2. Environ. Exp. Bot., 66: 463-470.
257. 2 concentration influences the contributions of osmolyte accumulation and cell wall elasticity to salt tolerance in barley cultivars. J. Plant Physiol., 167: 15-22.
258. 2 under non-optimal environmental conditions. Oecologia., 129: 1-20.
259. Prior, L. D., Grieve, A. M., Bevington, K. B. and Slavich, P. G. 2007. Long-term effects of saline irrigation water on Valencia orange trees: relationships between growth and yield, and salt levels in soil and leaves. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 58: 349-358.
260. Qadir, M., Tubeileh, A., Akhtar, J., Larbi, A., Minhas, P. S. and Khan, M. A. 2008. Productivity enhancement of salt -affected environments through crop diversification. Land Degradation Develop., 19: 429-453.
261. Rady, M. M. 2011. Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on growth, yield, antioxidant system and cadmium content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants under salinity and cadmium stress. Scientia Hort., 129: 232-237.
262. Raghavaiah, C. V., Lavanya, C. and Royal, T. J. K. 2006. Differential response of castor (Ricinus communis) genotypes to agronomic intervention on salt-affected sodic soils in semi-arid tropical region. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 76: 19-22.
263. Raveh, E. and Levy, Y. 2005. Analysis of xylem water as an indicator of current chloride uptake in citrus trees. Scientia Hort., 103: 317-327.
264. Rausch, T. and Wachter, A. 2005. Sulfur metabolism a versatile platform for launching defence operations. Trends Plant Sci., 10: 503-509.
265. Raza, S. H., Athar, H. U. R. and Ashraf, M. 2006. Influence of exogenously applied glycinebetaine on the photosynthetic capacity of two differently adapted wheat cultivars under salt stress. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 341-351.
266. Reina-Sanchez, A., Romero-Aranda, R. and Cuartero, J. 2005. Plant water uptake and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato cultivars irrigated with saline water. Agric. Water Manage., 78: 54-66.
267. Ren, T. R., Xie, Y. H., Zhu, W. W., Li, Y. H. and Zhang, Y. 2007. Activities and toxicity of a novel plant growth regulator 2-furan-2-yl-[1,3]dioxolane. J. Plant Growth Regul., 26: 362-368.
268. Rhoades, J. D. 1974. "Drainage for salinity control". In Drainage for Agriculture, Edited by: van Schilfgaaede, J. 433-461. Madison, WI: SSSA. Agronomy Monograph No. 17
269. Rivero, R. M., Ruiz, J. M. and Romero, L. 2003. Role of grafting in horticultural plants under stress conditions. Food, Agric. Environ., 1: 70-74.
270. Romero-Aranda, R., Soria, T. and Cuartero, J. 2002. Greenhouse mist improves yield of tomato plants grown under saline conditions. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 127: 644-648.
271. Romic, D., Ondrasek, G., Romic, M., Josip, B., Vranjes, M. and Pestosic, D. 2008. Salinity and irrigation method affect crop yield and soil quality in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) growing. Irrig. Drainage., 57: 463-469.
272. Roy, P., Niyogi, K., SenGupta, D. N. and Ghosh, S. 2005. Spermidine treatment to rice seedlings recovers salinity stress-induced damage to plasma membrane and PM bound H+-ATPase in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice cultivars. Plant Sci., 168: 583-591.
273. 4) on concentration of free amino acids in young tea plants. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 170: 49-58.
274. 2+ fertilization. Scientia Hort., 119: 79-87.
275. Ruiz, J. M., Rios, J. J., Rosales, M. A., Rivero, R. M. and Romero, L. 2006. Grafting between tobacco plants to enrich salinity tolerance. J. Plant Physiol., 163: 1229-1237.
276. Russo, D., Laufer, A., Silber, A. and Assouline, S. 2009. Water uptake, active root volume and solute leaching under drip irrigation: A numerical study. Water Resour. Res., 45: W12413 doi:10.1029 /2008WR008015
277. Saeed, R. and Ahmad, R. 2009. Vegetative growth and yield of tomato as affected by the application of organic mulch and gypsum under saline rhizosphere. Pak. J. Bot., 6: 3093-3105.
278. Sakr, M. T. and Arafa, A. A. 2009. Effect of some antioxidants on canola plants grown under soil salt stress condition. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12: 582-588.
279. Sakr, M. T. and El-Metwally, M. A. 2009. Alleviation of harmful effects of soil salt stress on growth, yield and endogenous antioxidant content of wheat plants by application of antioxidants. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 12: 624-630.
280. Saleem, M., Arshad, M., Husssain, S. and Bhatti, A. S. 2007. Perspective of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase in stress agriculture. J. Industrial Microbiol. Biotech, doi:10.1007/s10295-007-0240-6
281. Saleh, B., Allario, T., Dambier, D., Ollitrault, P. and Morillon, R. 2008. Tetraploid rootstocks are more tolerant to salt stress than diploid. Comptes Rendus Biologies., 331: 703-710.
282. Saleh, S. A., Heuberger, H. and Schnitzler, W. H. 2005. Alleviation of salinity effects on artichoke productivity by Bcillus subtilis FZB24, supplemental Ca and micronutrients. J. Applied Bot. Food Quality- Angewandre Botanik., 79: 24-32.
283. Sannazzaro, A. I., Echeverria, M., Alberto, E. O., Ruiz, O. A. and Menendez, A. B. 2007. Modulation of polyamine balance in Lotus glaber by salinity and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 45: 39-46.
284. Santa-Cruz, M. M., Martinez-Rodriguez, F., Perez-Alfocea, R., Romero-Aranda, R. and Bolarin, M. C. 2002. The rootstock effect on tomato salinity response depends on the shoot genotype. Plant Sci., 162: 825-831.
285. Savvas, D., Giotis, D., Chatzieustratiou, E., Bakea, M. and Patakioutas, G. 2009. Silicon supply in soilless cultivation of zucchini alleviates stress induced by salinity and powdery mildew interactions. Environ. Exp. Bot., 65: 11-17.
286. Savvas, D., Gizas, G., Karras, G., Lydakis-Simantiris, N., Salahas, G., Papadimitriou, M. and Tsouka, N. 2007. Interactions between silicon and NaCl-salinity in a soilless culture of roses in greenhouse. Eur. J. Hort. Sci., 72: 73-79.
287. Schmutz, U. and Ludders, P. 1998. Effect of NaCl salinity and different root zone temperatures on growth and mineral composition of two mango rootstocks (Mangiferaindica L). J. Appl. Bot., 72: 131-135.
288. + supply. Gartenbauwissenschaft., 61: 130-138.
289. Seckin, B., Seckman, A. H. and Turkan, I. 2009. An enhancingt effect of exogenous mannitol on the antioxidant enzyme activities in roots of wheat under salt stress. J. Plant Growth Regul., 28: 12-20.
290. Sepaskhah, A. R., Bazrafshah-Jahromi, A. R. and Shirmohammadi-Aliakbarkhani, Z. 2006. Development and evaluation of a model for yield production of wheat, maize and sugarbeet under water and salt stress. Biosystems Engineering., 93: 139-152.
291. Shah, S. H. 2011. Kinetin improves photosynthetic and antioxidant responses of Nigella sativa to counteract salt stress. Russian J. Plant Physiol., 58: 454-459.
292. Shahba, M. A., Qlan, Y. L. and Lair, K. D. 2008. Improving seed germination of saltgrass under saline conditions. Crop Sci., 48: 756-762.
293. Shahid, M. A., Pervez, M. A., Balal, R. M., Mattson, N. S., Rashid, A., Ahmad, R., Ayyub, C. M. and Abbas, T. 2011. Brassinosteroid (24-epibrassinolide) enhances growth and alleviates the deleterious effects induced by salt stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Austr. J. Crop Sci., 5: 500-510.
294. Shalhevet, J. 1994. Using water of marginal quality for crop production: major issues. Review Article. Agric. Water Manage., 25: 233-269.
295. Shani, U., Ben-Gal, A., Tripler, E. and Dudley, L. M. 2007. Plant response to soil environment: An analytical model integrating yield, water, soil type, and salinity. Water Resour. Res., 43: W08418 doi:10.1029/2006WR005313
296. Sharif, F. and Khan, A. U. 2009. Alleviation of salinity tolerance by fertilization in four thornbb forest species for the reclamation of salt-affected sites. Pak. J. Bot., 41: 2901-2915.
297. Sharifi, M., Ghorbanli, M. and Ebrahimzadeh, H. 2007. Improved growth of salinity stressed soybean after inoculation with pretreated mycorrhizal fungi. J. Plant Physiol., 164: 1144-1151.
298. Shaterian, J., Georges, F., Hussain, A., Waterer, D., De Jong, H. and Tanino, K. K. 2005. Root to shoot communication and abcisic acid in calreticulin (CR) genes expression and salt stress tolerance in grafted diploid potato (Solanum sp.) clones. Environ. Exp. Bot., 53: 323-332.
299. Sheng, M., Tang, M., Chen, H., Yang, B. W., Zhang, F. F. and Huang, Y. 2008. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt stress. Mycorrhiza., 18: 287-196.
300. Sheng, M., Tang, M., Chen, H., Yang, B. W., Zhang, F. F. and Huang, Y. 2009. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on root system of maize plants under salt stress. Can. J. Microbiol., 55: 879-886.
301. Shevyakova, N. I., Bakulina, E. A. and Kuznetsov, V. I.V. 2009. Proline antioxidant role in the common ice-plant subjected to salinity and paraquat treatment inducing oxidative stress. Rus. J. Plant Physiol., 56: 663-669.
302. Shoresh, M., Spivak, M. and Bernstein, N. 2011. Involvement of calcium-mediated effects on ROS metabolism in the regulation of growth improvement under salinity. Free Radical Biol. Medicine., 51: 1221-1234.
303. Shukla, P. S., Agarwal, P. K. and Jha, B. 2012. Improved salinity tolerance of Arachis hypogaea (L.) by the interaction of halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. J. Plant Growth Regul., 31: 195-206.
304. Siddiqui, M. H., Mohammad, F., Khan, M. N., Al-Whaibi, M. H., Mohamed, H. and Bahkali, A. G. A. 2010. Nitrogen in relation to photosynthetic capacity and accumulation of osmoprotectant and nutrients in brassica genotypes grown under salt stress. Agric. Sci. China., 9: 671-680.
305. Silber, A., Xu, G., Levkovitch, S., Suriano, A., Bilu, A. and Wallach, R. 2003. High fertigation frequency: The effects on uptake of nutrients, water and plant growth. Plant Soil., 253: 467-477.
306. Sima, N. A. K. K., Askari, H., Mirzaei, H. H. and Pessarakli, M. 2009. Genotype-dependent differential responses of three forage species to calcium supplement in saline conditions. J. Plant Nutr., 32: 579-597.
307. Sivritepe, H. O., Sivritepe, N., Eris, A. and Turhan, E. 2005. The effect of NaCl pre-treatments on salt tolerance of melon grown under long-term salinity. Scientia Hort., 106: 568-581.
308. Steppuhn, H., van Genuchten, M. T. and Grieve, C. M. 2005. Root-zone salinity: I. Selecting a product-yield index and response function for crop tolerance. Crop Sci., 45: 209-220.
309. Steppuhn, H., Wall, K. G. and Jefferson, P. G. 2009. Seed size effects on emergence, height, growth and shoot biomass of first-year alfalfa grown in saline media. Tansac. ASABE., 52: 121-132.
310. Storey, R. and Walker, R. R. 1999. Citrus and salinity. Scientia Hort., 78: 39-81.
311. Sykes, S. R. 1985. A glasshouse screening procedure for identifying citrus hybrid which restrict chloride accumulation in shoot tissue. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 36: 779-789.
312. Sykes, S. R. 1992. The inheritance of salt exclusion in woody perennial fruit species. Plant Soil., 146: 123-129.
313. Szabolcs, I. 1989. Salt-affected soils, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
314. Szepesi, A., Cssiszar, J., Galle, A., Games, K., Poor, P. and Tari, I. 2008. Effect of long term salicylic acid pre-treatment on tomato (Licopersicon esculentum Mill. L.) activities and anthocyanin content. Acta Agronomica Hungaria., 56: 129-138.
315. Sziderics, A. H., Rasche, F., Trognitz, F., Sessitsch, A. and Wilhelm, E. 2007. Bacterial endophytes contribute to abiotic stress adaptation in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Can. J. Microbiol., 53: 1195-1202.
316. Tabur, S. and Demir, K. 2009. Cytogenetic response of 24-epibressinollide on the root meristem cells of barley seeds under salinity. Plant Growth Regul., 58: 119-123.
317. Tahir, M. A., Rahmatullah, A., Ashraf, M., Kanwal, S. and Maqsood, T. 2006. Beneficial effects of silicon on wheat (Triticum aestium L.) under salinity stress. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 1715-1722.
318. Tahir, M. A., Aziz, T. and Rahmatullah. 2011. Silicon induced growth and yield enhancement in two wheat genotypes differing in salinity tolerance. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant., 42: 395-407.
319. Tahir, M. A., Rahmatullah, Aziz, T. and Ashraf, M. 2010. Wheat genotypes differed significantly in their response to silicon nutrition under salinity stress. J. Plant Nutr., 33: 1658-1671.
320. 2 concentration alleviates salinity stress in tomato plants. Acta Agric. Scandinavica Section B-Soil Plant Sci., 59: 87-96.
321. Talaat, N. B. and Shawky, B. T. 2011. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on yield, nutrients, organic solutes, and antioxidant enzymes of two wheat cultivars under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 174: 283-291.
322. Taleisnik, E., Rodrigues, A. A., Bustos, D., Erdei, L., Ortega, L. and Senn, M. E. 2009. Leaf expansion in grasses under salt stress. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 1123-1140.
323. Tanou, G., Molassiotis, A. and Diamantidis, G. 2009. Hydrogen peroxide- and nitric oxide-induced systemic antioxidant prime-like activity under NaCl-stress and stress-free conditions in citrus plants. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 1904-1913.
324. Tari, I., Csiszar, J., Szalai, G., Horvath, F., Pecsvaradi, A., Kiss, G., Szepesi, A., Szabo, M. and Erdei, L. 2002. Acclimation of tomato plants to salinity stress after salicylic acid pre-treatment. Acta Biokofica Szegediensis., 46: 55-56.
325. Tavallali, V., Rahemi, M. and Panahi, M. 2008. Calcium induces salinity tolerance in pistachio rootstocks. FRUITS., 63: 285-296.
326. Tavori, G., Abbo, S., Kafkafi, U. and Schnug, E. 2004. Influence of nitrate and sodium chloride on concentration and internal distribution of mineral elements in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Landbauforschung Volkenrode., 54: 189-197.
327. Tian, C. Y., Feng, G., Li, X. L. and Zhang, F. S. 2004. Different effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal isolates from saline and non saline on salinity tolerance of plants. Appl. Soil Ecol., 26: 143-148.
328. Tuna, A. L., Kaya, C., Ashraf, M., Altunlu, H., Yokas, I. and Yagmur, B. 2007a. The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environ. Exp. Bot., 56: 173-178.
329. Tuna, A. L., Kaya, C., Dikilitas, M. and Higgs, D. 2008b. The combined effect of Gibberellic acid and salinity on some antioxidant enzyme activity, plant growth parameters and nutritional status in maize plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 62: 1-9.
330. Tuna, A. L., Kaya, C., Dikilitas, M., Yokas, I., Burun, B. and Altunlu, H. 2007b. Comparitive effects of salicylic acid derivatives on key growth parameters in salinity stressed maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Pak. J. Bot., 39: 787-798.
331. Tuna, A. L., Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Murillo-Amador, B., Aydemir, S. and Girgin, A. R. 2008a. Silicon improves salinity tolerance in wheat plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 62: 10-16.
332. Tuteja, N. 2007. "Mechanism of high salinity tolerance in plants". In Methods in Enzymology, Edited by: Hassinger, D. and Sies, H. 419-438. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
333. Tzortzakis, N. G. 2010. Potassium and calcium enrichment alleviates salinity-induced stress in hydroponically grown endives. HortScience., 37: 156-162.
334. Ucar, Y., Kadayifci, A., Erdal, I., Tuylu, G. and Srenyigit, U. 2007. Effect of potassium fertilization on lettuce's (Lctuca sativa L.) yield parameters and evapotranspiration under different sodium media. Asian J. Chem., 19: 4083-4092.
335. Uygur, V. and Yetisir, H. 2009. Effect of rootstock on some growth parameters, phosphorus and nitrogen uptake by watermelon under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr., 32: 620-643.
336. USDA-ARS. 2008. Research Database. Bibliography on Salt Tolerance, Edited by: Brown, G. E. Jr. USA: Agric. Res. Serv. Riverside Ca. Salinity Lab. US Dept. Agric.
337. U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Agric. Handbook No. 60, USDA
338. Vaghela, P. M., Patel, A. D. and Pandey, I. B. 2010. Implications of calcium nutrition on the response of Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) to soil salinity. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Analysis., 41: 2644-2660.
339. Vardhini, B. V. and Rao, S. S. R. 2003. Amelioration of osmotic stress by Beassinosteroids on seed germination and seedling growth of three varieties of sorghum. Plant Growth Regul., 41: 25-31.
340. Verma, S. and Mishra, S. N. 2005. Putrescine alleviation in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. J. Plant Physiol., 162: 669-677.
341. Veselov, D. S., Sabirzhanova, I. B., Sabirzhanova, I. B., Sabirzhanov, B. E. and Chemeris, A. V. 2008. Changes in expansin gene expression, IAA content, and extension growth of cells in maize plants subjected to salinity. J. Plant Physiol., 55: 101-106.
342. Vijayan, K., Chakraborti, S. P. and Ghosh, P. D. 2007. Foliar application of Azatobactor chroococcum increases leaf yield under saline conditions in mulberry (Morus spp.). Scientia Hort., 113: 307-311.
343. Wahid, A., Sabir, H., Farooq, M., Ghazanfer, A. and Rasheed, R. 2009. Role of nodal bud and sprout tissue nutrients in sprout establishment, growth and salt tolerance of sugarcane. Crop Pasture Sci., 60: 453-462.
344. Wahome, P. K., Jesch, H. H. and Grittner, I. 2001. Mechanism of salt tolerance in two rose rootstocks: Rosa chinensis 'Major' and R-rubignosa. Scientia Hort., 87: 207-216.
345. Walker, R. R., Blackmore, D. H., Clingeleffer, P. R. and Corell, R. L. 2004. Rootstocks effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv.Sultana). 2. Ion concentration in leaves and juice. Aus. J. Grape Wine Res., 10: 90-99.
346. Walker, R. R., Blackmore, D. H., Clingeleffer, P. R. and Tarr, C. R. 2010. Rootstocks effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sultana). Aus. J. Grape Wine Res., 13: 130-141.
347. Waller, F., Achatz, B., Baltruschat, H., Fodor, J., Becker, K., Fischer, M., Heier, T., Huckelhoven, R., Neumann, C. and Wettstein, D. 2005. The endophytic fungus Priformorspora indica reprograms barley to salt-stress tolerance, disease resistance, and higher yield. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 102: 13386-13391.
348. Wan, S. Q., Kang, Y. H., Wang, D., Liu, S. P. and Feng, L. P. 2007. Effect of drip irrigation with saline water on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) yield and water use in semi-humid area. Agric. Water Manage., 90: 63-74.
349. Wang, F. Y., Liu, R. J., Lin, X. J. and Zhou, J. M. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhiza status of wild plants in the saline-alkaline soils of the yellow river delta. Mycorrhiza., 14: 133-137.
350. Wang, L. J., Jiang, W. B., Liu, H., Liu, W. Q., Kang, L. and Hou, X. L. 2005. Promotion by 5-aminolevulinic acid of germination of pakchoi (Brassica campestris ssp chinensis var.communis Tsen et Lee) seed under salt stress. J. Integrative Plant Biol., 47: 1084-1091.
351. Wang, Y. R., Kang, S. Z., Li, F. S., Zhang, L. and Zhanf, J. H. 2007. Saline water irrigation through a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model. Pedosphere., 17: 303-317.
352. Wang, W., Vinocur, B. and Altman, A. 2003. Plant response to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: toward genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta., 218: 1-14.
353. Webster, A. D. 1995. Rootstock and interstock effects on deciduous fruit tree vigour, precocity and yield productivity. New-Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci., 23: 373-382.
354. Wei, G. P., Zhu, Y. L., Liu, Z. L., Yang, L. F. and Zhang, G. W. 2007. Growth and ionic distribution of grafted eggplant seedlings with NaCl stress. Acta Bot. Boreal-Occide. Sin., 27: 1172-1178.
355. Wu, Q. S. and Zou, Y. N. 2009. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves growth and root nutrient status of citrus subjected to salt stress. Scienceasia., 35: 388-391.
356. Wu, Q. S., Zou, Y. N. and He, X. H. 2010. Contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungui to growth, photosynthesis, root morphology and ionic balance of citrus seedlings under salt stress. Acta Physioligiae Plantarum., 32: 297-304.
357. Xie, Z. K., Duan, L. S., Tian, X. L., Wang, B. M., Eneji, A. E. and Li, Z. H. 2008. Coronatine alleviates salinity stress in cotton by improving the antioxidative defense system and radical scavenging activity. J. Plant Physiol., 165: 375-384.
358. Yadav, R. K., Kumar, A., Lal, D. and Batra, L. 2004. Yield response of winter (rabi) forage crops to irrigation with saline drainage water. Exp. Agric., 40: 65-75.
359. Yamaguchi, T. and Blumwald, E. 2005. Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci., 10: 615-620.
360. Yang, X. and Lu, C. 2005. Photosynthesis improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt stressed maize plants. Physiol. Plantarum., 124: 343-352.
361. Yetisir, H. and Uygur, V. 2009. Plant growth and mineral element content of different gourd species and watermelon under salinity stress. Turkish J. Agric. Forestry., 33: 65-77.
362. Yildirim, E., Karlidag, H. and Turan, M. 2009. Mitigation of salt stress in strawberry by foliar K, Ca, Mg nutrient supply. Plant Soil Environ., 55: 213-221.
363. Yildirim, E., Turan, M. and Guvenc, I. 2008a. Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. J. Plant Nutr., 31: 593-612.
364. Yin, R., Bai, T. H. and Ma, F. W. 2010. Physiological responses and relative tolerance by Chinese apples rootstocks to NaCl stress. Scientia Hort., 126: 247-252.
365. Younis, M. E., Hassaneen, M. N. A. and Kazamel, A. M. S. 2009a. Plant growth metabolism and adaptation to stress conditions. VII.XXVII Can ascorbic acid modify the adverse effects of NaCl and mannitol on amino acids, nucleic acids and protein pattern in Vicia faba seedlings?. Protoplasma., 235: 37-47.
366. Younis, M. E., Hassaneen, M. N.A. and Tourky, S. M. N. 2009b. Plant growth metabolism and adaptation to stress conditions. IV XXIV Salinity-biofertility interactive effects on proline, glycine and various antioxidants in Lactuca sativa. Plant Omics., 2: 197-205.
367. Youssef, T. and Awad, M. A. 2008. Mechanisms of enhancing photosynthetic gas exchange in date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera L.) under salinity stress by a 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fertilizer. J. Plant Growth Regul., 27: 1-9.
368. Yurtseven, E., Kesmez, G. D. and Unlukara, A. 2005. The effect of water salinity and potassium level on yield, fruit quality and water consumption of a native central Anatolian tomato species (Lycopersicon esculantum). Agric. Water Manage., 78: 128-135.
369. Zahir, Z. A., Ghani, U., Naveed, M., Nadim, S. M. and Asghar, H. N. 2009. Comparative effectiveness of Pseudomonas and Serratia sp. containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress conditions. Arch. Microbiology., 191: 415-424.
370. Zhang, Q. T., Inoue, M., Inosako, K., Irshad, M., Kondo, K., Qio, G. Y. and Wang, S. P. 2008. Ameliorative effect of mulching on water use efficiency of Swiss chard and salt accumulation under saline irrigation. J. Food Agric. Environ., 6: 480-485.
371. Zhang, Z. J., Li, H. Z., Zhou, W. J., Takeuchi, Y. and Yoneyama, K. 2006. Effect of 5-aminolevullinic acid on development and salt tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) microtubers in vitro. Plant Growth Regul., 49: 27-34.
372. Zhao, G. Q., Ma, B. L. and Ren, C. Z. 2009. Salinity effects on yield and yield components of contrasting naked oat genotypes. J. Plant Nutr., 32: 1019-1632.
373. Zheng, Y. H., Xu, X. B., Simmons, M., Zhang, C., Gao, F. J. and Li, Z. J. 2010. Responses of physiological parameters, grain yield and grain quality to foliar application of potassium nitrate in two contrasting winter wheat cultivars under salinity stress. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 173: 444-452.
374. Zhu, H., Ding, G. H., Fang, K., Zhao, F. G. and Qin, P. 2006. New perspective on the mechanism of alleviating salt stress by spermidine in barley seedlings. Plant Growth Regul., 48: 147-156.
375. Zhu, Z., Wei, G., Li, J., Qian, Q. and Yu, J. 2004. Silicon alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant enzymes activityin leaves of salt-stressed cucumber (Cucumis sativus. L.). Plant Sci., 167: 527-533.