Microenvironment changes in mild traumatic brain injury

Brain Research Bulletin

Volumn 87, Issue 4-5, 2012, Pages 359-372

  Kan, Enci Mary ^a   Ling, Eng Ang ^b   Lu, Jia ^a  

^a DSO NATIONAL LABORATORIES   (Singapore)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Microenvironment; Mild traumatic brain injury; Modulation; Neurometabolism; Outcome; Pathophysiology

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR AGONIST; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARBONYL CYANIDE 4 (TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)PHENYLHYDRAZONE; CHEMOKINE; CITICOLINE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOKINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2A; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; NEUROTROPHIN; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROGESTERONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECOMBINANT SOMATOMEDIN C; TOXIC SUBSTANCE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; BRAIN OXYGEN TENSION; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN TEMPERATURE; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CELL DEATH; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONVALESCENCE; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXCITOTOXICITY; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; HYPERBARIC OXYGEN; HYPOTHERMIA; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INJURY SEVERITY; MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; MORTALITY; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOMETRY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOM; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANIMALS; BRAIN CONCUSSION; COGNITION DISORDERS; HUMANS;

EID: 84862793552     PISSN: 03619230     EISSN: 18732747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.01.007     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee, Neurology 48 (1997) 581-585.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury Task Force Common Definition of TBI 2008, Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs, p. 2.
3. Aaen G.S., Holshouser B.A., Sheridan C., Colbert C., McKenney M., Kido D., Ashwal S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy predicts outcomes for children with nonaccidental trauma. Pediatrics 2010, 125:295-303.
4. Abrahamson E.E., Ikonomovic M.D., Ciallella J.R., Hope C.E., Paljug W.R., Isanski B.A., Flood D.G., Clark R.S., DeKosky S.T. Caspase inhibition therapy abolishes brain trauma-induced increases in Abeta peptide: implications for clinical outcome. Exp. Neurol. 2006, 197:437-450.
5. Adamides A.A., Cooper D.J., Rosenfeldt F.L., Bailey M.J., Pratt N., Tippett N., Vallance S., Rosenfeld J.V. Focal cerebral oxygenation and neurological outcome with or without brain tissue oxygen-guided therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. 2009, 151:1399-1409.
6. Agoston D.V., Gyorgy A., Eidelman O., Pollard H.B. Proteomic biomarkers for blast neurotrauma: targeting cerebral edema, inflammation, and neuronal death cascades. J. Neurotrauma 2009, 26:901-911.
7. Aiguo W., Zhe Y., Gomez-Pinilla F. Vitamin E protects against oxidative damage and learning disability after mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2010, 24:290-298.
8. Aimaretti G., Ambrosio M.R., Di Somma C., Gasperi M., Cannavo S., Scaroni C., Fusco A., Del Monte P., De Menis E., Faustini-Fustini M., Grimaldi F., Logoluso F., Razzore P., Rovere S., Benvenga S., Degli Uberti E.C., De Marinis L., Lombardi G., Mantero F., Martino E., Giordano G., Ghigo E. Residual pituitary function after brain injury-induced hypopituitarism: a prospective 12-month study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90:6085-6092.
9. Anderson K.J., Miller K.M., Fugaccia I., Scheff S.W. Regional distribution of fluoro-jade B staining in the hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 193:125-130.
10. Armonda R.A., Bell R.S., Vo A.H., Ling G., DeGraba T.J., Crandall B., Ecklund J., Campbell W.W. Wartime traumatic cerebral vasospasm: recent review of combat casualties. Neurosurgery 2006, 59:1215-1225. discussion 1225.
11. Aslan A., Gurelik M., Cemek M., Goksel H.M., Buyukokuroglu M.E. Nimodipine can improve cerebral metabolism and outcome in patients with severe head trauma. Pharmacol. Res. 2009, 59:120-124.
12. Bagiella E., Novack T.A., Ansel B., Diaz-Arrastia R., Dikmen S., Hart T., Temkin N. Measuring outcome in traumatic brain injury treatment trials: recommendations from the traumatic brain injury clinical trials network. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010, 25:375-382.
13. Balduini W., Carloni S., Buonocore G. Autophagy in hypoxia-ischemia induced brain injury: evidence and speculations. Autophagy 2009, 5:221-223.
14. Baratz R., Tweedie D., Rubovitch V., Luo W., Yoon J.S., Hoffer B.J., Greig N.H., Pick C.G. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis inhibitor 3,6'-dithiothalidomide, reverses behavioral impairments induced by minimal traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurochem. 2011, 118:1032-1042.
15. Baumer Y., Spindler V., Werthmann R.C., Bunemann M., Waschke J. Role of Rac 1 and cAMP in endothelial barrier stabilization and thrombin-induced barrier breakdown. J. Cell. Physiol. 2009, 220:716-726.
16. Bayir H., Adelson P.D., Wisniewski S.R., Shore P., Lai Y., Brown D., Janesko-Feldman K.L., Kagan V.E., Kochanek P.M. Therapeutic hypothermia preserves antioxidant defenses after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 37:689-695.
17. Bayir H., Kagan V.E., Clark R.S., Janesko-Feldman K., Rafikov R., Huang Z., Zhang X., Vagni V., Billiar T.R., Kochanek P.M. Neuronal NOS-mediated nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in brain after experimental and human brain injury. J. Neurochem. 2007, 101:168-181.
18. Bazarian J.J., Zemlan F.P., Mookerjee S., Stigbrand T. Serum S-100B and cleaved-tau are poor predictors of long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006, 20:759-765.
19. Bechir M., Meierhans R., Brandi G., Sommerfeld J., Fasshauer M., Cottini S.R., Stocker R., Stover J.F. Insulin differentially influences brain glucose and lactate in traumatic brain injured patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2010, 76:896-904.
20. Belanger H.G., Kretzmer T., Yoash-Gantz R., Pickett T., Tupler L.A. Cognitive sequelae of blast-related versus other mechanisms of brain trauma. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2009, 15:1-8.
21. Bell R.S., Vo A.H., Neal C.J., Tigno J., Roberts R., Mossop C., Dunne J.R., Armonda R.A. Military traumatic brain and spinal column injury: a 5-year study of the impact blast and other military grade weaponry on the central nervous system. J. Trauma 2009, 66:S104-S111.
22. Belli A., Sen J., Petzold A., Russo S., Kitchen N., Smith M. Metabolic failure precedes intracranial pressure rises in traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. Acta Neurochir. 2008, 150:461-469. discussion 470.
23. Bentzer P., Davidsson H., Grande P.O. Microdialysis-based long-term measurements of energy-related metabolites in the rat brain following a fluid percussion trauma. J. Neurotrauma 2000, 17:441-447.
24. Bermpohl D., You Z., Lo E.H., Kim H.H., Whalen M.J. TNF alpha and Fas mediate tissue damage and functional outcome after traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27:1806-1818.
25. Biegon A., Fry P.A., Paden C.M., Alexandrovich A., Tsenter J., Shohami E. Dynamic changes in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors after closed head injury in mice: implications for treatment of neurological and cognitive deficits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:5117-5122.
26. Bonne O., Gilboa A., Louzoun Y., Kempf-Sherf O., Katz M., Fishman Y., Ben-Nahum Z., Krausz Y., Bocher M., Lester H., Chisin R., Lerer B. Cerebral blood flow in chronic symptomatic mild traumatic brain injury. Psychiatry Res. 2003, 124:141-152.
27. Bramlett H.M., Dietrich W.D. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2004, 24:133-150.
28. Brenner L.A., Terrio H., Homaifar B.Y., Gutierrez P.M., Staves P.J., Harwood J.E., Reeves D., Adler L.E., Ivins B.J., Helmick K., Warden D. Neuropsychological test performance in soldiers with blast-related mild TBI. Neuropsychology 2010, 24:160-167.
29. Busto R., Dietrich W.D., Globus M.Y., Valdes I., Scheinberg P., Ginsberg M.D. Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1987, 7:729-738.
30. Cantu R.C. Posttraumatic retrograde anterograde amnesia: pathophysiology implications in grading and safe return to play. J. Athl. Train. 2001, 36:244-248.
31. Catena R.D., van Donkelaar P., Chou L.S. Altered balance control following concussion is better detected with an attention test during gait. Gait Posture 2007, 25:406-411.
32. Cernak I. The importance of systemic response in the pathobiology of blast-induced neurotrauma. Front. Neurotrauma 2010, 1:1-9.
33. Cernak I., Merkle A.C., Koliatsos V.E., Bilik J.M., Luong Q.T., Mahota T.M., Xu L., Slack N., Windle D., Ahmed F.A. The pathobiology of blast injuries and blast-induced neurotrauma as identified using a new experimental model of injury in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 41:538-551.
34. Chamoun R., Suki D., Gopinath S.P., Goodman J.C., Robertson C. Role of extracellular glutamate measured by cerebral microdialysis in severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 2010, 113:564-570.
35. Chang J.J., Youn T.S., Benson D., Mattick H., Andrade N., Harper C.R., Moore C.B., Madden C.J., Diaz-Arrastia R.R. Physiologic and functional outcome correlates of brain tissue hypoxia in traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 37:283-290.
36. Charalampopoulos I., Remboutsika E., Margioris A.N., Gravanis A. Neurosteroids as modulators of neurogenesis and neuronal survival. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 19:300-307.
37. Chen G., Shi J.X., Qi M., Wang H.X., Hang C.H. Effects of progesterone on intestinal inflammatory response, mucosa structure alterations, and apoptosis following traumatic brain injury in male rats. J. Surg. Res. 2008, 147:92-98.
38. Chen Y., Huang W. Non-impact, blast-induced mild TBI and PTSD: concepts and caveats. Brain Inj. 2011, 25:641-650.
39. Childs C., Vail A., Leach P., Rainey T., Protheroe R., King A. Brain temperature and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit. Care 2006, 5:10-14.
40. Cohen B.A., Inglese M., Rusinek H., Babb J.S., Grossman R.I., Gonen O. Proton MR spectroscopy and MRI-volumetry in mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2007, 28:907-913.
41. Coldren R.L., Kelly M.P., Parish R.V., Dretsch M., Russell M.L. Evaluation of the Military Acute Concussion Evaluation for use in combat operations more than 12 hours after injury. Mil. Med. 2010, 175:477-481.
42. Colgan N.C., Cronin M.M., Gobbo O.L., O'Mara S.M., O'Connor W.T., Gilchrist M.D. Quantitative MRI analysis of brain volume changes due to controlled cortical impact. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1265-1274.
43. Costa T., Constantino L.C., Mendonca B.P., Pereira J.G., Herculano B., Tasca C.I., Boeck C.R. N-Methyl-d-aspartate preconditioning improves short-term motor deficits outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 2010, 88:1329-1337.
44. Dambinova S.A., Khounteev G.A., Izykenova G.A., Zavolokov I.G., Ilyukhina A.Y., Skoromets A.A. Blood test detecting autoantibodies to N-methyl-d-aspartate neuroreceptors for evaluation of patients with transient ischemic attack and stroke. Clin. Chem. 2003, 49:1752-1762.
45. Das M., Leonardo C.C., Rangooni S., Pennypacker K.R., Mohapatra S., Mohapatra S.S. Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury of the brain induces CCL20 inflammatory chemokine expression in rats. J. Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:148.
46. Dash P.K., Zhao J., Hergenroeder G., Moore A.N. Biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of treatment efficacy for traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010, 7:100-114.
47. de Boussard C.N., Lundin A., Karlstedt D., Edman G., Bartfai A., Borg J. S100 and cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Med. 2005, 37:53-57.
48. de Kruijk J.R., Leffers P., Menheere P.P., Meerhoff S., Twijnstra A. S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in serum of mild traumatic brain injury patients. A comparison with health controls. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2001, 103:175-179.
49. DePalma R.G., Burris D.G., Champion H.R., Hodgson M.J. Blast injuries. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1335-1342.
50. DeWitt D.S., Prough D.S. Blast-induced brain injury and posttraumatic hypotension and hypoxemia. J. Neurotrauma 2009, 26:877-887.
51. Di Pietro V., Amin D., Pernagallo S., Lazzarino G., Tavazzi B., Vagnozzi R., Pringle A., Belli A. Transcriptomics of traumatic brain injury: gene expression and molecular pathways of different grades of insult in a rat organotypic hippocampal culture model. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:349-359.
52. Dietrich W.D., Alonso O., Halley M., Busto R. Delayed posttraumatic brain hyperthermia worsens outcome after fluid percussion brain injury: a light and electron microscopic study in rats. Neurosurgery 1996, 38:533-541. discussion 541.
53. Dikranian K., Cohen R., Mac Donald C., Pan Y., Brakefield D., Bayly P., Parsadanian A. Mild traumatic brain injury to the infant mouse causes robust white matter axonal degeneration which precedes apoptotic death of cortical and thalamic neurons. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 211:551-560.
54. 2 and outcome after severe head injury. Neurol. Res. 1998, 20(Suppl. 1):S71-S75.
55. Faraco G., Pancani T., Formentini L., Mascagni P., Fossati G., Leoni F., Moroni F., Chiarugi A. Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid specifically alters gene expression and reduces ischemic injury in the mouse brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 70:1876-1884.
56. Faul M., Xu L., Wald M.M., Coronado V.G. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002-2006 2010, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta (GA).
57. Fear N.T., Jones E., Groom M., Greenberg N., Hull L., Hodgetts T.J., Wessely S. Symptoms of post-concussional syndrome are non-specifically related to mild traumatic brain injury in UK Armed Forces personnel on return from deployment in Iraq: an analysis of self-reported data. Psychol. Med. 2009, 39:1379-1387.
58. Figaji A.A., Zwane E., Kogels M., Fieggen A.G., Argent A.C., Le Roux P.D., Peter J.C. The effect of blood transfusion on brain oxygenation in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 11:325-331.
59. Gao Q., Lu J., Huo Y., Baby N., Ling E.A., Dheen S.T. NG2, a member of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans family mediates the inflammatory response of activated microglia. Neuroscience 2010, 165:386-394.
60. Gao X., Chen J. Mild traumatic brain injury results in extensive neuronal degeneration in the cerebral cortex. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2011, 70:183-191.
61. Gasparovic C., Yeo R., Mannell M., Ling J., Elgie R., Phillips J., Doezema D., Mayer A.R. Neurometabolite concentrations in gray and white matter in mild traumatic brain injury: an 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J. Neurotrauma 2009, 26:1635-1643.
62. Gessel L.M., Fields S.K., Collins C.L., Dick R.W., Comstock R.D. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J. Athl. Train. 2007, 42:495-503.
63. Gioia G.A., Collins M., Isquith P.K. Improving identification and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury with evidence: psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008, 23:230-242.
64. Giza C.C., Hovda D.A. The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. J. Athl. Train. 2001, 36:228-235.
65. Gonzalez P.G., Walker M.T. Imaging modalities in mild traumatic brain injury and sports concussion. PM R 2011, 3:S413-S424.
66. Gosselin N., Bottari C., Chen J.K., Petrides M., Tinawi S., de Guise E., Ptito A. Electrophysiology and functional MRI in post-acute mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2011, 28:329-341.
67. Govind V., Gold S., Kaliannan K., Saigal G., Falcone S., Arheart K.L., Harris L., Jagid J., Maudsley A.A. Whole-brain proton MR spectroscopic imaging of mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury and correlation with neuropsychological deficits. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:483-496.
68. Grossman E.J., Ge Y., Jensen J.H., Babb J.S., Miles L., Reaume J., Silver J.M., Grossman R.I., Inglese M. Thalamus and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J. Neurotrauma 2011, Epub ahead of print. 10.1089/neu.2011.1763.
69. Gupta A.K., Hutchinson P.J., Fryer T., Al-Rawi P.G., Parry D.A., Minhas P.S., Kett-White R., Kirkpatrick P.J., Mathews J.C., Downey S., Aigbirhio F., Clark J., Pickard J.D., Menon D.K. Measurement of brain tissue oxygenation performed using positron emission tomography scanning to validate a novel monitoring method. J. Neurosurg. 2002, 96:263-268.
70. Gurkoff G.G., Giza C.C., Hovda D.A. Lateral fluid percussion injury in the developing rat causes an acute, mild behavioral dysfunction in the absence of significant cell death. Brain Res. 2006, 1077:24-36.
71. Guzel A., Er U., Tatli M., Aluclu U., Ozkan U., Duzenli Y., Satici O., Guzel E., Kemaloglu S., Ceviz A., Kaplan A. Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome and its correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale in traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg. Rev. 2008, 31:439-444. discussion 444-445.
72. Hallam T.M., Floyd C.L., Folkerts M.M., Lee L.L., Gong Q.Z., Lyeth B.G., Muizelaar J.P., Berman R.F. Comparison of behavioral deficits and acute neuronal degeneration in rat lateral fluid percussion and weight-drop brain injury models. J. Neurotrauma 2004, 21:521-539.
73. Hanafy K.A., Stuart R.M., Khandji A.G., Connolly E.S., Badjatia N., Mayer S.A., Schindler C. Relationship between brain interstitial fluid tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 17:853-856.
74. Harris O.A., Muh C.R., Surles M.C., Pan Y., Rozycki G., Macleod J., Easley K. Discrete cerebral hypothermia in the management of traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. J. Neurosurg. 2009, 110:1256-1264.
75. Hartley C.E., Varma M., Fischer J.P., Riccardi R., Strauss J.A., Shah S., Zhang S., Yang Z.J. Neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on acute metabolic and pathological changes in experimentally induced neurotrauma. J. Neurosurg. 2008, 109:708-714.
76. Haselkorn M.L., Shellington D.K., Jackson E.K., Vagni V.A., Janesko-Feldman K., Dubey R.K., Gillespie D.G., Cheng D., Bell M.J., Jenkins L.W., Homanics G.E., Schnermann J., Kochanek P.M. Adenosine A1 receptor activation as a brake on the microglial response after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:901-910.
77. Hatton J., Rosbolt B., Empey P., Kryscio R., Young B. Dosing and safety of cyclosporine in patients with severe brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 2008, 109:699-707.
78. Hausdorff J.M., Yogev G. Cognitive function may be important for fall injury prevention trials. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2006, 54:865. author reply 865-866.
79. Hayakata T., Shiozaki T., Tasaki O., Ikegawa H., Inoue Y., Toshiyuki F., Hosotubo H., Kieko F., Yamashita T., Tanaka H., Shimazu T., Sugimoto H. Changes in CSF S100B and cytokine concentrations in early-phase severe traumatic brain injury. Shock 2004, 22:102-107.
80. Heupel W.M., Efthymiadis A., Schlegel N., Muller T., Baumer Y., Baumgartner W., Drenckhahn D., Waschke J. Endothelial barrier stabilization by a cyclic tandem peptide targeting VE-cadherin transinteraction in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell Sci. 2009, 122:1616-1625.
81. Higashida T., Kreipke C.W., Rafols J.A., Peng C., Schafer S., Schafer P., Ding J.Y., Dornbos D., Li X., Guthikonda M., Rossi N.F., Ding Y. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, aquaporin-4, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in blood-brain barrier disruption and brain edema after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 2012, 114:92-101.
82. Hinzman J.M., Thomas T.C., Burmeister J.J., Quintero J.E., Huettl P., Pomerleau F., Gerhardt G.A., Lifshitz J. Diffuse brain injury elevates tonic glutamate levels and potassium-evoked glutamate release in discrete brain regions at two days post-injury: an enzyme-based microelectrode array study. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:889-899.
83. Holli K.K., Harrison L., Dastidar P., Waljas M., Liimatainen S., Luukkaala T., Ohman J., Soimakallio S., Eskola H. Texture analysis of MR images of patients with mild traumatic brain injury. BMC Med. Imaging 2010, 10:8.
84. Iverson G.L., Langlois J.A., McCrea M.A., Kelly J.P. Challenges associated with post-deployment screening for mild traumatic brain injury in military personnel. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2009, 23:1299-1314.
85. Iverson G.L., Lovell M.R., Collins M.W. Validity of ImPACT for measuring processing speed following sports-related concussion. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 2005, 27:683-689.
86. Ivins B.J., Kane R., Schwab K.A. Performance on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics in a nonclinical sample of soldiers screened for mild TBI after returning from Iraq and Afghanistan: a descriptive analysis. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009, 24:24-31.
87. Jaeger M., Dengl M., Meixensberger J., Schuhmann M.U. Effects of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity-guided optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure on brain tissue oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 2010, 38:1343-1347.
88. Jantzen K.J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010, 25:256-266.
89. Jantzen K.J., Anderson B., Steinberg F.L., Kelso J.A. A prospective functional MR imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury in college football players. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2004, 25:738-745.
90. Jones L.A., Anthony J.P., Henriquez F.L., Lyons R.E., Nickdel M.B., Carter K.C., Alexander J., Roberts C.W. Toll-like receptor-4-mediated macrophage activation is differentially regulated by progesterone via the glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors. Immunology 2008, 125:59-69.
91. Kallakuri S., Kreipke C.W., Schafer P.C., Schafer S.M., Rafols J.A. Brain cellular localization of endothelin receptors A and B in a rodent model of diffuse traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2010, 168:820-830.
92. Kay T., Harrington D.E., Adams R., Anderson T., Berrol S., Cicerone K., Dahlberg C., Gerber D., Goka R., Harley P., Hilt J., Horn L., Lehmkuhl D., Malec J. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993, 8:86-87.
93. Kazanis I., Lathia J.D., Vadakkan T.J., Raborn E., Wan R., Mughal M.R., Eckley D.M., Sasaki T., Patton B., Mattson M.P., Hirschi K.K., Dickinson M.E., ffrench-Constant C. Quiescence and activation of stem and precursor cell populations in the subependymal zone of the mammalian brain are associated with distinct cellular and extracellular matrix signals. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:9771-9781.
94. Kemp S., Goulding P., Spencer J., Mitchell A.J. Unusually rapid and severe cognitive deterioration after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2005, 19:1269-1276.
95. Kim J.Y., Shen S., Dietz K., He Y., Howell O., Reynolds R., Casaccia P. HDAC1 nuclear export induced by pathological conditions is essential for the onset of axonal damage. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:180-189.
96. Kirov I., Fleysher L., Babb J.S., Silver J.M., Grossman R.I., Gonen O. Characterizing 'mild' in traumatic brain injury with proton MR spectroscopy in the thalamus: initial findings. Brain Inj. 2007, 21:1147-1154.
97. Kissick J., Johnston K.M. Return to play after concussion: principles and practice. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2005, 15:426-431.
98. Konrad C., Geburek A.J., Rist F., Blumenroth H., Fischer B., Husstedt I., Arolt V., Schiffbauer H., Lohmann H. Long-term cognitive and emotional consequences of mild traumatic brain injury. Psychol. Med. 2010, 1-15.
99. Kraus M.F., Susmaras T., Caughlin B.P., Walker C.J., Sweeney J.A., Little D.M. White matter integrity and cognition in chronic traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain 2007, 130:2508-2519.
100. Laker S.R. Epidemiology of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. PM R 2011, 3:S354-S358.
101. Langlois J.A., Rutland-Brown W., Thomas K.E. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths 2006, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
102. Lee C., Agoston D.V. Vascular endothelial growth factor is involved in mediating increased de novo hippocampal neurogenesis in response to traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:541-553.
103. Lenzlinger P.M., Morganti-Kossmann M.C., Laurer H.L., McIntosh T.K. The duality of the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Mol. Neurobiol. 2001, 24:169-181.
104. Levin H.S., Boake C., Song J., McCauley S., Contant C., Diaz-Marchan P., Brundage S., Goodman H., Kotrla K.J. Validity and sensitivity to change of the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2001, 18:575-584.
105. Levin H.S., Wilde E., Troyanskaya M., Petersen N.J., Scheibel R., Newsome M., Radaideh M., Wu T., Yallampalli R., Chu Z., Li X. Diffusion tensor imaging of mild to moderate blast-related traumatic brain injury and its sequelae. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:683-694.
106. Li S., Kuroiwa T., Ishibashi S., Sun L., Endo S., Ohno K. Transient cognitive deficits are associated with the reversible accumulation of amyloid precursor protein after mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosci. Lett. 2006, 409:182-186.
107. Liberman J.N., Stewart W.F., Wesnes K., Troncoso J. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short-term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology 2002, 58:1038-1044.
108. Liliang P.C., Liang C.L., Lu K., Wang K.W., Weng H.C., Hsieh C.H., Tsai Y.D., Chen H.J. Relationship between injury severity and serum tau protein levels in traumatic brain injured rats. Resuscitation 2010, 81:1205-1208.
109. Lima D.P., Simao Filho C., Abib Sde C., de Figueiredo L.F. Quality of life and neuropsychological changes in mild head trauma. Late analysis and correlation with S100B protein and cranial CT scan performed at hospital admission. Injury 2008, 39:604-611.
110. Lin J.W., Tsai J.T., Lee L.M., Lin C.M., Hung C.C., Hung K.S., Chen W.Y., Wei L., Ko C.P., Su Y.K., Chiu W.T. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on patients with traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 2008, 101:145-149.
111. Linassi G., Li Pi Shan R., Marino R.J. A web-based computer program to determine the ASIA impairment classification. Spinal Cord 2010, 48:100-104.
112. Liu L., Wong T.P., Pozza M.F., Lingenhoehl K., Wang Y., Sheng M., Auberson Y.P., Wang Y.T. Role of NMDA receptor subtypes in governing the direction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Science 2004, 304:1021-1024.
113. Liu X., Hunter C., Weiss H.R., Chi O.Z. Effects of blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors on blood-brain barrier disruption in focal cerebral ischemia. Neurol. Sci. 2010, 31:699-703.
114. Lotocki G., Vaccari J.P., Perez E.R., Sanchez-Molano J., Furones-Alonso O., Bramlett H.M., Dietrich W.D. Alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability to large and small molecules and leukocyte accumulation after traumatic brain injury: effects of post-traumatic hypothermia. J. Neurotrauma 2009, 26:1123-1134.
115. Lovell M.R., Iverson G.L., Collins M.W., Podell K., Johnston K.M., Pardini D., Pardini J., Norwig J., Maroon J.C. Measurement of symptoms following sports-related concussion: reliability and normative data for the post-concussion scale. Appl. Neuropsychol. 2006, 13:166-174.
116. Lu J., Moochhala S., Kaur C., Ling E.A. Cellular inflammatory response associated with breakdown of the blood-brain barrier after closed head injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 2001, 18:399-408.
117. Lu J., Ng K.C., Ling G.S., Wu J., Poon J.F., Kan E.M., Tan M.H., Wu Y.J., Li P., Moochhala S., Yap E., Lee L.K., Teo A.L., Yeh I.B., Sergio D.M., Chua F., Kumar S.D., Ling E.A. Effect of blast exposure on the brain structure and cognition in the Macaca fascicularis. J. Neurotrauma 2011, Epub ahead of print. 10.1089/neu.2010.1591.
118. Lyeth B.G., Jenkins L.W., Hamm R.J., Dixon C.E., Phillips L.L., Clifton G.L., Young H.F., Hayes R.L. Prolonged memory impairment in the absence of hippocampal cell death following traumatic brain injury in the rat. Brain Res. 1990, 526:249-258.
119. Mac Donald C.L., Johnson A.M., Cooper D., Nelson E.C., Werner N.J., Shimony J.S., Snyder A.Z., Raichle M.E., Witherow J.R., Fang R., Flaherty S.F., Brody D.L. Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in U.S. military personnel. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364:2091-2100.
120. Maloney-Wilensky E., Gracias V., Itkin A., Hoffman K., Bloom S., Yang W., Christian S., LeRoux P.D. Brain tissue oxygen and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Crit. Care Med. 2009, 37:2057-2063.
121. Marinaro J., Smith J., Tawil I., Billstrand M., Crookston K.P. HBOC-201 use in traumatic brain injury: case report and review of literature. Transfusion 2009, 49:2054-2059.
122. Marino S., Zei E., Battaglini M., Vittori C., Buscalferri A., Bramanti P., Federico A., De Stefano N. Acute metabolic brain changes following traumatic brain injury and their relevance to clinical severity and outcome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2007, 78:501-507.
123. Matsushita M., Hosoda K., Naitoh Y., Yamashita H., Kohmura E. Utility of diffusion tensor imaging in the acute stage of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury for detecting white matter lesions and predicting long-term cognitive function in adults. J. Neurosurg. 2011, 115:130-139.
124. Maxwell W.L., Povlishock J.T., Graham D.L. A mechanistic analysis of nondisruptive axonal injury: a review. J. Neurotrauma 1997, 14:419-440.
125. Mayer A.R., Ling J., Mannell M.V., Gasparovic C., Phillips J.P., Doezema D., Reichard R., Yeo R.A. A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2010, 74:643-650.
126. Metting Z., Rodiger L.A., de Jong B.M., Stewart R.E., Kremer B.P., van der Naalt J. Acute cerebral perfusion CT abnormalities associated with posttraumatic amnesia in mild head injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:2183-2189.
127. Moore A.H., Osteen C.L., Chatziioannou A.F., Hovda D.A., Cherry S.R. Quantitative assessment of longitudinal metabolic changes in vivo after traumatic brain injury in the adult rat using FDG-microPET. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000, 20:1492-1501.
128. Moppett I.K. Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management. Br. J. Anaesth. 2007, 99:18-31.
129. Morales D.M., Marklund N., Lebold D., Thompson H.J., Pitkanen A., Maxwell W.L., Longhi L., Laurer H., Maegele M., Neugebauer E., Graham D.I., Stocchetti N., McIntosh T.K. Experimental models of traumatic brain injury: do we really need to build a better mousetrap?. Neuroscience 2005, 136:971-989.
130. Morel N., Morel O., Petit L., Hugel B., Cochard J.F., Freyssinet J.M., Sztark F., Dabadie P. Generation of procoagulant microparticles in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood after traumatic brain injury. J. Trauma 2008, 64:698-704.
131. Morochovic R., Racz O., Kitka M., Pingorova S., Cibur P., Tomkova D., Lenartova R. Serum S100B protein in early management of patients after mild traumatic brain injury. Eur. J. Neurol. 2009, 16:1112-1117.
132. Muller K., Ingebrigtsen T., Wilsgaard T., Wikran G., Fagerheim T., Romner B., Waterloo K. Prediction of time trends in recovery of cognitive function after mild head injury. Neurosurgery 2009, 64:698-704. discussion 704.
133. Muller K., Townend W., Biasca N., Unden J., Waterloo K., Romner B., Ingebrigtsen T. S100B serum level predicts computed tomography findings after minor head injury. J. Trauma 2007, 62:1452-1456.
134. Narotam P.K., Morrison J.F., Nathoo N. Brain tissue oxygen monitoring in traumatic brain injury and major trauma: outcome analysis of a brain tissue oxygen-directed therapy. J. Neurosurg. 2009, 111:672-682.
135. Nell V., Yates D.W., Kruger J. An extended Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS-E) with enhanced sensitivity to mild brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2000, 81:614-617.
136. Neves G., Cooke S.F., Bliss T.V. Synaptic plasticity, memory and the hippocampus: a neural network approach to causality. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:65-75.
137. Nicholls D.G., Budd S.L. Mitochondria and neuronal survival. Physiol. Rev. 2000, 80:315-360.
138. Nishioku T., Matsumoto J., Dohgu S., Sumi N., Miyao K., Takata F., Shuto H., Yamauchi A., Kataoka Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by activated microglia in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2010, 112:251-254.
139. Nortje J., Coles J.P., Timofeev I., Fryer T.D., Aigbirhio F.I., Smielewski P., Outtrim J.G., Chatfield D.A., Pickard J.D., Hutchinson P.J., Gupta A.K., Menon D.K. Effect of hyperoxia on regional oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. Crit. Care Med. 2008, 36:273-281.
140. Nygren De Boussard C., Fredman P., Lundin A., Andersson K., Edman G., Borg J. S100 in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2004, 18:671-683.
141. Oddo M., Levine J.M., Frangos S., Carrera E., Maloney-Wilensky E., Pascual J.L., Kofke W.A., Mayer S.A., LeRoux P.D. Effect of mannitol and hypertonic saline on cerebral oxygenation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and refractory intracranial hypertension. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2009, 80:916-920.
142. Pandya J.D., Pauly J.R., Sullivan P.G. The optimal dosage and window of opportunity to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis following traumatic brain injury using the uncoupler FCCP. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 218:381-389.
143. Park E., Bell J.D., Siddiq I.P., Baker A.J. An analysis of regional microvascular loss and recovery following two grades of fluid percussion trauma: a role for hypoxia-inducible factors in traumatic brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2009, 29:575-584.
144. Park E., Liu E., Shek M., Park A., Baker A.J. Heavy neurofilament accumulation and alpha-spectrin degradation accompany cerebellar white matter functional deficits following forebrain fluid percussion injury. Exp. Neurol. 2007, 204:49-57.
145. Park E., McKnight S., Ai J., Baker A.J. Purkinje cell vulnerability to mild and severe forebrain head trauma. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2006, 65:226-234.
146. Park K.M., Bowers W.J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated signaling in neuronal homeostasis and dysfunction. Cell Signal 2010, 22:977-983.
147. Peskind E.R., Petrie E.C., Cross D.J., Pagulayan K., McCraw K., Hoff D., Hart K., Yu C.E., Raskind M.A., Cook D.G., Minoshima S. Cerebrocerebellar hypometabolism associated with repetitive blast exposure mild traumatic brain injury in 12 Iraq war Veterans with persistent post-concussive symptoms. Neuroimage 2011, 54:S76-S82.
148. Polito M.Z., Thompson J.W., DeFina P.A. A review of the International Brain Research Foundation novel approach to mild traumatic brain injury presented at the International Conference on Behavioral Health and Traumatic Brain Injury. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract. 2010, 22:504-509.
149. Poole N.A., Agrawal N. Cholinomimetic agents and neurocognitive impairment following head injury: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2008, 22:519-534.
150. Powell J.M., Ferraro J.V., Dikmen S.S., Temkin N.R., Bell K.R. Accuracy of mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2008, 89:1550-1555.
151. Pun P.B., Lu J., Kan E.M., Moochhala S. Gases in the mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2010, 10:83-93.
152. Rangel-Castilla L., Lara L.R., Gopinath S., Swank P.R., Valadka A., Robertson C. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of acute hyperoxia and hyperventilation after severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1853-1863.
153. Redell J.B., Moore A.N., Ward N.H., Hergenroeder G.W., Dash P.K. Human traumatic brain injury alters plasma microRNA levels. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:2147-2156.
154. Royo N.C., LeBold D., Magge S.N., Chen I., Hauspurg A., Cohen A.S., Watson D.J. Neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotection of hippocampal neurons following traumatic brain injury is not associated with acute recovery of hippocampal function. Neuroscience 2007, 148:359-370.
155. Rubovitch V., Edut S., Sarfstein R., Werner H., Pick C.G. The intricate involvement of the Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling in mild traumatic brain injury in mice. Neurobiol. Dis. 2010, 38:299-303.
156. Ruff R.M., Iverson G.L., Barth J.T., Bush S.S., Broshek D.K. Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2009, 24:3-10.
157. Sacho R.H., Vail A., Rainey T., Andrew K., Childs C. The effect of spontaneous alterations in brain temperature on outcome: a prospective observational cohort study in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:2157-2164.
158. Sakurai A., Atkins C.M., Alonso O.F., Bramlett H.M., Dietrich W.D. Mild hyperthermia worsens the neuropathological damage associated with mild traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 2012, 29:313-321.
159. Sanders M.J., Sick T.J., Perez-Pinzon M.A., Dietrich W.D., Green E.J. Chronic failure in the maintenance of long-term potentiation following fluid percussion injury in the rat. Brain Res. 2000, 861:69-76.
160. Schlegel N., Waschke J. Impaired cAMP and Rac 1 signaling contribute to TNF-alpha-induced endothelial barrier breakdown in microvascular endothelium. Microcirculation 2009, 16:521-533.
161. Schwarzbold M.L., Rial D., De Bem T., Machado D.G., Cunha M.P., dos Santos A.A., dos Santos D.B., Figueiredo C.P., Farina M., Goldfeder E.M., Rodrigues A.L., Prediger R.D., Walz R. Effects of traumatic brain injury of different severities on emotional, cognitive, and oxidative stress-related parameters in mice. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1883-1893.
162. Schwarzmaier S.M., Kim S.W., Trabold R., Plesnila N. Temporal profile of thrombogenesis in the cerebral microcirculation after traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:121-130.
163. Senathi-Raja D., Ponsford J., Schonberger M. Impact of age on long-term cognitive function after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology 2010, 24:336-344.
164. Shahlaie K., Boggan J.E., Latchaw R.E., Ji C., Muizelaar J.P. Posttraumatic vasospasm detected by continuous brain tissue oxygen monitoring: treatment with intraarterial verapamil and balloon angioplasty. Neurocrit. Care 2009, 10:61-69.
165. Signoretti S., Di Pietro V., Vagnozzi R., Lazzarino G., Amorini A.M., Belli A., D'Urso S., Tavazzi B. Transient alterations of creatine, creatine phosphate, N-acetylaspartate and high-energy phosphates after mild traumatic brain injury in the rat. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2010, 333:269-277.
166. Silver J.M., WMcAllister T.W., Yudofsky S.C. Textbook of Traumatic Brain Injury 2005, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
167. Smith M.J., Stiefel M.F., Magge S., Frangos S., Bloom S., Gracias V., Le Roux P.D. Packed red blood cell transfusion increases local cerebral oxygenation. Crit. Care Med. 2005, 33:1104-1108.
168. Sosnoff J.J., Broglio S.P., Ferrara M.S. Cognitive and motor function are associated following mild traumatic brain injury. Exp. Brain Res. 2008, 187:563-571.
169. Spain A., Daumas S., Lifshitz J., Rhodes J., Andrews P.J., Horsburgh K., Fowler J.H. Mild fluid percussion injury in mice produces evolving selective axonal pathology and cognitive deficits relevant to human brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1429-1438.
170. Spikman J.M., Boelen D.H., Lamberts K.F., Brouwer W.H., Fasotti L. Effects of a multifaceted treatment program for executive dysfunction after acquired brain injury on indications of executive functioning in daily life. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2010, 16:118-129.
171. Spiotta A.M., Stiefel M.F., Heuer G.G., Bloom S., Maloney-Wilensky E., Yang W., Grady M.S., Le Roux P.D. Brain hyperthermia after traumatic brain injury does not reduce brain oxygen. Neurosurgery 2008, 62:864-872. discussion 872.
172. Steiner J., Rafols D., Park H.K., Katar M.S., Rafols J.A., Petrov T. Attenuation of iNOS mRNA exacerbates hypoperfusion and upregulates endothelin-1 expression in hippocampus and cortex after brain trauma. Nitric Oxide 2004, 10:162-169.
173. Suh S.W., Bergher J.P., Anderson C.M., Treadway J.L., Fosgerau K., Swanson R.A. Astrocyte glycogen sustains neuronal activity during hypoglycemia: studies with the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-316,819 ([R-R*,S*]-5-chloro-N-[2-hydroxy-3-(methoxymethylamino)-3-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)pro pyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 321:45-50.
174. Tang L., Ge Y., Sodickson D.K., Miles L., Zhou Y., Reaume J., Grossman R.I. Thalamic resting-state functional networks: disruption in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Radiology 2011, 260:831-840.
175. Tanriverdi F., Unluhizarci K., Karaca Z., Casanueva F.F., Kelestimur F. Hypopituitarism due to sports related head trauma and the effects of growth hormone replacement in retired amateur boxers. Pituitary 2010, 13:111-114.
176. Tay S.Y., Ang B.T., Lau X.Y., Meyyappan A., Collinson S.L. Chronic impairment of prospective memory after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:77-83.
177. Tsenter J., Beni-Adani L., Assaf Y., Alexandrovich A.G., Trembovler V., Shohami E. Dynamic changes in the recovery after traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of injury severity on T2-weighted MRI abnormalities, and motor and cognitive functions. J. Neurotrauma 2008, 25:324-333.
178. Unden J., Romner B. Can low serum levels of S100B predict normal CT findings after minor head injury in adults? An evidence-based review and meta-analysis. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010, 25:228-240.
179. Vagnozzi R., Signoretti S., Cristofori L., Alessandrini F., Floris R., Isgro E., Ria A., Marziale S., Zoccatelli G., Tavazzi B., Del Bolgia F., Sorge R., Broglio S.P., McIntosh T.K., Lazzarino G. Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 2010, 133:3232-3242.
180. Vasterling J.J., Verfaellie M., Sullivan K.D. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2009, 29:674-684.
181. Vergni D., Castiglione F., Briani M., Middei S., Alberdi E., Reymann K.G., Natalini R., Volonte C., Matute C., Cavaliere F. A model of ischemia-induced neuroblast activation in the adult subventricular zone. PloS ONE 2009, 4:e5278.
182. Vespa P., Bergsneider M., Hattori N., Wu H.M., Huang S.C., Martin N.A., Glenn T.C., McArthur D.L., Hovda D.A. Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2005, 25:763-774.
183. Vespa P., Boonyaputthikul R., McArthur D.L., Miller C., Etchepare M., Bergsneider M., Glenn T., Martin N., Hovda D. Intensive insulin therapy reduces microdialysis glucose values without altering glucose utilization or improving the lactate/pyruvate ratio after traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 34:850-856.
184. Wagner J., Dusick J.R., McArthur D.L., Cohan P., Wang C., Swerdloff R., Boscardin W.J., Kelly D.F. Acute gonadotroph and somatotroph hormonal suppression after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:1007-1019.
185. Wang Q., Li A.L., Zhi D.S., Huang H.L. Effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Chin. J. Traumatol. 2007, 10:246-249.
186. Wilk J.E., Thomas J.L., McGurk D.M., Riviere L.A., Castro C.A., Hoge C.W. Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) during combat: lack of association of blast mechanism with persistent postconcussive symptoms. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010, 25:9-14.
187. Wurmser A.E., Palmer T.D., Gage F.H. Neuroscience. Cellular interactions in the stem cell niche. Science 2004, 304:1253-1255.
188. Xiao G., Wei J., Yan W., Wang W., Lu Z. Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2008, 12:R61.
189. Xiong Y., Mahmood A., Meng Y., Zhang Y., Qu C., Schallert T., Chopp M. Delayed administration of erythropoietin reducing hippocampal cell loss, enhancing angiogenesis and neurogenesis, and improving functional outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: comparison of treatment with single and triple dose. J. Neurosurg. 2010, 113:598-608.
190. Yamazaki Y., Yada K., Morii S., Kitahara T., Ohwada T. Diagnostic significance of serum neuron-specific enolase and myelin basic protein assay in patients with acute head injury. Surg. Neurol. 1995, 43:267-270. discussion 270-271.
191. Yang M.S., DeWitt D.S., Becker D.P., Hayes R.L. Regional brain metabolite levels following mild experimental head injury in the cat. J. Neurosurg. 1985, 63:617-621.
192. Yu S., Kaneko Y., Bae E., Stahl C.E., Wang Y., van Loveren H., Sanberg P.R., Borlongan C.V. Severity of controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury in rats and mice dictates degree of behavioral deficits. Brain Res. 2009, 1287:157-163.
193. Yuen T.J., Browne K.D., Iwata A., Smith D.H. Sodium channelopathy induced by mild axonal trauma worsens outcome after a repeat injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 2009, 87:3620-3625.
194. Zhang B., West E.J., Van K.C., Gurkoff G.G., Zhou J., Zhang X.M., Kozikowski A.P., Lyeth B.G. HDAC inhibitor increases histone H3 acetylation and reduces microglia inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res. 2008, 1226:181-191.
195. Zhang K., Johnson B., Pennell D., Ray W., Sebastianelli W., Slobounov S. Are functional deficits in concussed individuals consistent with white matter structural alterations: combined FMRI & DTI study. Exp. Brain Res. 2010, 204:57-70.
196. Zhang Y.B., Li S.X., Chen X.P., Yang L., Zhang Y.G., Liu R., Tao L.Y. Autophagy is activated and might protect neurons from degeneration after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci. Bull. 2008, 24:143-149.
197. Zhao Q.J., Zhang X.G., Wang L.X. Mild hypothermia therapy reduces blood glucose and lactate and improves neurologic outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J. Crit. Care 2011, 26:311-315.
198. Zhao X., Gorin F.A., Berman R.F., Lyeth B.G. Differential hippocampal protection when blocking intracellular sodium and calcium entry during traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 2008, 25:1195-1205.