메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 138, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 296-321

How smart do you think you are? A meta-analysis on the validity of self-estimates of cognitive ability

Author keywords

Cognitive ability; Meta analysis; Psychometrics; Self concept; Self estimates

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE TEST; MALE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOMETRY; REPRODUCIBILITY; SELF CONCEPT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS;

EID: 84860547982     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0026556     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (189)

References (190)
  • 1
    • 0036722650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00174-X
    • Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Bowen, K. R. (2002). What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 587-605. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00174-X
    • (2002) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.33 , pp. 587-605
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Beier, M.E.2    Bowen, K.R.3
  • 2
    • 0035541391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of individual differences and gender differences in knowledge
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.797
    • Ackerman, P. L., Bowen, K. R., Beier, M. E., & Kanfer, R. (2001). Determinants of individual differences and gender differences in knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 797-825. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.797
    • (2001) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.93 , pp. 797-825
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Bowen, K.R.2    Beier, M.E.3    Kanfer, R.4
  • 3
    • 0000506639 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and no cognitive determinants and consequences of complex skill acquisition
    • doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.270
    • Ackerman, P. L., Kanfer, R., & Goff, M. (1995). Cognitive and no cognitive determinants and consequences of complex skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 270-304. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.1.4.270
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.1 , pp. 270-304
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Kanfer, R.2    Goff, M.3
  • 4
    • 34249783956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures
    • doi:10.1037/1076898X.13.2.57
    • Ackerman, P. L., & Wolman, S. D. (2007). Determinants of validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 57-78. doi:10.1037/1076898X.13.2.57
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.13 , pp. 57-78
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Wolman, S.D.2
  • 5
    • 85011600107 scopus 로고
    • Group homogeneity, range restrictions and range enhancement effects on correlations
    • doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00653.x
    • Alexander, R. A. (1988). Group homogeneity, range restrictions and range enhancement effects on correlations. Personnel Psychology, 41, 773-777. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00653.x
    • (1988) Personnel Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 773-777
    • Alexander, R.A.1
  • 6
    • 0000691387 scopus 로고
    • Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1621
    • Alicke, M. D. (1985). Global self-evaluation as determined by the desirability and controllability of trait adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 1621-1630. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1621
    • (1985) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 1621-1630
    • Alicke, M.D.1
  • 8
    • 0018599455 scopus 로고
    • Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser?
    • doi:10.1037/00963445.108.4.441
    • Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 441-485. doi:10.1037/00963445.108.4.441
    • (1979) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.108 , pp. 441-485
    • Alloy, L.B.1    Abramson, L.Y.2
  • 9
    • 0020149428 scopus 로고
    • Learned helplessness, depression and the illusion of control
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1114
    • Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1982). Learned helplessness, depression and the illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1114-1126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1114
    • (1982) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.42 , pp. 1114-1126
    • Alloy, L.B.1    Abramson, L.Y.2
  • 10
    • 10844228327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ups and downs of attributional ambiguity: Stereotype vulnerability and the academic self-knowledge of African American college students
    • doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00763.x
    • Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2004). The ups and downs of attributional ambiguity: Stereotype vulnerability and the academic self-knowledge of African American college students. Psychological Science, 15, 829-836. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00763.x
    • (2004) Psychological Science , vol.15 , pp. 829-836
    • Aronson, J.1    Inzlicht, M.2
  • 11
    • 34249778316 scopus 로고
    • Own estimate and objective measurement
    • doi:10.1037/h0063257
    • Arsenian, S. (1942). Own estimate and objective measurement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 33, 291-302. doi:10.1037/h0063257
    • (1942) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 291-302
    • Arsenian, S.1
  • 12
    • 0014984330 scopus 로고
    • Development differences in self-ratings on intelligence
    • doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197101)27:151:AID-JCLP2270270108.CO;2-2
    • Bailey, K. G., & Gibby, R. G. (1971). Development differences in self-ratings on intelligence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 51-54. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197101)27:151:AID-JCLP2270270108.CO;2-2
    • (1971) Journal of Clinical Psychology , vol.27 , pp. 51-54
    • Bailey, K.G.1    Gibby, R.G.2
  • 13
    • 0041350640 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of self-ratings of intelligence as a function of sex and level of ability in college students
    • Bailey, K. G., & Lazar, J. (1976). Accuracy of self-ratings of intelligence as a function of sex and level of ability in college students. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 129, 279-290.
    • (1976) Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.129 , pp. 279-290
    • Bailey, K.G.1    Lazar, J.2
  • 14
    • 0016077446 scopus 로고
    • Self-perceptions of scholastic ability at four grade levels
    • Bailey, R. C., & Bailey, K. G. (1974). Self-perceptions of scholastic ability at four grade levels. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 124, 197-212.
    • (1974) Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.124 , pp. 197-212
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Bailey, K.G.2
  • 15
    • 84925907163 scopus 로고
    • Perceived intelligence in married partners
    • doi:10.2224/sbp.1977.5.1.137
    • Bailey, R. C., & Mettetal, G. W. (1977). Perceived intelligence in married partners. Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 137-141. doi:10.2224/sbp.1977.5.1.137
    • (1977) Social Behavior and Personality , vol.5 , pp. 137-141
    • Bailey, R.C.1    Mettetal, G.W.2
  • 16
    • 0003492866 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive therapy of depression
    • New York, NY: Guilford Press
    • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (1979)
    • Beck, A.T.1    Rush, A.J.2    Shaw, B.F.3    Emery, G.4
  • 17
    • 0001621681 scopus 로고
    • Mother, father and me: Our IQ
    • Beloff, H. (1992). Mother, father and me: Our IQ. The Psychologist, 5, 309-311.
    • (1992) The Psychologist , vol.5 , pp. 309-311
    • Beloff, H.1
  • 18
    • 0031478661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimates of ability in men and women
    • doi:10.1080/00224549709595475
    • Bennett, M. (1997). Self-estimates of ability in men and women. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 540-541. doi:10.1080/00224549709595475
    • (1997) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.137 , pp. 540-541
    • Bennett, M.1
  • 19
    • 0346096027 scopus 로고
    • Changes in self-ratings as a method of evaluating counseling
    • doi:10.1037/h0056290
    • Berdie, R. F. (1954). Changes in self-ratings as a method of evaluating counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1, 49-54. doi:10.1037/h0056290
    • (1954) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 49-54
    • Berdie, R.F.1
  • 20
    • 0038755871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis in marketing when studies contain multiple measurements
    • doi:10.1023/A:1011117103381
    • Bijmolt, T. H. A., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2001). Meta-analysis in marketing when studies contain multiple measurements. Marketing Letters, 12, 157-169. doi:10.1023/A:1011117103381
    • (2001) Marketing Letters , vol.12 , pp. 157-169
    • Bijmolt, T.H.A.1    Pieters, R.G.M.2
  • 21
    • 14844282526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New empirical generalizations on the determinants of price elasticity
    • doi:10.1509/jmkr.42.2.141.62296
    • Bijmolt, T. H. A., van Heerde, H. J., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2005). New empirical generalizations on the determinants of price elasticity. Journal of Marketing Research, 42, 141-156. doi:10.1509/jmkr.42.2.141.62296
    • (2005) Journal of Marketing Research , vol.42 , pp. 141-156
    • Bijmolt, T.H.A.1    van Heerde, H.J.2    Pieters, R.G.M.3
  • 22
    • 84889351499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to meta-analysis
    • Chichester, England: Wiley doi:10.1002/9780470743386
    • Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Chichester, England: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470743386
    • (2009)
    • Borenstein, M.1    Hedges, L.V.2    Higgins, J.P.T.3    Rothstein, H.R.4
  • 23
    • 21344486724 scopus 로고
    • Convergence of stranger ratings of personality and intelligence with self-ratings, partner ratings, and measured intelligence
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.546
    • Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1993). Convergence of stranger ratings of personality and intelligence with self-ratings, partner ratings, and measured intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 546-553. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.3.546
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , pp. 546-553
    • Borkenau, P.1    Liebler, A.2
  • 24
    • 0003492583 scopus 로고
    • Enhancing learning through self-assessment
    • New York, NY: Routledge Falmer
    • Boud, D. (1995). Enhancing learning through self-assessment. New York, NY: Routledge Falmer.
    • (1995)
    • Boud, D.1
  • 25
    • 58149426467 scopus 로고
    • College grades and self-estimates of intelligence
    • doi:10.1037/h0057492
    • Brim, O. G., Jr. (1954). College grades and self-estimates of intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 45, 477-484. doi:10.1037/h0057492
    • (1954) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.45 , pp. 477-484
    • Brim Jr., O.G.1
  • 26
    • 0347669252 scopus 로고
    • American beliefs and attitudes about intelligence
    • New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Brim, O. G., Jr., Glass, D. C., Neulinger, J., & Firestone, I. J. (1969). American beliefs and attitudes about intelligence. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (1969)
    • Brim Jr., O.G.1    Glass, D.C.2    Neulinger, J.3    Firestone, I.J.4
  • 27
    • 0033456798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance
    • doi:10.1037/00223514.76.2.246
    • Brown, P. B., & Josephs, R. A. (1999). A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 246-257. doi:10.1037/00223514.76.2.246
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.76 , pp. 246-257
    • Brown, P.B.1    Josephs, R.A.2
  • 29
    • 0030544829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Shavelson model revisited: Testing for the structure of academic self-concept across pre-, early, and late adolescents
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.88.2.215
    • Byrne, B. M., & Gavin, D. A. (1996). The Shavelson model revisited: Testing for the structure of academic self-concept across pre-, early, and late adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 215-228. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.88.2.215
    • (1996) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.88 , pp. 215-228
    • Byrne, B.M.1    Gavin, D.A.2
  • 31
    • 58149372334 scopus 로고
    • On the structure of adolescent self-concept
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.78.6.474
    • Byrne, B. M., & Shavelson, R. J. (1986). On the structure of adolescent self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 474-481. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.78.6.474
    • (1986) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.78 , pp. 474-481
    • Byrne, B.M.1    Shavelson, R.J.2
  • 33
    • 0004113636 scopus 로고
    • Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice
    • San-Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
    • Candy, P. C. (1991). Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. San-Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    • (1991)
    • Candy, P.C.1
  • 34
    • 0003670594 scopus 로고
    • Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factoranalytical studies
    • New York, NY: Cambridge University Press doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511571312
    • Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factoranalytical studies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511571312
    • (1993)
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 35
    • 0002038633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometrics, intelligence and public perceptions
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90012-X
    • Carroll, J. B. (1997). Psychometrics, intelligence and public perceptions. Intelligence, 24, 25-52. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90012-X
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.24 , pp. 25-52
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 36
    • 43849086038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities
    • D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • Carroll, J. B. (2005). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 69-76). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (2005) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues , pp. 69-76
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 37
    • 0003934472 scopus 로고
    • Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action
    • Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
    • Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
    • (1971)
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 38
    • 60849116172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing pupils' intelligence through self, parental, and teacher estimates
    • doi:10.1080/01443410802520662
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Arteche, A., Furnham, A., & Trickot, N. (2009). Assessing pupils' intelligence through self, parental, and teacher estimates. Educational Psychology, 29, 83-97. doi:10.1080/01443410802520662
    • (2009) Educational Psychology , vol.29 , pp. 83-97
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Arteche, A.2    Furnham, A.3    Trickot, N.4
  • 39
    • 2942616468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible model for understanding the personality-intelligence interface
    • doi:10.1348/000712604773952458
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2004). A possible model for understanding the personality-intelligence interface. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 249-264. doi:10.1348/000712604773952458
    • (2004) British Journal of Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 249-264
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2
  • 40
    • 33751560820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-assessed intelligence and academic performance
    • doi:10.1080/01443410500390921
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2006). Self-assessed intelligence and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 26, 769-779. doi:10.1080/01443410500390921
    • (2006) Educational Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 769-779
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2
  • 41
    • 4444367013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between estimated and psychometric personality and intelligence scores
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.002
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., & Moutafi, J. (2004). The relationship between estimated and psychometric personality and intelligence scores. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 505-513. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.002
    • (2004) Journal of Research in Personality , vol.38 , pp. 505-513
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Furnham, A.2    Moutafi, J.3
  • 42
    • 15344338950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between personality traits, subjectively-assessed and fluid intelligence
    • doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.018
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Moutafi, J., & Furnham, A. (2005). The relationship between personality traits, subjectively-assessed and fluid intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1517-1528. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.018
    • (2005) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.38 , pp. 1517-1528
    • Chamorro-Premuzic, T.1    Moutafi, J.2    Furnham, A.3
  • 43
    • 0013114611 scopus 로고
    • Concepts of intelligence: A comparison of Chinese undergraduates from Chinese and English schools in Hong Kong
    • doi:10.1080/00207598808247780
    • Chen, M. J., & Chen, H. C. (1988). Concepts of intelligence: A comparison of Chinese undergraduates from Chinese and English schools in Hong Kong. International Journal of Psychology, 23, 471-487. doi:10.1080/00207598808247780
    • (1988) International Journal of Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 471-487
    • Chen, M.J.1    Chen, H.C.2
  • 44
    • 0009471603 scopus 로고
    • An experimental study of self-analysis, estimates of associates, and the results of tests
    • Cogan, L. C., Conklin, A. M., & Hollingworth, H. L. (1915). An experimental study of self-analysis, estimates of associates, and the results of tests. School & Society, 2, 171-179.
    • (1915) School & Society , vol.2 , pp. 171-179
    • Cogan, L.C.1    Conklin, A.M.2    Hollingworth, H.L.3
  • 45
    • 0003577917 scopus 로고
    • Statistical power analysis for the social sciences (2nd ed.)
    • New York, NY: Erlbaum
    • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the social sciences (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Erlbaum.
    • (1988)
    • Cohen, J.1
  • 46
    • 33750373232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exposure to scientific theories affects women's math performance
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1131100, October 20
    • Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2006, October 20). Exposure to scientific theories affects women's math performance. Science, 314, 435. doi: 10.1126/science.1131100
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 435
    • Dar-Nimrod, I.1    Heine, S.J.2
  • 47
    • 0001164561 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the uses of self-reports of abilities
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.62.5.641
    • DeNisi, A., & Shaw, J. (1977). Investigation of the uses of self-reports of abilities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 641-644. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.62.5.641
    • (1977) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 641-644
    • DeNisi, A.1    Shaw, J.2
  • 48
    • 0001560152 scopus 로고
    • A conceptual and empirical review of the depressive realism hypothesis
    • doi:10.1037/h0079839
    • Dobson, K., & Franche, R.-L. (1989). A conceptual and empirical review of the depressive realism hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 419-433. doi:10.1037/h0079839
    • (1989) Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , vol.21 , pp. 419-433
    • Dobson, K.1    Franche, R.-L.2
  • 49
    • 0000888467 scopus 로고
    • Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessment of ability
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1082
    • Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989). Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessment of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1082-1090. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1082
    • (1989) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.57 , pp. 1082-1090
    • Dunning, D.1    Meyerowitz, J.A.2    Holzberg, A.D.3
  • 50
    • 34247599907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mindset: The new psychology of success
    • New York, NY: Random House
    • Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York, NY: Random House.
    • (2006)
    • Dweck, C.S.1
  • 51
    • 58149372679 scopus 로고
    • A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
    • (1988) Psychological Review , vol.95 , pp. 256-273
    • Dweck, C.S.1    Leggett, E.L.2
  • 52
    • 0030922816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
    • Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315, 629-634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
    • (1997) British Medical Journal , vol.315 , pp. 629-634
    • Egger, M.1    Davey Smith, G.2    Schneider, M.3    Minder, C.4
  • 53
    • 85047687142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.5
    • Ehrlinger, J., & Dunning, D. (2003). How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 5-17. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.5
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 5-17
    • Ehrlinger, J.1    Dunning, D.2
  • 54
    • 0015618473 scopus 로고
    • The self-concept revisited
    • doi:10.1037/h0034679
    • Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited. American Psychologist, 28, 404-416. doi:10.1037/h0034679
    • (1973) American Psychologist , vol.28 , pp. 404-416
    • Epstein, S.1
  • 55
    • 34548140978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowing when to look it up: A new conception of self-assessment ability
    • doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31813e6755
    • Eva, K. W., & Regehr, G. (2007). Knowing when to look it up: A new conception of self-assessment ability. Academic Medicine, 82(Suppl. 10), S81-S84. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31813e6755
    • (2007) Academic Medicine , vol.82 , Issue.SUPPL. 10
    • Eva, K.W.1    Regehr, G.2
  • 56
    • 84933476428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence: A new look
    • London, England: Transaction
    • Eysenck, H. J. (1998). Intelligence: A new look. London, England: Transaction.
    • (1998)
    • Eysenck, H.J.1
  • 57
    • 4644234910 scopus 로고
    • A theory of social comparison processes
    • doi:10.1177/001872675400700202
    • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202
    • (1954) Human Relations , vol.7 , pp. 117-140
    • Festinger, L.1
  • 58
    • 0000686352 scopus 로고
    • An inquiry as to popular views on intelligence and related topics
    • doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1947.tb02222.x
    • Flugel, J. C. (1947). An inquiry as to popular views on intelligence and related topics. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 17, 140-152. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1947.tb02222.x
    • (1947) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 140-152
    • Flugel, J.C.1
  • 60
    • 79551614589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who wants to take an intelligence test? Personality and achievement motivation in the context of ability testing
    • doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.025
    • Freund, P. A., & Holling, H. (2011). Who wants to take an intelligence test? Personality and achievement motivation in the context of ability testing. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 723-728. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.025
    • (2011) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.50 , pp. 723-728
    • Freund, P.A.1    Holling, H.2
  • 61
    • 79960390174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring current achievement motivation with the QCM: Short form development and investigation of measurement invariance
    • doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.033
    • Freund, P. A., Kuhn, J.-T., & Holling, H. (2011). Measuring current achievement motivation with the QCM: Short form development and investigation of measurement invariance. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 629-634. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.033
    • (2011) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.51 , pp. 629-634
    • Freund, P.A.1    Kuhn, J.-T.2    Holling, H.3
  • 62
    • 0347987336 scopus 로고
    • Do counselees remember test scores?
    • doi:10.1037/h0061944
    • Froehlich, C. P., & Moser, W. E. (1954). Do counselees remember test scores? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1, 149-152. doi:10.1037/h0061944
    • (1954) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.1 , pp. 149-152
    • Froehlich, C.P.1    Moser, W.E.2
  • 63
    • 0034338832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parents' estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences
    • doi:10.1348/026151000165869
    • Furnham, A. (2000). Parents' estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 583-594. doi:10.1348/026151000165869
    • (2000) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 583-594
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 64
    • 0035641955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimates of intelligence: Culture and gender difference in self and other estimates of both general (g) and multiple intelligences
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00232-4
    • Furnham, A. (2001). Self-estimates of intelligence: Culture and gender difference in self and other estimates of both general (g) and multiple intelligences. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1381-1405. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00232-4
    • (2001) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.31 , pp. 1381-1405
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 65
    • 20744456330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and personality differences in selfand other ratings of business intelligence
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00434.x
    • Furnham, A. (2005a). Gender and personality differences in selfand other ratings of business intelligence. British Journal of Management, 16, 91-103. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00434.x
    • (2005) British Journal of Management , vol.16 , pp. 91-103
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 66
    • 29744452229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimated intelligence, psychometric intelligence and personality
    • doi:10.2117/psysoc.2005.182
    • Furnham, A. (2005b). Self-estimated intelligence, psychometric intelligence and personality. Psychologia, 48, 182-192. doi:10.2117/psysoc.2005.182
    • (2005) Psychologia , vol.48 , pp. 182-192
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 67
    • 78649648795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of a new, self-report measure of multiple intelligences
    • doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9064-z
    • Furnham, A. (2009). The validity of a new, self-report measure of multiple intelligences. Current Psychology, 28, 225-239. doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9064-z
    • (2009) Current Psychology , vol.28 , pp. 225-239
    • Furnham, A.1
  • 68
    • 2942593755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating one's own personality and intelligence scores
    • doi:10.1348/000712604773952395
    • Furnham, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2004). Estimating one's own personality and intelligence scores. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 149-160. doi:10.1348/000712604773952395
    • (2004) British Journal of Psychology , vol.95 , pp. 149-160
    • Furnham, A.1    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.2
  • 69
    • 70350034030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between selfestimated and test-derived scores of personality and intelligence
    • doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.37
    • Furnham, A., & Dissou, G. (2007). The relationship between selfestimated and test-derived scores of personality and intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 37-44. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.37
    • (2007) Journal of Individual Differences , vol.28 , pp. 37-44
    • Furnham, A.1    Dissou, G.2
  • 70
    • 0000491099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimated and psychometrically measured intelligence: A cross-cultural and sex differences study of British and Singaporean students
    • Furnham, A., & Fong, G. (2000). Self-estimated and psychometrically measured intelligence: A cross-cultural and sex differences study of British and Singaporean students. North American Journal of Psychology, 2, 191-200.
    • (2000) North American Journal of Psychology , vol.2 , pp. 191-200
    • Furnham, A.1    Fong, G.2
  • 71
    • 0036065678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male hubris and female humility? A cross-cultural study of ratings of self, parental, and sibling multiple intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00080-0
    • Furnham, A., Hosoe, T., & Tang, T. L. (2002). Male hubris and female humility? A cross-cultural study of ratings of self, parental, and sibling multiple intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan. Intelligence, 30, 101-115. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00080-0
    • (2002) Intelligence , vol.30 , pp. 101-115
    • Furnham, A.1    Hosoe, T.2    Tang, T.L.3
  • 73
    • 15544379663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personality and intelligence: Gender, the Big Five, self-estimated and psychometric intelligence
    • doi:10.1111/j.0965-075X.2005.00296.x
    • Furnham, A., Moutafi, J., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2005). Personality and intelligence: Gender, the Big Five, self-estimated and psychometric intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 13, 11-24. doi:10.1111/j.0965-075X.2005.00296.x
    • (2005) International Journal of Selection and Assessment , vol.13 , pp. 11-24
    • Furnham, A.1    Moutafi, J.2    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.3
  • 74
    • 0033470392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between self-estimated and psychometrically measured IQ
    • doi:10.1080/00224549909598400
    • Furnham, A., & Rawles, R. (1999). Correlations between self-estimated and psychometrically measured IQ. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 405-410. doi:10.1080/00224549909598400
    • (1999) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.139 , pp. 405-410
    • Furnham, A.1    Rawles, R.2
  • 75
    • 85130415262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between psychometric and self-estimated intelligence, creativity, personality and academic achievement
    • doi:10.2190/530V-3M9U-7UQ8-FMBG
    • Furnham, A., Zhang, J., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2006). The relationship between psychometric and self-estimated intelligence, creativity, personality and academic achievement. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 25, 119-145. doi:10.2190/530V-3M9U-7UQ8-FMBG
    • (2006) Imagination, Cognition and Personality , vol.25 , pp. 119-145
    • Furnham, A.1    Zhang, J.2    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.3
  • 76
    • 84985771495 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy and bias in estimates of others' knowledge
    • doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420210507
    • Fussell, S. R., & Krauss, R. M. (1991). Accuracy and bias in estimates of others' knowledge. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 445-454. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420210507
    • (1991) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 445-454
    • Fussell, S.R.1    Krauss, R.M.2
  • 77
    • 84989640879 scopus 로고
    • Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness
    • doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x
    • Gabriel, M. T., Critelli, J. W., & Ee, J. S. (1994). Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness. Journal of Personality, 62, 143-155. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00798.x
    • (1994) Journal of Personality , vol.62 , pp. 143-155
    • Gabriel, M.T.1    Critelli, J.W.2    Ee, J.S.3
  • 78
    • 0002884815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model
    • doi:10.1177/074171369704800103
    • Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly, 48, 18-33. doi:10.1177/074171369704800103
    • (1997) Adult Education Quarterly , vol.48 , pp. 18-33
    • Garrison, D.R.1
  • 79
    • 0035645188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Should I use a computer-assisted career guidance system?" It depends on where your career decisionmaking difficulties lie
    • Gati, I., Noa, S., & Krausz, M. (2001). "Should I use a computer-assisted career guidance system?" It depends on where your career decisionmaking difficulties lie. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 29, 301-321.
    • (2001) British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , vol.29 , pp. 301-321
    • Gati, I.1    Noa, S.2    Krausz, M.3
  • 80
    • 0011545579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting and inventing social reality: Attributional and constructive elements in social comparison
    • J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.), New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_2
    • Goethals, G. R., & Klein, W. M. P. (2000). Interpreting and inventing social reality: Attributional and constructive elements in social comparison. In J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 23-44). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_2
    • (2000) Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research , pp. 23-44
    • Goethals, G.R.1    Klein, W.M.P.2
  • 81
    • 21144470346 scopus 로고
    • Personality-intelligence relations: Assessment of typical intellectual engagement
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.537
    • Goff, M., & Ackerman, P. L. (1992). Personality-intelligence relations: Assessment of typical intellectual engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 537-552. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.537
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 537-552
    • Goff, M.1    Ackerman, P.L.2
  • 82
    • 80051809346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is it all relative? Comparative judgments and the possible improvement of self-ratings and ratings of others
    • doi:10.1177/1745691610393521
    • Goffin, R. D., & Olson, J. M. (2011). Is it all relative? Comparative judgments and the possible improvement of self-ratings and ratings of others. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 48-60. doi:10.1177/1745691610393521
    • (2011) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.6 , pp. 48-60
    • Goffin, R.D.1    Olson, J.M.2
  • 83
    • 0002150999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mainstream science on intelligence
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8
    • Gottfredson, L. S. (1997a). Mainstream science on intelligence. Intelligence, 24, 13-23. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90011-8
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.24 , pp. 13-23
    • Gottfredson, L.S.1
  • 84
    • 0039862060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life
    • doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3
    • Gottfredson, L. S. (1997b). Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life. Intelligence, 24, 79-132. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3
    • (1997) Intelligence , vol.24 , pp. 79-132
    • Gottfredson, L.S.1
  • 85
    • 0000868936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures
    • doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.10.1115
    • Greenfield, P. M. (1997). You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures. American Psychologist, 52, 1115-1124. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.10.1115
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 1115-1124
    • Greenfield, P.M.1
  • 86
    • 66649104550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than just IQ: School achievement is predicted by self-perceived abilities-but for genetic rather than environmental reasons
    • doi:10.1111/j.14679280.2009.02366.x
    • Greven, C. U., Harlaar, N., Kovas, Y., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Plomin, R. (2009). More than just IQ: School achievement is predicted by self-perceived abilities-but for genetic rather than environmental reasons. Psychological Science, 20, 753-762. doi:10.1111/j.14679280.2009.02366.x
    • (2009) Psychological Science , vol.20 , pp. 753-762
    • Greven, C.U.1    Harlaar, N.2    Kovas, Y.3    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.4    Plomin, R.5
  • 88
    • 58149405992 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive psychology's ambiguities: Some suggested remedies
    • doi:10.1037/0033295X.89.1.48
    • Guilford, J. P. (1982). Cognitive psychology's ambiguities: Some suggested remedies. Psychological Review, 89, 48-59. doi:10.1037/0033295X.89.1.48
    • (1982) Psychological Review , vol.89 , pp. 48-59
    • Guilford, J.P.1
  • 89
    • 84973779167 scopus 로고
    • Some changes in the structure-of-intellect model
    • doi:10.1177/001316448804800102
    • Guilford, J. P. (1988). Some changes in the structure-of-intellect model. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 1-4. doi:10.1177/001316448804800102
    • (1988) Educational and Psychological Measurement , vol.48 , pp. 1-4
    • Guilford, J.P.1
  • 92
    • 33947394098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retesting in selection: A meta-analysis of coaching and practice effects for tests of cognitive ability
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.373
    • Hausknecht, J. P., Halpert, J. A., Di Paolo, N. T., & Moriarty Gerrard, M. O. (2007). Retesting in selection: A meta-analysis of coaching and practice effects for tests of cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 373-385. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.373
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 373-385
    • Hausknecht, J.P.1    Halpert, J.A.2    Di Paolo, N.T.3    Moriarty Gerrard, M.O.4
  • 93
    • 0003991281 scopus 로고
    • Ways with words: Language, life, and work in communities and classrooms
    • Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
    • Heath, S. B. (1983). Ways with words: Language, life, and work in communities and classrooms. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1983)
    • Heath, S.B.1
  • 94
    • 0033208995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?
    • doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
    • Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
    • (1999) Psychological Review , vol.106 , pp. 766-794
    • Heine, S.J.1    Lehman, D.R.2    Markus, H.R.3    Kitayama, S.4
  • 95
    • 77954561891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The weirdest people in the world?
    • doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
    • Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61-83. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
    • (2010) Behavioral and Brain Sciences , vol.33 , pp. 61-83
    • Henrich, J.1    Heine, S.J.2    Norenzayan, A.3
  • 96
    • 46349105150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using accuracy of self-estimated interest type as a sign of career choice readiness in career assessment of secondary students
    • doi: 10.1177/1069072708317372
    • Hirschi, A., & Läge, D. (2008). Using accuracy of self-estimated interest type as a sign of career choice readiness in career assessment of secondary students. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 310-325. doi: 10.1177/1069072708317372
    • (2008) Journal of Career Assessment , vol.16 , pp. 310-325
    • Hirschi, A.1    Läge, D.2
  • 97
    • 70350400791 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between selected self-estimated and measured abilities in adolescents
    • Hodgson, M. L., & Cramer, S. H. (1977). The relationship between selected self-estimated and measured abilities in adolescents. Measurement & Evaluation in Guidance, 10, 98-105.
    • (1977) Measurement & Evaluation in Guidance , vol.10 , pp. 98-105
    • Hodgson, M.L.1    Cramer, S.H.2
  • 98
    • 84925918610 scopus 로고
    • IQ self-estimates of males and females
    • doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924160 Holling, H., & Preckel, F. (2005). Self-estimates of intelligence-methodological approaches and gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 503-517. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.003
    • Hogan, H. (1978). IQ self-estimates of males and females. Journal of Social Psychology, 106, 137-138. doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924160 Holling, H., & Preckel, F. (2005). Self-estimates of intelligence-methodological approaches and gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 503-517. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.05.003
    • (1978) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.106 , pp. 137-138
    • Hogan, H.1
  • 99
    • 0003987961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.)
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2004)
    • Hunter, J.E.1    Schmidt, F.L.2
  • 100
    • 0001203302 scopus 로고
    • Intelligence and its measurement: A symposium. doi:10.1037/h0076078
    • Intelligence and its measurement: A symposium. (1921). Journal of Educational Psychology, 12, 123-147. doi:10.1037/h0076078
    • (1921) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.12 , pp. 123-147
  • 101
    • 0039632775 scopus 로고
    • Gender and self-concept: A reexamination of stereotyping differences and the role of gender attitudes
    • doi:10.1007/BF01544666
    • Jackson, L. A., Hodge, C. N., & Ingram, J. M. (1994). Gender and self-concept: A reexamination of stereotyping differences and the role of gender attitudes. Sex Roles, 30, 615-630. doi:10.1007/BF01544666
    • (1994) Sex Roles , vol.30 , pp. 615-630
    • Jackson, L.A.1    Hodge, C.N.2    Ingram, J.M.3
  • 102
    • 21844510623 scopus 로고
    • Self-consistency, selfenhancement, and accuracy in reactions to feedback
    • doi:10.1006/jesp.1995.1015
    • Jussim, L., Yen, H., & Aiello, J. R. (1995). Self-consistency, selfenhancement, and accuracy in reactions to feedback. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 322-356. doi:10.1006/jesp.1995.1015
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 322-356
    • Jussim, L.1    Yen, H.2    Aiello, J.R.3
  • 103
    • 0000472187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multivariate linear model for meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.227
    • Kalaian, H. A., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1996). A multivariate linear model for meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 227-235. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.3.227
    • (1996) Psychological Methods , vol.1 , pp. 227-235
    • Kalaian, H.A.1    Raudenbush, S.W.2
  • 104
    • 34547208649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit stereotypes and women's math performance: How implicit gender-math stereotypes influence women's susceptibility to stereotype threat
    • doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.08.004
    • Kiefer, A. K., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2007). Implicit stereotypes and women's math performance: How implicit gender-math stereotypes influence women's susceptibility to stereotype threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 825-832. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.08.004
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.43 , pp. 825-832
    • Kiefer, A.K.1    Sekaquaptewa, D.2
  • 105
    • 3042511237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test equating, scaling, and linking: Methods and practices (2nd ed.)
    • New York, NY: Springer
    • Kolen, M. J., & Brennan, R. L. (2004). Test equating, scaling, and linking: Methods and practices (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
    • (2004)
    • Kolen, M.J.1    Brennan, R.L.2
  • 106
    • 70350036096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subjective evaluations of intelligence and academic self-concept predict academic achievement: Evidence from a selective student population
    • doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.08.001
    • Kornilova, T. V., Kornilov, S. A., & Chumakova, M. A. (2009). Subjective evaluations of intelligence and academic self-concept predict academic achievement: Evidence from a selective student population. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 596-608. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.08.001
    • (2009) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.19 , pp. 596-608
    • Kornilova, T.V.1    Kornilov, S.A.2    Chumakova, M.A.3
  • 107
    • 0036484917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unskilled, unaware, or both? The better-than-average heuristic and statistical regression predict errors in estimates of own performance
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.180
    • Krueger, J., & Mueller, R. A. (2002). Unskilled, unaware, or both? The better-than-average heuristic and statistical regression predict errors in estimates of own performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 180-188. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.180
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 180-188
    • Krueger, J.1    Mueller, R.A.2
  • 108
    • 0033238150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments
    • doi:10.1037/00223514.77.2.221
    • Kruger, J. (1999). Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 221-232. doi:10.1037/00223514.77.2.221
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 221-232
    • Kruger, J.1
  • 109
    • 0033254078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
    • Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121-1134. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
    • (1999) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 1121-1134
    • Kruger, J.1    Dunning, D.2
  • 110
    • 0036480033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unskilled and unaware-but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002)
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.189
    • Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (2002). Unskilled and unaware-but why? A reply to Krueger and Mueller (2002). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 189-192. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.189
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.82 , pp. 189-192
    • Kruger, J.1    Dunning, D.2
  • 111
    • 0000946260 scopus 로고
    • Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.195
    • Kruglanski, A. W., & Mayseless, O. (1990). Classic and current social comparison research: Expanding the perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 195-208. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.195
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , pp. 195-208
    • Kruglanski, A.W.1    Mayseless, O.2
  • 112
    • 0001501133 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.179
    • Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Kulik, C.-L. C. (1984). Effectiveness of coaching for aptitude tests. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 179-188. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.179
    • (1984) Psychological Bulletin , vol.95 , pp. 179-188
    • Kulik, J.A.1    Bangert-Drowns, R.L.2    Kulik, C.-L.C.3
  • 114
    • 0942278856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all?
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.148
    • Kuncel, N. R., Hezlett, S. A., & Ones, D. S. (2004). Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 148-161. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.148
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 148-161
    • Kuncel, N.R.1    Hezlett, S.A.2    Ones, D.S.3
  • 115
    • 0003709407 scopus 로고
    • Self-consistency: A theory of personality
    • New York, NY: Island Press
    • Lecky, P. (1945). Self-consistency: A theory of personality. New York, NY: Island Press.
    • (1945)
    • Lecky, P.1
  • 116
    • 33644519640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discounting the difficult: How high math-identified women respond to stereotype threat
    • doi:10.1007/s11199-005-8873-2
    • Lesko, A. C., & Corpus, J. H. (2006). Discounting the difficult: How high math-identified women respond to stereotype threat. Sex Roles, 54, 113-125. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-8873-2
    • (2006) Sex Roles , vol.54 , pp. 113-125
    • Lesko, A.C.1    Corpus, J.H.2
  • 117
    • 49449126621 scopus 로고
    • Do those who know more also know more about how much they know?
    • doi:10.1016/0030-5073(77)90001-0
    • Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20, 159-183. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(77)90001-0
    • (1977) Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , vol.20 , pp. 159-183
    • Lichtenstein, S.1    Fischhoff, B.2
  • 119
    • 36349000691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of psychometric bias due to retesting on cognitive ability tests in selection settings
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1672
    • Lievens, F., Reeve, C. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (2007). An examination of psychometric bias due to retesting on cognitive ability tests in selection settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1672-1682. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1672
    • (2007) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.92 , pp. 1672-1682
    • Lievens, F.1    Reeve, C.L.2    Heggestad, E.D.3
  • 120
    • 42449140381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues in the definition and measurement of abilities
    • J. M. Collis & S. J. Messick (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • Lohman, D. F. (2001). Issues in the definition and measurement of abilities. In J. M. Collis & S. J. Messick (Eds.), Intelligence and personality: Bridging the gap in theory and measurement (pp. 79-98). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (2001) Intelligence and personality: Bridging the gap in theory and measurement , pp. 79-98
    • Lohman, D.F.1
  • 121
    • 0033644597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific and social significance of assessing individual differences: "Sinking shafts at a few critical points
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.405
    • Lubinski, D. (2000). Scientific and social significance of assessing individual differences: "Sinking shafts at a few critical points." Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 405-444. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.405
    • (2000) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 405-444
    • Lubinski, D.1
  • 122
    • 34248452761 scopus 로고
    • Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.280
    • Mabe, P. A., & West, S. G. (1982). Validity of self-evaluation of ability: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 280-296. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.280
    • (1982) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.67 , pp. 280-296
    • Mabe, P.A.1    West, S.G.2
  • 123
    • 9444276351 scopus 로고
    • A multidimensional, hierarchical model of selfconcept: Theoretical and empirical justification
    • doi:10.1007/BF01322177
    • Marsh, H. W. (1990). A multidimensional, hierarchical model of selfconcept: Theoretical and empirical justification. Educational Psychology Review, 2, 77-172. doi:10.1007/BF01322177
    • (1990) Educational Psychology Review , vol.2 , pp. 77-172
    • Marsh, H.W.1
  • 124
    • 0002073387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Can I do X?": Using the proxy model to predict performance
    • J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.), New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_4
    • Martin, R. (2000). "Can I do X?": Using the proxy model to predict performance. In J. Suls & L. Wheeler (Eds.), Handbook of social comparison (pp. 67-80). New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_4
    • (2000) Handbook of social comparison , pp. 67-80
    • Martin, R.1
  • 125
    • 0001683054 scopus 로고
    • The Lake Wobegon effect in student self-report data
    • Maxwell, N., & Lopus, J. (1994). The Lake Wobegon effect in student self-report data. The American Economic Review, 84, 201-205.
    • (1994) The American Economic Review , vol.84 , pp. 201-205
    • Maxwell, N.1    Lopus, J.2
  • 126
    • 0011602598 scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of estimates in the social comparison of abilities
    • doi:10.1016/0022-1031(87)90033-3
    • Mayseless, O., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1987). Accuracy of estimates in the social comparison of abilities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 217-229. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(87)90033-3
    • (1987) Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 217-229
    • Mayseless, O.1    Kruglanski, A.W.2
  • 127
    • 26644435388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future
    • D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • McGrew, K. S. (2005). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 136-181). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (2005) Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues , pp. 136-181
    • McGrew, K.S.1
  • 129
    • 34147110831 scopus 로고
    • Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance
    • doi:10.1007/BF02294825 Meyer, W.-U. (1982). Indirect communications about perceived ability estimates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 888-897. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.74.6.888
    • Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis, and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525-543. doi:10.1007/BF02294825 Meyer, W.-U. (1982). Indirect communications about perceived ability estimates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 888-897. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.74.6.888
    • (1993) Psychometrika , vol.58 , pp. 525-543
    • Meredith, W.1
  • 130
    • 0034027042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework to guide the development of self-directed, lifelong learning in problem-based medical curricula
    • doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00564.x
    • Miflin, B. M., Campbell, C. B., & Price, D. A. (2000). A conceptual framework to guide the development of self-directed, lifelong learning in problem-based medical curricula. Medical Education, 34, 299-306. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00564.x
    • (2000) Medical Education , vol.34 , pp. 299-306
    • Miflin, B.M.1    Campbell, C.B.2    Price, D.A.3
  • 131
    • 0014841541 scopus 로고
    • Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self
    • doi:10.1037/h0029862
    • Morse, S., & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156. doi:10.1037/h0029862
    • (1970) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 148-156
    • Morse, S.1    Gergen, K.J.2
  • 132
    • 0042264975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.472
    • Mussweiler, T. (2003a). Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110, 472-489. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.472
    • (2003) Psychological Review , vol.110 , pp. 472-489
    • Mussweiler, T.1
  • 133
    • 0345356451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Everything is relative": Comparison processes in social judgment
    • doi:10.1002/ejsp.169
    • Mussweiler, T. (2003b). "Everything is relative": Comparison processes in social judgment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 719-733. doi:10.1002/ejsp.169
    • (2003) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.33 , pp. 719-733
    • Mussweiler, T.1
  • 135
    • 0001188922 scopus 로고
    • Regression toward the mean and the study of change
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.622
    • Nesselroade, J. R., Stigler, S. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1980). Regression toward the mean and the study of change. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 622-637. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.622
    • (1980) Psychological Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 622-637
    • Nesselroade, J.R.1    Stigler, S.M.2    Baltes, P.B.3
  • 136
    • 0029351616 scopus 로고
    • Cross-cultural, gender, and age differences in Singaporean mothers' conceptions of children's intelligence
    • doi:10.1080/00224545.1995.9712219
    • Nevo, B., & Khader, A. (1995). Cross-cultural, gender, and age differences in Singaporean mothers' conceptions of children's intelligence. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 509-517. doi:10.1080/00224545.1995.9712219
    • (1995) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.135 , pp. 509-517
    • Nevo, B.1    Khader, A.2
  • 137
    • 77954675165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy in self-assessment: The role of ability, feedback, self-efficacy and goal orientation
    • Ng, J., & Earl, J. (2008). Accuracy in self-assessment: The role of ability, feedback, self-efficacy and goal orientation. Australian Journal of Career Development, 17, 39-50.
    • (2008) Australian Journal of Career Development , vol.17 , pp. 39-50
    • Ng, J.1    Earl, J.2
  • 138
    • 0038342248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geography of thought
    • New York, NY: Free Press Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • Nisbett, R. (2003). The geography of thought. New York, NY: Free Press. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    • (2003)
    • Nisbett, R.1
  • 139
    • 0038692140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hostile environments, stereotype threat, and math performance among undergraduate women
    • doi:10.1007/s12144-000-1025-5
    • Oswald, D. L., & Harvey, R. D. (2000). Hostile environments, stereotype threat, and math performance among undergraduate women. Current Psychology, 19, 338-356. doi:10.1007/s12144-000-1025-5
    • (2000) Current Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 338-356
    • Oswald, D.L.1    Harvey, R.D.2
  • 141
    • 0032386914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported measures of intelligence: Are they still useful as proxy IQ tests?
    • doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00023
    • Paulhus, D. L., Lysy, D. C., & Yik, M. S. M. (1998). Self-reported measures of intelligence: Are they still useful as proxy IQ tests? Journal of Personality, 66, 525-554. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00023
    • (1998) Journal of Personality , vol.66 , pp. 525-554
    • Paulhus, D.L.1    Lysy, D.C.2    Yik, M.S.M.3
  • 142
    • 12944265352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis
    • doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175
    • Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2005). On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 175-181. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175
    • (2005) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.90 , pp. 175-181
    • Peterson, R.A.1    Brown, S.P.2
  • 143
    • 0032852655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic structure of work-relevant abilities
    • doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.2.173 Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2009). Intelligence and gelotophobia: The relations of self-estimated and psychometrically measured intelligence to the fear of being laughed at. Humor, 22, 165-181. doi:10.1515/HUMR.2009.008
    • Prediger, D. J. (1999). Basic structure of work-relevant abilities. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 173-184. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.2.173 Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2009). Intelligence and gelotophobia: The relations of self-estimated and psychometrically measured intelligence to the fear of being laughed at. Humor, 22, 165-181. doi:10.1515/HUMR.2009.008
    • (1999) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.46 , pp. 173-184
    • Prediger, D.J.1
  • 144
    • 0034311855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in selfestimates of different aspects of intelligence
    • doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00238-X
    • Rammstedt, B., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2000). Sex differences in selfestimates of different aspects of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 869-880. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00238-X
    • (2000) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.29 , pp. 869-880
    • Rammstedt, B.1    Rammsayer, T.H.2
  • 145
    • 33751434200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Die Erfassung von selbsteingeschätzter Intelligenz: Konstruktion, teststatistische Überprüfung und erste Ergebnisse des ISI [Assessment of self-estimated intelligence: Construction, statistical testing, and first results of the Inventory of Self-Estimated Intelligence (ISI)]
    • doi:10.1024//01701789.23.4.435
    • Rammstedt, B., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2002a). Die Erfassung von selbsteingeschätzter Intelligenz: Konstruktion, teststatistische Überprüfung und erste Ergebnisse des ISI [Assessment of self-estimated intelligence: Construction, statistical testing, and first results of the Inventory of Self-Estimated Intelligence (ISI)]. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 23, 435-446. doi:10.1024//01701789.23.4.435
    • (2002) Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie , vol.23 , pp. 435-446
    • Rammstedt, B.1    Rammsayer, T.H.2
  • 146
    • 2342540696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimated intelligence: Gender differences, relationship to psychometric intelligence and moderating effects of level of education
    • doi:10.1027//1016-9040.7.4.275
    • Rammstedt, B., & Rammsayer, T. H. (2002b). Self-estimated intelligence: Gender differences, relationship to psychometric intelligence and moderating effects of level of education. European Psychologist, 7, 275-284. doi:10.1027//1016-9040.7.4.275
    • (2002) European Psychologist , vol.7 , pp. 275-284
    • Rammstedt, B.1    Rammsayer, T.H.2
  • 147
    • 0003967354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2002)
    • Raudenbush, S.W.1    Bryk, A.S.2
  • 148
    • 33744740503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HLM 6.08: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Computer software]
    • Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International
    • Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., & Congdon, R. (2009). HLM 6.08: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
    • (2009)
    • Raudenbush, S.W.1    Bryk, A.S.2    Cheong, Y.F.3    Congdon, R.4
  • 149
    • 0000788457 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in self-estimated IQ: The need for care in interpreting group data
    • doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00148-L
    • Reilly, J., & Mulhern, G. (1995). Gender differences in self-estimated IQ: The need for care in interpreting group data. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 189-192. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00148-L
    • (1995) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.18 , pp. 189-192
    • Reilly, J.1    Mulhern, G.2
  • 150
    • 0027691194 scopus 로고
    • Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: Two approaches for exploring measurement invariance
    • doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.552
    • Reise, S. P., Widaman, K. F., & Pugh, R. H. (1993). Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: Two approaches for exploring measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 552-566. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.552
    • (1993) Psychological Bulletin , vol.114 , pp. 552-566
    • Reise, S.P.1    Widaman, K.F.2    Pugh, R.H.3
  • 151
    • 0016619707 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in the self-concept in adolescence
    • doi:10.1007/BF00288008
    • Rosenberg, F. R., & Simmons, R. G. (1975). Sex differences in the self-concept in adolescence. Sex Roles, 1, 147-159. doi:10.1007/BF00288008
    • (1975) Sex Roles , vol.1 , pp. 147-159
    • Rosenberg, F.R.1    Simmons, R.G.2
  • 152
    • 0002870692 scopus 로고
    • Cultural meaning systems, intelligence and personality
    • R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Ruzgis, P., & Grigorenko, E. L. (1994). Cultural meaning systems, intelligence and personality. In R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis (Eds.), Person-ality and intelligence (pp. 248-270). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1994) Person-ality and intelligence , pp. 248-270
    • Ruzgis, P.1    Grigorenko, E.L.2
  • 153
    • 21344495846 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the effective use of computerassisted career guidance: The North American experience
    • Sampson, J. (1994). Factors influencing the effective use of computerassisted career guidance: The North American experience. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 22, 91-106.
    • (1994) British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , vol.22 , pp. 91-106
    • Sampson, J.1
  • 154
    • 0347173215 scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted career guidance systems and organizational change
    • Sampson, J., & Watts, A. G. (1992). Computer-assisted career guidance systems and organizational change. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 20, 328-343.
    • (1992) British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , vol.20 , pp. 328-343
    • Sampson, J.1    Watts, A.G.2
  • 155
    • 0032391899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262
    • Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 262-274. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262
    • (1998) Psychological Bulletin , vol.124 , pp. 262-274
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.E.2
  • 156
    • 1642455819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General mental ability in the work of work: Occupational attainment and job performance
    • doi:10.1037/00223514.86.1.162
    • Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2004). General mental ability in the work of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 162-173. doi:10.1037/00223514.86.1.162
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 162-173
    • Schmidt, F.L.1    Hunter, J.E.2
  • 157
    • 0008856317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline: On the flowering of culture in behavioral research
    • doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.10.1101
    • Segall, M. H., Lonner, W. J., & Berry, J. W. (1998). Cross-cultural psychology as a scholarly discipline: On the flowering of culture in behavioral research. American Psychologist, 53, 1101-1110. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.10.1101
    • (1998) American Psychologist , vol.53 , pp. 1101-1110
    • Segall, M.H.1    Lonner, W.J.2    Berry, J.W.3
  • 160
    • 0000650258 scopus 로고
    • Averaging correlation coefficients: Should Fisher's z transformation be used?
    • doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.146
    • Silver, N. C., & Dunlap, W. P. (1987). Averaging correlation coefficients: Should Fisher's z transformation be used? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 146-148. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.72.1.146
    • (1987) Journal of Applied Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 146-148
    • Silver, N.C.1    Dunlap, W.P.2
  • 161
    • 1642418062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in math and verbal self-concept, performance expectations, and motivation
    • doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000015555.40976.e6
    • Skaalvik, S., & Skaalvik, E. M. (2004). Gender differences in math and verbal self-concept, performance expectations, and motivation. Sex Roles, 50, 241-252. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000015555.40976.e6
    • (2004) Sex Roles , vol.50 , pp. 241-252
    • Skaalvik, S.1    Skaalvik, E.M.2
  • 162
    • 0000572166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating a learning environment by using self-, peerand co-assessment
    • doi:10.1023/A:1009932704458
    • Sluijsmans, D., Dochy, F., & Moerkerke, G. (1998). Creating a learning environment by using self-, peerand co-assessment. Learning Environments Research, 1, 293-319. doi:10.1023/A:1009932704458
    • (1998) Learning Environments Research , vol.1 , pp. 293-319
    • Sluijsmans, D.1    Dochy, F.2    Moerkerke, G.3
  • 163
    • 0003761315 scopus 로고
    • The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement
    • New York, NY: Macmillan
    • Spearman, C. E. (1927). The abilities of man: Their nature and measurement. New York, NY: Macmillan.
    • (1927)
    • Spearman, C.E.1
  • 164
    • 0031155092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
    • doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
    • Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.6.613
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , pp. 613-629
    • Steele, C.M.1
  • 165
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
    • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
    • (1995) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.69 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.M.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 166
    • 70350584651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What explains boys' stronger confidence in their intelligence?
    • doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9675-8
    • Steinmayr, R., & Spinath, B. (2009). What explains boys' stronger confidence in their intelligence? Sex Roles, 61, 736-749. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9675-8
    • (2009) Sex Roles , vol.61 , pp. 736-749
    • Steinmayr, R.1    Spinath, B.2
  • 167
    • 0003962805 scopus 로고
    • Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence
    • Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
    • Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1985)
    • Sternberg, R.J.1
  • 168
    • 85098315069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of intelligence
    • R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • Sternberg, R. J. (2000). The concept of intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 3-15). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2000) Handbook of intelligence , pp. 3-15
    • Sternberg, R.J.1
  • 171
    • 0031607738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human abilities
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.479
    • Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (1998). Human abilities. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 479-502. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.479
    • (1998) Annual Review of Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 479-502
    • Sternberg, R.J.1    Kaufman, J.C.2
  • 172
    • 0035523323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressive cognition: A test of depressive realism versus negativity using general knowledge questions
    • doi:10.1080/00223980109603722
    • Stone, E. R., Dodrill, C. L., & Johnson, N. (2001). Depressive cognition: A test of depressive realism versus negativity using general knowledge questions. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 135, 583-602. doi:10.1080/00223980109603722
    • (2001) Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied , vol.135 , pp. 583-602
    • Stone, E.R.1    Dodrill, C.L.2    Johnson, N.3
  • 174
    • 80052394948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in selfestimates of general, mathematical, spatial and verbal intelligence: Four meta analyses
    • doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.001
    • Szymanowicz, A., & Furnham, A. (2011). Gender differences in selfestimates of general, mathematical, spatial and verbal intelligence: Four meta analyses. Learning and Individual Differences, 21, 493-504. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.001
    • (2011) Learning and Individual Differences , vol.21 , pp. 493-504
    • Szymanowicz, A.1    Furnham, A.2
  • 175
    • 0023968228 scopus 로고
    • Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
    • doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193
    • Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.103 , pp. 193-210
    • Taylor, S.E.1    Brown, J.D.2
  • 176
    • 0003706690 scopus 로고
    • Primary mental abilities
    • Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
    • Thurstone, L. L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1938)
    • Thurstone, L.L.1
  • 177
    • 0001140158 scopus 로고
    • Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior
    • R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • Trope, Y. (1986). Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 350-378). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    • (1986) Handbook of motivation and cognition , vol.2 , pp. 350-378
    • Trope, Y.1
  • 178
    • 0002329579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research
    • doi:10.1177/109442810031002
    • Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4-70. doi:10.1177/109442810031002
    • (2000) Organizational Research Methods , vol.3 , pp. 4-70
    • Vandenberg, R.J.1    Lance, C.E.2
  • 179
    • 80054004034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research
    • Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1997)
    • van de Vijver, F.J.R.1    Leung, K.2
  • 180
    • 0033633747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological issues in psychological research on culture
    • doi:10.1177/0022022100031001004
    • van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (2000). Methodological issues in psychological research on culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 33-51. doi:10.1177/0022022100031001004
    • (2000) Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 33-51
    • van de Vijver, F.J.R.1    Leung, K.2
  • 181
    • 47049089815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes you think you're so smart? Measured abilities, personality, and sex differences in relation to self-estimates of multiple intelligences
    • doi:10.1027/1614-0001.29.1.35
    • Visser, B. A., Ashton, M. C., & Vernon, P. A. (2008). What makes you think you're so smart? Measured abilities, personality, and sex differences in relation to self-estimates of multiple intelligences. Journal of Individual Differences, 29, 35-44. doi:10.1027/1614-0001.29.1.35
    • (2008) Journal of Individual Differences , vol.29 , pp. 35-44
    • Visser, B.A.1    Ashton, M.C.2    Vernon, P.A.3
  • 182
    • 68749093930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposing self-estimates of intelligence: Structure and sex differences across 12 nations
    • doi: 10.1348/000712608X357876
    • von Stumm, S., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2009). Decomposing self-estimates of intelligence: Structure and sex differences across 12 nations. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 429-442. doi: 10.1348/000712608X357876
    • (2009) British Journal of Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 429-442
    • von Stumm, S.1    Chamorro-Premuzic, T.2    Furnham, A.3
  • 183
    • 58149453590 scopus 로고
    • Self-evaluations, group evaluations, and objective measures
    • doi:10.1037/h0047190
    • Webb, W. B. (1955). Self-evaluations, group evaluations, and objective measures. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 210-212. doi:10.1037/h0047190
    • (1955) Journal of Consulting Psychology , vol.19 , pp. 210-212
    • Webb, W.B.1
  • 184
    • 84928445182 scopus 로고
    • A test of three models of bias in self-assessment
    • doi:10.2307/2786852
    • Wells, L. E., & Sweeney, P. D. (1986). A test of three models of bias in self-assessment. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49, 1-10. doi:10.2307/2786852
    • (1986) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.49 , pp. 1-10
    • Wells, L.E.1    Sweeney, P.D.2
  • 185
    • 84965494811 scopus 로고
    • Career maturity in adolescence: Reliability and validity of self-ratings of abilities by gender and ethnicity
    • doi:10.1177/106907279400200203
    • Westbrook, B. W., Buck, R. W., Wynne, D. C., & Sanford, E. (1994). Career maturity in adolescence: Reliability and validity of self-ratings of abilities by gender and ethnicity. Journal of Career Assessment, 2, 125-161. doi:10.1177/106907279400200203
    • (1994) Journal of Career Assessment , vol.2 , pp. 125-161
    • Westbrook, B.W.1    Buck, R.W.2    Wynne, D.C.3    Sanford, E.4
  • 186
    • 32644464671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and group differences in test performance: A question of measurement invariance
    • doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.696
    • Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., & Hessen, D. J. (2005). Stereotype threat and group differences in test performance: A question of measurement invariance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 696-716. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.696
    • (2005) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.89 , pp. 696-716
    • Wicherts, J.M.1    Dolan, C.V.2    Hessen, D.J.3
  • 187
    • 0033464005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in selfconcept among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of multidimensional studies
    • doi: 10.1037/h0089000
    • Wilgenbusch, T., & Merrell, K. W. (1999). Gender differences in selfconcept among children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of multidimensional studies. School Psychology Quarterly, 14, 101-120. doi: 10.1037/h0089000
    • (1999) School Psychology Quarterly , vol.14 , pp. 101-120
    • Wilgenbusch, T.1    Merrell, K.W.2
  • 188
    • 0014551547 scopus 로고
    • Measured intelligence and estimates by nursing instructors and nursing students
    • doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.25.1.77
    • Wolff, R., & Wasden, R. (1969). Measured intelligence and estimates by nursing instructors and nursing students. Psychological Reports, 25, 77-78. doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.25.1.77
    • (1969) Psychological Reports , vol.25 , pp. 77-78
    • Wolff, R.1    Wasden, R.2
  • 189
    • 84874269550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-estimates of job performance and learning potential (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)
    • Atlanta, GA.
    • Wolman, S. D. (2009). Self-estimates of job performance and learning potential (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
    • (2009) Georgia Institute of Technology
    • Wolman, S.D.1
  • 190
    • 2442658133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Constructivism and social constructionism in the career field
    • doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.12.005
    • Young, R. A., & Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and social constructionism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64, 373-388. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.12.005
    • (2004) Journal of Vocational Behavior , vol.64 , pp. 373-388
    • Young, R.A.1    Collin, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.