Sex Determination and Gonadal Development

Oogenesis: The Universal Process

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 27-79

  Combes, Alexander ^a   Spiller, Cassy ^a,b   Koopman, Peter ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b Australian Government Australian Research Council   (Australia)

Author keywords

Germ cell migration; Germ cell specification; Gonad; Meiosis; Mitosis; Oocyte; Ovary development; Sex determination; Sperm; Testis development

Indexed keywords

EID: 84871188228     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470687970.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (311)

1. Adams, I.R. and McLaren, A. (2002) Sexually dimorphic development of mouse primordial germ cells: switching from oogenesis to spermatogenesis. Development, 129, 1155-1164.
2. Albrecht, K.H. and Eicher, E.M. (2001) Evidence that Sry is expressed in pre-Sertoli cells and Sertoli and granulosa cells have a common precursor. Dev. Biol., 240, 92-107.
3. Albrecht, K.H., Young, M.,Washburn, L.L., and Eicher, E.M. (2003) Sry expression level and protein isoform differences play a role in abnormal testis development in C57BL/6J mice carrying certain Sry alleles. Genetics, 164, 277-288.
4. Allegrucci, C., Thurston, A., Lucas, E., and Young, L. (2005) Epigenetics and the germline. Reproduction, 129, 137-149.
5. Ancelin, K., Lange, U.C., Hajkova, P. et al. (2006) Blimp1 associates with Prmt5 and directs histone arginine methylation in mouse germ cells. Nat. Cell. Biol., 8, 623-630.
6. Anderson, R., Copeland, T.K., Scholer, H. et al. (2000) The onset of germ cell migration in the mouse embryo. Mech. Dev., 91, 61-68.
7. Anderson, R., Fassler, R., Georges-Labouesse, E. et al. (1999) Mouse primordial germ cells lacking beta1 integrins enter the germline but fail to migrate normally to the gonads. Development, 126, 1655-1664.
8. Arnold, S.J., Maretto, S., Islam, A. et al. (2006) Dose-dependent Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 signaling in the early mouse embryo. Dev. Biol., 296, 104-118.
9. Atchison, F.W., Capel, B. and Means, A.R. (2003) Pin1 regulates the timing of mammalian primordial germ cell proliferation. Development, 130, 3579-3586.
10. Baker, T.G. (1972) Gametogenesis. Acta. Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh), 166, 18-41.
11. Baltus, A.E., Menke, D.B., Hu, Y.C. et al. (2006) In germ cells of mouse embryonic ovaries, the decision to enter meiosis precedes premeiotic DNA replication. Nat. Genet., 38, 1430-1434.
12. Bardoni, B., Zanaria, E., Guioli, S. et al. (1994) A dosage sensitive locus at chromosome Xp21 is involved in male to female sex reversal. Nat. Genet., 7, 497-501.
13. Barrionuevo, F., Bagheri-Fam, S., Klattig, J. et al. (2006) Homozygous inactivation of Sox9 causes complete XY sex reversal in mice. Biol. Reprod., 74, 195-201.
14. Behringer, R.R., Cate, R.L., Froelick, G.J. et al. (1990) Abnormal sexual development in transgenic mice chronically expressing mullerian inhibiting substance. Nature, 345, 167-170.
15. Bellve, A.R., Cavicchia, J.C., Millette, C.F. et al. (1977) Spermatogenic cells of the prepuberal mouse. Isolation and morphological characterization. J. Cell. Biol., 74, 68-85.
16. Bendel-Stenzel, M.R., Gomperts, M., Anderson, R. et al. (2000) The role of cadherins during primordial germ cell migration and early gonad formation in the mouse. Mech. Dev., 91, 143-152.
17. Bendsen, E., Byskov, A.G., Laursen, S.B. et al. (2003) Number of germ cells and somatic cells in human fetal testes during the first weeks after sex differentiation. Hum. Reprod., 18, 13-18.
18. Bergeron, L., Perez, G.I., Macdonald, G. et al. (1998) Defects in regulation of apoptosis in caspase-2- deficient mice. Genes. Dev., 12, 1304-1314.
19. Best, D., Sahlender, D.A., Walther, N. et al. (2008) Sdmg1 is a conserved transmembrane protein associated with germ cell sex determination and germline-soma interactions in mice. Development, 135, 1415-1425.
20. Beverdam, A. and Koopman, P. (2006) Expression profiling of purified mouse gonadal somatic cells during the critical time window of sex determination reveals novel candidate genes for human sexual dysgenesis syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet., 15, 417-431.
21. Bitgood, M.J., Shen, L. and Mcmahon, A.P. (1996) Sertoli cell signaling by Desert hedgehog regulates the male germline. Curr. Biol., 6, 298-304.
22. Boldajipour, B. and Raz, E. (2007) What is left behind-quality control in germ cell migration. Sci. STKE, 2007, pe16.
23. Borum, K. (1961) Oogenesis in the mouse. A study of the meiotic prophase. Exp. Cell. Res., 24, 495-507.
24. Bourc'his, D. and Bestor, T.H. (2004) Meiotic catastrophe and retrotransposon reactivation in male germ cells lacking Dnmt3L. Nature, 431, 96-99.
25. Bourc'his, D., Xu, G.L., Lin, C.S. et al. (2001) Dnmt3L and the establishment of maternal genomic imprints. Science, 294, 2536-2539.
26. Bowles, J., Bullejos, M. and Koopman, P. (2000) A subtractive gene expression screen suggests a role for vanin-1 in testis development in mice. Genesis, 27, 124-135.
27. Bowles, J., Knight, D., Smith, C. et al. (2006) Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice. Science, 312, 596-600.
28. Brennan, J. and Capel, B. (2004) One tissue, two fates: molecular genetic events that underlie testis versus ovary development. Nat. Rev. Genet., 5, 509-521.
29. Brennan, J., Karl, J. and Capel, B. (2002) Divergent vascular mechanisms downstream of Sry establish the arterial system in the XY gonad. Dev. Biol., 244, 418-428.
30. Brennan, J., Tilmann, C. and Capel, B. (2003) Pdgfr-alpha mediates testis cord organization and fetal Leydig cell development in the XY gonad. Genes. Dev., 17, 800-810.
31. Brinster, R.L. and Avarbock, M.R. (1994) Germline transmission of donor haplotype following spermatogonial transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11303-11307.
32. Brinster, R.L. and Zimmermann, J.W. (1994) Spermatogenesis following male germ-cell transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 11298-11302.
33. Bristol-Gould, S.K., Kreeger, P.K., Selkirk, C.G. et al. (2006) Fate of the initial follicle pool: empirical and mathematical evidence supporting its sufficiency for adult fertility. Dev. Biol., 298, 149-154.
34. Buehr, M., Gu, S. and McLaren, A. (1993a) Mesonephric contribution to testis differentiation in the fetal mouse. Development, 117, 273-281.
35. Buehr, M., McLaren, A., Bartley,A. and Darling, S. (1993b) Proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells in We/We mouse embryos. Dev. Dyn., 198, 182-189.
36. Bullejos, M., Bowles, J. and Koopman, P. (2002) Extensive vascularization of developing mouse ovaries revealed by caveolin-1 expression. Dev. Dyn., 225, 95-99.
37. Bullejos, M. and Koopman, P. (2001) Spatially dynamic expression of Sry in mouse genital ridges. Dev. Dyn., 221, 201-205.
38. Bullejos, M. and Koopman, P. (2004) Germ cells enter meiosis in a rostro-caudal wave during development of the mouse ovary. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 68, 422-428.
39. Bullejos, M. and Koopman, P. (2005) Delayed Sry and Sox9 expression in developing mouse gonads underlies B6-Y(DOM) sex reversal. Dev. Biol., 278, 473-481.
40. Byskov, A.G. (1978) The anatomy and ultrastructure of the rete system in the fetal mouse ovary. Biol. Reprod., 19, 720-735.
41. Byskov, A.G. (1985) Control of meiosis. A summary. Arch. Anat. Microsc. Morphol. Exp, 74, 17-18.
42. Byskov, A.G. (1986) Differentiation of mammalian embryonic gonad. Physiol. Rev., 66, 71-117.
43. Byskov, A.G., Fenger, M., Westergaard, L. and Andersen, C.Y. (1993) Forskolin and the meiosis inducing substance synergistically initiate meiosis in fetal male germ cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 34, 47-52.
44. Byskov, A.G. and Lintern-Moore, S. (1973) Follicle formation in the immature mouse ovary: the role of the rete ovarii. J. Anat., 116, 207-217.
45. Byskov, A.G. and Saxen, L. (1976) Induction of meiosis in fetal mouse testis in vitro. Dev. Biol., 52, 193-200.
46. Byskov, A.G. and Hoyer, P.E. (1994) Embryology of Mammalian Gonads and Ducts: The Physiology of Reproduction, Raven Press, New York.
47. Cao, X., Bennett, R.L. and May, W.S. (2008) c-Myc and caspase-2 are involved in activating Bax during cytotoxic drug-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem., 283, 14490-14496.
48. Cederroth, C.R., Pitetti, J.L., Papaioannou, M.D. and Nef, S. (2007) Genetic programs that regulate testicular and ovarian development. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 265-266, 3-9.
49. Chaboissier, M.C., Kobayashi, A., Vidal, V.I. et al. (2004) Functional analysis of Sox8 and Sox9 during sex determination in the mouse. Development, 131, 1891-1901.
50. Chambers, I., Silva, J., Colby, D. et al. (2007) Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germline development. Nature, 450, 1230-1234.
51. Chang, C., Holtzman, D.A., Chau, S. et al. (2001a) Twisted gastrulation can function as a BMP antagonist. Nature, 410, 483-487.
52. Chang, H., Lau, A.L. and Matzuk, M.M. (2001b) Studying TGF-beta superfamily signaling by knockouts and knockins. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 180, 39-46.
53. Charpentier, G. and Magre, S. (1990) Masculinizing effect of testes on developing rat ovaries in organ culture. Development, 110, 839-849.
54. Chassot, A.A., Ranc, F., Gregoire, E.P. et al. (2008) Activation of beta-catenin signaling by Rspo1 controls differentiation of the mammalian ovary. Hum. Mol. Genet., 17, 1264-1277.
55. Chemes, H.E. (2001) Infancy is not a quiescent period of testicular development. Int. J. Androl., 24, 2-7.
56. Chiquoine, A.D. (1954) The identification, origin, and migration of the primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. Anat. Rec., 118, 135-146.
57. Chuma, S. and Nakatsuji, N. (2001) Autonomous transition into meiosis of mouse fetal germ cells in vitro and its inhibition by gp130-mediated signaling. Dev. Biol., 229, 468-479.
58. Clark, A.M., Garland, K.K. and Russell, L.D. (2000) Desert hedgehog (Dhh) gene is required in the mouse testis for formation of adult-type Leydig cells and normal development of peritubular cells and seminiferous tubules. Biol. Reprod., 63, 1825-1838.
59. Clark, J.M. and Eddy, E.M. (1975) Fine structural observations on the origin and associations of primordial germ cells of the mouse. Dev. Biol., 47, 136-155.
60. Cohen, J.J. (1995) Exponential growth in apoptosis. Immunol. Today, 16, 346-348.
61. Collier, B., Gorgoni, B., Loveridge, C. et al. (2005) The DAZL family proteins are PABP-binding proteins that regulate translation in germ cells. EMBO J., 24, 2656-2666.
62. Colvin, J.S., Green, R.P., Schmahl, J. et al. (2001) Male-to-female sex reversal in mice lacking fibroblast growth factor 9. Cell, 104, 875-889.
63. Combes, A.N., Wilhelm, D., Davidson, T. et al. (2009) Endothelial cell migration directs testis cord formation. Dev. Biol., 326, 112-120.
64. Cooke, H.J. and Saunders, P.T. (2002) Mouse models of male infertility. Nat. Rev. Genet., 3, 790-801.
65. Cooke, J.E., Heasman, J. andWylie, C.C. (1996) The role of interleukin-4 in the regulation of mouse primordial germ cell numbers. Dev. Biol., 174, 14-21.
66. Cool, J., Carmona, F.D., Szucsik, J.C. and Capel, B. (2008) Peritubular myoid cells are not the migrating population required for testis cord formation in the XY gonad. Sex. Dev., 2, 128-133.
67. Cory, A.T., Boyer, A., Pilon, N. et al. (2007) Presumptive pre-Sertoli cells express genes involved in cell proliferation and cell signalling during a critical window in early testis differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 74, 1491-1504.
68. Coucouvanis, E.C., Sherwood, S.W., Carswell-Crumpton, C. et al. (1993) Evidence that the mechanism of prenatal germ cell death in the mouse is apoptosis. Exp. Cell. Res., 209, 238-247.
69. Coveney, D., Cool, J., Oliver, T. and Capel, B. (2008) Four-dimensional analysis of vascularization during primary development of an organ, the gonad. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 7212-7217.
70. Crisponi, L., Deiana, M., Loi, A. et al. (2001) The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome. Nat. Genet., 27, 159-166.
71. Davis, T.L., Yang, G.J., Mccarrey, J.R. and Bartolomei, M.S. (2000) The H19 methylation imprint is erased and re-established differentially on the parental alleles during male germ cell development. Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 2885-2894.
72. De Baere, E., Dixon, M.J., Small, K.W. et al. (2001) Spectrum of FOXL2 gene mutations in blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus (BPES) families demonstrates a genotype-phenotype correlation. Hum. Mol. Genet., 10, 1591-1600.
73. De Felici, M. (2000) Regulation of primordial germ cell development in the mouse. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 44, 575-580.
74. De Felici, M., Dolci, S. and Pesce, M. (1992) Cellular and molecular aspects of mouse primordial germ cell migration and proliferation in culture. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 36, 205-213.
75. De Felici, M., Lobascio, A.M. and Klinger, F.G. (2008) Cell death in fetal oocytes: many players for multiple pathways. Autophagy, 4, 240-242.
76. Di Carlo, A. and De Felici, M. (2000) A role for E-cadherin in mouse primordial germ cell development. Dev. Biol., 226, 209-219.
77. DiNapoli, L., Batchvarov, J. and Capel, B. (2006) FGF9 promotes survival of germ cells in the fetal testis. Development, 133, 1519-1527.
78. Dobson, M.J., Pearlman, R.E., Karaiskakis, A. et al. (1994) Synaptonemal complex proteins: occurrence, epitope mapping and chromosome disjunction. J. Cell. Sci., 107 (Pt 10), 2749-2760.
79. Dong, J., Albertini, D.F., Nishimori, K. et al. (1996) Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis. Nature, 383, 531-535.
80. Donovan, P.J., Stott, D., Cairns, L.A. et al. (1986) Migratory and postmigratory mouse primordial germ cells behave differently in culture. Cell, 44, 831-838.
81. Eddy, E.M., O'Brien, D.A., Knobil, E. and Neill, J.D. (eds) (1994) The Physiology of Reproduction, Raven Press Ltd, New York.
82. Elvin, J.A., Clark, A.T., Wang, P. et al. (1999) Paracrine actions of growth differentiation factor-9 in the mammalian ovary. Mol. Endocrinol., 13, 1035-1048.
83. Enders, G.C. and May, J.J. 2nd (1994) Developmentally regulated expression of a mouse germ cell nuclear antigen examined from embryonic day 11 to adult in male and female mice. Dev. Biol., 163, 331-340.
84. Eppig, J.J. (2001) Oocyte control of ovarian follicular development and function in mammals. Reproduction, 122, 829-838.
85. Erickson, G.F., Magoffin, D.A., Dyer, C.A. and Hofeditz, C. (1985) The ovarian androgen producing cells: a review of structure/function relationships. Endocr. Rev., 6, 371-399.
86. Flaws, J.A., Hirshfield, A.N., Hewitt, J.A. et al. (2001) Effect of bcl-2 on the primordial follicle endowment in the mouse ovary. Biol. Reprod., 64, 1153-1159.
87. Ford, C.E., Evans, E.P., Burtenshaw, M.D. et al. (1975) A functional 'sex-reversed' oocyte in the mouse. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 190, 187-197.
88. Foster, J.W., Dominguez-Steglich, M.A., Guioli, S. et al. (1994) Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene. Nature, 372, 525-530.
89. Fox, N., Damjanov, I., Martinez-Hernandez, A. et al. (1981) Immunohistochemical localization of the early embryonic antigen (SSEA-1) in postimplantation mouse embryos and fetal and adult tissues. Dev. Biol., 83, 391-398.
90. Fraser, H.M. (2006) Regulation of the ovarian follicular vasculature. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 4, 18.
91. Frojdman, K., Paranko, J., Kuopio, T. and Pelliniemi, L.J. (1989) Structural proteins in sexual differentiation of embryonic gonads. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 33, 99-103.
92. Frojdman, K., Paranko, J.,Virtanen, I. and Pelliniemi, L.J. (1992) Intermediate filaments and epithelial differentiation of male rat embryonic gonad. Differentiation, 50, 113-123.
93. Galloway, S.M., Mcnatty, K.P., Cambridge, L.M. et al. (2000) Mutations in an oocyte-derived growth factor gene (BMP15) cause increased ovulation rate and infertility in a dosage-sensitive manner. Nat. Genet., 25, 279-283.
94. Garcia-Castro, M.I., Anderson, R., Heasman, J. andWylie, C. (1997) Interactions between germ cells and extracellular matrix glycoproteins during migration and gonad assembly in the mouse embryo. J. Cell Biol., 138, 471-480.
95. Ginsburg, M., Snow, M.H. and McLaren, A. (1990) Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation. Development, 110, 521-528.
96. Gobel, U., Schneider, D.T., Calaminus, G. et al. (2000) Germ-cell tumors in childhood and adolescence. GPOH MAKEI and the MAHO study groups. Ann. Oncol., 11, 263-271.
97. Godin, I., Wylie, C. and Heasman, J. (1990) Genital ridges exert long-range effects on mouse primordial germ cell numbers and direction of migration in culture. Development, 108, 357-363.
98. Godin, I. and Wylie, C.C. (1991) TGF beta 1 inhibits proliferation and has a chemotropic effect on mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Development, 113, 1451-1457.
99. Gomperts, M., Garcia-Castro, M.,Wylie, C. and Heasman, J. (1994) Interactions between primordial germ cells play a role in their migration in mouse embryos. Development, 120, 135-141.
100. Gougeon, A. (1996) Regulation of ovarian follicular development in primates: facts and hypotheses. Endocr. Rev., 17, 121-155.
101. Guigon, C.J., Coudouel, N., Mazaud-Guittot, S. et al. (2005) Follicular cells acquire sertoli cell characteristics after oocyte loss. Endocrinology, 146, 2992-3004.
102. Guigon, C.J. and Magre, S. (2006) Contribution of germ cells to the differentiation and maturation of the ovary: insights from models of germ cell depletion. Biol. Reprod., 74, 450-458.
103. Hadley, M.A., Byers, S.W., Suarez-Quian, C.A. et al. (1985) Extracellular matrix regulates Sertoli cell differentiation, testicular cord formation, and germ cell development in vitro. J. Cell Biol., 101, 1511-1522.
104. Hajkova, P., Erhardt, S., Lane, N. et al. (2002) Epigenetic reprogramming in mouse primordial germ cells. Mech. Dev., 117, 15-23.
105. Hakala, M.T. (1959) Mode of action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on mammalian cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem., 234, 3072-3076.
106. Hanley, N.A., Hagan, D.M., Clement-Jones, M. et al. (2000) SRY, SOX9, and DAX1 expression patterns during human sex determination and gonadal development. Mech. Dev., 91, 403-407.
107. Hara, T., Tamura, K., de Miguel, M.P. et al. (1998) Distinct roles of oncostatin M and leukemia inhibitory factor in the development of primordial germ cells and sertoli cells in mice. Dev. Biol., 201, 144-153.
108. Harley, V.R., Jackson, D.I., Hextall, P.J. et al. (1992) DNA binding activity of recombinant SRY from normal males and XY females. Science, 255, 453-456.
109. Hata, K., Okano, M., Lei, H. and Li, E. (2002) Dnmt3L cooperates with the Dnmt3 family of de novo DNA methyltransferases to establish maternal imprints in mice. Development, 129, 1983-1993.
110. Hayashi, K., de Sousa Lopes, S.M. and Surani, M.A. (2007) Germ cell specification in mice. Science, 316, 394-396.
111. Hayashi, K.,Kobayashi, T., Umino,T. et al. (2002)SMAD1signaling is critical for initial commitment of germ cell lineage from mouse epiblast. Mech. Dev., 118, 99-109.
112. Heller, C.G. and Clermont, Y. (1963) Spermatogenesis in man: an estimate of its duration. Science, 140, 184-186.
113. Hendzel, M.J., Wei, Y., Mancini, M.A. et al. (1997) Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of histone H3 initiates primarily within pericentromeric heterochromatin during G2 and spreads in an ordered fashion coincident with mitotic chromosome condensation. Chromosoma, 106, 348-360.
114. Heyting, C., Dettmers, R.J., Dietrich, A.J. et al. (1988) Two major components of synaptonemal complexes are specific for meiotic prophase nuclei. Chromosoma, 96, 325-332.
115. Hilscher, B., Hilscher,W., Bulthoff-Ohnolz, B. et al. (1974) Kinetics of gametogenesis. I. Comparative histological and autoradiographic studies of oocytes and transitional prospermatogonia during oogenesis and prespermatogenesis. Cell Tissue Res., 154, 443-470.
116. Hirshfield, A.N. (1991) Development of follicles in the mammalian ovary. Int. Rev. Cytol., 124, 43-101.
117. Hirshfield, A.N. (1992) Heterogeneity of cell populations that contribute to the formation of primordial follicles in rats. Biol. Reprod., 47, 466-472.
118. Hsieh, M., Johnson, M.A., Greenberg, N.M. and Richards, J.S. (2002) Regulated expression of Wnts and Frizzleds at specific stages of follicular development in the rodent ovary. Endocrinology, 143, 898-908.
119. Hunt, S.E. and Mittwoch, U. (1987)Y-chromosomal and other factors in the development of testis size in mice. Genet. Res., 50, 205-211.
120. Ikeda, Y., Swain, A., Weber, T.J. et al. (1996) Steroidogenic factor 1 and Dax-1 colocalize in multiple cell lineages: potential links in endocrine development. Mol. Endocrinol., 10, 1261-1272.
121. Ikeda,Y., Takeda,Y., Shikayama, T. et al. (2001) Comparative localization of Dax-1 and Ad4BP/SF-1 during development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis suggests their closely related and distinct functions. Dev. Dyn., 220, 363-376.
122. Jager, R.J., Harley, V.R., Pfeiffer, R.A. et al. (1992) A familial mutation in the testis-determining gene SRY shared by both sexes. Hum. Genet., 90, 350-355.
123. Jamieson, R.V., Zhou, S.X., Wheatley, S.C. et al. (1998) Sertoli cell differentiation andY-chromosome activity: a developmental study of X-linked transgene activity in sex-reversed X/XSxra mouse embryos. Dev. Biol., 199, 235-244.
124. Jaruzelska, J., Kotecki, M., Kusz, K. et al. (2003) Conservation of a Pumilio-Nanos complex from Drosophila germ plasm to human germ cells. Dev. Genes. Evol., 213, 120-126.
125. Jeays-Ward, K., Dandonneau, M. and Swain, A. (2004) Wnt4 is required for proper male as well as female sexual development. Dev. Biol., 276, 431-440.
126. Jeays-Ward, K., Hoyle, C., Brennan, J. et al. (2003) Endothelial and steroidogenic cell migration are regulated by WNT4 in the developing mammalian gonad. Development, 130, 3663-3670.
127. Jeske, Y.W., Bowles, J., Greenfield, A. andKoopman, P. (1995) Expression of a linear Sry transcript in the mouse genital ridge. Nat. Genet., 10, 480-482.
128. Jho, E.H., Zhang, T., Domon, C. et al. (2002) Wnt/beta-catenin/Tcf signaling induces the transcription of Axin2, a negative regulator of the signaling pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol., 22, 1172-1183.
129. Jue, K., Bestor, T.H. and Trasler, J.M. (1995) Regulated synthesis and localization of DNA methyltransferase during spermatogenesis. Biol. Reprod., 53, 561-569.
130. Kanatsu-Shinohara, M. and Shinohara, T. (2006) The germ of pluripotency. Nat. Biotechnol., 24, 663-664.
131. Kaneda, M., Okano, M., Hata, K. et al. (2004) Essential role for de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in paternal and maternal imprinting. Nature, 429, 900-903.
132. Karl, J. and Capel, B. (1998) Sertoli cells of the mouse testis originate from the coelomic epithelium. Dev. Biol., 203, 323-333.
133. Kawase, E., Hashimoto, K. and Pedersen, R.A. (2004) Autocrine and paracrine mechanisms regulating primordial germ cell proliferation. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 68, 5-16.
134. Kent, J., Wheatley, S.C., Andrews, J.E. et al. (1996) A male-specific role for SOX9 in vertebrate sex determination. Development, 122, 2813-2822.
135. Kezele, P.R., Nilsson, E.E. and Skinner, M.K. (2002) Insulin but not insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 192, 37-43.
136. Kim, K.A., Zhao, J., Andarmani, S. et al. (2006a) R-Spondin proteins: a novel link to beta-catenin activation. Cell Cycle, 5, 23-26.
137. Kim,Y., Kobayashi, A., Sekido, R. et al. (2006b) Fgf9 and Wnt4 act as antagonistic signals to regulate mammalian sex determination. PLoS Biol., 4, e187.
138. Kimura, T., Yomogida, K., Iwai, N. et al. (1999) Molecular cloning and genomic organization of mouse homologue of Drosophila germ cell-less and its expression in germ lineage cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 262, 223-230.
139. Klink, A., Lee, M. and Cooke, H.J. (1997) The mouse synaptosomal complex protein gene Sycp3 maps to band C of chromosome 10. Mamm. Genome., 8, 376-377.
140. Konishi, I., Fujii, S., Okamura, H. et al. (1986) Development of interstitial cells and ovigerous cords in the human fetal ovary: an ultrastructural study. J. Anat., 148, 121-135.
141. Koopman, P., Gubbay, J., Vivian, N. et al. (1991) Male development of chromosomally female mice transgenic for Sry. Nature, 351, 117-121.
142. Koubova, J., Menke, D.B., Zhou, Q. et al. (2006) Retinoic acid regulates sex-specific timing of meiotic initiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 2474-2479.
143. Kurita, T., Cunha, G.R., Robboy, S.J. et al. (2005) Differential expression of p63 isoforms in female reproductive organs. Mech. Dev., 122, 1043-1055.
144. Kurohmaru, M., Kanai,Y. and Hayashi,Y. (1992)Acytological and cytoskeletal comparison of Sertoli cells without germ cell and those with germ cells using the W/WV mutant mouse. Tissue. Cell, 24, 895-903.
145. Lawson, K.A. and Hage, W.J. (1994) Clonal analysis of the origin of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Ciba. Found. Symp., 182, 68-84. Discussion 84-91.
146. Li, J.Y., Lees-Murdock, D.J., Xu, G.L. and Walsh, C.P. (2004) Timing of establishment of paternal methylation imprints in the mouse. Genomics, 84, 952-960.
147. Little, M.H., Brennan, J., Georgas, K. et al. (2007) A high-resolution anatomical ontology of the developing murine genitourinary tract. Gene. Expr. Patterns., 7, 680-699.
148. Liu, C.F., Bingham, N., Parker, K. and Yao, H.H. (2009) Sex-specific roles of beta-catenin in mouse gonadal development. Hum. Mol. Genet., 18, 405-417.
149. Livera, G., Petre-Lazar, B., Guerquin, M.J. et al. (2008) p63 null mutation protects mouse oocytes from radio-induced apoptosis. Reproduction, 135, 3-12.
150. Loffler, K.A., Zarkower, D. and Koopman, P. (2003) Etiology of ovarian failure in blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome: FOXL2 is a conserved, early-acting gene in vertebrate ovarian development. Endocrinology, 144, 3237-3243.
151. Lu, K.P., Hanes, S.D. and Hunter,T. (1996)Ahuman peptidyl-prolyl isomerase essential for regulation of mitosis. Nature, 380, 544-547.
152. Ludbrook, L.M. and Harley, V.R. (2004) Sex determination: a 'window' of DAX1 activity. Trends. Endocrinol. Metab., 15, 116-121.
153. Lyet, L., Louis, F., Forest,M.G. et al. (1995) Ontogeny of reproductive abnormalities induced by deregulation of anti-mullerian hormone expression in transgenic mice. Biol. Reprod., 52, 444-454.
154. Maatouk, D.M., DiNapoli, L., Alvers, A. et al. (2008) Stabilization of beta-catenin in XY gonads causes male-to-female sex-reversal. Hum. Mol. Genet., 17, 2949-2955.
155. Maatouk, D.M.,Kellam, L.D., Mann, M.R. et al. (2006)DNAmethylation is a primary mechanism for silencing postmigratory primordial germ cell genes in both germ cell and somatic cell lineages. Development, 133, 3411-3418.
156. MacGregor, G.R., Zambrowicz, B.P. and Soriano, P. (1995) Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase is expressed in both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages during mouse embryogenesis but is not required for migration of primordial germ cells. Development, 121, 1487-1496.
157. Magoffin, D.A. (2005) Ovarian theca cell. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol, 37, 1344-1349.
158. Manova, K. and Bachvarova, R.F. (1991) Expression of c-kit encoded at the W locus of mice in developing embryonic germ cells and presumptive melanoblasts. Dev. Biol., 146, 312-324.
159. Martineau, J., Nordqvist, K., Tilmann, C. et al. (1997) Male-specific cell migration into the developing gonad. Curr. Biol., 7, 958-968.
160. Masuhara, M., Nagao, K., Nishikawa, M. et al. (2003) Enhanced degradation of MDM2 by a nuclear envelope component, mouse germ cell-less. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 308, 927-932.
161. Matsui, Y. (1992) [Regulation of murine primordial germ cell (PGC) growth by peptide growth factors]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan. Koso., 37, 2935-2946.
162. Matsui, Y. (1998) Developmental fates of the mouse germ cell line. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 42, 1037-1042.
163. Matsui, Y., Toksoz, D., Nishikawa, S. et al. (1991) Effect of Steel factor and leukaemia inhibitory factor on murine primordial germ cells in culture. Nature, 353, 750-752.
164. Mazaud, S., Guigon, C.J., Lozach, A. et al. (2002) Establishment of the reproductive function and transient fertility of female rats lacking primordial follicle stock after fetal gamma-irradiation. Endocrinology, 143, 4775-4787.
165. Mazaud, S., Guyot, R., Guigon, C.J. et al. (2005) Basal membrane remodeling during follicle histogenesis in the rat ovary: contribution of proteinases of the MMP and PA families. Dev. Biol., 277, 403-416.
166. McCaffery, P., Wagner, E., O'Neil, J. et al. (1999) Dorsal and ventral rentinoic territories defined by retinoic acid synthesis, break-down and nuclear receptor expression. Mech. Dev., 85, 203-214.
167. McClellan, K.A., Gosden, R. and Taketo, T. (2003) Continuous loss of oocytes throughout meiotic prophase in the normal mouse ovary. Dev. Biol., 258, 334-348.
168. McElreavey, K., Vilain, E., Abbas, N. et al. (1993) A regulatory cascade hypothesis for mammalian sex determination: SRY represses a negative regulator of male development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 3368-3372.
169. McGee, E.A. and Hsueh, A.J. (2000) Initial and cyclic recruitment of ovarian follicles. Endocr. Rev., 21, 200-214.
170. McLaren, A. (1981) The fate of germ cells in the testis of fetal Sex-reversed mice. J. Reprod. Fertil., 61, 461-467.
171. McLaren, A. (1983a) Primordial germ cells in mice. Bibl. Anat., 24, 59-66.
172. McLaren, A. (1983b) Studies on mouse germ cells inside and outside the gonad. J. Exp. Zool., 228, 167-171.
173. McLaren, A. (1984) Meiosis and differentiation of mouse germ cells. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 38, 7-23.
174. McLaren, A. (1988) Somatic and germ-cell sex in mammals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 322, 3-9.
175. McLaren, A. (2000) Germ and somatic cell lineages in the developing gonad. Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 163, 3-9.
176. McLaren, A. (2003) Primordial germ cells in the mouse. Dev. Biol., 262, 1-15.
177. McLaren, A. and Buehr,M. (1990) Development of mouse germ cells in cultures of fetal gonads. Cell Differ. Dev., 31, 185-195.
178. McLaren, A. and Monk, M. (1981) X-chromosome activity in the germ cells of sex-reversed mouse embryos. J. Reprod Fertil., 63, 533-537.
179. McLaren, A. and Southee, D. (1997) Entry of mouse embryonic germ cells into meiosis. Dev. Biol., 187, 107-113.
180. McLean, K.J., Girvan, H.M. and Munro, A.W. (2007) Cytochrome P450/redox partner fusion enzymes: biotechnological and toxicological prospects. Expert. Opin. Drug. Metab. Toxicol, 3, 847-863.
181. Menke, D.B., Koubova, J. and Page, D.C. (2003) Sexual differentiation of germ cells in XX mouse gonads occurs in an anterior-to-posterior wave. Dev. Biol., 262, 303-312.
182. Menke, D.B. and Page, D.C. (2002) Sexually dimorphic gene expression in the developing mouse gonad. Gene. Expr. Patterns, 2, 359-367.
183. Merchant, H. (1975) Rat gonadal and ovarian organogenesis with and without germ cells. An ultrastructural study. Dev. Biol., 44, 1-21.
184. Merchant-Larios, H. and Centeno, B. (1981) Morphogenesis of the ovary from the sterile W/Wv mouse. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 59B, 383-392.
185. Merchant-Larios, H., Moreno-Mendoza, N. and Buehr,M. (1993) The role of the mesonephros in cell differentiation and morphogenesis of the mouse fetal testis. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 37, 407-415.
186. Mintz, B. and Russell, E.S. (1957) Gene-induced embryological modifications of primordial germ cells in the mouse. J. Exp. Zool., 134, 207-237.
187. Mitchell, C.L. and Harley, V.R. (2002) Biochemical defects in eight SRY missense mutations causing XY gonadal dysgenesis. Mol. Genet. Metab., 77, 217-225.
188. Mittwoch, U., Delhanty, J.D. and Beck, F. (1969) Growth of differentiating testes and ovaries. Nature, 224, 1323-1325.
189. Mittwoch, U. and Mahadevaiah, S. (1980) Additional growth-a link between mammalian testes, avian ovaries, gonadal asymmetry in hermaphrodites and the expression of H-Yantigen. Growth, 44, 287-300.
190. Molyneaux, K.A., Stallock, J., Schaible, K. andWylie, C. (2001) Time-lapse analysis of living mouse germ cell migration. Dev. Biol., 240, 488-498.
191. Molyneaux, K.A., Zinszner, H., Kunwar, P.S. et al. (2003) The chemokine SDF1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate mouse germ cell migration and survival. Development, 130, 4279-4286.
192. Monk, M. and McLaren, A. (1981) X-chromosome activity in foetal germ cells of the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 63, 75-84.
193. Morais da Silva, S., Hacker, A., Harley, V. et al. (1996) Sox9 expression during gonadal development implies a conserved role for the gene in testis differentiation in mammals and birds. Nat. Genet., 14, 62-68.
194. Morita, Y., Perez, G.I., Maravei, D.V. et al. (1999) Targeted expression of Bcl-2 in mouse oocytes inhibits ovarian follicle atresia and prevents spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced oocyte apoptosis in vitro. Mol. Endocrinol., 13, 841-850.
195. Nagamine, C.M. and Carlisle, C. (1996) The dominant white spotting oncogene allele Kit(W-42J) exacerbates XY(DOM) sex reversal. Development, 122, 3597-3605.
196. Nagamine, C.M., Michot, J.L., Roberts, C. et al. (1987) Linkage of the murine steroid sulfatase locus, Sts, to sex reversed, Sxr: a genetic and molecular analysis. Nucleic. Acids. Res., 15, 9227-9238.
197. Nakatsuji, N. and Chuma, S. (2001) Differentiation of mouse primordial germ cells into female or male germ cells. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 45, 541-548.
198. Natoli, T.A., Alberta, J.A., Bortvin, A. et al. (2004) Wt1 functions in the development of germ cells in addition to somatic cell lineages of the testis. Dev. Biol., 268, 429-440.
199. Nef, S., Schaad, O., Stallings, N.R. et al. (2005) Gene expression during sex determination reveals a robust female genetic program at the onset of ovarian development. Dev. Biol., 287, 361-377.
200. Nef, S., Verma-Kurvari, S., Merenmies, J. et al. (2003) Testis determination requires insulin receptor family function in mice. Nature, 426, 291-295.
201. Nekola, M.V. and Nalbandov, A.V. (1971) Morphological changes of rat follicular cells as influenced by oocytes. Biol. Reprod., 4, 154-160.
202. Niederreither, K., Fraulob, V., Garnier, J.M. et al. (2002) Differential expression of retinoic acidsynthesizing (RALDH) enzymes during fetal development and organ differentiation in the mouse. Mech. Dev., 110, 165-171.
203. Nishino, K., Yamanouchi, K., Naito, K. and Tojo, H. (2001) Characterization of mesonephric cells that migrate into the XY gonad during testis differentiation. Exp. Cell. Res., 267, 225-232.
204. Noce, T., Okamoto-Ito, S. and Tsunekawa, N. (2001) Vasa homolog genes in mammalian germ cell development. Cell. Struct. Funct., 26, 131-136.
205. Novak, I., Lightfoot, D.A., Wang, H. et al. (2006) Mouse embryonic stem cells form follicle-like ovarian structures but do not progress through meiosis. Stem. Cells, 24, 1931-1936.
206. Odor, D.L. and Blandau, R.J. (1969) Ultrastructural studies on fetal and early postnatal mouse ovaries. I. Histogenesis and organogenesis. Am. J. Anat., 124, 163-186.
207. Ohinata, Y., Payer, B., O'carroll, D. et al. (2005) Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice. Nature, 436, 207-213.
208. Ohno, S. and Smith, J.B. (1964) Role of fetal follicular cells in meiosis of mammalian oocytes. Cytogenetics, 13, 324-333.
209. Orth, J.M., Gunsalus, G.L. and Lamperti, A.A. (1988) Evidence from Sertoli cell-depleted rats indicates that spermatid number in adults depends on numbers of Sertoli cells produced during perinatal development. Endocrinology, 122, 787-794.
210. Ostrer, H., Huang, H.Y., Masch, R.J. and Shapiro, E. (2007) A cellular study of human testis development. Sex Dev., 1, 286-292.
211. Ottolenghi, C., Omari, S., Garcia-Ortiz, J.E. et al. (2005) Foxl2 is required for commitment to ovary differentiation. Hum. Mol. Genet., 14, 2053-2062.
212. Ottolenghi, C., Pelosi, E., Tran, J. et al. (2007) Loss of Wnt4 and Foxl2 leads to female-to-male sex reversal extending to germ cells. Hum. Mol. Genet., 16, 2795-2804.
213. Oulad-Abdelghani, M., Bouillet, P., Decimo, D. et al. (1996) Characterization of a premeiotic germ cell-specific cytoplasmic protein encoded by Stra8, a novel retinoic acid-responsive gene. J. Cell Biol., 135, 469-477.
214. Pailhoux, E., Vigier, B., Chaffaux, S. et al. (2001) A 11.7-kb deletion triggers intersexuality and polledness in goats. Nat. Genet., 29, 453-458.
215. Palmer, S.J. and Burgoyne, P.S. (1991a) In situ analysis of fetal, prepuberal and adult XX-XY chimaeric mouse testes: Sertoli cells are predominantly, but not exclusively,XY. Development, 112, 265-268.
216. Palmer, S.J. and Burgoyne, P.S. (1991b) XY follicle cells in the ovaries of XO/XYand XO/XY/XYY mosaic mice. Development, 111, 1017-1019.
217. Parameswaran, M. and Tam, P.P. (1995) Regionalisation of cell fate and morphogenetic movement of the mesoderm during mouse gastrulation. Dev. Genet., 17, 16-28.
218. Paranko, J. (1987) Expression of type I and III collagen during morphogenesis of fetal rat testis and ovary. Anat. Rec., 219, 91-101.
219. Parma, P., Radi, O., Vidal, V. et al. (2006) R-spondin1 is essential in sex determination, skin differentiation and malignancy. Nat. Genet., 38, 1304-1309.
220. Pedersen, T. and Peters, H. (1968) Proposal for a classification of oocytes and follicles in the mouse ovary. J. Reprod. Fertil., 17, 555-557.
221. Pelliniemi, L.J. (1975) Ultrastructure of the early ovary and testis in pig embryos. Am. J. Anat., 144, 89-111.
222. Pelliniemi, L.J., Paranko, J., Grund, S.K. et al. (1984) Extracellular matrix in testicular differentiation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 438, 405-416.
223. Pepling, M.E. (2006) From primordial germ cell to primordial follicle: mammalian female germ cell development. Genesis, 44, 622-632.
224. Pepling, M.E. and Spradling, A.C. (1998) Female mouse germ cells form synchronously dividing cysts. Development, 125, 3323-3328.
225. Pepling, M.E. and Spradling, A.C. (2001) Mouse ovarian germ cell cysts undergo programmed breakdown to form primordial follicles. Dev. Biol., 234, 339-351.
226. Perez, G.I., Robles, R., Knudson, C.M. et al. (1999) Prolongation of ovarian lifespan into advanced chronological age by Bax-deficiency. Nat. Genet., 21, 200-203.
227. Peters, H. (1969) The development of the mouse ovary from birth to maturity. Acta. Endocrinol. (Copenh), 62, 98-116.
228. Petre-Lazar, B., Livera, G., Moreno, S.G. et al. (2007) The role of p63 in germ cell apoptosis in the developing testis. J. Cell. Physiol., 210, 87-98.
229. Phelan, J.K. and McCabe, E.R. (2001) Mutations in NR0B1 (DAX1) andNR5A1(SF1) responsible for adrenal hypoplasia congenita. Hum. Mutat., 18, 472-487.
230. Pierucci-Alves, F., Clark, A.M. and Russell, L.D. (2001) A developmental study of the Desert hedgehog-null mouse testis. Biol. Reprod., 65, 1392-1402.
231. Pittman, D.L.,Cobb, J., Schimenti,K.J. et al. (1998)Meiotic prophase arrestwith failure of chromosome synapsis in mice deficient for Dmc1, a germline-specific RecA homolog. Mol. Cell, 1, 697-705.
232. Pontiggia, A., Rimini, R., Harley, V.R. et al. (1994) Sex-reversing mutations affect the architecture of SRY-DNA complexes. EMBO J., 13, 6115-6124.
233. Rajah, R., Glaser, E.M. and Hirshfield, A.N. (1992) The changing architecture of the neonatal rat ovary during histogenesis. Dev. Dyn., 194, 177-192.
234. Rajkovic, A., Pangas, S.A., Ballow, D. et al. (2004)NOBOXdeficiency disrupts early folliculogenesis and oocyte-specific gene expression. Science, 305, 1157-1159.
235. Ratts,V.S., Flaws, J.A.,Kolp, R. et al. (1995) Ablation of bcl-2 gene expression decreases the numbers of oocytes and primordial follicles established in the post-natal female mouse gonad. Endocrinology, 136, 3665-3668.
236. Reijntjes, S., Blentic, A., Gale, E. and Maden, M. (2005) The control of morphogen signalling: regulation of the synthesis and catabolismof retinoic acid in the developing embryo. Dev. Biol., 285, 224-237.
237. Resnick, J.L., Bixler, L.S., Cheng, L. and Donovan, P.J. (1992) Long-term proliferation of mouse primordial germ cells in culture. Nature, 359, 550-551.
238. Resnick, J.L., Ortiz, M., Keller, J.R. and Donovan, P.J. (1998) Role of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in mouse primordial germ cell growth. Biol. Reprod., 59, 1224-1229.
239. Rosselot, C., Kierszenbaum, A.L., Rivkin, E. and Tres, L.L. (2003) Chronological gene expression of ADAMs during testicular development: prespermatogonia (gonocytes) express fertilin beta (ADAM2). Dev. Dyn., 227, 458-467.
240. Rucker, E.B. 3rd, Dierisseau, P., Wagner, K.U. et al. (2000) Bcl-x and Bax regulate mouse primordial germ cell survival and apoptosis during embryogenesis. Mol. Endocrinol., 14, 1038-1052.
241. Saitou, M., Barton, S.C. and Surani, M.A. (2002)Amolecular programme for the specification of germ cell fate in mice. Nature, 418, 293-300.
242. Sasaki, H. and Matsui, Y. (2008) Epigenetic events in mammalian germ-cell development: reprogramming and beyond. Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 129-140.
243. Sato, M., Kimura, T., Kurokawa, K. et al. (2002) Identification of PGC7, a new gene expressed specifically in preimplantation embryos and germ cells. Mech. Dev., 113, 91-94.
244. Sato, S., Kobayashi, T., Hotta, Y. and Tabata, S. (1995) Characterization of a mouse recA-like gene specifically expressed in testis. DNA. Res., 2, 147-150.
245. Saunders, P.T., Turner, J.M., Ruggiu, M. et al. (2003) Absence of mDazl produces a final block on germ cell development at meiosis. Reproduction, 126, 589-597.
246. Schmahl, J., Eicher, E.M., Washburn, L.L. and Capel, B. (2000) Sry induces cell proliferation in the mouse gonad. Development, 127, 65-73.
247. Schmahl, J., Yao, H.H., Pierucci-Alves, F. and Capel, B. (2003) Colocalization of WT1 and cell proliferation reveals conserved mechanisms in temperature-dependent sex determination. Genesis, 35, 193-201.
248. Schmidt, D.,Ovitt, C.E.,Anlag,K. et al. (2004) Themurinewinged-helix transcription factor Foxl2 is required for granulosa cell differentiation and ovary maintenance. Development, 131, 933-942.
249. Schmitt-Ney, M., Thiele, H., Kaltwasser, P. et al. (1995) Two novel SRY missense mutations reducingDNAbinding identified inXYfemales and their mosaic fathers.Am. J. Hum.Genet., 56, 862-869.
250. Schneider, D.T., Schuster, A.E., Fritsch, M.K. et al. (2001) Genetic analysis of childhood germ cell tumors with comparative genomic hybridization. Klin. Padiatr., 213, 204-211.
251. Scholer, H.R., Ruppert, S., Suzuki, N. et al. (1990) New type of POU domain in germ line-specific protein Oct-4. Nature, 344, 435-439.
252. Scholzen, T., Endl, E.,Wohlenberg, C. et al. (2002) The Ki-67 protein interacts with members of the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family: a potential role in the regulation of higher-order chromatin structure. J. Pathol., 196, 135-144.
253. Sekido, R., Bar, I., Narvaez, V. et al. (2004) SOX9 is up-regulated by the transient expression of SRY specifically in Sertoli cell precursors. Dev. Biol., 274, 271-279.
254. Sekido, R. and Lovell-Badge, R. (2008) Sex determination involves synergistic action of SRYand SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer. Nature, 453, 930-934.
255. Setchell, B.P. and Main, S.J. (1978) Drugs and the blood-testis barrier. Environ. Health. Perspect., 24, 61-64.
256. Seydoux, G. and Braun, R.E. (2006) Pathway to totipotency: lessons from germ cells. Cell, 127, 891-904.
257. Sharpe, R.M., Millar, M. and Mckinnell, C. (1993) Relative roles of testosterone and the germ cell complement in determining stage-dependent changes in protein secretion by isolated rat seminiferous tubules. Int. J. Androl., 16, 71-81.
258. Sinclair, A.H., Berta, P., Palmer, M.S. et al. (1990) A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature, 346, 240-244.
259. Skinner, M.K., Tung, P.S. and Fritz, I.B. (1985) Cooperativity between Sertoli cells and testicular peritubular cells in the production and deposition of extracellular matrix components. J. Cell. Biol., 100, 1941-1947.
260. Soyal, S.M., Amleh, A. and Dean, J. (2000) FIGalpha, a germ cell-specific transcription factor required for ovarian follicle formation. Development, 127, 4645-4654.
261. Speed, R.M. (1982) Meiosis in the foetal mouse ovary. I. An analysis at the light microscope level using surface-spreading. Chromosoma, 85, 427-437.
262. Stebler, J., Spieler, D., Slanchev, K. et al. (2004) Primordial germ cell migration in the chick and mouse embryo: the role of the chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12. Dev. Biol., 272, 351-361.
263. Suh, E.K., Yang, A., Kettenbach, A. et al. (2006) p63 protects the female germ line during meiotic arrest. Nature, 444, 624-628.
264. Swain, A., Narvaez, V., Burgoyne, P. et al. (1998) Dax1 antagonizes Sry action in mammalian sex determination. Nature, 391, 761-767.
265. Szabo, P.E. and Mann, J.R. (1995) Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in the mouse germ line: implications for erasure, establishment, and mechanisms of genomic imprinting. Genes. Dev., 9, 1857-1868.
266. Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1997) Gp130 and the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15, 797-819.
267. Taketo, T., Saeed, J., Manganaro, T. et al. (1993) Mullerian inhibiting substance production associated with loss of oocytes and testicular differentiation in the transplanted mouse XX gonadal primordium. Biol. Reprod., 49, 13-23.
268. Taketo-Hosotani, T., Merchant-Larios, H., Thau, R.B. and Koide, S.S. (1985) Testicular cell differentiation in fetal mouse ovaries following transplantation into adult male mice. J. Exp. Zool., 236, 229-237.
269. Tam, P.P., Kanai-Azuma, M. and Kanai,Y. (2003) Early endoderm development in vertebrates: lineage differentiation and morphogenetic function. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 13, 393-400.
270. Tam, P.P. and Loebel, D.A. (2007) Gene function in mouse embryogenesis: get set for gastrulation. Nat. Rev. Genet., 8, 368-381.
271. Tam, P.P. and Snow, M.H. (1981) Proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells during compensatory growth in mouse embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 64, 133-147.
272. Tam, P.P. and Zhou, S.X. (1996) The allocation of epiblast cells to ectodermal and germ-line lineages is influenced by the position of the cells in the gastrulating mouse embryo. Dev. Biol., 178, 124-132.
273. Tam, P.P., Zhou, S.X. and Tan, S.S. (1994) X-chromosome activity of the mouse primordial germ cells revealed by the expression of an X-linked lacZ transgene. Development, 120, 2925-2932.
274. Tanaka, S.S. and Matsui, Y. (2002) Developmentally regulated expression of mil-1 and mil-2, mouse interferon-induced transmembrane protein like genes, during formation and differentiation of primordial germ cells. Gene. Expr. Patterns., 2, 297-303.
275. Tang, H., Brennan, J., Karl, J. et al. (2008) Notch signaling maintains Leydig progenitor cells in the mouse testis. Development, 135, 3745-3753.
276. Tilmann, C. and Capel, B. (1999) Mesonephric cell migration induces testis cord formation and Sertoli cell differentiation in the mammalian gonad. Development, 126, 2883-2890.
277. Tomaselli, S., Megiorni, F., de Bernardo, C. et al. (2008) Syndromic true hermaphroditism due to an Rspondin1 (RSPO1) homozygous mutation. Hum. Mutat., 29, 220-226.
278. Tomizuka, K., Horikoshi, K., Kitada, R. et al. (2008) R-spondin1 plays an essential role in ovarian development through positively regulating Wnt-4 signaling. Hum. Mol. Genet., 17, 1278-1291.
279. Toyooka, Y., Tsunekawa, N., Takahashi, Y. et al. (2000) Expression and intracellular localization of mouse Vasa-homologue protein during germ cell development. Mech. Dev., 93, 139-149.
280. Tremblay, K.D., Dunn, N.R. and Robertson, E.J. (2001) Mouse embryos lacking Smad1 signals display defects in extra-embryonic tissues and germ cell formation. Development, 128, 3609-3621.
281. Tsang, T.E., Khoo, P.L., Jamieson, R.V. et al. (2001) The allocation and differentiation of mouse primordial germ cells. Int. J. Dev. Biol., 45, 549-555.
282. Tsuda, M., Sasaoka, Y., Kiso, M. et al. (2003) Conserved role of nanos proteins in germ cell development. Science, 301, 1239-1241.
283. Uda, M., Ottolenghi, C., Crisponi, L. et al. (2004) Foxl2 disruption causes mouse ovarian failure by pervasive blockage of follicle development. Hum. Mol. Genet., 13, 1171-1181.
284. Ueda, T., Abe, K., Miura, A. et al. (2000) The paternal methylation imprint of the mouse H19 locus is acquired in the gonocyte stage during foetal testis development. Genes. Cells, 5, 649-659.
285. Upadhyay, S. and Zamboni, L. (1982) Ectopic germ cells: natural model for the study of germ cell sexual differentiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 6584-6588.
286. Vainio, S., Heikkila, M., Kispert, A. et al. (1999) Female development in mammals is regulated by Wnt-4 signalling. Nature, 397, 405-409.
287. Vanderhyden, B.C., Telfer, E.E. and Eppig, J.J. (1992) Mouse oocytes promote proliferation of granulosa cells from preantral and antral follicles in vitro. Biol. Reprod., 46, 1196-1204.
288. Vidal, V.P., Chaboissier, M.C., de Rooij, D.G. and Schedl, A. (2001) Sox9 induces testis development in XX transgenic mice. Nat. Genet., 28, 216-217.
289. Vigier, B., Picard, J.Y., Tran, D. et al. (1984) Production of anti-Mullerian hormone: another homology between Sertoli and granulosa cells. Endocrinology, 114, 1315-1320.
290. Vigier, B.,Watrin, F., Magre, S. et al. (1988) Anti-mullerian hormone and freemartinism: inhibition of germ cell development and induction of seminiferous cord-like structures in rat fetal ovaries exposed in vitro to purified bovine AMH. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 28, 1113-1128.
291. Vigier, B.,Watrin, F., Magre, S. et al. (1987) Purified bovineAMHinduces a characteristic freemartin effect in fetal rat prospective ovaries exposed to it in vitro. Development, 100, 43-55.
292. Vincent, S.D., Dunn, N.R., Sciammas, R. et al. (2005) The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 is dispensable for early axis formation but is required for specification of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Development, 132, 1315-1325.
293. Wagner, T., Wirth, J., Meyer, J. et al. (1994) Autosomal sex reversal and campomelic dysplasia are caused by mutations in and around the SRY-related gene SOX9. Cell, 79, 1111-1120.
294. Webster, K.E., O'bryan, M.K., Fletcher, S. et al. (2005) Meiotic and epigenetic defects in Dnmt3Lknockout mouse spermatogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 4068-4073.
295. Western, P.S., Miles, D.C., van den Bergen, J.A. et al. (2008) Dynamic regulation of mitotic arrest in fetal male germ cells. Stem. Cells, 26, 339-347.
296. Whitworth, D.J., Shaw,G. and Renfree, M.B. (1996) Gonadal sex reversal of the developing marsupial ovary in vivo and in vitro. Development, 122, 4057-4063.
297. Wilhelm, D., Hiramatsu, R., Mizusaki, H. et al. (2007) SOX9 regulates prostaglandinD synthase gene transcription in vivo to ensure testis development. J. Biol. Chem., 282, 10553-10560.
298. Wilhelm, D., Martinson, F., Bradford, S. et al. (2005) Sertoli cell differentiation is induced both cellautonomously and through prostaglandin signaling during mammalian sex determination. Dev. Biol., 287, 111-124.
299. Winkler, K.E., Swenson, K.I., Kornbluth, S. and Means, A.R. (2000) Requirement of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 for the replication checkpoint. Science, 287, 1644-1647.
300. Wylie, C. (1999) Germ cells. Cell, 96, 165-174.
301. Wylie, C.C. (1993) The biology of primordial germ cells. Eur. Urol., 23, 62-66. Discussion 67.
302. Yabuta, Y., Kurimoto, K., Ohinata, Y. et al. (2006) Gene expression dynamics during germline specification in mice identified by quantitative single-cell gene expression profiling. Biol. Reprod., 75, 705-716.
303. Yamaguchi, S., Kimura, H., Tada, M. et al. (2005) Nanog expression in mouse germ cell development. Gene. Expr. Patterns, 5, 639-646.
304. Yamamoto, M. and Matsui, Y. (2002) Testis-specific expression of a novel mouse defensin-like gene. Tdl. Mech. Dev., 116, 217-221.
305. Yao, H.H. and Capel, B. (2002) Disruption of testis cords by cyclopamine or forskolin reveals independent cellular pathways in testis organogenesis. Dev. Biol., 246, 356-365.
306. Yao, H.H., DiNapoli, L. and Capel, B. (2003) Meiotic germ cells antagonize mesonephric cell migration and testis cord formation in mouse gonads. Development, 130, 5895-5902.
307. Yao, H.H., Matzuk, M.M., Jorgez, C.J. et al. (2004) Follistatin operates downstream of Wnt4 in mammalian ovary organogenesis. Dev. Dyn., 230, 210-215.
308. Yoshida, K., Kondoh, G., Matsuda, Y. et al. (1998) The mouse RecA-like gene Dmc1 is required for homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis. Mol. Cell, 1, 707-718.
309. Zamboni, L. and Upadhyay, S. (1983) Germ cell differentiation in mouse adrenal glands. J. Exp. Zool., 228, 173-193.
310. Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2002) Patterning of the embryo: the first spatial decisions in the life of a mouse. Development, 129, 815-829.
311. Zhang, H. and Bradley, A. (1996) Mice deficient for BMP2 are nonviable and have defects in amnion/ chorion and cardiac development. Development, 122, 2977-2986.