Cancer-preventing attributes of probiotics: An update

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 473-496

  Kumar, Manoj ^a   Kumar, Ashok ^b   Nagpal, Ravinder ^c   Mohania, Dheeraj ^a   Behare, Pradip ^a   Verma, Vinod ^d   Kumar, Pramod ^a   Poddar, Dev ^a   Aggarwal, P K ^a   Henry, C J K ^e   Jain, Shalini ^f   Yadav, Hariom ^f  

^a NATIONAL DAIRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^b MLKPG College   (India)

^c LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^d RUAKURA RESEARCH CENTRE   (New Zealand)

^e OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

cancer; functional food; prebiotics; Probiotics; synbiotics

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; PROBIOTIC AGENT;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; EXPERIMENTAL NEOPLASM; HUMAN; NEOPLASM; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL;

ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; PROBIOTICS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 77954929346     PISSN: 09637486     EISSN: 14653478     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09637480903455971     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Abdelali H, Cassand P, Soussotte V, Daubeze M, Bouley C, Narbonne JF. 1995. Effect of dairy products on initiation of precursor lesions of colon cancer in rats. Nutr Cancer 24:121-123.
2. Abraham SK, Paul J. 2001. Protective effects of lactic acid bacteria against genotoxicity in mice. Curr Sci 80:1310-1312.
3. Aguilar F, Hussain SP, Cerutti P. 1993. Aflatoxin B1 induces the transversion of G! T in codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8586-8590.
4. Aguilar-Delfin I, Lopez-Barrera F, Hernandez-Munoz R. 1996. Selective enhancement of lipid peroxidation in plasma membrane in two experimental models of liver regeneration: Partial hepatectomy and acute CCl4 administration. Hepatology 2(4):657-662.
5. Ahotupa M, Saxelin M, Korpela R. 1996. Antioxidant properties of lactobacillus GG. Nutr Today Suppl 31:51-52.
6. Ando A, Ogawa J, Kishino S, Shimizu S. 2004. Conjugated linoleic acid production from castor oil by Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1551. Enzyme Microb Technol 35:40-45.
7. Annuk H, Shchepetova J, Kullisaar T, Songisepp E, Zilmer M, Mikelsaar M. 2003. Characterization of intestinal lactobacilli as putative probiotic candidates. J Appl Microbiol 94:403-412.
8. Arimochi H, Kinouchi T, Kataoka K, Kuwahara T, Ohnishi Y. 1997. Effect of intestinal bacteria on formation of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238:753-757.
9. Aso Y, Akazan H. 1992. Prophylactic effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. BLP Study Group. Urol Int 49:125-129.
10. Aso Y, Akaza H, Kotake T, Tsukamoto T, Imai K, Naito S 1995. Preventive effect of a Lactobacillus casei preparation on the recurrence of superficial bladder cancer in a double-blind trial. The BLP Study Group. Eur Urol 27:104-109.
11. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. 1998. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392:245-252.
12. Baral RN, Maity P. 1992. Induction of colorectal cancer in rats by 20-methylcholanthrene. Cancer Lett 61:177-183.
13. Barber DA, Harris SR. 1994. Oxygen free radicals and antioxidants: A review. Am Pharm 34:26-35.
14. Bartsch H, Nair J. 2002. Potential role of lipid peroxidation derived DNA damage in human colon carcinogenesis: Studies on exocyclic base adduct as stable oxidative stress markers. Cancer Detect Prev 26:308-312. (Pubitemid 36211109)
15. Beckett GJ, Hayes JD. 1993. Glutathione S-transferases: biomedical applications. Adv Clin Chem 30: 281-380.
16. Belury MA. 2002. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: Potential mechanisms of action. J Nutr 132:2995-2998.
17. Biasco G, Paganelli GM, Brandi G, Brillanti S, Lami F, Callegari C, Gizzi G. 1991. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on rectal cell kinetics and fecal pH. Ital J Gastroenterol 23:142-147.
18. Bibel DJ. 1998. Elie Metchnikoff's bacillus of long life. ASM News 54:661-665.
19. Biffi A, Coradini D, Larsen R, Riva L, Di Fronzo G. 1997. Antiproliferative effect of fermented milk on the growth of a human breast cancer cell line. Nutr Cancer 28:93-99.
20. Bird RP. 1995. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Cancer Lett 93:55-71.
21. Bolognani F, Rumney CJ, Rowland IR. 1997. Influence of carcinogen binding by lactic acid producing bacteria on tissue distribution and in-vivo mutagenicity of dietary carcinogens. Food Chem Toxicol 35:535-545.
22. Bosch FX, Munoz N. 1988. Prospects for epidemiological studies on hepatocellular cancer as a model for assessing viral and chemical interactions. IARC Sci Publ 89:427-438.
23. Bulatao-Jayme J, Almero EM, Castro MC, Jardeleza MT, Salamat LA. 1982. A case-control dietary study of primary liver cancer risk from aflatoxin exposure. Int J Epidemiol 11:112-119.
24. Burns AJ, Rowland IR. 2000. Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 1:13-24.
25. Caldini G, Trotta F, Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Cenci G. 2005. Screening of potential lactobacilli antigenotoxicity by microbial and mammalian cell-based tests. Int. J Food Microbiol 102:37-47.
26. Campbell TC, Hayes JR. 1976. The effect of quantity and quality of dietary protein on drug metabolism. Fed Proc 35:2470-2474.
27. Challa A, Rao DR, Chawan CB, Shackelford L. 1997. Bifidobacterium longum and lactulose suppress azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis 18:517-521.
28. Chalova VI, Lingbeck JM, Kwon YM, Ricke SC. 2008. Extracellular antimutagenic activities of selected probiotic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. as a function of growth phase. J Environ Sci Health Part B 43:193-198.
29. Chandra J, Samali A, Orrenius S. 2000. Triggering and modulation of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 29:323-333.
30. Chau I, Cunningham D. 2006. Adjuvant therapy in colon cancer-what, when and how? Ann Oncol 17:1347-1359.
31. Chin SE, Liu W, Storkson JM, Ha YL, Pariza MW. 1992. Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognized class of anticarcinogens. J Food Comp Anal 5:185-197.
32. Collins MD, Gibson GR. 1999. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1052S-1057S.
33. Corrales F, Gimenez A, Alvarez L, Caballeria J, Pajares MA, Andreu H, Pares A, Mato JM, Rodes J. 1992. S-adenosylmethionine treatment prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced S-adenosylmethionine synthetase inactivation and attenuates liver injury. Hepatology 16:1022-1027.
34. De Simone C, Vesely R, Bianchi SB, Salvadori B, Jirillo E. 1993. The role of probiotics in modulation of the immune system in man and in animals. Int J Immunother 9:23-28.
35. Di Caro S, Tao H, Grillo A, Elia C, Gasbarrini G, Sepulveda AR, Gasbarrini A. 2005. Effects of Lactobacillus GG on genes expression pattern in small bowel mucosa. Digest Liver Dis 37:320-332.
36. Drisko JA, Giles CK, Bischoff BJ. 2003. Probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention. Alt Med Rev 8:143-155.
37. Erdman SH, Wu HD, Hixson LJ, Ahnen DJ, Gerner EW. 1997. Assessment of mutations in Ki-ras and p53 in colon cancers from azoxymethane- and dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. Mol Carcinogen 19:137-144.
38. Erickson KL, Hubbard NE. 2000. Probiotic immuno-modulation in health and disease. J Nutr 130: 403S-409S.
39. Essigmann JM, Croy RG, Nadzan AM, Busby WF Jr, Reinhold VN, Buchi G, Wogan GN. 1977. Structural identification of the major DNA adduct formed by aflatoxin B1 in-vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 1870-1874.
40. Fang Y, Polk DB. 2002. Probiotic bacterium prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 277:50959-50965.
41. Felton JS, Jagerstad M, Knize MG, Skog K, Wakabayashi K. 2000. Contents in foods, beverages and tobacco. In: Nagao M, Sugimura T, editors. Food borne carcinogenesis: Heterocyclic amines. New York: Wiley. pp 5-29.
42. Femia AP, Luceri C, Dolara P, Giannini A, Biggeri A, Salvadori M, Clune Y, Collins KJ, Paglierani M, Caderni G. 2002. Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on azoxymethaneinduced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 23:1953-1960.
43. Fernandes CF, Shahani KM. 1990. Anticarcinogenic and immunological properties of dietary lactobacilli. J Food Protect 53:704-710.
44. Finley JW, Davis CD, Feng Y. 2000. Selenium from high-selenium broccoli protects rats from colon cancer. J Nutr 130:2384-2389.
45. Freeman BA, Grapo JD. 1982. Biology of disease: Free radical and tissue injury. Lab Invest 47:412-426.
46. Gallaher DD, Stallings WH, Blessing LL, Busta FF, Brady LJ. 1996. Probiotics, cecal microbiota, and aberrant crypts in the rat colon. J Nutr 126:1362-1371.
47. Garner RC, Miller EC, Miller JA. 1972. Liver microsomal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 to a reactive derivative toxic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 1530. Cancer Res 32:2058-2066.
48. Gasso M, Rubio M, Varela G, Cabre M, Caballeria J, Alonso E, Deulofem R, Camps J, Gimenez A, Pajares M, Pares A, et al 1996. Effects of S-adenosylmethionine on lipid peroxidation and liver fibrogenesis in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. J Hepatol 25:200-205.
49. Goldin B. 1996. The metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota and its role in colon cancer. Nutr Today 31:24S-27S.
50. Goldin BR. 1990. Intestinal microbiota: Metabolism of drugs and carcinogens. Ann Med 22:43-48.
51. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. 1980. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplements on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced intestinal cancer in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:263-265.
52. Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. 1984. The effect of milk and lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 39:756-761.
53. Goldin BR, Swenson L, Dwyer J, Sexton M, Gorbach SL. 1980. Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. J Natl Cancer Inst 64:255-261.
54. Goldin BR, Gualtieri LJ, Moore RP. 1996. The effect of Lactobacillus GG on the initiation and promotion of DMH-induced intestinal tumours in the rat. Nutr Cancer 25:197-204.
55. Halliwell B. 1996. Mechanisms involved in the generation of free radicals. Pathol Biol 44:6-13.
56. Haskard C, Binnion C, Ahokas J. 2000. Factors affecting the sequestration of aflatoxin by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG. Chem Biol Interact 128:39-49.
57. Hayatsu H, Hayatsu T. 1993. Suppressing effect of Lactobacillus casei administration on the urinary mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Cancer Lett 73:173-179.
58. Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. 1995. The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: Regulation of GST and contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprevention and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 31:445-600.
59. Hirayama K, Rafter J. 1999. The role of lactic acid bacteria in colon cancer prevention: Mechanistic considerations. Ant V Leeuwenhoek 76:391-394.
60. Hirayama K, Rafter J. 2000. The role of probiotic bacteria in cancer prevention. Microbes Infect 2:681-686.
61. Iyer C, Kosters A, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB, Versalovic J. 2008. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri promotes TNF-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia-derived cells by modulation of NF-kB and MAPK signalling. Cellular Microbiol 10:1442-1452.
62. Iyer RS, Coles BF, Raney KD, Their R, Guengerich FP, Harris TM. 1994. DNA adduction by the potent carcinogen aflatoxin B-1-mechanistic studies. J Am Chem Soc 116:1603-1609.
63. Janicke RU, Spregart ML, Wati MR, Porter AG. 1998. Caspase-3 is required for DNA fragmentation and morphological changes associated with apoptosis. J Biol Chem 273:9357-9360.
64. Jeong HY, Kim TH, Park JS, Kim KT, Paik HD. 2003. Antioxidative and cholesterol-reducing activity of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD. Korean J Biotechol Bioeng 18:371-376.
65. Julia B, Ewaschuk JW, Walker H, Diaz H, Madsen KL. 2006. Bioproduction of conjugated linoleic acid by probiotic bacteria occurs in-vitro and in-vivo in mice. J Nutr 136:1483-1487.
66. Kampman E, Goldbohm RA, van Den Brandt PA. 1994. Fermented dairy products, calcium and colorectal cancer in the Netherlands cohort study. Cancer Res 54:3186-3190. (Pubitemid 24208926)
67. Kato I, Kobayashi S, Yokokura T, Mutai M. 1981. Antitumor activity of Lactobacillus casei in mice. Gann 72:517-523.
68. Kato I, Yokokura T, Mutai M. 1983. Macrophage activation by Lactobacillus casei in mice. Microbiol Immunol 27:611-618.
69. Kato I, Endo K, Yokokura T, 1994. Effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on antitumor responses induced by tumor resection in mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 16:29-36.
70. Khanafari A, Soudi H, Miraboulfathi M, Osbo RK. 2007. An in vitro investigation of aflatoxin B1 biological control by Lactobacillus plantarum. Pakistan J Biol Sci 10:2553-2556.
71. Kim KH, Park HS. 2003. Dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid reduces colon tumor incidence in DMH-treated rats by increasing apoptosis with modulation of biomarkers. Nutrition 19:772-777.
72. Korenaga D, Takesue F, Kido K, Yasuda M, Inutsuka S, Honda M, Nagahama S. 2002. Impaired antioxidant defense system of colonic tissue and cancer development in dextran sulfate sodiuminduced colitis in mice. J Surg Res 102:144-149.
73. Kruszewska D, Lan J, Lorca G, Yanagisawa N,Marklinder I, Ljungh A. 2002. Selection of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic strains by in-vitro tests. Microb Ecol Health Dis 29:37-49.
74. Kulkarni N, Reddy BS. 1994. Inhibitory effect of Bifidobacterium longum cultures on the azoxymethane induced aberrant crypt foci formation and fecal bacterial b-glucuronidase. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 207:278-283.
75. Lam EKY, Tai EKK, Koo MWL, Wong HPS, Wu WKK, Yu L, So WHL, Cho CH. 2007. Enhancement of gastric mucosal integrity by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Life Sci 80:2128-2136. (Pubitemid 46766578)
76. Lampen A, Leifheit M, Voss J, Nau H. 2005. Molecular and cellular effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in enterocytes: Effects on proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1735:30-40.
77. Lang NP, Butler MA, Massengill J, Lawson M, Stotts RC, Maurer-Jensen M, Kadlubar FF. 1994. Rapid metabolic phenotypes for acetyltransferase and cytochrome P4501A2 and putative exposure to food-borne heterocyclic amines increase the risk for colorectal cancer or polyps. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prevent 3:675-682.
78. Lee YK, Salminen S. 1995. The coming age of probiotics. Trends Food Sci Technol 6:241-245.
79. Lidbeck A, Nord CE, Gustafsson JA, Rafter J. 1992. Lactobacilli, anticarcinogenic activities and human intestinal microbiota. Eur J Cancer Prev 1:341-353.
80. Lilleberg SL, Cabonce MA, Raju NR, Wagner LM, Kier LD. 1992. Alterations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rat liver tumors induced by aflatoxin B1. Prog Clin Biol Res 376:203-222.
81. Lin MY, Chang FJ. 2000. Antioxidative effect of intestinal bacteria Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356. Dig Dis Sci 45:1617-1622.
82. Ling WH, Korpela R, Mykkanen H, Salminen S, Hanninen O. 1994. Lactobacillus strain GG supplementation decreases colonic hydrolytic and reductive enzyme activities in healthy female adults. J Nutr 124:18-23.
83. Linsalata M, Russo F, Berloco P, Valentini AM, Caruso ML, De Simone C, Barone M, Polimeno L, Di Leo A. 2005. Effects of probiotic bacteria (VSL#3) on the polyamine biosynthesis and cell proliferation of normal colonic mucosa of rats. In Vivo 19:989-995.
84. Lo PR, Yu RC, Chou CC, Huang EC. 2004. Determinations of the antimutagenic activities of several probiotic bifidobacteria under acidic and bile conditions against benzo[a]pyrene by a modified Ames test. Int J Food Microbiol 93:249-257.
85. Maggiora M, Bologna M, Ceru MP, Possati L, Angelucci A, Cimini A, Miglietta A, Bozzo F, Margiotta C, Muzio G, Canuto RA. 2004. An overview of the effect of linoleic and conjugated-linoleic acids on the growth of several human tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer 112:909-919.
86. Marteau P, Rochart P, Flourie B, Pellier P, Santos L, Desjeux JF, Rambaud JC. 1990. Effect of chronic ingestion of a fermented dairy product containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on metabolic activities of the colonic flora in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 52:685-688.
87. Matsuzaki T. 1998. Immunomodulation by treatment with Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota. Int J Food Microbiol 41:133-140.
88. Matsuzaki T, Yokokura T, Azuma I. 1985. Anti-tumor activity of Lactobacillus casei on Lewis lung carcinoma and line-10 hepatoma in syngeneic mice and guinea pigs. Cancer Immunol Immunother 20:18-22.
89. Matsuzaki T, Yokokura T, Mutai M. 1988. Antitumor effect of intrapleural administration of Lactobacillus casei in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 26:209-214.
90. McIntosh GH, Royle PJ, Playne MJ. 1999. A probiotic strain of L. acidophilus reduces DMH-induced large intestinal tumors in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Cancer 35:153-159.
91. Miake S, Nomoto K, Yokokura T, Yoshikai Y, Mutai M, Nomoto K. 1985. Protective effect of Lactobacillus casei on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. Infect Immun 48:480-485.
92. Miller A, Stanton C, Devery R. 2002. Cis 9, trans 11- and trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid isomers induce apoptosis in cultured SW480 cells. Anticancer Res 22:3879-3887.
93. Modler GW, McKellar RC, Yaguchi M. 1990. Bifidobacteria and bifidogenic factors. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 23:29-41.
94. Murosaki S, Muroyama K, Yamamoto Y, Yoshikai Y, 2000. Antitumor effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 through restoration of impaired interleukin-12 production in tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 49:157-164.
95. Matsumoto S, Hara T, NagaokaM,Mike A, Mitsuyama K, Sako T, Yamamoto M, Kado S, Takada T. 2009. A component of polysaccharide peptidoglycan complex on Lactobacillus induced an improvement of murine model of inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated cancer. Immunology 128:e170-e180.
96. Nadathur S, Gould S, Bakalinsky A. 1995. Antimutagenicity of an acetone extract of yoghurt. Mutat Res 334:213-224.
97. Nair S, Norkus EP, Hertan H, Pitchumoni CS. 2002. Serum and colon mucosa micronutrient antioxidants: Differences between adenomatous polyp patients and controls. Am J Gastroenterol 96:3400-3405.
98. Nicholson DW. 1999. Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates and function during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Diff 6:1028-1042.
99. Nicholson DW, Thornberry NA. 1997. Caspases: Killer proteases. Trends Biochem Sci 22:299-306.
100. Noguchi Y, Jungbluth A, Richards EC, Old LJ. 1996. Effect of interleukin 12 on tumor induction by 3-methylcholanthrene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11798-11801.
101. O'Mahony L, Feeney M, O'Halloran S, Murphy L, Kiely B, Fitzgibbon J, Lee G, O'Sullivan G, Shanahan F, Collins JK. 2001. Probiotic impact on microbial flora, inflammation and tumour development in IL-10 knockout mice. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:1219-1225.
102. Ohishi T, Kishimoto Y, Miura N, Shiota G, Kohri T, Hara Y, Hasegawa J, Isemura M. 2002. Synergistic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate with sulindac against colon carcinogenesis of rats treated with azoxymethane. Cancer Lett 177:49-56.
103. Okawa T, Niibe H, Arai T, Sekiba K, Noda K, Takeuchi S, Hashimoto S, Ogawa N. 1993. Effect of LC9018 combined with radiation therapy on carcinoma of the uterine cervix. A phase III, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Cancer 72:1949-1954.
104. Onoue M, Kado S, Sakaitani Y, Uchida K, Morotomi M. 1997. Specific species of intestinal bacteria influence the induction of aberrant crypt foci by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Cancer Lett 113:179-186.
105. Orrhage K, Sillerstrom E, Gustafsson JA, Nord CE, Rafter J. 1994. Binding of mutagenic heterocyclic amines by intestinal and lactic acid bacteria. Mutat Res 311:239-248.
106. Otte JM, Mahjurian-Namari R, Brand S, Werner I, Schmidt WE, Schmitz F. 2009. Probiotics regulate the expression of COX-2 in intestinal epithelial cells. Nutr Cancer 61:103-113.
107. Park E, Kim KT, Kim CJ, Paik HD. 2004. Anticarcinogenic and antigenotoxic effects of Bacillus polyfermenticus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:852-858.
108. Park E, Jeon GI, Park JS, Paik HD. 2007. A probiotic strain of Bacillus polyfermenticus reduces DMH induced precancerous lesions in F344 male rat. Biol Pharm Bull 30(3):569-574.
109. Parke DV, Ioannides C. 1990. Role of cytochrome P-450 in mouse liver tumor production. Prog Clin Biol Res 331:215-230.
110. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. 2005. Global cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55:74-108.
111. Payne CM, Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Gerner EW, Garewal H. 1999. Reactive nitrogen species in colon carcinogenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 1:449-467.
112. Pedrosa MC, Golner BB, Goldin BR, Barakat S, Dallal GE, Russell RM. 1995. Survival of yogurt-containing organisms and Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) and their effect on bacterial enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy and hypochlorhydric elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 61:353-359.
113. Perdigon G. 1992. Probiotics and the immune state. In: Fuller R, editor. Probiotics: The scientific basis. London: Chapman and Hall. p 145.
114. Perdigon G, Alvarez S, Pesce De Ruiz Holgado A. 1991. Immunoadjuvant activity of oral Lactobacillus casei: Influence of dose on the secretory immune response and protective capacity in intestinal infections. J Dairy Res 58:485-496.
115. Petzinger E, Weidenbach A. 2000. Mycotoxins in the food chain: The role of ochratoxins (2002) Livestock Production Science, 76, pp 245-250.
116. Petzinger E, Ziegler K. 2000. Ochratoxin A from a toxicological perspective. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 23: 91-98.
117. Piotrowska M, Zakowska Z. 2005. The elimination of Ochratoxin A by lactic acid bacteria strains. Polish J Microbiol 54:279-286.
118. Pool-Zobel BL, Munzner R, Holzaapfel H. 1993. Antigenotoxic properties of lactic acid bacteria in the S. typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Nutr Cancer 20:261-270.
119. Pool-Zobel BL, Neudecker C, Domizlaff I, Ji S, Schillinger U, Rumney C, Moretti M, Vilarini I, Scasellati-Sforzolini R, Rowland IR. 1996. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium mediated antigenotoxicity in the colon of rats. Nutr Cancer 26:365-380.
120. Rafter JJ. 1995. The role of lactic acid bacteria in colon cancer prevention. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:497-502.
121. Rao AR, Hussain SP. 1988. Modulation of methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mouse by indomethacin. Cancer Lett 43:15-19.
122. Ratan RR, Murphy TH, Baraban JM. 1994. Oxidative stress induces apoptosis in embryonic cortical neurons. J Neurochem 62:376-379.
123. Reddy BS. 1998. Prevention of colon cancer by pre- and probiotics: Evidence from laboratory studies. Br J Nutr 80:S219-S223.
124. Reddy BS, Hamid R, Rao CV. 1997. Effect of dietary oligofructose and inulin on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci inhibition. Carcinogenesis 18:1371-1374.
125. Reddy BS, Rivenson A. 1993. Inhibitory effect of Bifidobacterium longum on colon, mammary, and liver carcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-3- methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, a food mutagen. Cancer Res 53:3914-3918.
126. Rescigno M, Granucci F, Citterio S, Foti M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. 1999. Coordinated events during bacteria-induced DC maturation. Immunol Today 20:200-203.
127. Reynolds SH, Stowers SJ, Patterson RM, Maronpot RR, Aaronson SA, Anderson MW. 1987. Activated oncogenes in B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors: Implications for risk assessment. Science 237:1309-1316.
128. Rhee CH, Park HD. 2001. Three glycoproteins with antimutagenic activity identified in Lactobacillus plantarum KLAB21. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3445-3449.
129. Rice-Evans C, Burdon R. 1993. Free radical-lipid interactions and their pathological consequences. Prog Lipid Res 32:71-110.
130. Rowland IR, Bearne CA, Fischer R, Pool-Zobel BL. 1996. The effect of lactulose on DNA damage induced by DMH in the colon of human flora-associated rats. Nutr Cancer 26:37-47.
131. Rowland IR, Rumney CJ, Coutts JT, Lievense LC. 1998. Effect of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis 19:281-285.
132. Saikali J, Picard C, Freitas M, Holt P. 2004. Fermented milks, probiotic cultures, and colon cancer. Nutr Cancer 49:14-24.
133. Saito YT, Rowland IR. 1992. Effects of soybean oligosaccharides on the human gut microbiota in in-vitro culture. Microb Ecol Health Dis 5:105-110.
134. Salminen S, Von Wright A. 1998. Current probiotics-safety assured? Microbial Ecol Health Dis 10:68-77.
135. Schiffrin EJ, Rochat F, Link-Amster H, Aeschlimann JM, Donnet-Hughes A. 1995. Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci 78:491-496.
136. Sekine K, Toida T, Saito M, Kuboyama M, Kawashima T, Hashimoto Y. 1985. A new morphologically characterized cell wall preparation (whole peptidoglycan) from Bifidobacterium infantis with a higher efficacy on the regression of an established tumor in mice. Cancer Res 45:1300-1307.
137. Sekine K, Kawashima T, Hashimoto, Y. 1994. Comparison of the TNF-a levels induced by human-derived Bifidobacterium longum and rat-derived Bifidobacterium animalis in mouse peritoneal cells. Bifidobacteria Microbiota 13:79-89.
138. Sekine K, Ohta J, Onishi M, Tatsuki T, Shimokawa Y, Toida T, Kawashima T, Hashimoto Y. 1995. Analysis of antitumor properties of effector cells stimulated with a cell wall preparation (WPG) of Bifidobacterium infantis. Biol Pharm Bull 18:148-153.
139. Shackelford LA, Rao DR, Chawan CB, Pulusani SR. 1983. Effect of feeding fermented milk on the incidence of chemically-induced colon tumours in rats. Nutr Cancer 5:159-164.
140. Shahani KM, Ayebo AD. 1980. Role of dietary lactobacilli in gastrointestinal microecology. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2448-2457.
141. Sies H. 1991. Oxidative stress: Introduction. In: Sies H, editor. Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp 15-22.
142. Singh J, Rivenson A, Tomita M, Shimamura S, Ishibashi N, Reddy BS. 1997. Bifidobacterium longum, a lactic acid-producing intestinal bacterium inhibits colon cancer and modulates the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 18:833-841.
143. Souza MF, Tome AR, Rao VS. 1999. Inhibition by the bioflavonoid ternatin of aflatoxin B1-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 51:125-129.
144. Stoner GD, Mukhtar H, 1995. Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents. J Cell Biochem 22:169-180.
145. Szarka CE, Pfeiffer GR, Hum ST, Everley LC, Balshem AM, Moore DF, Litwin S, Goosenberg EB, Frucht H, Engstrom PF. 1995. Glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione S-transferase mu expression in subjects with risk for colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 55:2789-2793.
146. Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T. 1999. Inhibitory effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on 3-methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 188:111-116.
147. Takagi A, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T. 2001. Enhancement of natural killer cytotoxicity delayed murine carcinogenesis by a probiotic microorganism. Carcinogenesis 22:599-605.
148. Takagi A, Ikemura H, Matsuzaki T, Sato M, Nomoto K, Morotomi M, Yokokura T. 2008. Relationship between the in-vitro response of dendritic cells to Lactobacillus and prevention of tumorigenesis in the mouse. J Gastroenterol 43:661-669.
149. Takeshi M, Akimitsu T, Haruo I, Tetsuya M, Teruo Y. 2007. Intestinal microbiota: Probiotics and autoimmunity. J Nutr 137:798S-802S.
150. Tavan E, Cayuela C, Antoine JM, Trugnan G, Chaugier C, Cassand P. 2002. Effects of dairy products on heterocyclic aromatic amine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 23:477-483.
151. Thyagaraja N, Hosono A. 1993. Antimutagenicity of lactic acid bacteria from 'Idly' against food related mutagens. J Food Protect 56:1061-1066.
152. Trush MA, Kensler TW. 1991. An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 10:201-209.
153. Usman HA. 1998. Desmutagenicity of milk cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus strains against mutagenic heated tauco. Food Chem Toxicol 36:805-810.
154. Vanderhoof JA. 2001. Probiotics: Future directions. Am J Clin Nutr 73:1152S-1155S.
155. Vuillaume M. 1987. Reduced oxygen species, mutation, induction and cancer initiation. Mutat Res 186:43-72.
156. Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G, Pool-Zobel BL. 2001. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 73:451S-455S.
157. Yokokura T, Kato I, Mutai M. 1981. Antitumor effect of Lactobacillus casei (LC 9018). In: Mitsuoka T, editor. Intestinal flora and carcinogenesis. Tokyo: Gakkai-Syuppan Center. pp 72-88.