Kefir and Health: A Contemporary Perspective

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 53, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 422-434

  Ahmed, Zaheer ^a   Wang, Yanping ^b   Ahmad, Asif ^c   Khan, Salman Tariq ^d   Nisa, Mehrun ^d   Ahmad, Hajra ^a   Afreen, Asma ^a  

^a ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology   (China)

^c PMAS ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^d PCSIR LABORATORIES COMPLEX   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

composition; health; Kefir; nutrition; therapeutic effects

Indexed keywords

ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; GUT HEALTHS; KEFIR; NUTRACEUTICAL COMPONENTS; NUTRACEUTICALS; POINT OF VIEWS; RELATED PRODUCTS; SERUM GLUCOSE; THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS; WEIGHT GAIN; CARBONATED BEVERAGE;

BEVERAGES; CARBOHYDRATES; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; DAIRY PRODUCTS; GLUCOSE; NUTRITION;

HEALTH;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

CARBOHYDRATE; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN;

CHEMISTRY; DAIRY PRODUCT; FERMENTATION; FOOD CONTROL; FOOD HANDLING; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; HUMAN; LACTOSE INTOLERANCE; MICROBIOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW;

CARBOHYDRATES; CULTURED MILK PRODUCTS; DIETARY PROTEINS; FERMENTATION; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; HUMANS; LACTOSE INTOLERANCE; NUTRITIVE VALUE; TRACE ELEMENTS; VITAMINS;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84873639569     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.540360     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Abraham, A. G. and De Antoni, G. L. 1999. Characterization of kefir grains in cow's milk and in soya milk. J. Dairy Res., 66: 327-333.
2. Aihara, K., Kajimoto, O., Hirata, H., Takahashi, R., and Nakamura, Y. 2005. Effect of powdered fermented milk with lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension. J. Am. College Nutri., 24: 257-265.
3. Alm, L. 1982. Effect of fermentation on L(+) and D(-) lactic acid in milk. J. Dairy Sci., 65: 515-520.
4. Anderson, J. W. and Gilliland, S. E. 1999. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18: 43-50.
5. Angulo, L., Lopez, E., and Lema, C. 1993. Microflora present in kefir grains of the Galician region (north-west of Spain). J. Dairy Res., 60: 263-267.
6. Bottazzi, V., Zacconi, C., Sarra, P. G., Dallavalle, P., and Parisi, M. G. 1994. Kefir microbiologia, chimica, etecnologia. Lindustria Latt., 30: 41-62.
7. Beshkova, D. M., Simova, E. D., Simov, Z. I., Frengova, G. I., and Spasov, Z. N. 2002. Pure cultures for making kefir. Food Microbiol., 19: 537-544.
8. Cerna, J. and Hrabova, H. 1982. "Possibilities of biological enrichment of fermented milk beverage with vitamins". In XXI Int Dairy Congr 1, Book-1, 278-279. Moscow: Mirror Publication.
9. Cevikbas, A., Yemni, E., Ezzedenn, F. W., and Yardimici, T. 1994. Antitumoral, antibacterial and antifungal activities of kefir and kefir grain. Phytother. Res., 8: 78-82.
10. Chen, C., Chan, H. M., and Kubow, S. 2007. Kefir extracts suppress in vitro proliferation of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells but not normal mammary epithelial Cells. J. Med. Food, 10: 416-422.
11. Chen, M. J., Liu, J. R., Sheu, J. F., Lin, C. W., and Chuang, C. L. 2006. Study on skin care properties of milk kefir whey. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 19(6): 905-908.
12. Cole, C. B. and Fuller, R. 1984. A note on the effect of host specific fermented milk on the coliform population on the neonatal rat. J. Appl. Bacteriol, 56: 495-498.
13. Czamanski, R. T., Greco, D. P., and Wiest, J. M. 2004. Evaluation of antibiotic activity in filtrates of traditional kefir. Higiene Alimentar, 18: 75-77.
14. De Antoni, G., Zago, M., Vasek, O., Giraffa, G., Carminati, D., Marcó, M. B., Reinheimer, J., and Suárez, V. 2010. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriophages isolated from kefir grains: Phenotypic and molecular characterization. J. Dairy Res., 77: 7-12.
15. De Moreno De Leblanc, Z. A., Matar, C., Farnworth, E., and Perdigo, G. 2007. Study of immune cells involved in the antitumor effect of kefir in a murine breast cancer model. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 1920-1928.
16. De Roos, N. M., Schouten, G., and Katan, M. B. 1998. Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 53: 277-280.
17. De Vrese, M., Keller, B., and Barth, C. A. 1992. Enhancement of intestinal hydrolysis of lactose by microbial β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) of kefir. Br. J. Nutr., 67: 67-75.
18. Dimitrellou, D., Kandylis, P., Mallouchos, A., Komaitis, M., Koutinas, A. A. and Kourkoutas, Y. 2010. Effect of freeze-dried kefir culture on proteolysis in feta-type and whey-cheeses. Food Chem., 119: 795-800.
19. Dousset, X. and Caillet, F. 1993. Aspects microbiologiques et biochimiques de la fermentation du kefir. Microbiologie Aliments Nutr., 11: 463-470.
20. Elias, J. A., Lee, C. G., Zheng, T., Ma, B., Homer, R. J. and Zhu, Z. 2003. New insights into the pathogenesis of asthma. J. Clin. Invest., 111: 291-297.
21. Farnworth, E. R. and Mainville, I. 2003. "Kefir: A fermented milk product". In Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods, Edited by: Farnworth, E. R. 77-111. CRC Press., Boca Raton, FL.
22. Fil Chakova, S. A., and Koroleva, N. S. 1997. The influence of culturing conditions on the composition and microflora of Kefir grains. Mol. Prom., 5: 37
23. Furukawa, N., Matsuoka, A., Takahashi, T. and Yamanaka, Y. 2000. Anti-metastatic effect of Kefir grain components on Lewis lung carcinoma and highly metastatic B16 melanoma in mice. J. Agric. Sci., 45: 62-70.
24. Furukawa, N., Takahashi, T., and Yamanaka, Y. 1996. Effects of supernatant of Peyer's Patch cell culture with kefir grain components on the mitogenic response of thymocyte and splenocyte in mice. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Japan), 67: 153-159.
25. Furukawa, N., Iiyama, R., Takahashi, T., and Yamanaka, Y. 1992. Effect of oral administration of water soluble fraction from kefir grain on antibody production in mice. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Japan), 63: 428-436.
26. Furukawa, N., Matsuoka, A., and Yamanaka, Y. 1990. Effects of orally administered yogurt and kefir on tumor growth in mice. J. Jpn. Soc. Nutr. Food Sci., 43: 450-453.
27. Garrote, G. L., Delfederico, L., Bibiloni, R., Abraham, A. G., Perez, P. F., Semorile, L., and De Antoni, G. L. 2004. Lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains: Evidence of the presence of Slayer proteins. J. Dairy Res., 71: 222-230.
28. Garrote, G. L., Abraham, A. G., and De Antoni, G. L. 2000. Inhibitory power of kefir: The role of organic acids. J. Food Prot., 63: 364-369.
29. Garrote, G. L., Abraham, A. G., and De Antoni, G. L. 1998. Characteristics of kefir prepared with different grain: Milk ratios. J. Dairy Res., 65: 149-154.
30. Gill, H. S. 1998. Stimulation of the immune system by lactic cultures. Int. Dairy J., 8: 535-544.
31. Golowczyc, M. A., Silva, J., Abraham, A. G., De Antoni, G. L., and Teixeira, P. 2010. Preservation of probiotic strains isolated from kefir by spray drying. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 50: 7-12.
32. Golowczyc, M. A., Gugliada, M. J., Hollmann, J., Delfederic, L., Garrote, G. L., Abraham, A. G., Semorile, L. and De Antoni, G. 2008. Characterization of homofermentative lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains: Potential use as probiotic. J. Dairy Res., 75: 211-217.
33. Golowczyc, M. A., Mobili, P., Garrote, G. L., Abraham, A. G., and De Antoni, G. L. 2007. Protective action of Lactobacillus kefir carrying S-layer protein against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Inter. J. Food Microb., 118: 264-273.
34. Gorski, D. 1994. Kefir: 21st century yogurt?. Dairy Foods, 95: 49
35. Gulmez, M. and Guven, A. 2003. Behavior of Escherichia coli 0157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes 4b and Yersenia enterocolitica 03 in pasteurized and non-pasteurized Kefir fermented for one or two days. Food Sci. Technol. Int., 9: 365-369.
36. Guven, A., Guven, A., and Gulmenz, M. 2003. The effect of kefir on the activities of GSH-Px, GST, CAT, GSH and LPO levels in carbon tetrachloride-induced mice tissues. J. Vet. Med. B., 50: 412-416.
37. Guzel-Seydim, Z. B., Seydim, A. C., and Greene, A. K. 2003. Comparison of amino acid profiles of milk, yoghurt and Turkish Kefir. Milchwiss, 58: 158-160.
38. Guzel-Seydim, Z. B., Seydim, A. C., and Greene, A. K. 2000. Organic acids and volatile flavour components evolved during refrigerated storage of kefir. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 275-277.
39. Hertzler, S. R., and Clancy, S. M. 2003. Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 103: 582-587.
40. Hong, W. S., Chen, H. C., Chen, Y. I. and Chen, M. J. 2009. Effects of kefir supernatant and lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grain on cytokine production by macrophage. Int. Dairy J., 19: 244-251.
41. Hosono, A. and Tanako, T. 1995. Binding of cholesterol with lactic acid bacterial cells. Milchwiss, 50: 556-560.
42. Hosono, A., Tanako, T., and Otani, H. 1990. Binding properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir milk with mutagenic amino acid pyrolyzates. Milchwiss, 45: 647-651.
43. IDF (International Dairy Federation). 1991. Yogurt identification of characteristic microorganisms (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus) International IDF Standard 146, Brussels: Belgium.
44. IDF. 1988. Fermented milks: Science and technology bull. Interational Dairy Federation, 227: 1-137.
45. Irigoyen, A., Arana, I., Castiella, M., Torre, P. and Ibanez, F. C. 2005. Microbiological, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of kefir during storage. Food Chem., 90: 613-620.
46. Isolauri, E., Salminen, S., and Ouwehand, A. C. 2004. Probiotics. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol, 18: 299-313.
47. Ivanova, L. N., Bulatskaya, A. N. and Silaev, A. E. 1980. Industrial production of kefir for children. Mol. Prom., 3: 15-17.
48. Jianzhong, Z., Xiaoli, L., Hanhu, J. and Mingsheng, D. 2009. Analysis of the microflora in Tibetan kefir grains using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Food Microbiol., 26: 770-775.
49. Khamnaeva, N. I., Tsyrenov, V. Zh., Gongorova, V. S. and Shalygina, A. M. 2000. Biosynthesis of biologically active substances in Kefir grains. Mol. Prom., 4: 49
50. Klyavinya, L. R. 1980. Department for dairy products for children. Mol. Prom., 3: 11-12.
51. Kneating, K. 1985. The role of cultured dairy products in the prevention of stomach cancer. Cultured Dairy Products J., 20: 13-14.
52. Kneifel, W. and Mayer, H. K. 1991. Vitamin profiles of kefirs made from milks of different species. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 26: 423-428.
53. Kolars, J. C., Levitt, M. D., Aouji, M., and Savaiano, D. A. 1984. Yogurt: An autodigesting source of lactose. N. Engl. J. Med., 310: 1-3.
54. Koroleva, N. S. 1988. Fermented milk: Science and technology. Bulletin-Int. Dairy Federation, 227: 35-40.
55. Koroleva, N. S. (1982) Special products (kefir, koumiss, etc.). Proceedings of 11th International Dairy Congress Moscow, 2:146-152, MirKasra Publishing, Moscow.
56. Kubo, M., Odani, T., and Nakamuram, S. 1992. Pharmacological study on kefir-A fermented milk product in Caucasus. I. On antitumor activity (1). Yakugaku Zasshi, 112: 489-495.
57. Kumura, H., Tanoue, Y., Tsukahara, M., Tanako, T. and Shimazaki, K. 2004. Screening of dairy yeast strains for probiotic applications. J. Dairy Sci., 87: 4050-4056.
58. Kurmann, J. A. 1984. Fermented milks. Bulletin-International Dairy Federation, 179: 16-26.
59. Kwon, O. K., Ahn, K. S., Lee, M. Y., Kim, S. Y., Park, B. Y., Kim, M. K., Lee, I. Y., Oh, S. R. and Lee, H. K. 2008. Inhibitory effect of kefiran on ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Arch. Pharm Res., 31(12): 1590-1596.
60. Kwon, Y. I., Apostolidis, E., and Shetty, K. 2006. Anti-diabetes functionality of kefir culture-mediated fermented soymilk supplemented with Rhodiola extracts. Food Biotechnol (New York), 20(1): 13-29.
61. La Riviere, J. W. M., Kooiman, P., and Schmidt, K. 1967. Kefiran, a novel polysaccharide produced in the kefir grain by Lactobacillus brevis. Archiv für Mikrobiologie, 59: 269-278.
62. Lee, M. K., Ahn, K. S., Kwon, O. K., Kim, M. J., Kim, M. K., Lee, I. N., Oh, S. R. and Lee, H. K. 2007. Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of kefir in a mouse asthma model. Immunobiology, 212: 647-654.
63. Libudzisz, Z. and Piatkiewicz, A. 1990. Kefir production in Poland. Dairy Industry International, 55: 31-33.
64. Lin, C. W., Chen, H. and Liu, J. R. 1999. Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts isolated from kefir grains in Taiwan. Aust. J. Dairy Technol., 54: 14-18.
65. Liu, G. R., Lv, Y. N., Li, P. L., Zhou, K. and Zhang, J. L. 2008. Pentocin 31-1, an anti- Listeria bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus pentosus 31-1 isolated from Xuan- Wei Ham, a traditional China fermented meat product. Food Control, 19: 353-359.
66. Liu, J. R., Wang, S. Y., Chen, M. J., Chen, H. L., Yueh, P. Y. and Lin, C. W. 2006a. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of milk-kefir and soyamilk-kefir in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Brit. J. Nutr., 95: 939-946.
67. Liu, J. R., Wang, S. Y., Chen, M. J., Yueh, P. Y. and Lin, C. W. 2006b. The anti-allergenic properties of milk kefir and soymilk kefir and their beneficial effects on the intestinal microflora. J. Sci. Food Agric., 86: 2527-2533.
68. Liu, J. R., Chen, M. J., and Lin, C. W. 2005. Antimutagenicity and antioxidant activity of milk kefir and soymilk kefir. J. Agric. Food Chem., 3: 2467-2474.
69. Liu, J. R., Wang, S. Y., Lin, Y. Y. and Lin, C. W. 2002. Antitumor activity of milk, kefir and soya milk kefir in tumor bearing mice. Nutr. Cancer, 44: 183-187.
70. Liut Kevicius, A. and Sarkinas, A. 2004. A Studies on the growth conditions and composition of kefir grains as a food and forage biomass. Dairy Science Abstracts, 66: 903
71. Loretan, T., Mosert, J. F. and Viljoen, B. C. 2003. Microbial flora associated with South African household kefir. S. Afr. J. Sci., 99: 92-94.
72. Maeda, H., Zhu, X., Omura, K., Suzuki, S. and Kitamura, S. 2004. Effects of an exopolysaccharide (kefiran) on lipids, blood pressure, blood glucose, and constipation. Biofactors, 22: 197-200.
73. Magalhaes, K. T., Pereira, G. V. M., Dias, D. R. and Schwan, R. F. 2010. Microbial communities and chemical changes during fermentation of sugary Brazilian kefir. World J. Microbiol Biotechnol, 26: 1241-1250.
74. Mai, V. and Draganov, P. V. 2009. Recent advances and remaining gaps in our knowledge of associations between gut microbiota and human health. World J. Gastroenterol, 15: 81-85.
75. Malbaša, R. V., Milanović, S. D., Lončar, E. S., Djurić, M. S., Carić, M. D{stroke}., Iličić, M. D., and Kolaro, L. 2009. Milk-based beverages obtained by Kombucha application. Food Chem., 112: 178-184.
76. Mann, G. V. and Spoerry, A. 1974. Studies of a surfactant and cholesterolemia in the Maasai. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 27: 464-669.
77. Margulis, L. 1995. "From kefir to death". In How Things Are, Edited by: Brockman, J. and Matson, K. 69-78. New York, USA: William Morrow and Co.
78. Marquina, D., Santos, A., Corpas, I., Muroz, J., Zazo, J., and Peinado, J. M. 2002. Dietary influence of kefir on microbial activities in the mouse bowel. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 35: 136-140.
79. Marshall, V. M. and Cole, W. M. 1985. Methods for making kefir and fermented milks based on kefir. J. Dairy Res., 52: 451-456.
80. Matar, C., Valdez, J. C., Medina, M., Rachid, M. and Perdigon, G. 2001. Immunomodulating effects of milks fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus and its non-proteolytic variant. J. Dairy Res., 68: 601-609.
81. Matsuu, M., Shichijo, K., Okaichi, K., Wen, C. Y., Fukuda, E., Nakashima, M., Nakayama, T., Shirahata, S., Tokumaru, S. and Sekine, I. 2003. The protective effect of fermented milk kefir on radiation-induced apoptosis in colonic crypt cells of rats. J. Dairy Res. (Tokyo), 44(2): 111-115.
82. Medrano, M., Pérez, P. F. and Abraham, A. G. 2009. Kefiran protects Caco-2 cells from cytopathic effects induced by Bacillus cereus infection. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 96: 505-513.
83. Medrano, M., Hamet, M. F., Abraham, A. G., and Pérez, P. F. 2008. Kefiran antagonizes cytopathic effects of Bacillus cereus extracellular factors. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 122: 1-7.
84. Miyamoto, T., Morita, H., Nishioka, K., Kataoka, K., Izumimoto, M., and Kuyama, T. 1991. Constituent species of lactic acid bacteria from kefir and their desmutagenic properties. Jpn. J. Dairy Federation Sci., 40: 111-112.
85. Molokeev, A. V., Biabakova, V. I., Karih, T. L., Nikulin, L. G., Yatsentyur, R. M., and Molokeeva, N. V. 1998. Bifidokefir therapeutic and prophylactic product. Pishchevaya Prom., 3: 61-62.
86. Moreira, M. E. C., Dos Santos, M. H., Zolini, G. P. P., Wouters, A. T. B., Carvalho, J. C. T., and Schneedorf, J. M. 2008. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of a carbohydrate fraction isolated from sugary kefir. J. Med. Food, 11: 356-361.
87. Morgan, S. M., Hickey, R., Ross, R. P., and Hill, C. 2000. Efficient method for the detection of microbially produced antibacterial substances from food systems. J. Appl. Microbiol., 89: 56-62.
88. Murashova, A. O., Novakshonov, A. A. and Uchaikin, U. F. 1997. The effectiveness of using bifidokefir for the treatment of severe intestinal infections and the connection of dysbiosis in children. Dairy of Science Abstracts, 59: 42
89. Murofushi, M., Shiomi, M. and Aibara, K. 1983. Effect of orally administered polysaccharide from kefir grain on delayed-type hypersensitivity and tumor growth in mice. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 36: 49-53.
90. Nagira, T, Narisawa, J., Teruya, K., Kusumoto, K., Katakura, Y., Barnes, D. W., Tokumaru, S. and Shirahata, S. 1999a. "Suppression of apoptosis in UV-damaged human melanoma cells by a fermented milk, Kefir". In Animal Cell Technology: Products from Cells, Cells as Products, Edited by: Bernard, A., Griffiths, B., Noé, W. and Wurm, F. Vol. 10, 437-439. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
91. Nagira, T., Narisawa, J., Kusumoto, K., Teruya, K., Katakura, Y., Barnes, D. W., Tokumaru, S. and Shirahata, S. 1999b. "Protection of human melanoma cells from UV damage by a fermented milk, Kefir". In Animal Cell Technology: Basic and Applied Aspects, Edited by: Kitagawa, Y., Matsuda, T. and Iijima, S. Vol. 10, 369-373. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
92. Nakajima, H., Suzuki, Y. and Hirota, T. 1992. Cholesterol-lowering activity of ropy fermented milk. J. Food Sci., 57: 1327-1329.
93. Noh, D. O., Kim, S. H. and Gilliland, S. E. 1997. Incorporation of cholesterol in the cellular membrane of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 3107-3113.
94. Otles, S. and Cagindi, O. 2003. Kefir: A probiotic dairy composition, nutritional and therapeutic aspects. Pak J. Nutr., 2: 54-59.
95. Ozer, D. and Ozer, B. H. 1999. "Product of Eastern Europe and Asia". In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Edited by: Robinson, R. K. Vol. 2, 798-805. London: Academic Press.
96. Perdigon, G., Fuller, R. and Raya, R. 2001. Lactic acid bacteria and their effect on the immune system. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol., 2: 27-42.
97. Piermaria, J. A., Pinotti, A., Garcia, M. A. and Abraham, A. G. 2009. Films based on kefiran, an exopolysaccharide obtained from kefir grain: Development and characterization. Food Hydrocolloid, 23: 684-690.
98. Plessas, S., Trantallidi, M., Bekatorou, A., Kanellaki, M., Nigam, P., and Koutinas, A. A. 2007. Immobilization of kefir and Lactobacillus casei on brewery spent grains for use in sourdough wheat bread making. Food Chem., 105: 187-194.
99. Quiros, A., Hernández-Ledesma, B., Ramos, M., Amigo, L., and Recio, I. 2005. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of peptides derived from caprine kefir. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 3480-3487.
100. Reddy, G. V., Friend, B. A., Shahani, K. M., and Farmer, R. E. 1983. Antitumor activity of yogurt components. J. Food Prot., 46: 8-11.
101. Rimada, P. S. and Abraham, A. G. 2006. Kefiran improves rhelogical properties of glucono-δ-lactone induced skim milk gels. Int. Dairy J., 16: 33-39.
102. Roczniakova, B., Kornacka, D. and Bielecka, M. 1974. Stimulatory effect of the microflora of kefir grains on the biochemical activity of propionic acid bacteria. XIX Int. Dairy Congr., 1E: 387-388.
103. Rodrigues, K. L., Caputo, L. R. G. and Carvalho, J. C. T. 2005a. Antimicrobial and healing activity of kefir and kefiran extract. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 25: 404-408.
104. Rodrigues, K. L., Carvalho, J. C. T. and Schneedorf, J. M. 2005b. Anti-inflammatory properties of kefir and its polysaccharide extract. Inflammopharmacology, 13(5-6): 485-492.
105. Santos, A., San Mauro, N., Sanchez, A., Torres, J. M. and Marquina, D. 2003. The antimicrobial properties of different strains of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from kefir. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 26: 434-437.
106. Sarkar, S. 2008. Biotechnological innovations in kefir production: A review. Br. Food J., 109: 280-290.
107. Schiffrin, E. J., Brassart, D., Servin, A. L., Rochat, F., and Donnet-Hughes, A. 1997. Immune modulation of blood leukocytes in humans by lactic acid bacteria: Criteria for strain selection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66: 515S-520S.
108. Shahani, K. M. and Chandan, R. C. 1979. Nutritional and healthful aspects of cultured and culture-containing dairy foods. J. Dairy Sci., 62: 1685-1694.
109. Shiomi, M., Sasaki, K., Murofushi, M., and Aibara, K. 1982. Antitumor activity in mice orally administrated polysaccharide from kefir grains. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 35: 75-80.
110. Silva, K. R., Rodrigues, S. A., Filho, L. X., and Lima, Á. S. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of broth fermented with kefir grains. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 152: 316-325.
111. Simova, E. D., Beshkova, D. B., and Dimitrov, Zh. P. 2009. Characterization and antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Bulgarian dairy products. J. App. Microb., 106: 692-701.
112. Song, J. O., Kim, T. J. and Kim, Y. H. 2007. Inhibitory effect on rotavirus by exopolysaccharides extracted from kefir. Korean. J. Food Sci. Ani. Resour., 27: 538-542.
113. St-Onge, M. P., Farnworth, E. R., Savard, T., Chabot, D., Mafu, A., and Jones, P. J. H. 2002. Kefir consumption dose not alter plasma lipid levels or cholesterol fractional synthesis rates relative to milk in hyperlipidemic men: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 2: 1-7.
114. St-Onge, M. P., Farnworth, E. R., and Jones, P. J. H. 2000. Consumption of fermented and nonfermented dairy products: Effects on cholesterol concentrations and metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 21: 149-151.
115. Svensson, M., Sabharwal, H., Mossberg, A. K., Lipniunas, P., Leffler, H., Svanborg, C., and Linse, S. 1999. Molecular characterization of alpha-lactalbumin folding variants that induce apoptosis in tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem., 274: 6388-6396.
116. Takano, T. 2002. Anti-hypertensive activity of fermented dairy products containing biogenic peptides. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 82: 333-340.
117. Tamai, Y., Yashimitsu, N., Watanabe, Y., Kuwarbano, Y., and Nagai, S. 1996. Effects of milk fermented by culturing with various lactic acid bacteria and a yeast on serum cholesterol level in rats. J. Ferment Bioeng., 81: 181-182.
118. Teruya, K., Yamashita, M., Tominaga, R., Nagira, T., Shim, S. Y., Katakura, Y., Tokumaru, S., Tokumaru, K., Barnes, D., and Shirahata, S. 2002. Fermented milk, kefram-kefir enhances glucose uptake into insulin-responsive muscle cells. Cytotechnology, 40(1-3): 107-116.
119. Topuz, E., Derin, D., Can, G., Kürklü, E., Ci{dotless}nar, S., Aykan, F., Cevikbaş, A., Dişçi, R., Durna, Z., Sakar, B., Saglam, S., Tanyeri, H., Deniz, G., Gürer, U., Taş, F., Guney, N., and Aydi{dotless}ner, A. 2008. Effect of oral administration of kefir on serum proinflammatory cytokines on 5-FU induced oral mucositis in patients with colorectal cancer. Invest. New Drugs, 26: 567-572.
120. Troreux, K. and Schmucker, D. L. 2001. Kefir milk enhances intestinal immunity in young but not old rats. J. Nutr., 131: 807-812.
121. Ulusoy, B. H., Çolak, H., Hampikyan, H., and Erkan, M. E. 2007. An in vitro study on the antibacterial effect of kefir against some food-borne pathogens. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi, 37: 103-107.
122. Umeda, C., Sonoyama, K., Yamaguchi, N., Saito, R., Akashi, K., Motoshima, H., and Kawabata, J. 2005. Oral administration of freeze-dried kefir reduces intestinal permeation of and oral sensitization to ovalbumin in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 69(1): 249-251.
123. Urdaneta, E., Barrenetxe, J., Aranguren, P., Irigoyen, A., Marzo, F., and Ibanez, F. C. 2007. Intestinal beneficial effects of kefir-supplemented diet in rats. Nutr. Res., 27: 653-658.
124. Veer, P., Dekker, J. M., Lamars, J. W. J., Kok, F. J., and Schouten, E. G. 1989. Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: A case control study in the Netherlands. Cancer Res., 49: 4020-4023.
125. Vinderola, C. G., Perdigon, G., Duarte, J., Farnworth, E., and Matar, C. 2006a. Effects of kefir fractions on innate immunity. Immunobiology, 211: 149-156.
126. Vinderola, G., Perdigon, G., Duarte, J., Farnworth, E., and Matar, C. 2006b. Effects of the oral administration of the products derived from milk fermentation by kefir microflora on immune stimulation. J. Dairy Res., 73: 472-479.
127. Vinderola, G., Perdigon, G., Duarte, J., Farnworth, E., and Matar, C. 2006c. Effects of the oral administration of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens on the gut mucosal immunity. Cytokine, 36: 254-260.
128. Vinderola, C. G., Duarte, J., Thangavel, D., Perdigon, G., Farnworth, E., and Matar, C. 2005a. Remote-site stimulation and duration of the immune response by kefir. Eur. J. Inflamm., 3: 63-73.
129. Vinderola, C. G., Duarte, J., Thangavel, D., Perdigon, G., Farnworth, E., and Matar, C. 2005b. Immunomodulating capacity of kefir. J. Dairy Res., 72: 195-202.
130. Vinderola, C. G., Medici, M., and Perdigon, G. 2004. Relationships between interaction sites in the gut, hydrophobicity, mucosal immunomodulating capacities and cell-wall protein profiles in lactic acid bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol., 96: 230-243.
131. Vujicic, L. F., Vulic, M., and Komyves, T. 1992. Assimilation of cholesterol in milk by kefir cultures. Biotechnol. Lett., 14: 847-850.
132. Wang, Y., Li, C., Liu, P., Ahmed, Z., Xiao, P., and Bai, X. 2010. Physical characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KF5 isolated from Tibet kefir. Carbohyd. Polym., 82: 895-903.
133. Wang, Y., Xu, N., Xi, A., Ahmed, Z., Zhang, B., and Bai, X. 2009. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol, 84: 341-347.
134. Wang, Y., Ahmed, Z., Feng, W., Li, C., and Song, S. 2008. Physicochemical properties of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW3 isolated from Tibet kefir. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 43: 283-288.
135. Wang, Y. F., Huo, G. C., and Liu, L. B. 2004. Isolation and identification of the lactic acid bacteria from Kefir grains. China Dairy Industry, 32: 17-19.
136. Webb, B. H., Johnson, A. H., and Alford, J. A. 1987. "Composition of milk products". 64Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors. Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry, p.
137. Witthuhn, R. C., Schoeman, T. and Britz, T. J. 2004. Isolation and characterization of the microbial population of different South African kefir grains. Int. J. Dairy Technol., 57: 33-37.
138. Wojtowski, J., Dankow, R., Skrzypek, R., and Fahr, R. D. 2003. The fatty acid profiles in Kefirs from sheep, goat and cow milk. Milchwiss, 58: 633-636.
139. Wroblewska, B., Kolakowski, P., Pawlikowska, K., Troszynska, A., and Kaliszewska, A. 2009. Influence of the addition of transglutaminase on the immunoreactivity of milk proteins and sensory quality of kefir. Food Hydrocolloid, 23: 2434-2445.
140. Xiao, J. Z., Kondo, S., Takahashi, N., Miyaji, K., Oshida, K., Hiramatsu, A., vIwatsuki, K., Kokubo, S., and Hosono, A. 2003. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipidsvin rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 2452-2461.
141. Yang, Z., Zhou, F., Ji, B., Li, B., Luo, Y., Yang, L., and Li, T. 2010. Symbiosis between microorganisms from kombucha and kefir: Potential significance to the enhancement of kombucha function. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 160: 446-455.
142. Yuksekdag, Z. N., Beyath, Y., and Aslim, B. 2004a. Metabolic activities of Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from kefir. Nahrung/Fd., 48: 218-220.
143. Yuksekdag, Z. N., Beyatli, Y., and Aslim, B. 2004b. Determination of some characteristics coccoid forms of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Turkish kefirs with natural probiotic. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 37: 663-667.
144. Zacconi, C., Scolari, G., Vescova, M., and Sarra, P. G. 2003. Competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni by kefir fermented milk. Ann. Microbiol., 53: 179-187.
145. Zajsek, K. and Gorsek, A. 2010. Modelling of batch kefir fermentation kinetics for ethanol production by mixed natural microflora. Food Bioprod. Process, 88: 55-60.
146. Zamfir, M., Callewaert, R., Cornea, P. C., Savu, L., Vatafu, I., and De Vuyst, L. 1999. Purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus IBB 801. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87: 923-931.
147. Zhou, K., Zhou, W., Li, P., Liu, G. R., Zhang, J., and Dai, Y. 2008. Mode of action of pentocin 31-1: an anti-Listeria bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus pentosus from Chinese traditional ham. Food Control, 19: 817-822.
148. Zourari, A., Zourari, A., and Anifantakis, E. M. 1988. Le kéfir. Caractères physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et nutritionnels. Technologie de production. Une revue Le Lait, 68: 373-392.
149. Zubillaga, M., Weill, R., Postaire, E., Goldman, C., Caro, R., and Boccio, J. 2001. Effect of probiotics and functional foods and their use in different diseases. Nutr. Res., 21: 569-579.