Salinity and its effects on the functional biology of legumes

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 595-618

  Manchanda, Geetanjali ^a   Garg, Neera ^a  

^a PANJAB UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Legumes; Nitrogen fixation; Salinity; Stress

Indexed keywords

RHIZOBIACEAE;

EID: 50249086892     PISSN: 01375881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11738-008-0173-3     Document Type: Review

References (241)

1. MH Abd-Alla TD Vuong JE Harper 1998 Genotypic differences in dinitrogen fixation response to NaCl stress in intact and grafted soybean Crop Sci 38 72 77
2. GK Abd-El Baki F Siefritz HM Man H Weiner R Kaldenhoff W Kaiser 2000 Nitrate reductase in Zea mays L under salinity Plant Cell Environ 23 515 521
3. H Abdelmoumen A Filali-Maltouf M Neyra A Belabed MM El Idrissi 1999 Effect of high salts concentrations on the growth of rhizobia and responses to added osmotica J Appl Microbiol 86 6 889 898
4. I Ahmad JA Hellebust 1988 The relationship between inorganic nitrogen metabolism and proline accumulation in osmoregulatory responses of two euryhaline microalgae Plant Physiol 88 348 354
5. P Ahmad R Jhon 2005 Effect of salt stress on growth and biochemical parameters of Pisum sativum L. Arch Agron Soil Sci 51 6 665 672
6. J Ahmed M Bano 1992 The effect of sodium chloride on the physiology of cotyledons and mobilization of reserved food in Cicer arietinum Pak J Bot 24 1 40 48
7. K Akashi C Miyake A Yokota 2001 Citrulline, a novel compatible solute in drought-tolerant wild watermelon leaves, is an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger FEBS Lett 508 438 442
8. G Ali PS Srivastava M Iqbal 1999 Proline accumulation, protein pattern and photosynthesis in regenerants grown under NaCl stress Biol Plant 42 89 95
9. 2 fixation (acetylene reduction), and percentage total nitrogen in Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) Var. K-8 Am J Bot 90 5 683 692
10. Asada K, Takahashi M (1987) Production and scavenging of active oxygen in photosynthesis. In: Kyle DJ, Osmond CB, Arntzen CJ (eds) Photoinhibition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 227-287
11. M Ashraf 1994 Organic substances responsible for salt tolerance in Eruca sativa Biol Plant 36 255 259
12. M Ashraf A Bashir 2003 Salt stress induced changes in some organic metabolities and ionic relations in nodules and other plant parts of two crop legumes differing in salt tolerance Flora 198 6 486 498
13. M Ashraf PJC Harris 2004 Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants Plant Sci 166 3 16
14. M Ashraf JW O'Leary 1999 Changes in soluble proteins in spring wheat stressed with sodium chloride Biol Plant 42 113 117
15. M Ashraf M Tufail 1995 Variation in salinity tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) J Agron Soil Sci 174 351 362
16. M Ashraf A Waheed 1993 Responses of some local/exotic accessions of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) to salt stress J Agron Soil Sci 170 103 112
17. S Aydi JJ Drevon C Abdelly 2004 Effect of salinity on root-nodule conductance to the oxygen diffusion in the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis Plant Physiol Biochem 42 10 833 840
18. S Babber S Sheokand S Malik 2000 Nodule structure and functioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as affected by salt stress Biol Plant 43 2 269 273
19. E Bandeoglu F Eyidogan M Yucel HA Oktem 2004 Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress Plant Growth Regul 42 69 77
20. D Bartels R Sunkar 2005 Drought and salt tolerance in plants Crit Rev Plant Sci 24 23 58
21. L Bernstein G Ogata 1966 Effects of salinity on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and growth of soybean and alfalfa Agron J 58 201 203
22. NR Bishnoi H Singh K Swaraj 1997 Influence of sodium chloride on nitrogen fixation and enzymes associated with scavenging hydrogen peroxide in clusterbean root nodules Indian J Exp Biol 35 193 196
23. SK Bishnoi B Kumar C Rani KS Datta P Kumari IS Sheoran R Angrish 2006 Changes in protein profile of pigeonpea genotypes in response to NaCl and boron stress Biol Plant 50 1 135 137
24. L Bolaños M Martín A El-Hamdaoui R Rivilla I Bonilla 2006 Nitrogenase inhibition in nodules from pea plants grown under salt stress occurs at the physiological level and can be alleviated by B and Ca Plant Soil 280 135 142
25. LM Bordeleau D Prevost 1994 Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments Plant Soil 161 115 125
26. Borowitzak LJ (1981) Solute accumulation and regulation of cell water activity. In: Paleg LG, Aspinall D (eds) The physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants. Academic Press, Sidney, pp 97-130
27. A Bouchereau A Aziz F Larher J Martin-Tanguy 1999 Polyamines and environmental challenges: recent development Plant Sci 140 103 125
28. N Boughanmi P Michonneau D Daghfous P Fleurat-Lessard 2005 Adaptation of Medicago sativa cv Gabès to long-term NaCl stress J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 168 2 262 268
29. I Bouhmouch F Brhada A Filali-Maltouf J Aurag 2001 Selection of osmotolerant and effective strains of Rhizobiaceae for inoculation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Moroccan saline soils Agronomie 21 591 599
30. I Bouhmouch B Souad-Mouhsine F Brhada J Aurag 2005 Influence of host cultivars and Rhizobium species on the growth and symbiotic performance of Phaseolus vulgaris under salt stress J Plant Physiol 162 1103 1113
31. MB Burg ED Kwon D Kultz 1996 Osmotic regulation of gene expression FASEB J 10 1598 1606
32. C Cabot MC Garcia JV Sibole 2005 Relationship between xylem ion concentration and bean growth responses to short-term salinisation in spring and summer J Plant Physiol 162 3 327 34
33. WF Campbell RJ Wagenet RR Rodriguez 1986 Salinity, water management and fertility interactions on yield and nitrogen fixation in snap-beans Irrig Sci 7 3 195 204
34. FR Cavalcanti JPMS Lima SLF Silva RA Viégas JAG Silveira 2007 Roots and leaves display contrasting oxidative response during salt stress and recovery in cowpea J Plant Physiol 164 5 591 600
35. M Cerezo PG Agustin MD Serna E PrimoMillo 1997 Kinetics of nitrate uptake by citrus seedlings and inhibitory effects of salinity Plant Sci 126 105 112
36. N Chakrabarti S Mukherji 2003 Effect of phytohormone pretreatment on nitrogen metabolism in Vigna radiata under salt stress Biol Plant 46 1 63 66
37. THH Chen N Murata 2002 Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes Curr Opin Plant Biol 5 250 257
38. V Chinnusamy A Jagendorf JK Zhu 2005 Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants Crop Sci 45 437 448
39. ME Comba MP Benavides 1997 Relationship between nitrogen fixation and oxidative stress induction in nodules of salt-treated soybean plants Phyton 60 1-2 115 126
40. ME Comba MP Benavides ML Tomaro 1998 Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defence system in soybean root nodules Aust J Plant Physiol 25 6 665 671
41. MP Cordovilla F Ligero C Lluch 1995 Influence of host genotypes on growth, symbiotic performance and nitrogen assimilation in faba bean (Vicia faba L) under salt stress Plant Soil 172 289 297
42. MP Cordovilla A Ocana F Ligero C Lluch 1995 Salinity effects on growth analysis and nutrient composition in four grain legumes-Rhizobium symbiosis J Plant Nutr 18 1595 1600
43. MP Cordovilla F Ligero C Lluch 1996 Growth and assimilation in nodules in response to nitrate levels in Vicia faba under salt stress J Exp Bot 47 203 210
44. 3 fertilized Vicia faba L. and Pisum sativum L. plants Plant Sci 140 2 127 136
45. FJ Corpas LM Sandalio JM Palma EO Leidi JA Hernandez F Sevilla LA del Rio 1991 Subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutase in leaves of ureide-producing leguminous plants Physiol Plant 81 285 291
46. GR Cramer 1992 Kinetics of maize leaf elongation J Expt Bot 43 857 864
47. M Crespi S Galvez 2000 Molecular mechanisms in root nodule development J Plant Growth Regul 19 155 166
48. Dalton DA (1995) Antioxidant defenses of plants fungi. In: Ahmad S (ed) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in biology. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 298-355
49. M Dash SK Panda 2001 Salt stress induced change in growth and enzyme activities in germinating Phaseolus mungo seeds Biol Plant 44 4 587 589
50. A Delauney DPS Verma 1993 Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants Plant J 4 215 223
51. AJ Delauney CAA Hu PB Kavi Kishor DPS Verma 1993 Cloning of ornithine ä-aminotransferase cDNA from Vigna aconitifolia by trans-complementation in Escherichia coli and regulation of proline biosynthesis J Biol Chem 268 18673 18678
52. MJ Delgado JM Garrido F Ligero C Lluch 1993 Nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism by nodules and bacteroids of pea plants under sodium chloride stress Physiol Plant 89 824 829
53. MJ Delgado F Ligero C Lluch 1994 Effects of salt stress on growth and nitrogen fixation by pea, faba-bean, common-bean, and soybean plants Soil Biol Biochem 26 371 376
54. Y Demir I Kocakalikan 2002 Effect of NaCl and proline on bean seedlings cultured in vitro Biol Plant 45 597 599
55. D Djilianov E Prinsen S Oden H van Onckelen J Muller 2003 Nodulation under salt stress of alfalfa lines obtained after in vitro selection for osmotic tolerance Plant Sci 165 4 887 894
56. RP Dua 1998 Salinity tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Indian J Plant Physiol 3 102 106
57. Dubey RS (1997) Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Handbook of photosynthesis. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 859-875
58. A El-Hamdaoui M Redondo-Nieto B Torralba R Rivilla I Bonilla L Bolaños 2003 Influence of boron and calcium on the tolerance to salinity of nitrogen-fixing pea plants Plant Soil 251 93 103
59. EAE Elsheikh M Wood 1990 Effect of salinity on growth, nodulation and nitrogen yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) J Exp Bot 41 1263 1269
60. EAE Elsheikh M Wood 1995 Nodulation and nitrogen fixation by soybean inoculated with salt tolerant rhizobia or salt sensitive Bradyrhizobia in saline soil Soil Biol Biochem 27 4-5 657 661
61. HA Esechie V Rodriguez MS Al-Asmi 2002 Effect of sodium chloride salinity on cation equilibria in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Crop Res 23 253 258
62. M Essendoubi F Brhada JE Eljamali A Filali-Maltouf S Bonnassie S Georgeault C Blanco M Jebbar 2007 Osmoadaptative responses in the rhizobia nodulating Acacia isolated from south-eastern Moroccan Sahara Environ Microbiol 9 3 603 611
63. FAO (2005) Global network on integrated soil management for sustainable use of salt-affected soils. FAO land and plant nutrition management service, Rome
64. M Fernandez-Pascual C de Lorenzo MR de Felipe S Rajalakshmi AJ Gordon BJ Thomas FR Minchin 1996 Possible reasons for relative salt tolerance in nodules of white lupin cv. Multolupa J Exp Bot 304 1709 1716
65. A Ferri C Lluch A Ocana 2000 Effect of salt stress on carbon metabolism and bacteroid respiration in root nodules of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Plant Biol 2 396 402
66. EMAP Figueira GCN Caldeira 2005 Effect of nitrogen nutrition on salt tolerance of Pisum sativum during vegetative growth J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 168 3 359 363
67. F Fougere DL Rudulier JG Streeter 1991 Effects of salt stress on amino acid, organic acid and carbohydrate composition of roots, bacteroids and cytosol of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Plant Physiol 96 1228 1236
68. Foyer CH (2002) The contribution of photosynthetic oxygen metabolism to oxidative stress in plants. In: Inzé D, Van Montagu M (eds) Oxidative stress in plants. Taylor and Francis, London, pp 33-68
69. CH Foyer B Halliwell 1976 The presence of glutathione and glutathione reductase in chloroplasts: a proposed role in ascorbic acid metabolism Planta 133 21 25
70. LE Francois TJ Donovan EV Maas 1990 Salinity effects on emergence, vegetative growth and seed yield of guar Agron J 82 587 591
71. + antiporter from barley J Exp Bot 55 585 94
72. MAA Gadallah 1999 Effects of proline and glycinebetaine on Vicia faba responses to salt stress Biol Plant 42 2 249 257
73. N Garg 2002 Salinity stress-induced changes in key metabolites in the nodules of Glycine max L. (soybean) and Cicer arietinum L. (chickpea) and the manoeuvrability of their response through plant growth regulators J Plant Biol 29 2 137 142
74. N Garg IS Dua 1996 Effect of saline conditions on nitrogen fixing potential of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and its dependence on the availability of cytokinins Curr Res Plant Sci 2 131 136
75. Garg N, Jasleen (2004) Variability in response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to salt stress in germination and early growth of the seedlings. Ind J Plant Physiol 9(1): 21-28
76. N Garg R Singla 2004 Growth, photosynthesis, nodule nitrogen and carbon fixation in the chickpea cultivars under salt stress Braz J Plant Physiol 16 3 137 146
77. N Garg IS Dua SK Sharma OP Garg 1988 Nodulation and nitrogen fixing capacity in relation to variable salinity levels in Vigna radiata L. (Mung.) PU Res Bull (Sci) 39 III-IV 187 196
78. BK Garg SP Vyas S Kathju AN Lahiri 1998 Influence of water deficit stress at various growth stages on some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and yield in clusterbean genotypes Indian J Plant Physiol 3 3 214 218
79. Garg N, Chawla J, Singla R (2003) Nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism by nodules in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under salt stress. In: Proceedings of second international congress of plant physiology, New Delhi, India. Indian J Plant Physiol (special issue), pp 315-320
80. Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA (1995) Salinization of land and water resources. Human causes, extent management and case studies. University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Sydney
81. M Gholipoor K Ghasemi-Golezani FR Khooie M Moghaddam 2000 Effects of salinity on initial seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48 4 337 343
82. KS Gill PC Sharma 1993 Mechanism of salt injury at seedling and vegetative growth stages in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Plant Physiol Biochem 20 1 49 52
83. SJ Gilmour AM Seblot MP Salazar JD Everard MF Thomashow 2000 Overexpression of the Arabidopsis CBF3 transcriptional activator mimics multiple biochemical changes associated with cold acclimation Plant Physiol 124 1854 1865
84. Y Gogorcena I Iturbe-Ormaetxe PR Escuredo M Becana 1995 Antioxidant defences against activated oxygen in pea nodules subjected to water stress Plant Physiol 108 753 759
85. JM Gomez JA Hernandez A Jimenez LA del Raio E Sevilla 1999 Differential response of antioxidative enzymes of chloroplasts and mitochondria to long-term NaCl stress of pea plants Free Radic Res 31 11 18
86. SR Grattan CM Grieve 1992 Mineral element acquisition and growth response of plants grown in saline environments Agr Ecosyst Environ 38 275 300
87. DJ Greenland 1984 Exploited plants: rice Biologist 31 291 325
88. H Greenway R Munns 1980 Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31 149 190
89. S Grillo A Leone Y Xu M Tucci R Francione PM Hasegawa L Monti RA Bressan 1995 Control of osmotin gene expression by ABA and osmotic stress in vegetative tissues of wild-type and ABA-deficient mutants of tomato Physiol Plant 93 498 504
90. FY Hafeez Z Aslam KA Malik 1988 Effect of salinity and inoculation on growth, nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake of Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek Plant Soil 106 3 8
91. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine. Clarendon Press, Oxford
92. PM Hasegawa R Bressan JK Zhu HJ Bohnert 2000 Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51 463 499
93. JA Hernandez MS Almansa 2002 Short-term effects of salt stress on antioxidant systems and leaf water relations of pea leaves Physiol Plant 115 251 257
94. JA Hernandez MS Almansa LA Del Rio F Sevilla 1993 Effect of salinity on metalloenzymes of oxygen metabolism in two leguminous plants J Plant Nutr 16 2539 2554
95. JA Hernandez LA del Rio F Sevilla 1994 Salt stress-induced changes in superoxide dismutase isozymes in leaves and mesophyll protoplasts from Vigna ungiculata L. Walp New Phytol 126 37 44
96. JA Hernandez E Olmos FJ Corpas F Sevilla L Del Rio 1995 Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants Plant Sci 105 151 167
97. JA Hernandez A Campillo A Jimenez JJ Alarcon F Sevilla 1999 Response of antioxidant systems and leaf water relations to NaCl stress in pea plants New Phytol 141 241 251
98. JA Hernandez A Jimenez P Mullineaux F Sevilla 2000 Tolerance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to a long term salt stress is associated with induction of antioxidant defences Plant Cell Environ 23 853 862
99. 2 production in the apoplast of pea leaves. Its relation with salt-induced necrotic lesions in minor veins Plant Physiol 127 3 817 831
100. Hillel D (2005) Soil salinity: historical and contemporary perspectives. In: Proceedings of the international salinity forum, Riverside, CA, pp 235-240
101. 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress Plant Physiol 122 1129 1136
102. Hu Y, Schmidhalter U (2002) Limitation of salt stress to plant growth. In: Hock B, Elstner CF (eds) Plant toxicology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 91-224
103. WJ Hurkman CS Fornari CK Tanaka 1989 A comparison of the effect of salt on polypeptide and translatable mRNA in roots of a salt tolerant and salt sensitive cultivar of barley Plant Physiol 90 1444 1456
104. N Hussain F Mujeeb M Tahir GD Khan NM Hassan A Bari 2002 Effectiveness of Rhizobium under salinity stress Asian J Plant Sci 1 1 12 14
105. MV Ibragimova ML Rumiantseva OP Onishchuk VS Belova ON Kurchak EE Andronov NI Dziubenko BV Simarov 2006 Symbiosis between the nodule bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under salinization conditions Mikrobiologiia 75 1 94 100
106. 1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate synthetase and correlation between the expression of the gene and salt tolerance in Oryza sativa L Plant Mol Biol 33 857 865
107. J Ikeda 1994 The effect of short term withdrawal of NaCl stress on nodulation of white clover Plant Soil 158 1 23 27
108. M Jain G Mathur S Koul NB Sarin 2001 Ameliorative effects of proline on salt stress-induced lipid peroxidation in cell lines of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Plant Cell Rep 20 463 468
109. EK James JI Sprent GT Hay FR Minchin 1993 The effect of irradiance on the recovery of soybean nodules from sodium chloride induced senescence J Exp Bot 43 777 788
110. M Jebara JJU Drevon ME Aouani 2001 Effects of hydroponic culture system and NaCl on interactions between common bean lines and native rhizobia from Tunisian soils Agronomie 21 601 605
111. S Jebara M Jebara F Limam ME Aouani 2005 Changes in ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules under salt stress J Plant Physiol 162 8 929 936
112. W Jia Y Wang S Zhang J Zhang 2002 Salt-stress-induced ABA accumulation is more sensitively triggered in roots than in shoots J Exp Bot 53 2201 2206
113. A Jimenez JA Hernandez LA del Rio F Sevilla 1997 Evidence for the presence of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in mitochondria and peroxisomes of pea leaves Plant Physiol 114 275 284
114. JS Jimenez DG Debouck JP Lynch 2003 Growth, gas exchange, water relations, and ion composition of Phaseolus species grown under saline conditions Field Crop Res 80 207 222
115. J Jungklang K Usui H Matsumoto 2003 Differences in physiological responses to NaCl between salt-tolerant Sesbania rostrata Brem & Oberm and non-tolerant Phaseolus vulgaris L Weed Biol Manag 3 1 21 27
116. ME Kabir MA Karim MAK Azad 2004 Effect of potassium on salinity tolerance of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) J Biol Sci 4 2 103 110
117. N Katerji JW Hoorn A Hamdy M Mastrorilli T Oweis RS Malhotra 2001 Response to soil salinity of two chickpea varieties differing in drought tolerance Agric Water Manag 50 2 83 96
118. NNV Kav S Srivastava L Goonewardene SF Blade 2004 Proteome-level changes in the roots of Pisum sativum in response to salinity Ann Appl Biol 145 2 217 230
119. MG Khan M Silberbush SH Lips 1994 Physiological studies on salinity and nitrogen interaction in alfalfa. 1 Biomass production and root development J Plant Nutr 17 657 668
120. 2 scavenging enzymes, ethylene evolution and membrane integrity of Cicer arietinum roots as affected by salinity Biol Plant 49 2 305 308
121. Kunert KJ, Foyer CH (1994) Thiol/disulphide exchange in plants. In: Dekok LJ, Stulen I, Rennenberg H, Brunhold C, Rausen W (eds) Sulfur nutrition and assimilation in higher plants: regulatory, agricultural and environmental aspects. SPB Academic Publishers, The Hague, pp 215-228
122. 2-fixation by dhaincha and on growth of sunflower using a 15 N-tracer technique J Plant Nutr 25 11 2483 2498
123. PC Larosa Z Chen DE Nelson NK Singh PM Hasegawa RA Bressan 1992 Osmotin gene expression is posttranscriptionally regulated Plant Physiol 100 409 415
124. Lauchli A (1984) Salt exclusion: An adaptation of legumes for crops and pastures under saline conditions. In: Staples RC, Toenniessen GH (eds) Salinity tolerance in plants-strategies for crop improvement. Wiley, New York, pp 171-188
125. DJ Lauter DN Munns KL Clarkin 1980 Salt response of chickpeas influenced by N supply Agron J 73 961 966
126. DJ Lauter A Meiri M Shuali 1988 Isoosmotic regulation of cotton and peanut at saline concentrations of K and Na Plant Physiol 87 4 911 916
127. J-H Liu K Nada C Honda H Kitashiba X-P Wen X-M Pang T Moriguchi 2006 Polyamine biosynthesis of apple callus under salt stress: importance of the arginine decarboxylase pathway in stress response J Exp Bot 57 2589 2599
128. J-J Liu AKM Ekramoddoullah 2006 The family 10 of plant pathogenesis-related proteins: their structure, regulation, and function in response to biotic and abiotic stresses Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 68 3 13
129. T Liu J van Staden 2000 Selection and characterization of sodium chloride-tolerant callus of Glycine max (L.) Merr cv. Acme Plant Growth Regul 31 195 207
130. CML Lopez H Takahashi S Yamazaki 2002 Plant-water relations of kidney bean plants treated with NaCl and foliarly applied glycinebetaine J Agron Crop Sci 188 73 80
131. Q Luo B Yu Y Liu 2005 Differential sensitivity to chloride and sodium ions in seedlings of Glycine max and G. soja under NaCl stress J Plant Physiol 162 9 1003 1012
132. S Lutts JM Kinet J Bouharmont 1996 Effects of salt stress on growth, mineral nutrition and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance Plant Growth Regul 19 207 218
133. EV Maas 1986 Salt tolerance of plants Appl Agric Res 1 12 25
134. FJM Maathuis 2006 The role of monovalent cation transporters in plant responses to salinity J Exp Bot 57 5 1137 1147
135. DJ Malencic M Popovic J Miladinovic 2003 Stress tolerance parameters in different genotypes of soybean Biol Plant 46 1 67 72
136. T Mamo C Richter B Heiligtag 1996 Salinity effects on the growth and ion contents of some chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) varieties J Agron Crop Sci 176 235 247
137. MMF Mansour 1998 Protection of plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells by glycinebetaine and proline against NaCl stress Plant Physiol Biochem 36 767 772
138. MMF Mansour 2000 Nitrogen containing compounds and adaptation of plants to salinity stress Biol Plant 43 491 500
139. JM McCord I Fridovich 1969 Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythocuprein (hemocuprein) J Biol Chem 244 6049 6055
140. KF McCue AD Hanson 1990 Drought and salt tolerance: towards understanding and application Trends Biotech 8 358 362
141. DA Meloni MR Gulotta CA Martínez MA Oliva 2004 The effects of salt stress on growth, nitrate reduction and proline and glycinebetaine accumulation in Prosopis alba Braz J Plant Physiol 16 1 39 46
142. G Miller H Stein A Honig Y Kapulnik A Zilberstein 2005 Responsive modes of Medicago sativa proline dehydrogenase genes during salt stress and recovery dictate free proline accumulation Planta 222 70 79
143. R Munns 2002 Comparative physiology of salt and water stress Plant Cell Environ 25 239 250
144. R Munns 2005 Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together New Phytol 167 645 663
145. R Munns A Termaat 1986 Whole plant responses to salinity Aust J Plant Physiol 13 143 160
146. R Munns S Husain AR Rivelli RA James AG Condon MP Lindsay ES Lagudah DP Schachtman RA Hare 2002 Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops, and the role of physiologically based selection traits Plant Soil 247 1 93 105
147. AS Nandwal M Godara DV Kamboj BS Kundu A Mann B Kumar 2000 Nodule functioning in trifoliate and pentafoliate mungbean genotypes as influenced by salinity Biol Plant 43 3 459 462
148. PM Neumann E Van Volkenburgn RE Cleland 1988 Salinity stress inhibits bean leaf expansion by reducing turgor, not wall extensibility Plant Physiol 85 233 237
149. RH Nieman 1965 Expansion of bean leaves and its suppression by salinity Plant Physiol 40 156 161
150. Nieman RH, Maas EV (1978) The energy change of salt stressed plants. Sixth Intern Biophysics Cong Abs pp 121
151. G Noctor CH Foyer 1998 Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49 249 279
152. H Nonami K Tanimoto A Tabuchi T Fukwjama Y Hashimoto 1995 Salt stress under hydroponic conditions causes changes in cell wall extension during growth Acta Hort 396 91 98
153. G Okçu MD Kaya M Atak 2005 Effects of salt and drought stressves on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L) Turk J Agric For 29 237 242
154. OT Okusanya IA Ungar 1984 The growth and mineral composition of three species of spergularia as affected by salinity and nutrients at high salinity Am J Bot 71 439 447
155. E Olmos E Hellin 1996 Mechanisms of salt tolerance in a cell line of Pisum sativum: biochemical and physiological aspects Plant Sci 120 37 45
156. Y Ohashi M Ohshima 1992 Stress-induced expression of genes for pathogenesis-related proteins in plants Plant Cell Physiol 33 819 826
157. M Ohshima H Itoh M Matsuoka T Murakami Y Ohashi 1990 Analysis of stress-induced or salicylic acid-induced expression of the pathogenesis-related 1a protein gene in transgenic tobacco Plant Cell 2 95 106
158. H Ozcan MA Turan O Koc Y Cibili S Taban 2000 Growth and variations in proline, sodium, chloride, phosphorus and potassium concentrations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under salt stress Turk J Agric For 24 6 649 654
159. SK Panda 2001 Oxidative response of green gram under salinity stress Indian J Plant Physiol 6 4 438 440
160. Pareek A, Singla SL, Grover A (1997) Salt responsive proteins/genes in crop plants. In: Jaiwal PK, Singh RP, Gulati A (eds) Strategies for improving salt tolerance in higher plants. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi, pp 365-391
161. 1- pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and proline dehydrogenase genes controls proline levels during and after osmotic stress in plants Mol Gen Genet 253 334 341
162. R Przymusinski R Rucinska EA Gwóźdź 2004 Increased accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins in response of lupine roots to various abiotic stresses Environ Exp Bot 52 53 61
163. A Puppo B Halliwell 1988 Generation of hydroxyl radicals by soybean nodule leghaemoglobin Planta 173 405 410
164. 2 fixation and grain yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes in normal and saline-sodic soils Biol Fertil Soils 14 293 299
165. 2 fixation in normal and sodic soils Biol Fertil Soils 29 2 187 195
166. Rains DW (1989) Plant tissue and protoplast culture: application to stress physiology and biochemistry. In: Jones HG, Flowers TJ, Jones MB (eds) Plants under stresses. Biochemistry, physiology and ecology and their application to plant improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 181-196
167. DLN Rao KE Giller AR Yeo TJ Flowers 2002 The effects of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Ann Bot 89 563 570
168. P Rengasamy 2002 Transient salinity and subsoil constraints to dryland farming in Australian sodic soils: an overview Aust J Exp Agric 42 351 361
169. P Rengasamy 2006 World salinization with emphasis on Australia J Exp Bot 57 5 1017 1023
170. P Rengasamy D Chittleborough K Helyar 2003 Root zone constraints and plant-based solutions for dryland salinity Plant Soil 257 249 260
171. C Richter B Heiligtag M Nagieb U Mukhallablati 1999 The effects of salinity on growth and ion content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), eggfruit (Solanum melongena L.) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties Tropenlandwirt 100 1 3 16
172. ME Rogers CM Grieve MC Shannon 2003 Plant growth and ion relations in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in response to the combined effects of NaCl and P Plant Soil 253 1 187 194
173. D Rontein G Basset AD Hanson 2002 Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in plants Metab Eng 4 49 56
174. 2-fixing common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Agronomie 21 675 682
175. M Sadiki K Rabih 2001 Selection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) for yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability under salt stress Agronomie 21 6-7 659 666
176. GE Santa-Maria F Rubio J Dubcovsky A Rodriguez-Navarro 1997 The HAK1 gene of barley is a member of a large gene family and encodes a high-affinity potassium transporter Plant Cell 9 2281 2289
177. Y Saranga D Rhodes J Janick 1992 Changes in amino acid composition associated with tolerance to partial desiccation of celery somatic embryos J Am Soc Hortic Sci 117 337 341
178. N Sekeroglu MS Kara O Dede T Askin 1999 Effect of salinity on germination, early seedling growth, Na and K constituents of chickpea Turk J Field Crops 4 79 84
179. R Serraj 2002 Response of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to drought and salinity stresses Physiol Mol Biol 8 1 77 86
180. R Serraj TR Sinclair 2002 Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase in crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell Environ 25 333 341
181. R Serraj G Roy JJ Drevon 1994 Salt stress induces a decrease in the oxygen uptake of soybean nodules and in their permeability to oxygen diffusion Physiol Plant 91 161 168
182. 2 reduction) to salinity and oxygen in the common bean Agronomie 21 645 651
183. J Shalhevet MG Huck BP Schroeder 1995 Root and shoot growth responses to salinity in maize and soybean Agron J 87 512 516
184. A Shamseldin D Werner 2005 High salt and high pH tolerance of new isolated Rhizobium etli strains from Egyptian soils Curr Microbiol 50 11 16
185. KD Sharma KS Datta SK Varma 1990 Effect of chloride and sulphate salinity on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea Ann Biol 6 13 20
186. B Shen RG Jensen HJ Bohnert 1997 Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants by targeting mannitol biosynthesis to chloroplasts Plant Physiol 113 1177 1183
187. B Shen RG Jensen HJ Bohnert 1997 Mannitol protects against oxidation by hyderoxyl radicals Plant Physiol 115 527 532
188. S Sheokand S Dhandi K Swaraj 1995 Studies on nodule functioning and hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzymes under salt stress in chickpea nodules Plant Physiol Biochem 33 561 566
189. + antiporter improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis Nat Biotechnol 21 81 85
190. N Shiva Prakash NB Sarin 1993 Isolation of salt tolerant cell lines of Cajanus cajan and comparative study of their physiological responses with intact plants under salt stress Plant Physiol Biochem 20 1 11 15
191. JV Sibole E Montero C Cabot C Poschenrieder J Barcelo 1998 Role of sodium in the ABA-mediated long-term growth response of bean to salt stress Physiol Plant 104 299 305
192. -and ABA allocation in fruits of salt-stressed bean J Plant Physiol 157 637 642
193. JV Sibole C Cabot C Poschenrieder J Barceló 2003 Efficient leaf ion partitioning, an overriding condition for abscisic acid-controlled stomatal and leaf growth responses to NaCl salinization in two legumes J Exp Bot 54 2111 2119
194. JV Sibole C Cabot Poschenrieder Ch J Barceló 2003 Ion allocation in two different salt-tolerant Mediterranean Medicago species J Plant Physiol 160 1361 1365
195. +-ATPase, growth and ion partitioning in the leaves of salt-treated Medicago species Planta 221 4 557 566
196. TR Sinclair R Serraj 1995 Dinitrogen fixation sensitivity to drought among grain legume species Nature 378 344
197. Singh KN, Chatrath R (2001) Salinity Tolerance. In: Reynolds MP, Monasterio JIO, McNab A (eds) Application of physiology in wheat breeding. CIMMYT, Mexico, DF, pp 101-110
198. AK Singh RA Singh 1999 Effect of salinity on sodium, potassium and proline content of chickpea genotypes Indian J Plant Physiol 4 111 113
199. AK Singh RA Singh SG Sharma 2001 Salt stress induced changes in certain organic metabolites during seedling growth of chickpea Legume Res 24 1 11 15
200. Singh A, Kumari R, Garg AP, Varma A (2005) Endomycorrhizal diversity. In: Podila GK, Varma A (eds) Basic research and applications of mycorrhizae. IK International, New Delhi, pp 1-23
201. R Singla N Garg 2005 Influence of salinity on growth and yield attributes in chickpea cultivars Turk J Agric For 29 231 235
202. N Smirnoff 1993 The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation New Phytol 125 27 58
203. N Smirnoff QJ Cumbes 1989 Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes Phytochemistry 28 1057 1060
204. MF Sousa FAP Campos JT Prisco J Eneas-Filho E Gomes-Filho 2003 Growth and protein pattern in cowpea seedlings subjected to salinity Biol Plant 47 3 341 346
205. M Soussi A Ocana C Lluch 1998 Effects of salt stress on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.) J Exp Bot 49 1329 1337
206. M Soussi C Lluch A Ocana 1999 Comparative study of nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) cultivars under salt stress J Exp Bot 50 340 1701 1708
207. M Soussi M Khadri C Lluch A Ocana 2001 Carbon metabolism and bacteroid respiration in nodules of chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants grown under saline conditions Plant Biosyst 135 2 157 164
208. Soussi M, Khadri M, Pliego L, Lluch C, Ocana A (2003) Germination of different cultivars of Cicer arietinum in saline conditions: profile of proteins and accumulation of compatible solutes. In: Fixation symbiotique del'azote et development durable dans le Bassin mediterraneen (ed) INRA, Paris, pp 321-330
209. JG Streeter DG Lohnes RJ Fioritto 2001 Pattern of pinitol accumulation in soybean plants and relationships to drought tolerance Plant Cell Environ 24 429 438
210. K Swaraj NR Bishnoi 1999 Effect of salt stress on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in legumes Indian J Exp Biol 37 9 843 848
211. K Swaraj S Dhandi S Sheokhand IS Sheoran 2000 Nodule functioning and recovery under salt stress in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) J Plant Biol 27 19 26
212. T Taji C Ohsumi S Iuchi M Seki M Kasuga M Kobayashi K Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K Shinozaki 2002 Important roles of drought- and cold inducible genes for galactinol synthase in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant J 29 417 426
213. Talsma T (1963) The control of saline groundwater, Thesis for the degree of Doctor in Land technology, University of Wageningen. Reprint of Bulletin of University of Wageningen, vol 63, pp 1-68
214. NA Tejera R Campos J Sanjuan C Lluch 2004 Nitrogenase and antioxidant enzyme activities in Phaseolus vulgaris nodules formed by Rhizobium tropici isogenic strains with varying tolerance to salt stress J Plant Physiol 161 3 329 338
215. NA Tejera R Campos J Sanjuan C Lluch 2005 Effect of sodium chloride on growth, nutrient accumulation, and nitrogen fixation of common bean plants in symbiosis with isogenic strains J Plant Nutr 28 1907 1921
216. + transport in higher plants Ann Bot 91 503 527
217. JC Thomas HJ Bohnert 1993 Salt stress perception and plant growth regulators in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum Plant Physiol 103 1299 1304
218. WA Tramontano D Jouve 1997 Trigonelline accumulation in salt-stressed legumes and the role of other osmoregulators as cell cycle control agents Phytochemistry 44 1037 1040
219. JC Trinchant A Boscari G Spennato G Van de Sype DL Rudulier 2004 Proline betaine accumulation and metabolism in alfalfa plants under sodium chloride stress. Exploring its compartmentalization in nodules Plant Physiol 135 1583 1594
220. S Uma TG Prasad MU Kumar 1995 Genetic variability in recovery growth and synthesis of stress proteins in response to polyethylene glycol and salt stress in finger millet Ann Bot 76 43 49
221. United States Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook No. 60 Washington: US Government Printer
222. T Urao B Yakubov R Satoh K Yamaguchi-Shinozaki M Seki T Hirayama K Shinozaki 1999 A transmembrane hybrid-type Histidine Kinase in Arabidopsis functions as an osmosensor Plant Cell 11 1743 1754
223. P Urban C Mignotte M Kazmaier F Delorme D Pompon 1997 Cloning, yeast expression, and characterization of the coupling of two distantly related Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH cytochrome P450 reductases with P450 CYP73A5 J Biol Chem 272 19176 19186
224. N Verbruggen X-J Hua M May M Van Montagu 1996 Environmental and developmental signals modulate proline homeostasis: evidence for a negative transcriptional regulator Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 8787 8791
225. D Verdoy MM Lucas E Manrique AA Covarrubias MR De Felipe JJ Pueyo 2004 Differential organ-specific response to salt stress and water deficit in nodulated bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Plant Cell Environ 27 6 757 767
226. RA Viegas MJM Fausto JE Queiroz IMA Rocha JAG Silveira PRA Viegas 2004 Growth and total-N content of Prosopis juliflora (SW) D.C are stimulated by low NaCl levels Braz J Plant Physiol 16 1 65 68
227. K Welfare AR Yeo TJ Flowers 2002 Effect of salinity and ozone, individually and in combination on the growth and ion contents of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties Environ Pollut 120 2 397 403
228. JE Werner RR Finkelstein 1995 Arabidopsis mutants with reduced response to NaCl and osmotic stress Physiol Plant 93 659 666
229. Wyn Jones RG (1981) Salt tolerance. In: Johnson CB (ed) Physiological processes limiting plant productivity. Butterworths, London, pp 271-292
230. Wyn Jones RG, Pollard A (1983) Proteins, enzymes and inorganic ions. In: Lauchli A, Bieleski RL (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology. Inorganic Plant Nutrition, vol 15 B(New Series). Springer, Berlin, pp 528-562
231. L Xiong JK Zhu 2003 Regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis Plant Physiol 133 29 36
232. Y Yoshiba T Kiyosue T Katagiri H Ueda T Mizoguchi K Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K Wada Y Harada K Shinozaki 1995 Correlation between the induction of a gene for A1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and the accumulation of proline in Arabidopsis thaliana under osmotic stress Plant J 7 751 760
233. Y Yoshiba T Kiyosue K Nakashima K Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K Shinozaki 1997 Regulation of the level of proline as an osmolyte in plants under water stress Plant Cell Physiol 38 1095 1102
234. Q Yu Z Rengel 1999 Drought and salinity differentially influence activities of superoxide dismutases in narrow-leafed lupins Plant Sci 142 1 11
235. HX Zhang E Blumwald 2001 Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit Nat Biotechnol 19 765 768
236. HX Zhang JN Hodson JP Williams E Blumwald 2001 Engineering salt-tolerant Brassica plants: Characterization of yield and seed oil quality in transgenic plants with increased vacuolar sodium accumulation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 12832 12836
237. JK Zhu 2001 Plant salt tolerance Trends Plant Sci 6 66 71
238. JK Zhu 2002 Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants Ann Rev Plant Biol 53 247 273
239. JK Zhu 2003 Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress Curr Opin Plant Biol 6 441 445
240. Zhu JK (2007) Plant salt stress. In: Encyclopedia of life sciences. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001300.pub2
241. R Zurayk M Adlan R Baalbaki MC Saxena 1998 Interactive effects of salinity and biological nitrogen fixation on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth J Agron Crop Sci 180 249 258