Role of intestinal microbiota in colon cancer prevention

Annals of Microbiology

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 15-30

  Baffoni, Loredana ^a   Gaggìa, Francesca ^a   Di Gioia, Diana ^a   Biavati, Bruno ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Colon cancer; Mechanism of prevention; Prebiotic; Probiotic; Synbiotic

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 84863657447     PISSN: 15904261     EISSN: 18692044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0306-6     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Ahotupa M, Saxelin M, Korpela R (1996) Antioxidant properties of Lactobacillus GG. Nutr Today Suppl 31:51-52
2. Alonso L, Cuesta EP, Gilliland SE (2003) Production of free conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human intestinal origin. J Dairy Sci 86:1941-1946
3. Altonsy MO, Andrews SC, Yuohy KM (2010) Differential induction of apoptosis in human colonic carcinoma cells (Caco-2) by Atopobium, and commensal, probiotic and enteropathogenic bacteria: mediation by the mitochondrial pathway. Int J Food Microbiol 137:190-203
4. Annuk H, Shchepetova J, Kullisaar T, Songisepp E, Zilmer M, Mikelsaar M (2003) Characterization of intestinal lactobacilli as putative probiotic candidates. J Appl Microbiol 94:403-412
5. Ballongue J (2004) Bifidobacteria and probiotic action. In: Salminen S, von Wright A, Ouwehand AC (eds) Lactic acid bacteria. Microbiological and functional aspects, 3rd edn. Dekker, New York, p 67
6. Barber DA, Harris SR (1994) Oxygen free radicals and antioxidants: a review. Am Pharm 34:26-35
7. Barrett E, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C (2007) Rapid screening method for analyzing the conjugated linoleic acid production capabilities of bacterial cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2333-2337
8. Belury MA (2002) Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: potential mechanisms of action. J Nutr 132:2995-2998
9. Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorakova K, Garewal H (2005) Bile acids as carcinogens in human gastrointestinal cancers. Mutat Res 589:47-65
10. Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K (2009) Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 15(27):3329-3340
11. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G (2006) Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem 17:789-810
12. Biavati B, Mattarelli P (2006) The family Bifidobacteriaceae. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer K-H, Stackebrandt E (eds) The prokaryotes, 3rd edn, vol 3: a handbook of the biology of bacteria: Archea, Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes. Springer, New York, pp 322-382
13. Biavati B, Vescovo M, Torriani S, Bottazzi V (2000) Bifidobacteria: history, ecology, physiology and applications. Ann Microbiol 50:117-131
14. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Norat T, Clavel-Chapelon F, Kesse E, Nieters A, Boeing H et al (2003) Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet 361:1496-1501
15. Blau S, Rubinstein A, Bass P, Singaram C, Kohen R (1999) Differences in the reducing power along the rat GI tract: lower antioxidant capacity of the colon. Mol Cell Biochem 194(1-2):185-191
16. Britton RA, Versalovic J (2008) Probiotics and gastrointestinal infections. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008:290769, Epub 4 Feb 2009
17. Brown JM, Attardi LD (2005) The role of apoptosis in cancer development and treatment response. Nat Rev Cancer 5:231-237
18. Bruce WR, Giacca A, Medline A (2000) Possible mechanisms relating diet and risk of colon cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9(12):1271-1279
19. Bueno DJ, Casale CH, Pizzolitto RP, Salvano MA, Oliver G (2007) Physical adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a theoretical model. J Food Protect 70 (9):2148-2154
20. Capurso G, Marignani M, Delle Fave G (2006) Probiotics and the incidence of colorectal cancer: when evidence is not evident. Digest Liver Dis 38(S2):S277-S282
21. Cebra JJ (1999) Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development. Am J Clin Nutr 69(S):1046S-1051S
22. Choi SS, Kim Y, Han KS, You S, Oh S, Kim SH (2006) Effects of Lactobacillus strains on cancer cell proliferation and oxidative stress in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 42:452-458
23. Coakley M, Ross RP, Nordgren M, Fitzgerald G, Devery R, Stanton C (2003) Conjugated linoleic acid biosynthesis by human-derived Bifidobacterium species. J Appl Microbiol 94:138-145
24. Coakley M, Johnson MC, McGrath E, Rahman S, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Devery R, Stanton C (2006) Intestinal bifidobacteria that produce trans-9, trans-11 CLA: a fatty acid with anti-proliferative activity against human colon SW480 and HT-29 cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 56:95-102
25. Coakley M, Banni S, Johnson MC, Mills S, Devery R, Fitzgerald G, Paul Ross R, Stanton C (2009) Inhibitory effect of conjugated alpha-linolenic acid from bifidobacteria of intestinal origin on SW480 cancer cells. Lipids 44(3):249-256
26. Commane D, Hughes R, Shortt C, Rowland I (2005) The potential mechanisms involved in the anti-carcinogenic action of probiotics. Mutat Res 591:276-289
27. De Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM (2006) Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 6:24-37
28. De Vuyst L, Leroy F (2007) Bacteriocins from Lactic Acid Bacteria: production, purification, and food applications. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 13:194-199
29. Di Giacinto C, Marinaro M, Sanchez M, Strober W, Boirivant M (2005) Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-β-bearing regulatory cells. J Immunol 174:3237-3246
30. Duthie SJ (1999) Folic acid deficiency and cancer: mechanisms of DNA instability. Brit Med Bull 55(3):578-592
31. EFSA (2008) The EFSA Journal 923:1-48
32. El-Nezami H, Kankaanpää P, Salminen S, Ahokas J (1998a) Physicochemical alterations enhance the ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to remove aflatoxin from contaminated media. J Food Prot 61:466-468
33. El-Nezami H, Kankaanpää P, Salminen S, Ahokas J (1998b) Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Food Chem Toxicol 36:321-326
34. El-Nezami HS, Chrevatidis A, Auriola S, Salminen S, Mykkänen H (2002) Removal of common Fusarium toxins in vitro by strains of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium. Food Addit Contam 19:680-686
35. Evan GI, Vousden KH (2001) Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer. Nature 411(6835):342-348
36. Ewaschuk JB, Walker JW, Diaz H, Madsen KL (2006) Bioproduction of conjugated linoleic acid by probiotic bacteria occurs in vitro and in vivo in mice. J Nutr 136:1483-1487
37. FAO/WHO (2002) Joint FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization) working group report on drafting guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London, Ontario, Canada.guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. Joint working group report on drafting. London, Ontario 1-11
38. Fazeli MR, Hajimohammadali M, Moshkani A, Samadi N, Jamalifar H, Khoshayand MR, Vaghari E, Pouragahi S (2009) Aflatoxin B1 binding capacity of autochthonous strains of lactic acid bacteria. J Food Protect 72(1):189-192
39. Femia AP, Luceri C, Dolara P, Giannini A, Biggeri A, Salvadori M, Clune Y, Collins KJ, Paglierani M, Caderni G (2002) Anti-tumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 23(11):1953-1960
40. Friedenreich CM, Brant RF, Riboli E (1994) Influence of methodologic factors in a pooled analysis of 13 case-control studies of colorectal cancer and dietary fiber. Epidemiology 5(1):66-79
41. Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willet WC (1999) Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. New Engl J Med 340(3):169-176
42. Fuchs S, Sontag G, Stidl R, Ehrlich V, Kundi M, Knasmüller S (2008) Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria. Food Chem Toxicol 46:1398-1407
43. Fuller R (1989) Probiotics in man and animals: a review. J Appl Bacteriol 66:365-378
44. Fuller R (1991) Probiotics in human medicine. Gut 32:439-442
45. Gaggìa F, Mattarelli P, Biavati B (2010) Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food products. Int J Food Microbiol 141: S15-S28
46. García P, Rodríguez L, Rodríguez A, Martínez B (2010) Food biopreservation: promising strategies using bacteriocins, bacter-iophages and endolysins. Trends Food Sci Technol 21:373-382
47. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125:1401-1412
48. Guarner F, Malagelada JR (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 361:512-519
49. Guillén H, Curiel JA, Landete JM, Muñoz R, Herraiz T (2009) Characterization of a nitroreductase with selective nitroreduction properties in the food and intestinal lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. J Agric Food Chem 57 (21):10457-10465
50. Halliwell B (1996) Mechanisms involved in the generation of free radicals. Pathos Biol 44:6-13
51. Halliwell B (2007) Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward? Biochem J 401:1-11
52. Hao WL, Lee YK (2004) Microflora of the gastrointestinal tract: a review. Methods Mol Biol 491-502.
53. Haskard C, Binnion C, Ahokas J (2000) Factors affecting the sequestration of aflatoxin by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG. Chem Biol Interact 128:39-49
54. Haskard CA, El-nezami HS, Kankaanpää PE, Salminen S, Ahokas JT (2001) Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microb 67(7):3086-3091
55. Hattori M, Taylor TD (2009) The human intestinal microbiome: a new frontier of human biology. DNA Res 16:1-12
56. 2 class switching by inducing epithelial-cell secretion of the cytokine APRIL. Immunity 26:812-826
57. Hernandez-Mendoza A, Guzman-de-Peña D, Garcia HS (2009) Key role of teichoic acids on aflatoxin B1 binding by probiotic bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 107:395-403
58. Hord NG (2008) Eukaryotic-microbiota crosstalk: potential mechanisms for health benefits of prebiotics and probiotics. Annu Rev Nutr 28:215-231
59. Humblot C, Murkovic M, Rigottier-Gois L, Bensaada M, Bouclet A, Andrieux C, Anba J, Rabot S (2007) β-Glucuronidase in human intestinal microbiota is necessary for the colonic genotoxicity of the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quin-oline in rats. Carcinogenesis 28(11):2419-2425
60. International Agency for Research on Cancer (1993) Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC, Lyon
61. Iyer R, Tomar SK (2009) Folate: a functional food constituent. J Food Sci 74(9):R114-R122
62. Jain S, Yadav M, Menon S, Yadav H, Marotta F (2009) Anticarcinogenic effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. In: Finocchiaro ET, Cho SS (eds) Handbook of prebiotics and probiotics: ingredients, health benefits and food applications, 1st edn. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 273-287
63. Jiang H-R, Lu Z-G, Ma Y-Y, Liu N (2009) Target colonization of Bifidobacterium bifidum in tumor-bearing mouse model and its immune activation on macrophages. Tumor 29(8):721-726
64. Kabak B, Dobson ADW (2009) Biological strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins. J Food Protect 72(9):2006-2016
65. Kelley NS, Hubbard NE, Erickson KL (2007) Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer. J Nutr 137:2599-2607
66. Kishino S, Ogawa J, Omura Y, Matsumura K, Shimizu S (2002) Conjugated linoleic acid production from linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:159-163
67. Kruszewska D, Lan J, Lorca G, Yanagisawa N, Marklinder I, Ljungh Å (2002) Selection of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic strains by in vitro tests. Microb Ecol Health Dis 29:37-49
68. Kullisaar T, Zilmer M, Mikelsaar M, Vihalemm T, Annuk H, Kairane C, Kilk A (2002) Two antioxidative lactobacilli strains as promising probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 72:215-224
69. Kumar M, Kumar A, Nagpal R, Mohania D, Behare P, Verma V, Kumar P, Poddar D, Aggarwal PK, Henry CJK, Jain S, Yadav H (2010) Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: an update. Int J Food Sci Nutr 61(5):473-496
70. Lahtinen SJ, Haskard CA, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Ahokas JT (2004) Binding of aflatoxin B1 to cell wall components of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG. Food Addit Contam 21:158-164
71. Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M (2003) Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 3:601-614
72. Lan A, Bruneau A, Bensaada M, Philippe C, Bellaud P, Rabot S, Jan G (2008) Increased induction of apoptosis by Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL133 in colonic mucosal crypts of human microbiota-associated rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Br J Nutr 100:1251-1259
73. Le Leu RK, Brown IL, Hu Y, Bird AR, Jackson M, Esterman A, Young GP (2005) A synbiotic combination of resistant starch and Bifidobacterium lactis facilitates apoptotic deletion of carcinogen-damaged cells in rat colon. J Nutr 135:996-1001
74. Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Woodman RJ, Young GP (2010) Synbiotic intervention of Bifidobacterium lactis and resistant starch protects against colorectal cancer development in rats. Carcinogenesis 31(2):246-251
75. LeBlanc JG, Matar C, Valdéz JC, LeBlanc J, Perdigon G (2002) Immunomodulating effects of peptidic fractions issued from milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus. J Dairy Sci 85:2733-2742
76. Lee W-J (2009) Bacterial-modulated host immunity and stem cell activation for gut homeostasis. Genes Dev 23(19):2260-2265
77. Lee DK, Jang S, Kim MJ, Kim JH, Chung MJ, Kim KJ, Ha NJ (2008) Anti-proliferative effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis SPM0212 extract on human colon cancer cell lines. BMC Cancer 8:310
78. Ley RE, Peterson DA, Gordon JI (2006) Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 124:837-848
79. Lin MY, Chang FJ (2000) Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acid-ophilus ATCC 4356. Dig Dis Sci 45:1617-1622
80. Lin TY, Lin CW, Lee CH (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid concentration as affected by lactic cultures and added linoleic acid. Food Chem 67:1-5
81. Liong M-T (2008) Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: postulated mechanisms and in vivo evidence. Int J Mol Sci 9:854-863
82. Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH (1999) Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health. BMJ 318:999-1003
83. Macpherson AJ, Harris NL (2002) Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 4:478-485
84. Macpherson AJ, Slack E (2007) The functional interactions of commensal bacteria with intestinal secretory IgA. Curr Opin Gastroen 23(6):673-678
85. Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C, Doyle J, Jewell L, De Simone C (2001) Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 121:580-591
86. Maldonado Galdeano C, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Vinderola G, Bibas Bonet ME, Perdigon G (2007) Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14(5):485-492
87. Marchesi JR (2010) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic diversity of the human gut. Adv Appl Microbiol 72:43-62
88. Marco ML, Pavan S, Kleerebezem M (2006) Towards understanding molecular modes ofprobiotic action. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17:204-210
89. Marotta F, Naito Y, Minelli E, Tajiri H, Bertuccelli J, Wu CC, Min CH, Hotten P, Fesce E (2003) Chemopreventive effect of a probiotic preparation on the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic colonic lesions: an experimental study. Hepatogastroenterology 50(54):1914-1918
90. Marotti I, Bonetti A, Biavati B, Catizone P, Dinelli G (2007) Biotransformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) flavonoid glycosides by Bifidobacterium species from human intestinal origin. J Agric Food Chem 55:3913-3919
91. Matsumoto S, Hara T, Nagaoka M, Mike A, Mitsuyama K, Sako T, Yamamoto M, Kado S, Takada T (2009) A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Immunology 128:e170-e180
92. McBain AJ, Macfarlane GT (1998) Ecological and physiological studies on large intestinal bacteria in relation to production of hydrolytic and reductive enzymes involved in formation of genotoxic metabolites. J Med Microbiol 47(5):407-416
93. McCracken VJ, Lorenz RG (2001) The gastrointestinal ecosystem: a precarious alliance among epithelium, immunity and microbiota. Cell Microbiol 3(1):1-11
94. Mills S, Stanton C, Ross RP (2009) Microbial production of bioactives: from fermented functional foods to probiotic mechanisms. Aust J Dairy Technol 64(1):41-49
95. Mowat AM (2003) Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens. Nat Rev Immunol 3:331-341
96. Nagao K, Yanagita T (2005) Conjugated fatty acids in food and their health benefits. J Biosci Bioeng 100:152-157
97. Neutra MR, Pringault E, Kraehenbuhl J-P (1996) Antigen sampling across epithelial barriers and induction of mucosal immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 14:275-300
98. O'Flaherty S, Saulnier DM, Pot B, Versalovic J (2010) How can probiotics and prebiotics impact mucosal immunity? Gut Microbes 1(5):293-300
99. O'Hara AM, Shanahan F (2006) The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep 7:688-693
100. Oatley JT, Rarick MD, Ji GE, Linz JE (2000) Binding of aflatoxin B1 to bifidobacteria in vitro. J Food Protect 63:1133-1136
101. Özdemir Ö (2010) Various effects of different probiotic strains in allergic disorders: An update from laboratory and clinical data. Clin Exp Immunol 160(3):295-304
102. Park J-H, Um J-I, Lee B-J, Goh J-S, Park S-Y, Kim W-S, Kima P-H (2002) Encapsulated Bifidobacterium bifidum potentiates intestinal IgA production. Cell Immunol 219:22-27
103. Parke DV, Ioannides C (1990) Role of cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver tumor production. Prog Clin Biol Res 331:215-230
104. Perdigon G, Vintiñi E, Alvarez S, Medina M, Medici M (1999) Study of the possible mechanisms involved in the mucosal immune system activation by lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 82(6):1108-1114
105. Perdigón G, Maldonado Galdeano C, Valdez JC, Medici M (2002) Interaction of lactic acid bacteria with the gut immune system. Eur J Clin Nutr 56(S4):S21-S26
106. Pessi T, Sütas Y, Hurme M, Isolauri E (2000) Interleukin-10 generation in atopic children following oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1804-1808
107. Pierides M, El-Nezami H, Peltonen K, Salminen S, Ahokas J (2000) Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind aflatoxin M1 in a food model. J Food Protect 63:645-650
108. Piskula MK (2000) Factors affecting flavonoids absorption. Biofactors 12:175-180
109. Pompei A, Cordisco L, Amaretti A, Zanoni S, Matteuzzi D, Rossi M (2007) Folate production by bifidobacteria as a potential probiotic property. Appl Environ Microbiol 73(1):179-185
110. Pool-Zobel BL (2005) Inulin-type fructans and reduction in colon cancer risk: review of experimental and human data. Br J Nutr 93 (S1):S73-S90
111. Pool-Zobel BL, Sauer J (2007) Overview of experimental data on reduction of colorectal cancer risk by inulin-type fructans. J Nutr 137:2580S-2584S
112. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Tap J, Lepage P, Bertalan M, Batto JM, Hansen T, Le Paslier D, Linneberg A, Nielsen HB, Pelletier E, Renault P, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Turner K, Zhu H, Yu C, Li S, Jian M, Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Li S, Qin N, Yang H, Wang J, Brunak S, Doré J, Guarner F, Kristiansen K, Pedersen O, Parkhill J, Weissenbach J, MetaHIT Consortium, Bork P, Ehrlich SD, Wang J (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464(7285):59-65
113. Queiroz-Monici KS, Costa GEA, da Silva N, Reis SMPM, de Oliveira AC (2005) Bifidogenic effect of dietary fiber and resistant starch from leguminous on the intestinal microbiota of rats. Nutrition 21:602-608
114. Rafii F, Franklin W, Cerniglia CE (1990) Azoreductase activity of anaerobic bacteria isolated from human intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 56(7):2146-2151
115. Rafter J, Bennett M, Caderni G, Clune Y, Hughes R, Karlsson PC, Klinder A, O'Riordan M, O'Sullivan GC, Pool-Zobel B, Rechkemmer G, Roller M, Rowland I, Salvadori M, Thijs H, Van Loo J, Watzl B, Collins JK (2007) Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 85(2):488-496
116. Rastall RA, Gibson GR, Gill HS, Guarner F, Klaenhammer TR, Pot B, Reid G, Rowland IR, Sanders ME (2005) Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: an overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 52:145-152
117. Reddy BS, Hanson D, Mangat S, Mathews L, Sbaschnig M, Sharma C, Simi B (1980) Effect of high-fat, high-beef diet and of mode of cooking of beef in the diet on fecal bacterial enzymes and fecal bile acids and neutral sterols. J Nutr 110:1880-1887
118. Roberfroid MB (1998) Prebiotics and synbiotics: concepts and nutritional properties. Br J Nutr 80:S197-S202
119. Roberfroid M (2007) Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J Nutr 137:830S-837S
120. +-HPLC techniques. Food Chem 125:1373-1378. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem. 2010.10.008
121. Rook GA, Brunet LR (2005) Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut. Gut 54:317-320
122. Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR (2007) Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern. Nutr Rev 65(2):51-62
123. Rumbo M, Anderle P, Didierlaurent A, Sierra F, Debard N, Sirard JC, Finke D, Kraenhenbuhl JP (2004) How the gut link innate and adaptative immunity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1029:16-21
124. Saikali J, Picard C, Freitas M, Holt P (2004) Fermented milks, probiotic cultures, and colon cancer. Nutr Cancer 49:14-24
125. Sartor RB (2004) Therapeutic manipulation of the enteric microflora in inflammatory bowel diseases: antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Gastroenterology 126(6):1620-1633
126. Scantlebuy-Manning T, Gibson GR (2004) Prebiotics. Best Pract Res Cl Ga 18:287-298
127. Schiffrin EJ, Blum S (2002) Interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa. Eur J Clin Nutr 56(3):S60-S64
128. Servin AL (2004) Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 28:405-440
129. Shanahan F (2002) The host-microbe interface within the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16:915-931
130. Suzuki K, Benno Y, Mitsuoka T, Takebe S, Kobashi K, Hase J (1979) Urease-producing species of intestinal anaerobes and their activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 37(3):379-382
131. Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T (2001) Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism. Carcinogenesis 22:599-605
132. Takagi A, Ikemura H, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T (2008) Relationship between the in-vitro response of dendritic cells to Lactobacillus and prevention of tumorigenesis in the mouse. J Gastroenterol 43:661-669
133. Thirabunyanon M (2011) Biotherapy for and protection against gastrointestinal pathogenic infections via action of probiotic bacteria. Maejo Int J Sci Technol 5(01):108-128
134. Trush MA, Kensler TW (1991) An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 10:201-209
135. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell B 39(1):44-84
136. Van Loo J, Clune Y, Bennet M, Collins JK (2005) The SYNCAN project: goals, set-up, first results and settings of the human intervention study. Br J Nutr 93(S1):S91-S98
137. Van Nieuwenhove CP, Oliszewski R, González SN, Pérez Chaia AB (2007) Conjugated linoleic acid conversion by dairy bacteria cultured in MRS broth and buffalo milk. Lett Appl Microbiol 44(5):467-474
138. Ventura M, O'Flaherty S, Claesson MJ, Turroni F, Klaenhammer TR, van Sinderen D, O'Toole PW (2009) Genome-scale analyses of health-promoting bacteria: probiogenomics. Nat Rev Microbiol 7 (1):61-71
139. Villena J, Medina M, Vintiñi E, Alvarez S (2008) Stimulation of respiratory immunity by oral administration of Lactococcus lactis. Can J Microbiol 54(8):630-638
140. Vuillaume M (1987) Reduced oxygen species, mutation, induction and cancer initiation. Mutat Res 186:43-72
141. Young GP, Hu Y, Le Leu RK, Nyskohus L (2005) Dietary fibre and colorectal cancer: a model for environment-gene interactions. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:571-584
142. Yu DCW, Waby JS, Chirakkal H, Staton CA, Corfe BM (2010) Butyrate suppresses expression of neuropilin I in colorectal cell lines through inhibition of Sp1 transactivation. Mol Cancer 9:276