Role of hormones and neuropeptides in IBS and other gastrointestinal disorders: Understanding variability and chrononutrition

Open Nutraceuticals Journal

Volumn 4, Issue , 2011, Pages 213-225

  Wilson, D W ^a   Hungin, A P S ^a   Howse, J H ^a   de Meester, F ^b   Singh, R B ^c   Wilczynska, A ^b   Cornelissen, G ^d   Halberg, F ^d  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Tsim Tsoum Institute   (Poland)

^c IFTM UNIVERSITY   (India)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cartesian gap; Chronobiology; Commensal biota; Irritable bowel syndrome; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Tsim tsoum concept

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; INTERFERON; LEPTIN; MELATONIN; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; SEROTONIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CHRONOBIOLOGY; CHRONONUTRITION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GASTRULATION; HORMONE ACTION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; IRRITABLE COLON; MENTAL STRESS; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PINEAL BODY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84862926073     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18763960     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1876396001104010213     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Hungin APS, Whorwell PJ, Tack J, Mearin F. The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17(5): 643-50.
2. Drossman DA. The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Rome III Process. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1377-90.
3. Drossman DA, Corazziari E, Delvaux M, et al. (Eds): Rome III: The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 3rd edition. Degnon Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia, 2006; pp. 963-90.
4. Corazziari E. Definition and epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18(4): 613-31.
5. Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ, Funch-Jensen P, Janssens J, Whitehead WE. Identification of subgroups of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1990; 3: 159-72.
6. Powell R. On certain painfull afflictions of the intestinal canal. Med Trans R Coll Phys 1818; 6: 106-1017.
7. Engel GI. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science 1977; 196: 129-36.
8. Drossman DA. Presidential address. Gastrointestinal illness and the Biopsychosocial model. Psychosom Med 1998; 60: 258-67.
9. Hall NJ, Rubin GP, Dougall A, Hungin APS, Neely J. The fight for 'health-related normality': a qualitative study on the experiences of individuals living with established inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). J Health Psychol 2005; 10(3): 443-55.
10. [Singh RB, De Meester F, Wilkzynska A, Wilson DW, Hungin APS. The gut-brain and heart connection. World Heart J 2010 [in press].
11. [Roy CS, Sherrington CS. On the Regulation of the Blood-supply of the Brain. J Physiol 1890; 11(1-2): 85-108.
12. Laureys S, Boly M, Tononi G. Functional Neuroimaging In: The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology. Laureys S, Tononi G, Eds. Academic Press- Elsevier 2009; pp. 31-42.
13. Mayer EA, Gebhart GF. Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 271-93.
14. Sheehan J, Gaman A, Vangel M, Kuo B. Pooled analysis of brain activity in irritable bowel syndrome and controls during rectal balloon distension. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2011; 23(4): 336-58.
15. Johnson AC, Myers B, Lazovic J, Towner R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Brain Activation in Response to Visceral Stimulation in Rats with Amygdala Implants of Corticosterone: An fMRI Study. Plos One 2010; 5 (1): e8573.
16. Hom CC. Electrophysiology of vagal afferents: amino acid detection in the gut. Ann NYAcad Sci 2009; 1170: 69-76.
17. Clarke G, Fitzgerald P, Hennessy AA, et al. Marked elevations in pro-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites in females with irritable bowel syndrome. J Lipid Res 2010; 51(5): 1186-92.
18. [Thompson WG. The road to Rome. Gut 1999; 45(11): II80-II81.
19. Zeman M, Cornélissen G, Balazova K, et al. Circadian rhythm of melatonin in rat duodenum. In: Cornélissen G, Kenner R, Fiser B, Siegelova J, eds. Proceedings Symposium: Chronobiology in Medicine. Brno: Masaryk University; 2004; pp. 95-97.
20. Skelton P. Evolution: a biological and palaeontological approach. Wokingham, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company 1993; 1064.
21. Barnes J. The Presocratic Philosophers Revised Eds, Routledge 1982; pp. 501.
22. Crick F. The astonishing hypothesis: the scientific search for the soul.1994; New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.
23. Nurse P. Biology in the 21st Century. Society of Biology Address, Search "Society Biology Nurse" 2010, Sir PaulNurse-remarks-25 March 2010.pdf.
24. Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155: 457-69.
25. Blagosklonny MV, Pardee AB. Conceptual biology: unearthing the gems. Nature 2002; 416: 373.
26. [Rossi EL, Rossi KL. Open questions on mind, genes, consciousness, and behaviour: the circadian and ultradian rhythms of art, beauty, and truth in creativity. In: Eds. D. Lloyd & Rossi E, Ultradian Rhythms from molecules to mind: a new version of life.2008; Springer Science + Business Media B.V. Berlin.
27. [Zijdenbos IL, de Wit NJ, van der Heijden GJ, Rubin G, Quartero AO. Psychological treatments for the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 1: CD006442.
28. Azpiroz F, Bouin M, Camilleri M, et al. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity in IBS and functional disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19: 62-88.
29. Segal E, Sirlin C, Ooi C, et al. Decoding global gene expression programs in liver cancer by noninvasive imaging. Nature Biotechnol 2007; 25: 675-80.
30. Rossi E, Iannotti S, Cozzolino M, Castiglione S, Cicatelli A, Rossi K. A Pilot Study of Positive Expectations and Focused Attention via a New Protocol for Optimizing Therapeutic Hypnosis and Psychotherapy assessed with DNA Microarrays: The Creative Psychosocial Genomic Healing Experience. Sleep Hypn 2008; 10(2): 39-44.
31. Lamb J, Crawford E, Peck D, et al. The connectivity map: Using gene-expression signatures to connect small molecules, genes and diease. Science 2006; 313: 1929-35.
32. Smith K. Treatment frontiers. Nature 2010; 466: S15-8.
33. Yamamoto T, Nakahata Y, Soma H, Akashi M, Mamine T, Takumi T. Transcriptional oscillation of canonical clock genes in mouse peripheral tissues. BMC Mol Biol 2004; 5: 18.
34. Siepka SM, Yoo SH, Park J, et al. Circadian mutant Overtime reveals F-box protein FBXL3 regulation of cryptochrome and period gene expression. Cell 2007; 129(5): 1011-23.
35. Arendt J, Wetterberg L, Heyden T, Sizonenko PC, Paunier L. Radioimmunoassay of Melatonin: Human Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Horm Res 1977; 8: 65-75.
36. Bubenik GA, Pang SF, Hacker RR, Smith PS. Melatonin concentrations in serum and tissues of porcine gastrointestinal tract and their relationship to the intake and passage of food. J Pineal Res 1996; 21(4): 251-6.
37. Balsalobre A. Clock genes in mammalian peripheral tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2002; 309: 193-9.
38. Schibler U, Ripperger J, Brown SA. Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food. J Biol Rhythms 2003; 18: 250-60.
39. James FO, Bolvin DB, Charbonneau S, Belanger V, Cermakian, N. Expression of clock genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells throughout the sleep/wake and circadian cycles. Chronobiol Int 2007; 24(6): 1009-34.
40. Scott JR, Hellmich HL, Hoogerwerf WA. Circadian expression of clock genes in the murine colon. Gastroenterology 2008; 128(Suppl 2): A1500.
41. Hoogenwerf WA, Hellmich HL, Cornélissen G, et al. Clock gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract: endogenous rhythmicity and effects of a feeding regimen. Gastroenterology 2007; 133(4): 1373-6.
42. [Garaulet M, Madrid JA. Chronobiological aspects of nutrition, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010. [In Press].
43. Abe M, Herzog ED, Yamazaki S, et al. Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 350-6.
44. Bjarnason GA, Jordan RCK, Sothern R. Circadian Variation in the Expression of Cell-Cycle Proteins in Human Oral Epithelium. Amer J Pathol 1999; 154(2): 613-22.
45. Nurse PM. Nobel Lecture. Cyclin dependent kinases and cell cycle control. Bioscience Reports 2002; 22(5-6): 487-99.
46. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Cornélissen G, et al. Circadian rhythmicity of circulating vitamin concentration. Scripta Medica (Brno) 2001; 74: 93-96.
47. Singh RB, Weydahl A, Otsuka K, et al. Can nutrition influence circadian rhythm and heart rate variability? Biomed Pharmecother J 2001; 55: 115-24.
48. Singh RB, Gupta A, Pella D, Kumar A. Circadian Cardiology. World Heart J 2008; 1: 101-25.
49. Unsal-Kamaz K, Mullen TE, Kaufmann WK, Sancar A. Coupling of human circadian and cell cycles by the Timelss Protein. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25(8): 3109-16.
50. Brillat-Savarin JA. Physiologie du goût, ou, méditations de gastonomie transcendente. Ouvrage theorique, historique et àl'ordre du jour, dedié aux gastronomes parisiens. A Soutelet & Co., Paris, Vol. I, 1826; 390PP, Vol II, pp. 442.
51. Halberg F, Haus E, Cornélissen G. From biologic rhythms to chronomes relevant for nutrition. In: Marriott, B.M. (Ed): Not eating enough: overcoming underconsumption of military operational rations. National Academy Press, 1995; pp. 361-72.
52. Caruso CC, Lusk SL, Gillespie B.W. Relationship of work schedules to gastrointestinal diagnoses, symptoms, and medication use in auto factory workers. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46: 586-98.
53. Scott AJ. Shift work and health. Prim Care 2000; 27: 1057-79.
54. Waterhouse J, Buckley P, Edwards B, Reilly T. Differences in Eating Habits Between Night and Day Workers. Chronobiol Int 2003; 20(6): 1075-92.
55. Lu WZ, Gwee KA, Ho KY. Functional bowel disorders in rotating shift nurses may be related to sleep disturbances. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 623-7.
56. Nojkov BRJ, Hoogerwerf S, Chey WD. The effect of shift work on the prevalence and clinical impact of functional bowel disorders in nurses. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: S469.
57. Scheving LE, Burns ER, Pauly JE Tsai T-H. Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium. Anat Rec 1978; 191: 479-86.
58. Scheving LE, Scheving LA, Tsai T-H, Pauly JE. Effect of fasting on circadian rhythmicity in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis of several murine tissues. J Nutr 1984; 114: 2160-6.
59. Rubin NH, Hokanson JA, Mayschak JW, Tsai T-H., Barranco SC, Scheving LE. Several cytokinetic methods for showing circadian variation in normal murine tissue and in a tumor. Am J Anat 1983; 168(1): 15-26.
60. Quastler H, Sherman FG. Cell population kinetics in the intestinal epithelium of the mouse. Exp Cell Res 1959; 17(3): 420-38.
61. Donaghey C. CELLSIM H User's Manual. Department of Industrial Engineering, 1975; University of Houston, Houston, TX.
62. Donaghey C, Drewinko BA. Computer Simulation Program for the Study of Cellular Growth Kinetics and its Application to the Analysis of Human Lymphoma Cells in Vitro. Comput Biomed Res 1975; 8: 118-28.
63. Donaghey C, Barlogie B, Stubblefield E. Simulating Flow Microfluorometry Experiments With the Computer Language CELLSIM. BioSystems 1978; 10: 339-47.
64. Wilson DW, Griffiths K. Advances in research: simulation of cell cycles. In: Cardiff Joint Computer Centre-Report. 1977; Cardiff, Cardiff University.
65. [Cornélissen G, Kanabrocki E, Halberg J, Halberg F. Toward the chronobiology and chronomics of the intestine. In: Zabielski R, Gregory PC, Westrom B, editors. Biology of the Intestine in Growing Animals.2002; pp. 751-804, Amsterdam: Elsevier NV.
66. Drossman DA, Chairmen WTC. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and their diagnosis: a coming of age. In: D.A. Drossman (ed.). The functional gastrointestinal disorders, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994; pp. 1-23.
67. Selye HA Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 1936; 138: 32.
68. Vilcek J. The cytokines: an overview. In: A. Thompson, Editor, The Cytokine Handbook 3rd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1998; pp. 1-20.
69. Bayliss W, Starling EH. The mechanism of pancreatic secretion. J Physiol (London) 1902; 28: 325-53.
70. [Linnaeus C, Tomus I. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).1758: (1-4), 1-824.
71. Passamaneck YJ, Di Gregorio A. Ciona intestinalis: chordate development made simple. Dev Dyn 2005; 233(1): 1-19.
72. Snoek SA, Borensztajn KS, van den Wijngaard RM, de Jonge WJ. Neuropeptide Receptors in Intestinal Disease: Physiology and Therapeutic Potential. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010; 16(9): 1091-105.
73. Snoek SA. Verstege MI. Boeckxstaens GE. van den Wijngaard RM. de Jonge WJ. The enteric nervous system as a regulator of intestinal epithelial barrier function in health and disease. Expert rev gastroenterol hepatol 2010; 4(5): 637-51.
74. Inui A, Asakawa A, Bowers CY, et al. Ghrelin, appetite, and gastric motility: the emerging role of the stomach as an endocrine organ. FASEB J 2004; 18: 439-56.
75. Page A, Slattery J, Milte C, et al. Ghrelin selectively reduces mechanosensitivity of upper gastrointestinal vagal afferents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292 (5): 1376-84.
76. Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, et al. The Novel Hypothalamic Peptide Ghrelin Stimulates Food Intake and Growth Hormone Secretion. Endocrinology 2000; 141(11): 4325-8.
77. Perboni S, Inui A. Appetite and gastrointestinal motility: role of ghrelin-family peptides. Clin Nutr 2010; 29(2): 227-34.
78. Andrews PLR, Sanger GJ. Abdominal vagal afferent neurones: an important target for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002; 2(6): 650-56.
79. Semnani S, Roshandel G, Keshtkar A, et al. Serum leptin levels and irritable bowel syndrome: a new hypothesis. J Clinical Gastroenterol 2009; 43(9): 826-30.
80. Zhang HJ, Yan Y, Shi RH, Lin Z, Wang MF, Lin L. Correlation of Gut Hormones with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Digestion 2008; 78: 72-6.
81. Halberg F, Cornélissen G, Conti A, et al. The pineal gland and chronobiologic history: mind and spirit as feedsidewards in time structures for prehabilitation. In: Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Blask DE, Cardinali DP, Hrushesky WJM, Mecke W, editors. The Pineal Gland and Cancer: Neuroimmunoendocrine Mechanisms in Malignancy. Heidelberg: Springer; 2001; p. 66-116.
82. Mayakawa MT, DiStephano JJ III, Swerdloff RS. A dynamic system model of testosterone transport and metabolism in normal man. Ann Biomed Eng 1974; 2: 307-20.
83. Bucinskaite V, Tolessa T, Pedersen J, et al. Receptor-mediated activation of gastric vagal afferents by glucagon-like peptide- 1 in the rat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21: 978-78.
84. Hellstrom PM. Glp-1 playing the role of a gut regulatory compound. Acta Physiologica 2011; 201: 151-6.
85. Thaler JP, Cummings DF. Metabolism: food alert. Nature 2008; 452: 941-2.
86. Wang PY, Caspi L, Lam CK, et al. Upper intestinal lipids trigger a gut-brain-liver axis to regulate glucose production. Nature 2008; 452: 1012-16.
87. Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, et al. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G proteincoupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 1998; 92: 573-85.
88. Ohno K, Sakurai T. Orexin neuronal circuitry: role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29: 70-87.
89. de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. PNAS 1998; 95(1): 322-7.
90. Ohumura T, Takakusaki K. Role of orexin in central regulation of gastrointestinal functions. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 652-60.
91. Takahashi N, Okumura T, Yamada H, Kohgo Y. Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by centrally administered orexin-A in conscious rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 254: 623-7.
92. Löckinger A, Koeberle D, St. Koenig P, et al. Neuropeptide chronomics in clinically healthy young adults: circaoctohoran and circadian patterns. Peptides 2004; 25: 533-42.
93. Halberg F, Carandente F, Cornélissen G, Katinas GS. Glossary of chronobiology. Chronobiologia 1977; 4(Suppl 1): 1-189.
94. Camilleri M, Carlson P, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Neuropeptide S receptor induces neuropeptide expression and associates with intermediate phenotypes of Functional Gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2010; 138(1): 98-107.
95. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Guigliano G, Marfella R. Effect of a Mediterranean style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 1440-6.
96. Singh RB, Otsuka K, Chiang CE, Joshi SR. Nutritional predictors and modulators of metabolic syndrome. J Nutr Environ Med 2004; 14: 3-16.
97. Dai J, Miller AH, Bremner JD, Goldberg J, Jones L, Shallenberger L. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with circulating interleukin-6 among middle-aged men. A Twin Study. Circulation 2008; 117: 169-75.
98. Kwiatek AW, Singh RB, De Meester F. Nutrition and behaviour: the role of w-3 fatty acids. Open Nutra J 2010; 3: 119-28.
99. [99] Singh RB, de Meester F, Wilczynska A, Wilson DW, Hungin APS. The Liver-Pancreas and the brain connection in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic syndrome 2010; Nova Publishers [In Press].
100. Dubnov G, Pella D, Singh RB. The effect of an alpha-linolenic acid rich diet on the circadian rhythm of cardiac events. World Heart J 2008; 1: 49-56.
101. Eaton SB, Eaton SB III, Sinclair AJ, Cordain L, Mann NJ. Dietary intake of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic. World Rev Nutr Diet 1998; 83: 12-23.
102. De Meester F. Progress in lipid nutrition. In: Simopoulos AP, De Meester F (eds), A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty acid Ratio. Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease. World Rev Nutr Diet Basel 2009; 100: 110-21.
103. Wilczynska A, De Meester F, Singh RB, Pella D. Between body and mind. Dietary and environmental influence on mental function and health. Psychological Institute, University of Silesia, Partner Center for Training, Gliwice, Poland. 2009 [http://www.tsimtsoum.net/publicevents/14th%20WCCN%20-%20Editorial%20TsimTsoum.pdf].
104. Singh RB, de Meester F, Wilczynska A. The Tsim Tsoum Approaches for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiology Research and Practice 2010. [In Press].
105. Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y, Lee TH, Mori W. Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. J Amer Chem Soc 1958; 80: 2587.
106. Lerner AB, Case JD, Heinzelman RU. Structure of melatonin. J Am Chem Soc 1959; 81: 6084-5.
107. Vakkuri O, Rintamaki H, Leppaluoto J. Presence of immunoreactive melatonin in different tissues of the pigeon (Columba livia). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985; 58: 69-75.
108. Saha L, Malhotra S, Rana S, Bhasin D, Pandhi P. A preliminary study of melatonin in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41(1): 29-32.
109. Descartes, R. Les passions d'ame. In: Descartes (1824). Oeuvres de Descartes. Volume 4, 1649 Victor Cousin, Paris.
110. Descartes R. Traite de l'homme (Treatis of Man, Hall, T.S., trans.) 1972; Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, USA.
111. Rapport MM, Green AA, Page IH. Serum vasoconstrictor, serotonin; isolation and characterization. J Biol Chem 1948; 176(3): 1243-51.
112. Song GH, Leng PH, Gwee KA, Moochhala SM Ho KY. Melatonin improves abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome patients who have sleep disturbances: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut 2005; 54(10): 1353-4.
113. Pang SF, Shiu SYW, Tse SF. Effect of photic manipulation on the level of melatonin in the retinas of frogs (Rana tigrina regulosa). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1985; 58(3): 464-70.
114. Manchester LC, Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Park W, Monis K, Qi W. High levels of melatonin in the seeds of edible plants: possible function in germ tissue protection. Life Sci 2000; 67: 3023-9.
115. Martin MT, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Melatonin and the gastrointestinal tract. Therapie 1998; 53: 453-8.
116. Maldonado MD, Moreno H, Calvo JR. Melatonin present in beer contributes to increase the levels of melatonin and antioxidant capacity of the human serum. Clin Nutr 2009; 28(2): 188-91.
117. Illnerova H, Buresova M, Presl J. Melatonin rhythm in human milk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 838-41.
118. Cubero J, Valero V, Sanchez J, et al. The circadian rhythm of tryptophan in breast milk affects the rhythms of 6- sulfatoxymelatonin and sleep in newborn. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2005; 26(6): 657-61.
119. Bradbury RB, White DE. Oestrogens and related substances in plants. Vitam Horm 1954; 12: 207-233.
120. Van Tassel DL, Li J, O'Neill SD. Melatonin: identification of a potential dark signal in plants. Plant Physiol 1993; 102(Supplement 1): 659.
121. Van Tassel DL, Roberts NJ, O'Neill SD. Melatonin from higher plants: isolation and identification of N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine. Plant Physiol 1995; 108: 101.
122. Van Tassel DL, Roberts N, Lewy A, O'Neill SD. Melatonin in plant organs. JPR 2001; 31: 8-15.
123. Kolár J, Machácková I. Melatonin: does it regulate rhythmicity and photoperiodism also in higher plants? Flower Newslett 1994; 17: 53-4.
124. Kolár J, Machácková I, Illnerová H, Prinsen E, Van Dongen W, Van Onckelen HA. Melatonin in higher plants determined by radioimmunoassay and liquid chromatography-mass spectometry. Biol Rhythm Res 1995; 26: 406.
125. Dubbels R, Reiter RJ, Klenke E, et al. Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JPR 1995; 18: 28-31.
126. Hattori A, Migitaka H, Iigo M, et al. Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and binding to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 35: 627-34.
127. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, et al. Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions. World Rev Nutr Diet 2007; 97: 211-30.
128. Badria FA. Melatonin, serotonin, and tryptamine in some Egyptian food and medicinal plants. J Med Food 2002; 5:153-7.
129. Hardeland R, Reiter RJ, Poeggeler B, Tan DX. The significance of the metabolism of the neurohormone melatonin: antioxidative protection and formation of bioactive substances. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1993; 17: 347-57.
130. Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Manchester LC, et al. Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 181-97.
131. Kolár J, Machácková I, Eder J, et al. Melatonin: occurrence and daily rhythm in Chenopodium rubrum. Phytochemistry 1997; 44: 1407-13.
132. Kolár J, Machácková I. Melatonin in higher plants: occurrence and possible functions. JPR 2005; 39: 333-41.
133. Wolf K, Kolár J, Witters E, van Dongen W, van Onckelen H, Machácková I. Daily profile of melatonin levels in Chenopodium rubrum L. depends on photoperiod. J Plant Physiol 2001; 158: 1491-3.
134. Lei XY, Zhu RY, Zhang GY, Dai YR. Attenuation of cold-induced apoptosis by exogenous melatonin in carrot suspension cells: the possible involvement of polyamines. JPR 2004; 36: 126-31.
135. Manchester LC, Poeggeler B, Alvares FL, Ogden GB, Reiter RJ. Melatonin immunoreactivity in the photosynthetic prokaryote Rhodospirillum rubrum: implications for an ancient antioxidant system. Cell Mol Biol Res 1995; 41: 391-5.
136. Hardeland R, Poeggeler B. Non-vertebrate melatonin. JPR 2003; 34: 233-41.
137. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Prado FM, Reiter RJ. Novel rhythms of N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5- methoxykynuramine and its precursor melatonin in water hyacinth: importance for phytoremediation. The FASEB J 2007; 21: 1724-9.
138. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Helton P, Reiter RJ. Phytoremediative capacity of plants enriched with melatonin. Plant Signal Behav 2007; 2: 514-6.
139. Hoogerwerf WA, Scott JR, Savidge TC, Hellmich H. Timed feeding alters clock gene expression in the murine stomach and colon. Gastroenterology 2006; 130(Suppl 2): A456.
140. Panda S, Sato TK, Castrucci AM, et al. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science 2002; 298: 2213-6.
141. Liu AC, Lewis WG, Kay SA. Mammalian circadian signalling networks and therapeutic targets. Nat Chem Biol 2007; 3: 630-9.
142. Hannibal J. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Cell Tissue Res 2002; 309: 73-88.
143. Albrecht U, Sun ZS, Eichele G, Lee CC. A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light. Cell 1997; 91: 1055-64.
144. Yan L, Silver R. Differential induction and localization of mPer1 and mPer2 during advancing and delaying phase shifts. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16: 1531-40.
145. Kalsbeek A, Palm IF, La Fleur SE, et al. SCN outputs and the hypothalamic balance of life. J Biol Rhythms 2006; 21: 458-69.
146. [Albrecht U. Circadian clocks in mood-related behaviors. Ann Med 2010; 42(4): 241-51.
147. Huang T, Nei C, Su W, The Yellow Emporer's classic of internal medicine. (Veith, I., trans).1949. University of California Press, Berkeleey.
148. Klein DC, Namboodiri MAA, Auerbach DA. The melatonin rhythm generating system: developmental aspects. Life Sci 1981; 28: 1975-86.
149. Murch SJ, Krishna Raj S, Saxena PK. Tryptophan is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin biosynthesis in in vitro regenerated St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Anthos) plants. Plant Cell Rep 2000; 19: 698-704.
150. Afreen F, Zobayed SM, Kozai T. Melatonin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis: response of plant roots to spectral quality of light and UV-B radiation. JPR 2006; 41: 108-115.
151. Klein DC, Coon SL, Roseboom PH, et al. The melatonin rhythmgenerating enzyme: molecular regulation of serotonin Nacetyltransferase in the pineal gland. Recent Prog Horm Res 1997; 52: 307-57.
152. Raikhlin NT, Kvetnoy IM. Melatonin and enterochromaffine cells. Acta Histochem 1976; 55: 19-24.
153. Huether G, Poegeller G, Reimer R, George A. Effect of tryptophan administration on circulating melatonin levels in chicks and rats: evidence for stimulation of melatonin synthesis and release in the gastrointestinal tract. Life Sci 1992; 51: 945-53.
154. Thor PJ, Krolczyk G, Gil K, Zurowski D, Nowak L. Melatonin and serotonin effects on gastrointestinal motility. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 58: 97-105.
155. Pearse AG. The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone-producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic, physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem Cytochem 1969; 17(5): 303-13.
156. Langton P, Ward SM, Carl A, Norrel MA, Sanders KM. Spontaneous electrical activity of interstitial cells of Cajal isolated from canine proximal colon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 7280-4.
157. Mantovani M, Kaster MP, Pertile R, Calixto JB, Rodrigues AL, Santos AR. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by melatonin in mice. JPR 2006; 41: 382-9.
158. Lu WZ, Gwee KA, Moochhalla S, Ho KY. Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 927-34.
159. Konturek SJ, Pepara J, Zabielski K, et al. Brain-gut axis in pancreatic secretion and appetite control. J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 54: 293-317.
160. Chazot G, Claustrat B, Brun J, Jordan D, Sassolas G, Schott BA. Chronobiological study of melatonin, cortisol growth hormone and prolactin secretion in cluster headache. Cephalalgia; 1984; 4: 213-20.
161. Mozaffari S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. Implications of Melatonin Therapy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16(33): 3646-55.
162. [Jones J, Boorman J, Cann P, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for the management of the irritable bowel syndrome. GUT 2000; 47: ii1-ii19.
163. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308(5728): 1635-8.
164. [Parkes GC, Brostoff J, Whelan K, Sanderson JD. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: their role in its pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1557-67.
165. Hoogenwerf WA. Biologic Clocks and the Gut. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006; 8: 353-59.
166. McConnell EL, Short MD, Basit AW. An in vivo comparison of intestinal pH and bacteria as physiological trigger mechanisms for colonic targeting in man. J Control Release 2008; 130: 154-60.
167. Mills DJ, Tuchy KM, Booth J, et al. Dietary glycated protein modulates the colonic microbiota towards a more detrimental composition in ulcerative colitus patients and in non-ulcerative colitus subjects. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105(3): 706-14.
168. Simon GL, Gorbach SL. Intestinal flora in health and disease. Gastroenterology 1984; 86(1): 174-93.
169. Bernhardt H, Knoke M. Mycological aspects of gastrointestinal microflora, Scand. J Gastroent 1997; 32: 102-6.
170. Gilad Y, Oshlack A, Smyth GK, Speed TP, White KP. Expresion profiling in primates reveals a rapid evolution of human transcription factors. Nature 2006; 440: 242-5.
171. Hawks L, Wang ET, Cochran GM. Harpending HC, Moyzis RK. Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 20753-8.
172. Taub E, Cuevas JL, Cook EW, Cromwell M, Whitehead WE. Irritable bowel syndrome defined by factor analysis. Gender and race comparisons. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40(12): 2647-55.
173. Vernia P, Ricciardi MR, Frandin AC, Bilotta T, Frieri G. Lactose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of a long-term lactose-free diet. Ital J Gastroenterol 1995; 27(3): 117-21.
174. Gwee KA. Irritable bowel syndrome in developing countries-a disorder of civilization or colonization? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17: 317-24.
175. Aon MA, Roussel MR, Cortassa S, et al. The Scale-Free Dynamics of Eukaryotic Cells. PLoS ONE 2008; 3(11): e3624.
176. Brauckmann S, Gilbert SF. Sucking in the Gut: A Brief History of Early Studies on Gastrulation. In Stern C, ed. Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryo. 2004; Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
177. Auwerda JJ, Bac DJ, Schouten WR. Circadian rhythm of rectal motor complexes. Dis Colon Rectum 2001; 44: 1328-32.
178. Frexinos J, Bueno L, Fioramonti J. Diurnal changes in myoelectric spiking activity of the human colon. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 1104-10.
179. Vener KJ, Szabo S, Moore JG. The effect of shift work on gastrointestinal (GI) function: a review. Chronobiologia 1985; 16: 421-39.
180. Costa G. The impact of shift and night work on health. Appl Ergon 1996; 27: 9-16
181. Knutsson A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2003; 53: 103-8.
182. Kay L, Jorgensen T, Jensen TH. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in a random population: prevalence, incidence, natural history and risk factors. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 23-30.
183. Talley N J, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ III. Prevalence of gastrointestinal syptoms in the elderly: a populationbased study. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 895-901.
184. Morris-Yates A, Talley NJ, Boyce PM, Nandurkar S, Andrews G. Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 1311-7.
185. Levy RL, Jones KR, Whitehead WE, Feld SI, Talley NJ, Corey LA. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 799-804.
186. Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of the dietary omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio: medical implications. In: Simopouos AP, De Meester F. 2009, Karger, London.