Effects of salinity on root growth

Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 595-612

  Bernstein, Nirit ^a  

^a VOLCANI CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85054693728     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (239)

1. Alarcón JJ, Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Bolarín MC, Torrecillas A. 1994. Growth and osmotic adjustment of two tomato cultivars during and after saline stress. Plant Soil 166: 75-82.
2. Allakhverdiev SI, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki I, Tasakay Y, Murata N. 1999. Genetic engineering of the unsaturation of fatty acids in membrane lipids alters the tolerance of Synechocystis to salt stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 5862-5867.
3. + uptake by plant cells. Adv Bot Res 29: 75-112.
4. An P, Inanaga S, Xiangjun L, Shimizu H, Tanimoto E. 2003. Root characteristics in salt tolerance. Root Res 12: 125-132.
5. Apel K, Hirt H. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55: 373-399.
6. + antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285: 1256-1258.
7. + antiporter. Plant J 36: 229-239.
8. Aroca R, Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2012. Regulation of root water uptake under abiotic stress Conditions. J Exp Bot 63: 43-57.
9. Azaizeh H, Gunse B, Steudle E. 1992. Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on water transport across root cells of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol 99: 886-894.
10. Azaizeh H, Steudle H. 1991. Effects of salinity on water transport of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Plant Physiol 97: 1136-1145.
11. de Azevedo Neto ADD, Prisco JT, Eneas J, deAbreu CEB, Gomes E. 2006. Effect of salt stress on antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive maize genotypes. Environ Exp Bot 56: 87-94.
12. Bandeoglu E, Eyidogan F, Yucel M, Oktem HA. 2004. Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress. Plant Growth Regul 42: 69-77.
13. +-PPase enhanced the salt and drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Plant Sci 176: 232-240.
14. Bastías E, Fernandez-Garcia N, Carvajal M. 2004. Aquaporin functionality in roots of Zea mays in relation to the interactive effects of boron and salinity. Plant Biol 6: 415-421.
15. Bernstein N, Ioffe M, Zilberstaine M. 2001. Salt-stress effects on avocado rootstock growth. I. Establishing criteria for determination of shoot growth sensitivity to the stress. Plant Soil 233: 1-11.
16. Bernstein N, Kafkafi U. 2002. Root growth under salinity stress. In: Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, 3rd edn., eds. Y Waisel, A Eshel, U Kafkafi, pp. 787-819. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
17. Bernstein N, Kravchik M, Dudai N. 2009. Salinity-induced changes in essential oil, pigments and salts accumulation in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), in relation to alterations of morphological development. Ann Appl Biol 156: 167-177.
18. Bernstein N, Läuchli A, Silk WK. 1993a. Kinematics and dynamics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) leaf development at various Na/Ca salinities. I. Elongation growth. Plant Physiol 103: 1107-1114.
19. Bernstein N, Meiri A, Zilberstaine M. 2004. Root growth of avocado [Persea Americana Mill] is more sensitive to salinity than shoot growth. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 129: 188-192.
20. Bernstein N, Shoresh M, Xu Y, Huang B. 2010. Involvement of the plant antioxidative response in the differential growth sensitivity to salinity of leaves vs. roots during cell development. Free Rad Biol Med 49: 1161-1171.
21. Bernstein N, Silk WK, Läuchli A. 1993b. Growth and development of sorghum leaves under conditions of NaCl stress: Spatial and temporal aspects of leaf growth inhibition. Planta 191: 433-439.
22. Bernstein N, Silk WK, Läuchli A. 1995. Growth and development of sorghum leaves under conditions of NaCl stress: Possible role of some mineral elements growth inhibition. Planta 196: 699-705.
23. Bigot J, Binet P. 1986. Exchange capacity and partial cation selectivity isolated from the roots of Cochleria anglica and Phaseolus vulgaris grown in media of different salinities. Can J Bot 64: 955-958.
24. Binet P. 1985. Salt resistance and the environment of the cell wall of some halophytes. Vegetatio 61: 241.
25. Bittisnich D, Robinson D, Whitecross M. 1989. Membrane-associated and intracellular free calcium levels in root cells under NaCl stress. In: Plant Membrane Transport: The Current Position. Proceedings of 8th International Workshop on Plant Membrane, ed. J Dainty, MI de Michelis, E Marré, F Rasi-Caldogno, pp. 681-682. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier.
26. Blits KC, Gallagher JL. 1990. Salinity tolerance of Kosteletzkya virginica. II. Root growth, lipid content, ion and water relations. Plant Cell Environ 13: 419-425.
27. Bolat I, Kaya C, Almaca A, Timucin S. 2006. Calcium sulfate improves salinity tolerance in rootstocks of plum. J Plant Nutr 29: 553-564.
28. Borochov-Neori H, Borochov A. 1991. Response of melon plant to salt. 1 Growth, morphology and root membrane properties. J Plant Physiol 139: 100-105.
29. Boursiac Y, Chen S, Luu DT, Sorieul M, van der Dries N, Maurel C. 2005. Early effects of salinity on water transport in Arabidopsis roots. Molecular and cellular features of aquaporin expression. Plant Physiol 139: 790-805.
30. Burssens S, Himanen K, van de Cotte B, et al. 2000. Expression of cell cycle regulatory genes and morphological alterations in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 211: 632-640.
31. Bush DS. 1995. Calcium regulation in plant cells and its role in signaling. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46: 95-122.
32. − levels. Ann Bot 102: 551-559.
33. + exclusion loci in wheat, Nax2 and Kna1. Plant Physiol 143: 1918-1928.
34. Cabañero FJ, Martinez V, Carvajal M. 2004. Does calcium determine water uptake under saline conditions in pepper plants, or is it water flux which determines calcium uptake? Plant Sci 166: 443-450.
35. + to salt tolerance. Plant Physiol 131: 676-683.
36. Carvajal M, Cerda A, Martínez V. 2000. Does calcium ameliorate the negative effect of NaCl on melon root water transport by regulating aquaporin activity? New Phytol 145: 439-447.
37. Carvajal M, Martinez V, Alcaraz CF. 1999. Physiological function of water channels as affected by salinity in roots of paprika pepper. Physiol Plant 105: 95-101.
38. Cavalcanti FR, Santos-Lima JPM, Ferreira-Silva SL, Viegas RA, Gomes-Silveira JA. 2007. Roots and leaves display contrasting oxidative response during salt stress and recovery in cowpea. J Plant Physiol 164: 591-600.
39. Cécooli G, Ramos JC, Ortega LI, Acosta JM, Perreta MJ. 2011. Salinity induced anatomical and morphological changes in Chloris gayana Kunth roots. Biocell 35: 9-17.
40. Chang PFL, Damsz B, Kononowicz AK, Reuveni M, Chen Zu Tang, Xu Yi, Hedges K, Tseng CC, Singh NK, Binzel ML, Narasimhan ML, Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Chen ZT, Xu-Y. 1996. Alterations in cell membrane structure and expression of a membrane-associated protein after adaptation to osmotic stress. Physiol Plant 98: 505-516.
41. Chatterjee J, Majumder AL. 2010. Salt-induced abnormalities on root tip mitotic cells of Allium cepa: Prevention by inositol pretreatment. Protoplasma 245: 165-172.
42. Cheeseman JM. 1988. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 87: 547-550.
43. + uptake in intact, mid-vegetative Spergularia marina plants. Physiol Plant 65: 460-466.
44. + antiporter gene improves salt tolerance in an upland rice. Mol Breed 19: 215-225.
45. + flux: A case study for barley. Plant Cell Environ 28: 1230-1246.
46. + homeostasis in salt stressed barley. Plant Physiol 145: 1714-1725.
47. Chrispeels MJ, Maurel C. 1994. Aquaporins: The molecular basis of facilitated water movement through living plants? Plant Physiol 105: 9-13.
48. Chung CG, Matsumoto H. 1989. Localization of the NaCl-sensitive membrane fraction in cucumber roots by centrifugation on sucrose density gradients. Plant Cell Physiol 30: 1133-1138.
49. Clarkson DT. 1969. Metabolic aspects of aluminum toxicity and some possible mechanisms for resistance. Br Ecol Soc Symp 9: 381-397 Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Sci Pub.
50. Colmer TD, Flowers TJ, Munns R. 2006. Use of wild relatives to improve salt tolerance in wheat. J Exp Bot 57: 1059-1078.
51. Cramer GR. 2002a. Response of abscisic acid mutants of Arabidopsis to salinity. Func Plant Biol 29: 561-567.
52. Cramer GR. 2002b. Sodium-calcium interactions under salinity stress. In: Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules, eds. A Läuchli, U Lüttge, pp. 205-227. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
53. Cramer GR, Bowman DC. 1991. Kinetics of maize leaf elongation. I. Increased yield threshold limits short-term, steady-state elongation rates after exposure to salinity. J Exp Bot 42: 1417-1426.
54. 2+. Plant Physiol 83: 510-516.
55. Croser C, Renault S, Franklin J, Zwiazek JJ. 2001. The effect of salinity on the emergence and seedling growth of Picea mariana, Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana. Environ Pollut 115: 9-16.
56. Cruz V, Cuartero J. 1990. Effects of salinity at several developmental stages of six genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon spp.). In: Eucarpia Tomato 90, eds. J Cuartero, ML Gomes-Guilmon, R Fernández-Muñoz, pp. 81-86. Proceedings of the XIth Eucarpia Meeting on tomato Genetics and Breeding, Málaga, Spain.
57. Cuin TA, Shabala S. 2005. Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 1924-1933.
58. + correlates with salt tolerance in wheat. J Exp Bot 59: 2697-2706.
59. Dat J, Vandenabeele S, Vranova E, Van Montagu M, Inze D, Van Breusegen F. 2000. Dual action of the active oxygen species during plant stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 57: 779-995.
60. Davies WJ, Kudoyarova G, Hartung W. 2005. Long-distance ABA signaling and its relation to other signaling pathways in the detection of soil drying and the mediation of the plant’s response to drought. J Plant Growth Regul 24: 285-295.
61. Demidchik V, Davenport RJ, Tester M. 2002. Nonselective cation channels. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 67-107.
62. Demiral T, Türkan I. 2005. Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ Exp Bot 53: 247-257.
63. Diepenbrock W. 1985. The fatty acid composition of root membrane lipids from rape plants (Brassica napus L.) as affected by localized supply of K and Ca. Agrochimica 29: 123-131.
64. Dodd I. 2005. Root-to-shoot signaling: Assessing the role of “up” in the up and down world of long-distance signaling in planta. Plant Soil 74: 257-275.
65. Douglas TJ, Walker RR. 1984. Phospholipids, free sterols and adenosine triphosphate of plasma membrane-enriched preparations from roots of citrus genotypes differing in chloride exclusion ability. Physiol Plant 62: 51-58.
66. Dupont FM. 1992. Salt-induced changes in ion transport: Regulation of primary pumps and secondary transporters. In: Transport and Receptor Proteins of the Plant Membranes, eds. DT Cooke, DT Clarkson, pp. 91-100. New York: Plenum Press.
67. + discrimination from Triticum aestivum. Genome 35: 639-646.
68. Espinosa-Ruiz A, Belles JM, Serrano R, Culianez-Macia FA. 1999. Arabidopsis thaliana AtHAL3: A flavoprotein related to salt and osmotic tolerance and plant growth. Plant J 20: 529-539.
69. Evlagon D, Ravina I, Neumann PM. 1990. Interactive effects of salinity and calcium on hydraulic conductivity, osmotic adjustment and growth in primary roots of maize seedlings. Isr J Bot 39: 239-247.
70. +/Cl- symporter in root-hair cells of Sinapis alba. An electrophysiological study using ion-selective microelectrodes. Plant Physiol 106: 1131-1136.
71. Flowers TJ, Colmer TD. 2008. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol 179: 945-963.
72. Foreman J, Demidchik V, Bothwell JHF, et al. 2003. Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth. Nature 422: 442-446.
73. Fornes F, María Belda R, Carrión C, Noguera V, García-Agustín P, Abad M. 2007. Pre-conditioning ornamental plants to drought by means of saline water irrigation as related to salinity tolerance. J Hortic Sci 113: 52-59.
74. Franco JA, Cros V, Vicente M, Martínez-Sánchez JJ. 2011. Effects of salinity on the germination, growth, and nitrate contents of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) cultivated under different climatic conditions. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 86: 1-6.
75. Frensch J, Hsiao TC. 1994. Transient responses of cell turgor and growth of maize roots as affected by changes in water potential. Plant Physiol 104: 247-254.
76. Galvan-Ampudia CS, Testerink C. 2011. Salt stress signals shape the plant root. Curr Opin Plant Biol 14: 296-302.
77. Gao Z, He X, Zhao B, Zhou C, Liang Y, Ge R, Shen Y, Huang Z. 2010. Overexpressing a putative aquaporin gene from wheat, TaNIP, enhances salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 51: 767-775.
78. +-pump. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 11444-11449.
79. + concentration as a criterion for salinity tolerance in bread wheat. Plant Cell Environ 30: 1468-1498.
80. Gilliham M, Tester M. 2005. The regulation of anion loading to the maize root xylem. Plant Physiol 137: 819-828.
81. Gorham J. 1990. Salt tolerance in the Triticeae: Ion discrimination in rye and Triticale. J Exp Bot 41: 609-614.
82. Hajibagheri MA, Flowers TJ. 1989. X-ray microanalysis of ion distribution within root cortical cells of the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Planta 177: 131-134.
83. Hajibagheri MA, Harvey DMR, Flowers TJ. 1987. Quantitative ion distribution within root cells of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant maize varieties. New Phytol 105: 367-379.
84. Hajibagheri MA, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ. 1985. Salt tolerance in Suaeda maritime (L.) Dum. Fine structure and ion concentrations in the apical region of roots. New Phytol 99: 331-343.
85. Hajibagheri MA, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ, Collins JC. 1989. Salinity resistance in Zea mays: Fluxes of potassium, sodium and chloride, cytoplasmic concentrations and microsomal membrane lipids. Plant Cell Environ 12: 753-757.
86. Haro R, Baňuelos MA, Senn MAE, Barrero-Gil J, Rodríguez-Navarro A. 2005. HKT1 mediates sodium uniport in roots. Pitfalls in the expression of HKT1 in yeast. Plant Physiol 139: 1495-1506.
87. He T, Cramer GR. 1993. Salt tolerance of rapid-cycling brassica species in relation to potassium sodium ratio and selectivity at the whole plant and callus levels. J Plant Nutr 16: 1263-1277.
88. Hernandez M, Fernandez-Garcia N, Diaz-Vivancos P, Olmos E. 2010. A different role for hydrogen peroxide and the antioxidative system under short and long salt stress in Brassica oleracea roots. J Exp Bot 61: 521-535.
89. Hille B. 1992. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 2nd edn. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
90. Horie T, Horie R, Chan WY, Leung HY, Schroeder JI. 2006. Calcium regulation of sodium hypersensitivities of sos3 and athkt1 mutants. Plant Cell Physiol 47: 622-633.
91. Huang CY, Liau EC. 1998. The regulatory role of plasma membrane proton-pumping ATPase in salt tolerance of soybean plant growing under the salt-stress condition. Taiwania 43: 225-234.
92. Huang J, Redman RE. 1995. Responses of growth, morphology and anatomy to salinity and calcium supply in cultivated and wild barley. Can J Bot 73: 1859-1866.
93. Izzo R, Nayari-Izzo F, Quartacci MF. 1991. Growth and mineral absorption in maize seedlings as affected by increasing NaCl concentration. J Plant Nutr 14: 678-699.
94. Joly RJ. 1989. Effects of sodium chloride on hydraulic conductivity of soybean root systems. Plant Physiol 91: 1261-1265.
95. Karni L, Aktas H, Deveturero G, Aloni B. 2010. Involvement of root ethylene and oxidative stress-related activities in pre-conditioning of tomato transplants by increased salinity. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 85: 23-29.
96. Katsuhara M, Kawasaki T. 1996. Of stress induced nuclear and DNA degradation in meristematic cells of barley roots. Plant Physiol 37: 169-173.
97. Katsuhara M, Mimura T, Tazawa M. 1990. ATP-regulated ion channels in the plasma membrane of Characeae alga, Nitellopsis obtusa. Plant Physiol 93: 343-346.
98. Katsuhara M, Tazawa M. 1990. Mechanism of calcium-dependent salt tolerance in cells of Nitellopsis obtusa: Role of intracellular adenine nucleotides. Plant Cell Environ 13: 179-184.
99. Katsuhara M, Yazaki Y, Sakano K, Kawasaki T. 1997. Intracellular pH and proton-transport in barley root cells under salt stress: In vivo 31P-NMR study. Plant Cell Physiol 38: 2155-2160.
100. Khayyat M, Rajaee S, Sajjadinia S, Saied E, Enayatollaha T. 2009. Calcium effects on changes in chlorophyll contents, dry weight and micronutrients of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants under salt-stress conditions. Fruits 64: 53-59.
101. Khayyat M, Kiegle E, Moore C, Haseloff J, Tester M, Knight M. 2000. Cell-type specific calcium responses to drought, NaCl, and cold in Arabidopsis root: A role for endodermis and pericycle in stress signal transduction. Plant J 23: 267-278.
102. Kim SY, Lim JH, Park MR, et al. 2005. Enhanced antioxidant enzymes are associated with reduced hydrogen peroxide in barley roots under saline stress. J Biochem Mol Biol 38: 218-224.
103. Knight H. 2000. Calcium signaling during abiotic stress in plants. Int Rev Cytol 192: 269-324.
104. Knight MR. 2007. New ideas on root hair growth appear from the flanks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 20649-20650.
105. Knight H, Trewavas AJ, Knight MR. 1997. Calcium signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana responding to drought and salinity. Plant J 12: 1067-1078.
106. Koryo HW. 1997. Ultrastructural and physiological changes in root cells of sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor S. Sudanensis cv. Sweet Sioux) induced by NaCl. J Exp Bot 308: 693-706.
107. Koyro WW, Stelzer R. 1988. Ion concentrations in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of rhizodermis cells from NaCl treated sorghum, Spartina and Puccinellia plants. J Plant Physiol 133: 441-446.
108. Kramer D. 1980. Transfer cells in the epidermis of roots. In: Plant Membrane Transport: Current Conceptual Issues, ed. RM Spanswick, WJ Lucas, J Dainty, pp. 393-394. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
109. Krasowski M, Caputa A. 2005. Relationships between the root system size and its hydraulic properties in white spruce seedlings. New Forests 30: 127-146.
110. Kravchik M, Bernstein N. 2012. Effects of salinity on the transcriptome of growing maize leaf cells points at differential involvement of the antioxidative response in cell growth restriction. BMC Genomics.
111. + ions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). J Exp Bot 59: 2793-2801.
112. Kudla J, Batistic O, Hashimoto K. 2010. Calcium signals: The lead currency of plant information processing. Plant Cell 22: 541-563.
113. Kurth E, Cramer GR, Läuchli A, Epstein E. 1986. Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 on cell enlargement and cell production in cotton roots. Plant Physiol 82: 1102-1106.
114. LaHaye PA, Epstein E. 1971. Calcium and salt toleration by bean plants. Physiol Plant 25: 213-218.
115. Läuchli A, Schubert S. 1989. The role of calcium in the regulation of membrane and cellular growth processes under salt stress. In: Environmental Stress in Plants, ed. JH Cherry, NATO ASI Ser 19, pp. 131-138. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
116. Lazof DB, Bernstein N. 1998. The NaCl-induced inhibition of shoot growth: The case for disturbed nutrition with special consideration of calcium nutrition. Adv Bot Res 29: 113-189.
117. Lazof DB, Bernstein N. 1999. Effect of salinization on nutrient transport to lettuce leaves: Consideration of leaf developmental stage. New Phytol 144: 85-94.
118. Lee DH, Kim YS, Lee CB. 2001. The inductive responses of the antioxidant enzymes by salt stress in the rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Plant Physiol 158: 737-745.
119. Leigh RA, Wyn Jones RG. 1984. A hypothesis relating critical potassium concentrations for growth to the distribution and functions of this ion in plant cell. New Phytol 97: 1-13.
120. Leshem Y, Seri L, Levine A. 2007. Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated endocytosis by salt stress leads to intracellular production of reactive oxygen species and salt tolerance. Plant J 51: 185-197.
121. +-ATPases in cotton seedlings. Crop Sci 37: 190-197.
122. Lin H, Wu L. 1996. Effects of salt stress on root plasma membrane characteristics of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive buffalo grass clones. Environ Exp Bot 36: 239-254.
123. Lockhart JA. 1965. An analysis of irreversible plant cell elongation. J Theor Biol 8: 264-275.
124. Logan BA. 2005. Reactive oxygen species and photosynthesis. In: Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants, ed. N Smirnoff, pp. 250-267. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
125. Logan H, Basset M, Véry AA, Sentenac H. 1997. Plasma membrane transport systems in higher plants: From black boxes to molecular physiology. Physiol Plant 100: 1-5.
126. López-Péreza L, Martínez-Ballestaa MdC, Maurelb C, Carvajal M. 2009. Changes in plasma membrane lipids, aquaporins and proton pump of broccoli roots, as an adaptation mechanism to salinity. Phytochemistry 70: 492-500.
127. Lynch J, Läuchli A. 1984. Potassium transport in salt-stresses barley roots. Planta 161: 295-301.
128. + ratios. Ann Bot 84: 123-133.
129. Makela P, Munns R, Colmer TD, Peltonen-Sainio P. 2003. Growth of tomato and its ABA-deficient mutant (sitiens) under saline conditions. Plant Physiol 117: 58-63.
130. Manaa A, Ben Ahmed H, Valot B, Bouchet JP, Aschi-Smiti S, Causse M, Faurobert M. 2011. Salt and genotype impact on plant physiology and root proteome variations in tomato. J Exp Bot 62: 2797-2813.
131. Mansour MMF, Salama KHA, Al-Mutawa MM, Abou Hadid AF. 2002. Effect of NaCl and polyamines on plasma membrane lipids of wheat roots. Biol Plant 45: 235-239.
132. Martínez-Ballesta MC, Aparicio F, Pallas V, Martínez V, Carvajal M. 2003a. Influence of saline stress on root hydraulic conductance and PIP expression in Arabidopsis. J Plant Physiol 160: 689-697.
133. +-ATPase activity in root cells of Capsicum annuum grown under salinity. Physiol Plant 117: 413-420.
134. Martinez V, Bernstein N, Läuchli A. 1996. Salt induced inhibition of phosphorus transport in lettuce leaves. Physiol Plant 97: 118-122.
135. Mauromicale G, Licandro P. 2002. Salinity and temperature effects on germination, emergence and seedling growth of globe artichoke. Agronomie 22: 443-450.
136. Melgar JC, Benlloch M, Fernandez-Escobar R. 2006. Calcium increases sodium exclusion in olive plants. Sci Hortic 109: 303-305.
137. Mennen H, Jacoby B, Marschner H. 1990. Is sodium proton antiport ubiquitous in plant cells? J Plant Physiol 137: 180-183.
138. Meychik NR, Nikolaeva JI, Yermakov IP. 2005. Ion exchange properties of the root cell walls isolated from the Halophyte Plants (Suaeda altissima L.) grown under conditions of different salinity. Plant Soil 277: 163-174.
139. Meychik NR, Yermakov IP. 2001. Ion exchange properties of plant root cell walls. Plant Soil 234: 181-193.
140. Mittler R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci 7: 406-410.
141. Mittova V, Guy M, Tal M, Volokita M. 2004. Salinity up-regulates the antioxidative system in root mitochondria and peroxisomes of the wild salt-tolerant tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii. J Exp Bot 55: 1105-1113.
142. Monshausen GB, Bibikova TN, Messerli MA, Shi C, Gilroy S. 2007. Oscillations in extracellular pH and reactive oxygen species modulate tip growth of Arabidopsis root hairs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104: 20996-21001.
143. 2+ elevations in root endodermal cells subjected to cooling. Plant J 30: 457-465.
144. Munns R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ 25: 239-250.
145. Munns R, Cramer GR. 1996. Is coordination of leaf and root growth mediated by abscisic acid? Plant Soil 185: 33-49.
146. Munns R, Hare RA, James RA, Rebetzke GJ. 2000. Genetic variation for improving the salt tolerance of durum wheat. Aust J Agric Res 51: 69-74.
147. Munns R, Passioura JB. 1984. Hydraulic resistance of plants. III. Effects of NaCl in barley and lupin. Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 351-359.
148. Muns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59: 651-681.
149. Muries B, Faize M, Carvajal M, Martínez-Ballesta MC. 2011. Identification and differential induction of the expression of aquaporins by salinity in broccoli plants. Mol Biosyst 7: 1322-1335.
150. + in intact mung bean root under high NaCl stress. Plant Cell Physiol 31: 815-821.
151. Neumann PM, Azaizeh H, Leon D. 1994. Hardening of root cell walls: A growth inhibitory response to salinity stress. Plant Cell Environ 17: 303-309.
152. Neves-Piestun BG, Bernstein N. 2001. Salinity-induced inhibition of leaf elongation is not mediated by changes in cell-wall acidification capacity. Plant Physiol 125: 1419-1428.
153. Neves-Piestun BG, Bernstein N. 2005. Salinity induced changes in the nutritional status of expanding cells may impact leaf growth inhibition in Maize. Funct Plant Biol 32: 141-152.
154. Nonami H, Tanimoto K, Tabuchi A, Fukuyama T, Hashimoto Y. 1995. Salt stress under hydroponic conditions causes changes in cell wall extension during growth. Acta Hortic 396: 91-98.
155. Ogawa A, Kitamichi K, Toyofuku K, Kawashima C. 2006. Quantitative analysis of cell division and cell death in seminal root of rye under salt stress. Plant Prod Sci 9: 56-64.
156. Oh DH, Gong QQ, Ulanov A, et al. 2007. Sodium stress in the halophyte Thellungiella halophila and transcriptional changes in a thsos1-RNA interference line. J Integr Plant Biol 49: 1484-1496.
157. Panda SK, Upadhyay RK. 2003. Salt stress injury induces oxidative alterations and antioxidative defence in the roots of. Lemna minor. Biol Plant 48: 249-253.
158. Pardo JM, Cubero B, Leidi EO, Quintero FJ. 2006. Alkali cation exchangers: Roles in cellular homeostasis and stress tolerance. J Exp Bot 57: 1181-1199.
159. Passioura JB, Munns R. 2000. Rapid environmental changes that affect leaf water status induce transient sugars or pauses in leaf expansion rate. Aust J Plant Physiol 27: 941-948.
160. Pérez-Alfocea F, Albacete A, Ghanem ME, Dodd IC. 2010. Hormonal regulation of source-sink relations to maintain crop productivity under salinity: A case study of root-to-shoot signalling in tomato. Funct Plant Biol 37: 592-603.
161. Perica S, Goreta S, Selak GV. 2008. Growth biomass allocation and leaf ion concentration of seven olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under increased salinity. Sci Hortic 117: 123-129.
162. Peng YH, Lin WL, Cai WM, Arora R. 2007. Overexpression of a Panax ginseng tonoplast aquaporin alters sat tolerance, drought tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Planta 226: 729-740.
163. Peyrano G, Taleisnik E, Quiroga M, De Forchetti SM, Tigier H. 1997. Salinity effects of hydraulic conductance, lignin content and peroxidase activity in tomato roots. Plant Physiol Biochem 35: 387-393.
164. Pitman MG. 1984. Transport across the root and shoot/root interactions. In: Salinity Tolerance in Plants-Strategies for Crop Improvement, eds. RC Staples, GH Toenniessen, pp. 93-123. New York: Wiley and Sons.
165. Plant P, Gelli A, Blumwald E. 1994. Vacuolar chloride regulation of an anion-selective tonoplast channel. J Membr Biol 140: 1-12.
166. Powell MJ, Davies MS, et al. 1986. The influence of zinc on the cell cycle in the root meristem of a zinc-tolerant and a non-tolerant cultivar of Festuca rubra L. New Phytol 102: 419-428.
167. Prins HBA. 1995. Salt stress in Plantago. The role of membranes, channels and pumps. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 30: 1-2, 5-13.
168. Pritchard J. 1994. The control of cell expansion in roots. Tansley Rev 68;. New Phytol 127: 3-26.
169. Quan LJ, Zhang B, Shi WW, Li HY. 2008. Hydrogen peroxide in plants: A versatile molecule of the reactive oxygen species network. J Integr Plant Biol 50: 2-18.
170. Rahnama A, Munns R, Poustini K, Michelle W. 2011. A screening method to identify genetic variations in root growth response to salinity gradient. J Exp Bot 62: 69-77.
171. Ranathunge K, Schreiber L. 2011. Water and solute permeabilities of Arabidopsis roots in relation to the amount and composition of aliphatic suberin. J Exp Bot 62: 1961-1974.
172. Rawson HM, Munns R. 1984. Leaf expansion in sunflower as influenced by salinity and short-term changes in carbon fixation. Plant Cell Environ 7: 207-213.
173. Reid RJ. Smith FA. 2000. The limits of sodium/calcium interactions in plant growth. Aust J Plant Physiol 27: 709-715.
174. Reinhardt DH, Rost TL. 1995. Salinity accelerated endodermal development and induces an exodermis in cotton seedling roots. Environ Exp Bot 35: 563-574.
175. Rengel Z. 1992. The role of calcium in salt toxicity. Plant Cell Environ 15: 625-632.
176. Rewald B, Leuschner C, Wiesman Z, Ephrath JE. 2011. Influence of salinity on root hydraulic properties of three olive varieties. Plant Biosyst 145: 12-22.
177. Rewald B, Rachmilevitch S, Ephrath, JE. 2010. Salt stress effects on root systems of two mature olive cultivars. Acta Hortic 888: 109-118.
178. Richter C, Dainty J. 1988. Ion behavior in plant cell walls. II. Measurement of the Donnan free space, anion-exclusion space, anion-exchange capacity and cation-exchange capacity in delignified Sphagnum russowi cell walls. Can J Bot 67: 460-464.
179. Rodriguez P, Dell Amico J, Morales D, Sanchez Blanco MJS, Alarcon JJ. 1997. Effects of salinity on growth, shoot water relations and root hydraulic conductivity in tomato plants. J Agric Sci 4: 439-444.
180. Rodriguez AA, Grunberg KA, Taleisnik EL. 2002. Reactive oxygen species in the elongation zone of maize leaves are necessary for leaf extension. Plant Physiol 129: 1627-1632.
181. Rubio MC, Bustos-Sammamed P, Clemente MR, Becana M. 2009. Effects of salt stress on expression of antioxidant genes and proteins in the model legume Lotus japonicus. New Phytol 181: 851-859.
182. + uptake in pepper plants. Plant Sci 165: 1043-1049.
183. Samarajeewa PK, Barrero RA, Umeda-Hara C, Kawai M, Uchimiya H. 1999. Cortical cell death, cell proliferation, macromolecular movements and rTipl expression pattern in roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salt-stress. Planta 207: 354-361.
184. Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Bolarín MC, Alarcón JJ, Torrecillas A. 1991. Salinity effects on water relations in Lycopersicon esculentum and its wild salt-tolerant relative species L. pennellii. Physiol Plant 83: 269-274.
185. + transport mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1465.: 127-139.
186. + selectivity of a cation channel in the plasma membrane of root cells does not differ in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive wheat species. Plant Physiol 97: 598-605.
187. Seckin B, Sekmen AH, Turkan I. 2009. An enhancing effect of exogenous mannitol on the antioxidant enzyme activities in roots of wheat under salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul 28: 12-20.
188. Sengupta S, Patra B, Ray S, Majumder AL. 2008. Inositol methyl transferase from a halophytic wild rice Porteresia coarctata Roxb. (Tateoka): Its expression pattern under abiotic stress. Plant Cell Environ 31: 1442-1459.
189. Shabala L, Cuin TA, Newman IA, Shabala S. 2005. Salinity induced ion flux patterns from the excised roots of Arabidopsis SOS mutants. Planta 222: 1041-1050.
190. +-permeable channels. Plant Physiol 141: 1653-1665.
191. Shabala S, Shabala L, Van Volkenburgh E. 2003. Effect of calcium on root development and root ion fluxes in salinised barley seedlings. Func Plant Biol 30: 507-514.
192. Shalhevet J, Maas EV, Hoffman GJ, Ogata G. 1976. Salinity and hydraulic conductance of roots. Physiol Plant 38: 224-232.
193. Shannon MC, Grieve CM, Francois LE. 1994. Whole-plant response to salinity. In: Plant-Environment Interactions, ed. RE Wilkinson, pp. 199-244. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
194. Shi Q, Ding F, Wang X, Wei M. 2007. Exogenous nitric oxide protects cucumber roots against oxidative stress induced by salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 45: 542-550.
195. Shoresh M, Spivak M, Bernstein N. 2011. Involvement of calcium-mediated effects on ROS metabolism in regulation of growth improvement under salinity. Free Rad Biol Med 51: 1221-1234.
196. Silva C, Martínez V, Carvajal M. 2008. Osmotic versus toxic effects of NaCl on pepper plants. Biol Plant 52: 72-79.
197. Sivakumar P, Sharmila P, Saradhi PP. 2000. Proline alleviates salt-stress-induced enhancement in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279: 512-515.
198. Stassart JM, Neirinckx L, Dejaegere R. 1981. The interactions between monovalent cations and calcium during their adsorption on isolated cell walls and absorption by intact barley roots. Ann Bot 47: 647-652.
199. Steudle E, Peterson CA. 1998. How does water get through roots. J Exp Bot 49: 775-788.
200. Suhayda CG, Giannini JL, Briskin DP, Shannon MC. 1990. Electrostatic changes in Lycopersicon esculentum root plasma membrane resulting from salt stress. Plant Physiol 93: 471-478.
201. Suhayda CG, Redmann RE, Wang X. 1994. Salinity alters root cell wall properties and trace metal uptake in barley. In: Biochemistry of Metal Micronutrients in the Rhizosphere, eds. JA Manthey, DE Crowley, DG Luster, pp. 325-342. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
202. Sun F, Zhang W, Hu H, et al. 2008. Salt modulates gravity signaling pathway to regulate growth direction of primary roots in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 146: 178-188.
203. Sutka M, Li G, Boudet J, Boursiac Y, Doumas P, Maurel C. 2011. Natural variation of root hydraulics in Arabidopsis grown in normal and salt-stressed conditions. Plant Physiol 155: 1264-1276.
204. 2+ in Arabidopsis thaliana are heterogeneous and modified by external ionic composition. Plant Cell Environ 31: 1063-1073.
205. + and Cl- in NaCl-induced antioxidant systems in roots of rice seedlings. Physiol Plant 122: 86-94.
206. Tramontano WA, Jowe D. 1997. Trigonelline accumulation in salt-stressed legumes and the role of other osmoregulators as cell cycle control agents. Phytochemistry 446: 1037-1040.
207. Tuna AL, Kaya C, Ashraf M, Altunlu H, Yokas I, Yagmur B. 2007. The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Environ Exp Bot 59: 173-178.
208. Tuteja N. 2007. Mechanisms of high salinity tolerance in plants. Methods Enzymol 428: 419-438.
209. + transport mechanisms required for salinity tolerance. Plant Physiol 139: 1507-1517.
210. + transport in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 575-603.
211. Waisel Y, Breckle SW. 1987. Differences in responses of various radish roots to salinity. Plant Soil 104: 191-194.
212. Wan XC. 2010. Osmotic effects of NaCl on cell hydraulic conductivity of corn roots. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 42: 351-357.
213. Wan XC, Steudle E, Hartung W. 2004. Gating of water channels (aquaporins) in cortical cells of young corn roots by mechanical stimuli (pressure pulses): Effects of ABA and HgCl2. J Exp Bot 55: 411-422.
214. Wang X, Li Y, Ji W, et al. 2011. A novel Glycine soja tonoplast intrinsic protein gene responds to abiotic stress and depresses salt and dehydration tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Physiol 168: 1241-1248.
215. Wang Y, Li K, Li X. 2009. Auxin redistribution modulates plastic development of root system architecture under salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Plant Physiol 166: 1637-1645.
216. West G, Inze D, Beemster GT. 2004. Cell cycle modulation in the response of the primary root of Arabidopsis to salt stress. Plant Physiol 135: 1050-1058.
217. White PJ, Broadley MR. 2003. Calcium in plants. Ann Bot 92: 487-511.
218. Wu J, Seliskar DM, Gallagher JL. 1998. Stress tolerance in the salt marsh plant Spartina patens: Impact of NaCl on growth and root plasma membrane lipid composition. Physiol Plant 102: 307-317.
219. Wu J, Seliskar DM, Gallagher JL. 2005. The response of plasma membrane lipid composition in callus of the halophyte Spartina patens (Poaceae) to salinity stress. Am J Bot 92: 852-858.
220. Xu G, Magen H, Tarchitzky J, Kafkafi U. 2000. Advances in chloride nutrition of plants. Adv Agron 68: 97-159.
221. Yahya A, Liljenberg C, Nilsson R, Lindberg S, Banas A. 1995. Effects of pH and mineral supply on lipid composition and protein pattern of plasma membranes from sugar beet roots. J Plant Physiol 146: 81-87.
222. Yang Q, Chen ZZ, Zhou XF, et al. 2009. Overexpression of SOS (Salt Overly Sensitive) genes increases salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2: 22-31.
223. Yeo AR. 1993. Salinity resistance: Physiologies and prices. Physiol Plant 58: 214-222.
224. Yeo AR, Kramer D, Läuchli A, Gullasch J. 1977. Ion distribution in salt-stressed mature Zea mays roots in relation to ultrastructure and retention of sodium. J Exp Bot 28: 17-29.
225. Yermiyahu U, Nir S, Ben Hayyim G, Kafkafi U, Kinraide TB. 1997. Root elongation in saline solution related to calcium binding to root cell plasma membranes. Plant Soil 191: 67-76.
226. Zhang JL, Flowers TJ, Wang SM. 2010. Mechanisms of sodium uptake by roots of higher plants. Plant Soil 326: 45-60.
227. +-ATPase gene in response to salt stress in a rice salt-tolerant mutant and its original variety. Theor App Genet 99: 1006-1011.
228. Zhang H, Zhou JM, Gguo Y, Chen SY. 1997. A physiological study on the salt-tolerant mutant of rice. Acta Physiol Sin 23: 181-186.
229. Zhao Y, Wang T, Zhang W, Li X. 2010. SOS3 mediates lateral root development under low salt stress through regulation of auxin redistribution and maxima in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 189: 1122-1134.
230. Zhong H, Läuchli A. 1988. Incorporation of [14C]glucose into cell wall polysaccharides of cotton roots: Effects of NaCl and CaCl2. Plant Physiol 88: 511-514.
231. Zhong H, Läuchli A. 1993a. Changes in cell wall composition and polymer size in primary roots of cotton seedlings under high salinity. J Exp Bot 44: 773-778.
232. Zhong H, Läuchli A. 1993b. Spatial and temporal aspects of growth in the primary root of cotton seedlings: Effect of NaCl and CaCl2. J Exp Bot 44: 763-771.
233. Zhong H, Läuchli A. 1994. Spatial distribution of solutes, K, Na, Ca and their deposition rates in the growth zone of primary cotton roots: Effects of NaCl and CaCl2. Planta 194: 34-41.
234. Zhu JK. 2002. Salt and drought signal transduction in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53: 247-273.
235. Zhu JK, Liu JP, Xiong LM. 1998. Genetic analysis of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis: Evidence for a critical role of potassium nutrition. Plant Cell 10: 1181-1191.
236. Zidan I, Azaizeh H, Neumann PM. 1990. Does salinity reduce growth of maize root epidermal cells by inhibiting their capacity for cell wall acidification? Plant Physiol 93: 7-11.
237. Zimmermann HM, Hartmann K, Schreiber L, Steudle E. 2000. Chemical composition of apoplastic transport barriers in relation to radial hydraulic conductivity of corn roots (Zea mays L.). Planta 210: 302-311.
238. Zimmermann U, Rygol J, Balling A, Klock G, Metzler A, Haase A. 1992. Radial turgor and osmotic pressure profiles in intact and excised roots of Aster tripolium. Pressure probe measurements and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Plant Physiol 99: 186-196.
239. Zolla G, Heimer YM, Barak S. 2010. Mild salinity stimulates a stress-induced morphogenic response in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. J Exp Bot 61: 211-224.