An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 691-708

  Rahimi, Roja ^a   Abdollahi, Mohammad ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Cytochrome P450; Hypericum perforatum; Interaction; Kinetics; Metabolism; P glycoprotein toxicology; St. John's wort

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; AMITRIPTYLINE; ATORVASTATIN; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOPIDOGREL; CLOZAPINE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOCHROME P450 2B6; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; CYTOCHROME P450 3A5; DIGOXIN; DOCETAXEL; FEXOFENADINE; FINASTERIDE; FLAVONOID; GLICLAZIDE; HYPERFORIN; HYPERICIN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; IBUPROFEN; IMATINIB; INDINAVIR; IRINOTECAN; IVABRADINE; MIDAZOLAM; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INTESTINE INJURY; LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; MEDLINE; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NEUTROPHIL COUNT; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A; ENZYME INDUCTION; HERB-DRUG INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; HYPERICUM; P-GLYCOPROTEIN; PHARMACOKINETICS; PLANT PREPARATIONS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; UP-REGULATION;

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; SCOPUS;

EID: 84862074023     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: 17447607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.680886     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Efficacy and tolerability of Hypericum perforatum in major depressive disorder in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009;33:118-27
2. Husain GM, Chatterjee SS, Singh PN, Kumar V. Hypolipidemic and antiobesity-like activity of standardized extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in rats. ISRN Pharmacol 2011;2011:505247
3. Mozaffari S, Esmaily H, Rahimi R, et al. Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on rat irritable bowel syndrome. Pharm Mag 2011;7:213-23
4. Dost T, Ozkayran H,Gokalp F, et al. The effect of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) on experimental colitisin rat. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:1214-21
5. Saddiqe Z, Naeem I, Maimoona A. A review of the antibacterial activity of Hypericum perforatum L.J Ethnopharmacol 2010;131:511-21
6. Birt DF, Widrlechner MP, Hammer KD, et al. Hypericum in infection: identification of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory constituents. Pharm Biol 2009;47:774-82
7. Dikmen M, Ozturk Y, Sagratini G, et al. Evaluation of the wound healing potentials of two subspecies of Hypericum perforatum on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Phytother Res 2011;25:208-14
8. Galeotti N, Vivoli E, Bilia AR, et al. A prolonged protein kinase C-mediated, opioid-related antinociceptive effect of St John's wort in mice. J Pain 2010;11:149-59
9. Kumar V, Singh PN, Muruganandam AV, Bhattacharya SK. Effect of Indian Hypericum erforatum Linn on animal models of cognitive dysfunction. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72:119-28
10. Lynch T, Price A. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. Am Fam Physician 2007;76:391-6 (Pubitemid 47219454)
11. Lewis DF. 57 varieties: the human cytochromes P450. Pharmacogenomics 2004;5:305-18 (Pubitemid 38499969)
12. Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, et al. Effect of HP on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. JAMA 2003;290:1500-4 (Pubitemid 37430406)
13. Wang Z, Gorski JC, Hamman MA, et al. The effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on human cytochrome P450 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70:317-26 (Pubitemid 33022472)
14. Wenk M, Todesco L, Krahenbuhl S. Effect of St John's wort on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, N-acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in healthy males and females. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:495-9 (Pubitemid 38519655)
15. Shibayama Y, Ikeda R, Motoya T, Yamada K. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) induces overexpression of multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) in rats: a 30-day ingestion study. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42:995-1002 (Pubitemid 38515784)
16. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: st John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs Aging 2005;22:525-39 (Pubitemid 41003065)
17. Bray BJ, Perry NB, Menkes DB, Rosengren RJ. St. John's wort extract induces CYP3A and CYP2E1 in the Swiss Webster mouse. Toxicol Sci 2002;66:27-33 (Pubitemid 34202026)
18. Dostalek M, Pistovcakova J, Jurica J, et al. Effect of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on cytochrome P-450 activity in perfused rat liver. Life Sci 2005;78:239-44 (Pubitemid 41570192)
19. Wang LS, Zhu B, Abd El-Aty AM, et al. The influence of St John's wort on CYP2C19 activity with respect to genotype. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:577-81 (Pubitemid 38668019)
20. Cantoni L, Rozio M, Mangolini A, et al. Hyperforin contributes to the hepatic CYP3A-inducing effect of Hypericum perforatum extract in the mouse. Toxicol Sci 2003;75:25-30 (Pubitemid 37098732)
21. Mueller SC, Majcher-Peszynska J, Mundkowski RG, et al. No clinically relevant CYP3A induction after St. John's wort with low hyperforin content in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:81-7
22. Mueller SC, Majcher-Peszynska J, Uehleke B, et al. The extent of induction of CYP3A by St. John's wort varies among products and is linked to hyperforin dose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:29-36 (Pubitemid 43106313)
23. Moore LB, Goodwin B, Jones SA, et al. St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:7500-2 (Pubitemid 30431492)
24. di Masi A, De Marinis E, Ascenzi P, Marino M. Nuclear receptors CAR and. PXR: molecular, functional, and biomedical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2009;30:297-343
25. Willson TM, Kliewer SA. PXR, CAR and drug metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1:259-66
26. Kober M, Pohl K, Efferth T. Molecular mechanisms underlying St. John's wort drug interactions. Curr Drug Metab 2008;9:1027-37
27. Godtel-Armbrust U, Metzger A, Kroll U, et al. Variability in PXR-mediated induction of CYP3A4 by commercial preparations and dry extracts ofSt. John's wort. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007;375:377-82 (Pubitemid 47087498)
28. Vlachojannis J, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. Drug interactions with St. John's wort products. Pharmacol Res 2010;62:207-27
29. Arold G, Donath F, Maurer A, et al. No relevant interaction with alprazolam, caffeine, tolbutamide, and digoxin by treatment with a low-hyperforin St John's wort extract. Planta Med 2005;71:331-7 (Pubitemid 40676457)
30. Komoroski BJ, Zhang S, Cai H, et al. Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:512-18 (Pubitemid 38535029)
31. Obach RS. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John's Wort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;294:88-95 (Pubitemid 30434674)
32. Lee JY, Duke RK, Tran VH, et al. Hyperforin and its analogues inhibit CYP3A4 enzyme activity. Phytochemistry 2006;67:2550-60 (Pubitemid 44708231)
33. Bray BJ, Brennan NJ, Perry NB, et al. Short term treatment with St. John's wort, hypericin or hyperforin fails to induce CYP450 isoforms in the Swiss Webster mouse. Life Sci 2002;70:1325-35 (Pubitemid 34119423)
34. Noldner M, Chatterjee S. Effects of two different extracts of St. John's wort and some of their constituents on cytochrome P450 activities in rat liver microsomes. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001;34:S108-10
35. Hennessy M, Kelleher D, Spiers JP, et al. St Johns wort increases expression of P-glycoprotein: implications for drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;53:75-82 (Pubitemid 34117742)
36. Lin JH, Yamazaki M. Role of P-glycoprotein in pharmacokinetics: clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:59-98 (Pubitemid 36092258)
37. Durr D, Stieger B, Kullak-Ublick GA, et al. St John's wort induces intestinal Pglycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:598-604 (Pubitemid 32059985)
38. Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Stormer E, et al. Saint John's wort: an in vitro analysis of P-glycoprotein induction due to extended exposure. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134:1601-8 (Pubitemid 34038092)
39. Wang EJ, Barecki-Roach M, Johnson WW. Quantitative characterization of direct P-glycoprotein inhibition by St John's wort constituents hypericin and hyperforin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:123-8 (Pubitemid 38195337)
40. Dasgupta A, Hovanetz M, Olsen M, et al. Drug-herb interaction: effect of St John's wort on bioavailability and metabolism of procainamide in mice. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1094-8 (Pubitemid 47057899)
41. Mueller SC, Uehleke B, Woehling H, et al. Effect of St John's wort dose and preparations on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:546-57 (Pubitemid 38746605)
42. Johne A, Schmider J, Brockmoller J, et al. Decreased plasma levels of amitriptyline and its metabolites on comedication with an extract from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:46-54 (Pubitemid 34101292)
43. Venkatakrishnan K, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, et al. Five distinct human cytochromes mediate amitriptyline N-demethylation in vitro: dominance of CYP 2C19 and 3A4. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:112-21 (Pubitemid 28117366)
44. Uhr M, Steckler T, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. Penetration of amitriptyline, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr1a p-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:380-7 (Pubitemid 30105766)
45. Lei HP, Yu XY, Xie HT, et al. Effect of St. John's wort supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica 2010;40:275-81
46. Turkanovic J, Ngo SN, Milne RW. Effect of St John's wort on the disposition of fexofenadine in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61:1037-42
47. Burstein AH, Horton RL, Dunn T, et al. Lack of effect of St John's wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;68:605-12 (Pubitemid 32059986)
48. Mathijssen RH, Verweij J, de Bruijn P, et al. Effects of St. John's wort on irinotecan metabolism. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1247-9 (Pubitemid 34993875)
49. Hu ZP, Yang XX, Chen X, et al. A mechanistic study on altered pharmacokinetics of irinotecan by St. John's wort. Curr Drug Metab 2007;8:157-71 (Pubitemid 46218682)
50. Hu ZP, Yang XX, Chan SY, et al. St. John's wort attenuates irinotecan-induced diarrhea via down-regulation of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of intestinal epithelial apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006;216:225-37 (Pubitemid 44466003)
51. Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, et al. St. John's wort modulates the toxicities and pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 (irinotecan) in rats. Pharm Res 2005;22:902-14 (Pubitemid 40898100)
52. Kim SJ, Um JY, Lee JY. Anti-inflammatory activity of hyperoside through the suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB activation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Am J Chin Med 2011;39:171-81
53. Zdunic G, Godevac D, Milenkovic M, et al. Evaluation of Hypericum perforatum oil extracts for an antiinflammatory and gastroprotective activity in rats. Phytother Res 2009;23:1559-64
54. Komoroski BJ, Parise RA, Egorin MJ, et al. Effect of the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin on docetaxel metabolism by human hepatocyte cultures. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:6972-9 (Pubitemid 41428756)
55. Smith PF, Bullock JM, Booker BM, et al. Induction of imatinib metabolism by hypericum perforatum. Blood 2004;104:1229-30 (Pubitemid 39038051)
56. Frye RF, Fitzgerald SM, Lagattuta TF, et al. Effect of St John's wort on imatinib mesylate pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:323-9 (Pubitemid 39313122)
57. Berka K, Hendrychova T, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M. Membrane position of ibuprofen agrees with suggested access path entrance to cytochrome P450 2C9 active site. J Phys Chem A 2011;115:11248-55
58. Bell EC, Ravis WR, Lloyd KB, Stokes TJ. Effects of St. John's wort supplementation on ibuprofen pharmacokinetics. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:229-34 (Pubitemid 46340053)
59. Johne A, Brockmoller J, Bauer S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66:338-45 (Pubitemid 29494126)
60. Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, et al. Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea,clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:772-9
61. Portoles A, Terleira A, Calvo A, et al. Effects of Hypericum perforatum on ivabradine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: an open-label, pharmacokinetic interaction clinical trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:1188-94 (Pubitemid 44387419)
62. Schwarz UI, Hanso H, Oertel R, et al. Induction of intestinal P-glycoprotein by St John's wort reduces the oral bioavailability of talinolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81:669-78 (Pubitemid 46625125)
63. Tannergren C, Engman H, Knutson L, et al. St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:298-309 (Pubitemid 38471555)
64. Bell EC, Ravis WR, Chan HM, Lin YJ. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between St. John's wort and prednisone. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1819-24 (Pubitemid 350044344)
65. Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Lewis JG, et al. Effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) extract on plasma androgen concentrations in healthy men and women: a pilot study. Phytother Res 2005;19:901-6 (Pubitemid 41665961)
66. Lau WC, Welch TD, Shields T, et al. The effect of St John's wort on the pharmacodynamic response ofclopidogrel in hyporesponsive volunteers and patients: increased platelet inhibition by enhancement of CYP3A4 metabolic activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011;57:86-93
67. Lau WC, Gurbel PA, Watkins PB, et al. Contribution of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolic activity to the phenomenon of clopidogrel resistance. Circulation 2004;109:166-71 (Pubitemid 38114134)
68. Jiang X, Blair EY, McLachlan AJ. Investigation of the effects of herbal medicines on warfarin response in healthy subjects: a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling approach. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46:1370-8 (Pubitemid 44564366)
69. Jiang X,Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57:592-9 (Pubitemid 38582179)
70. Groning R, Breitkreutz J, Muller RS. Physico-chemical interactions between extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. and drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003;56:231-6 (Pubitemid 37072107)
71. Andren L, Andreasson A, Eggertsen R. Interaction between a commercially available St. John's wort product (Movina) and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:913-16 (Pubitemid 47387911)
72. Sugimoto K, Ohmori M, Tsuruoka S, et al. Different effects of St John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70:518-24 (Pubitemid 34008408)
73. Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT, Niemi M. Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47:463-74 (Pubitemid 351861958)
74. Gordon RY, Becker DJ, Rader DJ. Reduced efficacy of rosuvastatin by St. John's Wort. Am J Med 2009;122:e1-2
75. Eggertsen R, Andreasson A, Andren L. Effects of treatment with a commercially available St John's wort product (Movina) on cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with simvastatin. Scand J Prim Health Care 2007;25:154-9 (Pubitemid 47398820)
76. Van Strater AC, Bogers JP. Interaction of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) with clozapine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2012;27:121-4
77. Lundahl A, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, et al. The effect of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biliary excretion of finasteride and its metabolites in healthy men. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009;36:433-43
78. Huskey SW, Dean DC, Miller RR, et al. Identification of human cytochrome P450 isozymes responsible for the in vitro oxidative metabolism of finasteride. Drug Metab Dispos 1995;23:1126-35
79. Xu H, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effects of St John's wort and CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide. Br J Pharmacol 2008;153:1579-86 (Pubitemid 351481511)
80. Ho YF, Huang DK, Hsueh WC, et al. Effects of St. John's wort extract on indinavir pharmacokinetics in rats:differentiation of intestinal and hepatic impacts. Life Sci 2009;85:296-302
81. Wang LS, Zhou G, Zhu B, et al. St John's wort induces both cytochrome P450 3A4-catalyzed sulfoxidation and2C19-dependent hydroxylation of omeprazole. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:191-7 (Pubitemid 38314868)
82. Morimoto T, Kotegawa T, Tsutsumi K, et al. Effect of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:95-101 (Pubitemid 38005099)
83. Bauer S, Stormer E, Johne A, et al. Alterations in cyclosporine A pharmacokinetics and metabolism during treatment with St John's wort in renal transplant patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;55:203-11 (Pubitemid 36237867)
84. Moschella C, Jaber BL. Interaction between cyclosporine and Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) after organ transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38:1105-7 (Pubitemid 33022190)
85. Mai I, Kruger H, Budde K, et al. Hazardous pharmacokinetic interaction of Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) with the immunosuppressant cyclosporin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:500-2
86. Turton-Weeks SM, Barone GW, Gurley BJ, et al. St John's wort: a hidden risk for transplant patients. Prog Transplant 2001;11:116-20 (Pubitemid 32531013)
87. Ruschitzka F, Meier PJ, Turina M, et al. Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John's wort. Lancet2000;355:548-9 (Pubitemid 30088678)
88. Barone GW, Gurley BJ, Ketel BL, et al. Drug interaction between St. John's wort and cyclosporine. Ann Pharmacother 2000;34:1013-16 (Pubitemid 30660777)
89. Karliova M, Treichel U, Malago M, et al. Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation. J Hepatol2000;33:853-5
90. Mai I, Bauer S, Perloff ES, et al. Hyperforin content determines the magnitude of the St John's wort-cyclosporine drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:330-40 (Pubitemid 39313123)
91. Mai I, Stormer E, Bauer S, et al. Impact of St John's wort treatment on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid in renal transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:819-22 (Pubitemid 36432268)
92. Hebert MF, Park JM, Chen YL, et al. Effects of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:89-94 (Pubitemid 38005098)
93. Pfrunder A, Schiesser M, Gerber S, et al. Interaction of St John's wort with low-dose oral contraceptive therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56:683-90 (Pubitemid 37491722)
94. Hall SD, Wang Z, Huang SM, et al. The interaction between St John's wort and an oral contraceptive. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:525-35 (Pubitemid 37521996)
95. Murphy PA, Kern SE, Stanczyk FZ, Westhoff CL. Interaction of St. John's wort with oral contraceptives: effects on the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol, ovarian activity and breakthrough bleeding. Contraception 2005;71:402-8 (Pubitemid 40725774)
96. Will-Shahab L, Bauer S, Kunter U, et al. St John's wort extract (Ze 117) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of a low-dose oral contraceptive. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(3):287-94; Epub 2008 Nov 18. Erratum in: Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:541
97. Fogle RH, Murphy PA, Westhoff CL, Stanczyk FZ. Does St. John's wort interfere with the antiandrogenic effect of oral contraceptive pills? Contraception 2006;74(3):245-8 (Pubitemid 44202525)
98. Qi JW, Nakamura K, Hosokawa S, et al. Time-dependent induction of midazolam-1-hydroxylation enzymes in rats treated with St. John's wort. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1467-71 (Pubitemid 41379700)
99. Kawaguchi A, Ohmori M, Tsuruoka S, et al. Drug interaction between St John's wort and quazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58:403-10 (Pubitemid 39312464)
100. Hojo Y, Echizenya M, Ohkubo T, Shimizu T. Drug interaction between St John's wort and zolpidem in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2011;36:711-15