Novel therapeutic strategies for alcohol and drug addiction: Focus on GABA, ion channels and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 163-177

  Addolorato, Giovanni ^a   Leggio, Lorenzo ^a,b   Hopf, F Woodward ^c   Diana, Marco ^d   Bonci, Antonello ^e,f,g  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI   (Italy)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

addiction; alcoholism; GABA; ion channels; pharmacotherapy; transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; BACLOFEN; BENZODIAZEPINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CALCIUM CHANNEL SK TYPE; CHLORZOXAZONE; FLUMAZENIL; GABAPENTIN; ION CHANNEL; LAMOTRIGINE; LORAZEPAM; NP 078585; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; TOPIRAMATE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOLISM; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EPILEPSY; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VERTIGO;

ALCOHOLISM; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; HUMANS; ION CHANNELS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 84856100318     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: 1740634X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.216     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Gasbarrini G (2000). Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II-preliminary clinical evidence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24: 67-71. (Pubitemid 30062783)
2. Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Janiri L, Bernardi M, Agabio R et al (2002). Rapid suppression of alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. Am J Med 112: 226-229.
3. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, Agabio R, Caputo F, Capristo E et al (2006). Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a comparative study vs diazepam. Am J Med 119: 276 e213-278.
4. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, Caputo F, Gasbarrini G (2005). Tolerance to baclofen's sedative effect in alcohol-addicted patients: no dissipation after a period of abstinence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 178: 351-352. (Pubitemid 40379231)
5. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, Bedogni G, Gasbarrini G, et al, and the Baclofen Study Group (2011). Dose-response effect of baclofen in reducing daily alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent subjects: secondary analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. Alcohol Alcohol 46: 312-317.
6. Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, Vonghia L, Mirijello A et al (2007). Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet 370: 1915-1922. (Pubitemid 350192657)
7. Ait-Daoud N, Malcolm RJ, Johnson BA (2006). An overview of medications for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and alcohol dependence with an emphasis on the use of older and newer anticonvulsants. Addict Behav 31: 1628-1649. (Pubitemid 44142844)
8. Akhondzadeh S, Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Assadi SM, Shabestari OL, Kashani AR, Farzanehgan ZM (2000). Double-blind randomized controlled trial of baclofen vs clonidine in the treatment of opiates withdrawal. J Clin Pharm Ther 25: 347-353. (Pubitemid 32002879)
9. Ameisen O (2005). Complete and prolonged suppression of symptoms and consequences of alcohol-dependence using high-dose baclofen: a self-case report of a physician. Alcohol Alcohol 40: 147-150. (Pubitemid 40347343)
10. Amiaz R, Levy D, Vainiger D, Grunhaus L, Zangen A (2009). Repeated highfrequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption. Addiction 104: 653-660.
11. Anderson SM, Famous KR, Sadri-Vakili G, Kumaresan V, Schmidt HD, Bass CE et al (2008). CaMKII: a biochemical bridge linking accumbens dopamine and glutamate systems in cocaine seeking. Nat Neurosci 11: 344-353. (Pubitemid 351311801)
12. Anthenelli RM, Blom TJ, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr (2008). Preliminary evidence for gender-specific effects of topiramate as a potential aid to smoking cessation. Addiction 103: 687-689.
13. Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Michaluk J, Romanska I, Vetulani J (1990). Cortical dihydropyridine binding sites and a behavioral syndrome in morphine-abstinent rats. Eur J Pharmacol 180: 129-135. (Pubitemid 20140998)
14. Anton RF, Moak DH, Latham P (1995). The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: a self-rated instrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19: 92-99.
15. Anton RF, Myrick H, Baros AM, Latham PK, Randall PK, Wright TM et al (2009). Efficacy of a combination of flumazenil and gabapentin in the treatment of alcohol dependence: relationship to alcohol withdrawal symptoms. J Clin Psychopharmacol 29: 334-342.
16. Anton RF, Myrick H, Wright TM, Latham PK, Baros AM, Waid LR et al (2011). Gabapentin combined with naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 168: 709-717.
17. Arolfo MP, Overstreet DH, Yao L, Fan P, Lawrence AJ, Tao G et al (2009). Suppression of heavy drinking and alcohol seeking by a selective ALDH-2 inhibitor. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33: 1935-1944.
18. Avanesyan A, Runyon BA (2010). Utilization of baclofen in maintenance of alcohol abstinence in patients with alcoholic hepatitis in a real-life clinical setting. Hepatology 52: 1104A.
19. Bailey CP, Molleman A, Little HJ (1998). Comparison of the effects of drugs on hyperexcitability induced in hippocampal slices by withdrawal from chronic ethanol consumption. Br J Pharmacol 123: 215-222. (Pubitemid 28039546)
20. Bailey CP, O'Callaghan MJ, Croft AP, Manley SJ, Little HJ (2001). Alterations in mesolimbic dopamine function during the abstinence period following chronic ethanol consumption. Neuropharmacology 41: 989-999. (Pubitemid 34024994)
21. Baltieri DA, Daró FR, Ribeiro PL, Andrade AG (2009). Effects of topiramate or naltrexone on tobacco use among male alcohol-dependent outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend 105: 33-41.
22. Baeyens JM, Esposito E, Ossowska G, Samanin R (1987). Effects of peripheral and central administration of calcium channel blockers in the naloxoneprecipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. Eur J Pharmacol 137: 9-13. (Pubitemid 17084703)
23. Berger SP, Winhusen TM, Somoza EC, Harrer JM, Mezinskis JP, Leiderman DB et al (2005). A medication screening trial evaluation of reserpine, gabapentin and lamotrigine pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence. Addiction 100: 58-67. (Pubitemid 40363425)
24. Bernstein MA, Welch SP (1995). Alterations in L-type calcium channels in the brain and spinal cord of acutely treated and morphine-tolerant mice. Brain Res 696: 83-88.
25. Biala G, Budzynska B (2008). Calcium-dependent mechanisms of the reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned place preference by drug priming in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 89: 116-125.
26. Biala G, Kruk M (2008). Calcium channel antagonists suppress cross-tolerance to the anxiogenic effects of D-amphetamine and nicotine in the mouse elevated plus maze test. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32: 54-61.
27. Biala G, Langwinski R (1996). Effects of calcium channel antagonists on the reinforcing properties of morphine, ethanol and cocaine as measured by place conditioning. J Physiol Pharmacol 47: 497-502. (Pubitemid 26288777)
28. Biala G, Weglinska B (2004). Calcium channel antagonists attenuate crosssensitization to the rewarding and/or locomotor effects of nicotine, morphine and MK-801. J Pharm Pharmacol 56: 1021-1028. (Pubitemid 39140058)
29. Biala G, Weglinska B (2006). On the mechanism of cross-tolerance between morphine-and nicotine-induced antinociception: involvement of calcium channels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30: 15-21. (Pubitemid 43021318)
30. Bone GH, Majchrowicz E, Martin PR, Linnoila M, Nutt DJ (1989). A comparison of calcium antagonists and diazepam in reducing ethanol withdrawal tremors. Psychopharmacology 99: 386-388. (Pubitemid 19244120)
31. Bongianni F, Carla V, Moroni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE (1986). Calcium channel inhibitors suppress the morphine-withdrawal syndrome in rats. Br J Pharmacol 88: 561-567. (Pubitemid 16066920)
32. Bonnet U, Banger M, Leweke FM, Maschke M, Kowalski T, Gastpar M (1999). Treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with gabapentin. Pharmacopsychiatry 32: 107-109. (Pubitemid 29364444)
33. Bonnet U, Banger M, Leweke FM Specka M, Müller BW, Hashemi T, Nyhuis PW et al (2003). Treatment of acute alcohol-withdrawal with gabapentin: results from a controlled two-center trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23: 514-518.
34. Bonnet U, Hamzavi-Abedi R, Specka M, Wiltfang J, Lieb B, Scherbaum N (2010). An open trial of gabapentin in acute alcohol withdrawal using an oral loading protocol. Alcohol Alcohol 45: 143-145.
35. Bozikas V, Petrikis P, Gamvrula K, Savvidou I, Karavatos A (2002). Treatment of alcohol withdrawal with gabapentin. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 26: 197-199. (Pubitemid 34045168)
36. Brebner K, Childress AR, Roberts DC (2002). A potential role for GABA(B) agonists in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction. Alcohol Alcohol 37: 478-484.
37. Brower KJ, Myra Kim H, Strobbe S, Karam-Hage MA, Consens F, Zucker RA (2008). A randomized double-blind pilot trial of gabapentin vs placebo to treat alcohol dependence and comorbid insomnia. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 1429-1438.
38. Brown JP, Boden P, Singh L, Gee NS (1996). Mechanism of action of gabapentin. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 7: 203-214.
39. Brown ES, Perantie DC, Dhanani N, Beard L, Orsulak P, Rush AJ (2006). Lamotrigine for bipolar disorder and comorbid cocaine dependence: a replication and extension study. J Affect Disord 93: 219-222. (Pubitemid 43816049)
40. Bucknam W (2007). Suppression of symptoms of alcohol dependence and craving using high-dose baclofen. Alcohol Alcohol 42: 158-160. (Pubitemid 47072109)
41. Calcagnetti DJ, Schechter MD (1992). Attenuation of drinking sweetened water following calcium channel blockade. Brain Res Bull 28: 967-973.
42. Carr DB, Sesack SR (2010). Dopamine terminals synapse on callosal projection neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 425: 275-283.
43. Cramer CM, Gardell LR, Boedeker KL, Harris JR, Hubbell CL, Reid LD (1998). lsradipine combined with naltrexone persistently reduces the reward-relevant effects of cocaine and alcohol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 60: 345-356. (Pubitemid 28282674)
44. Chartoff EH, Pliakas AM, Carlezon Jr WA (2006). Microinjection of the L-type calcium channel antagonist diltiazem into the ventral nucleus accumbens shell facilitates cocaine-induced conditioned place preferences. Biol Psychiatry 59: 1236-1239.
45. Chatterjee CR, Ringold AL (1999). A case report of reduction in alcohol craving and protection against alcohol withdrawal by gabapentin. Clin Psychiatry 60: 617. (Pubitemid 29451559)
46. Colombo G, Addolorato G, Agabio R, Carai MA, Pibiri F, Serra S et al (2004). Role of GABAB receptor in alcohol dependence: reducing effect of baclofen on alcohol intake and alcohol motivational properties in rats and amelioration of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and alcohol craving in human alcoholics. Neurotox Res 6: 403-414.
47. Colombo G, Agabio R, Carai MAM, Lobina C, Pani M, Reali R et al (2000). Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol intake and withdrawal severity: IFpreclinical evidence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24: 58-66. (Pubitemid 30062782)
48. Contreras E, Tamayo L, Amigo M (1988). Calcium channel antagonists increase morphine-induced analgesia and antagonize morphine tolerance. Eur J Pharmacol 148: 463-466.
49. Cousins MS, Roberts DC, de Wit H (2002). GABA(B) receptor agonists for the treatment of drug addiction: a review of recent findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 65: 209-220. (Pubitemid 34159068)
50. Cousins MS, Stamat HM, de Wit H (2001). Effects of a single dose of baclofen on self-reported subjective effects and tobacco smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 23: 123-129. (Pubitemid 32621773)
51. Davidoff RA (1985). Antispasticity drugs: mechanisms of action. Ann Neurol 17: 107-116. (Pubitemid 15170430)
52. De Beun R, Schneider R, Klein A, Lohmann A, De Vry J (1996). Effects of nimodipine and other calcium channel antagonists in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Alcohol 13: 263-271.
53. Dessirier JM, Simons CT, Carstens MI, O'Mahony M, Carstens E (2000). Psychophysical and neurobiological evidence that the oral sensation elicited by carbonated water is of chemogenic origin. Chem Senses 25: 277-284. (Pubitemid 30364853)
54. Diana M, Brodie M, Muntoni A, Puddu MC, Pillolla G, Steffensen S et al (2003). Enduring effects of chronic ethanol in the CNS: basis for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27: 354-361. (Pubitemid 36236659)
55. Diana M, Pistis M, Carboni S, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL (1993). Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1: 7966-7969. (Pubitemid 23260835)
56. Diana M, Pistis M, Muntoni A, Gessa G (1996). Mesolimbic dopaminergic reduction outlasts ethanol withdrawal syndrome: evidence of protracted abstinence. Neuroscience 71: 411-415. (Pubitemid 26067011)
57. Di Chiara G (2002). Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction. Behav Brain Res 137: 75-114. (Pubitemid 35346430)
58. Dodgson SJ, Shank RP, Maryanoff BE (2000). Topiramate as an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. Epilepsia 41: S35-S39.
59. Dooley DJ, Donovan CM, Pugsley TA (2000). Stimulus-dependent modulation of [(3)H]norepinephrine release from rat neocortical slices by gabapentin and pregabalin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295: 1086-1093.
60. Engel JA, Fahlke C, Hulthe P, Hard E, Johannessen K, Snape B et al (1988). Biochemical and behavioral evidence for an interaction between ethanol and calcium channel antagonists. J Neural Transm 74: 181-193.
61. Esmaeili-Mahani S, Fathi Y, Motamedi F, Hosseinpanah F, Ahmadiani A (2008). L-type calcium channel blockade attenuates morphine withdrawal: in vivo interaction between L-type calcium channels and corticosterone. Horm Behav 53: 351-357.
62. Evans SM, Bisaga A (2009). Acute interaction of baclofen in combination with alcohol in heavy social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33: 19-30.
63. Everitt BJ, Robbins TW (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci 8: 1481-1489. (Pubitemid 41573659)
64. Fadda P, Scherma M, Fresu A, Collu M, Fratta W (2003). Baclofen antagonizes nicotine-, cocaine-, and morphine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of rat. Synapse 50: 1-6. (Pubitemid 37034107)
65. Fattore L, Cossu G, MartellottaMC, FrattaW(2002). Baclofen antagonizes intravenous self-administration of nicotine in mice and rats. Alcohol Alcohol 37: 495-498.
66. Feil J, Zangen A (2010). Brain stimulation in the study and treatment of addiction. Neuroscience Biobehav Rev 34: 559-574.
67. Field MJ, Oles RJ, Lewis AS, McVlerary S, Hughes J, Singh L (1997). Gabapentin (neurontin) and S (+)-3-isobutylgaba represent a novel class of selective antihyperalgesic agents. Br J Pharmacol 121: 1513-1522. (Pubitemid 27343376)
68. Flannery B, Garbutt JC (2008). Comparison of U.S. and Italian human baclofen trials: why the difference? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 276A.
69. Flannery BA, Garbutt JC, Cody M, Renn W, Osborne M, Crosby K et al (2004). Baclofen for alcohol dependence: a preliminary open-label study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 1517-1523. (Pubitemid 39390473)
70. Fleming RL, Manis PB, Morrow AL (2009). The effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure on presynaptic and postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons. Alcohol 43: 603-618.
71. Franklin TR, Harper D, Kampman K, Kildea-McCrea S, Jens W, Lynch KG et al (2009). The GABA B agonist baclofen reduces cigarette consumption in a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled smoking reduction study. Drug Alcohol Depend 103: 30-36.
72. Franklin TR, Wang Z, Sciortino N, Harper D, Li Y, Hakun J et al (2011). Modulation of resting brain cerebral blood flow by the GABA B agonist, baclofen: a longitudinal perfusion fMRI study. Drug Alcohol Depend 117: 176-183.
73. Furieri FA, Nakamura-Palacios EM (2007). Gabapentin reduces alcohol consumption and craving: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1691-1700. (Pubitemid 350247498)
74. Garbutt JC (2009). The state of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 36: S15-S23.
75. Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, Kalka-Juhl L, Flannery BA (2010). Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34: 1849-1857.
76. Gardell LR, Reid LD, Boedeker KL, Liakos TM, Hubbell CL (1997). Isradipine and naltrexone in combination with isradipine interact with a period of abstinence to reduce rats' intakes of an alcoholic beverage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 1592-1598. (Pubitemid 28018620)
77. Gasior M, Ungard JT, Witkin JM (1999). Preclinical evaluation of newly approved and potential antiepileptic drugs against cocaine-induced seizures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 290: 1148-1156. (Pubitemid 29400255)
78. Gessert CE, Lyon JE, Khan R, Renier CM (2010). Oral baclofen in the management of alcohol withdrawal: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 138th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, Denver, CO, USA, abstract #217050.
79. Giordanetto F, Knerr L, Wallberg A (2011). T-type calcium channels inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011: 21: 85-101.
80. Haller VL, Bernstein MA, Welch SP (2008). Chronic morphine treatment decreases the Cav1.3 subunit of the L-type calcium channel. Eur J Pharmacol 578: 101-107. (Pubitemid 350309572)
81. Hasegawa AE, Zacny JP (1997). The influence of three L-type calcium channel blockers on morphine effects in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 85: 633-638. (Pubitemid 27381319)
82. Hopf FW, Bowers MS, Chang SJ, Chen BT, Martin M, Seif T et al (2010a). Reduced nucleus accumbens SK channel activity enhances alcohol seeking during abstinence. Neuron 65: 682-694.
83. Hopf FW, Chang SJ, Sparta DR, Bowers MS, Bonci A (2010b). Motivation for alcohol becomes resistant to quinine adulteration after 3-4 months of intermittent alcohol self-administration. Alcoh Clin Exper Res 34: 1565-1573.
84. Hopf FW, Martin M, Chen BT, Bowers MS, Mohamedi MM, Bonci A (2007). Withdrawal from intermittent ethanol exposure increases probability of burst firing in VTA neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol 98: 2297-2310. (Pubitemid 47584414)
85. Hopf FW, Simms JA, Chang SJ, Seif T, Bartlett SE, Bonci A (2011). Chlorzoxazone, an SK-type potassium channel activator used in humans, reduces excessive alcohol intake in rats. Biol Psychiatry 69: 618-624.
86. Reduce NAcb SK channel function with chronic ethanol intake enhances NAcb excitability and ethanol intake, and the FDA-approved SK activator chlorzoxazone reduces excessive ethanol intake. Hu XT (2007). Cocaine withdrawal and neuro-adaptations in ion channel function. Mol Neurobiol 35: 95-112.
87. Jackson KJ, Damaj MI (2009). L-type calcium channels and calcium/calmodulindependent kinase II differentially mediate behaviors associated with nicotine withdrawal in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 330: 152-161.
88. Jimé nez-Lerma JM, Landabaso M, Iraurgi L, Calle R, Sanz J, Gutié rrez-Fraile M (2002). Nimodipine in opiate detoxification: a controlled trial. Addiction 97: 819-824. (Pubitemid 34729096)
89. Johnson BA (2004). Progress in the development of topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: from a hypothesis to a proof-of-concept study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 1137-1144. (Pubitemid 39108611)
90. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Akhtar FZ, Javors MA (2005a). Use of oral topiramate to promote smoking abstinence among alcohol-dependent smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 165: 1600-1605. (Pubitemid 41124153)
91. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Akhtar FZ, Ma JZ (2004a). Oral topiramate reduces the consequences of drinking and improves the quality of life of alcoholdependent individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61: 905-912. (Pubitemid 39181080)
92. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, DiClemente CC, Roache JD, Lawson K et al (2003). Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361: 1677-1685. (Pubitemid 36577440)
93. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N, Wallace CL, Wells LT, Wang Y et al (2005b). Effects of isradipine on cocaine-induced changes in cognitive performance in recently abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8: 549-556. (Pubitemid 41400886)
94. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Ait-Daoud N, Wells LT, Mauldin JB (2004b). Effects of isradipine on cocaine-induced subjective mood. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24: 180-191. (Pubitemid 38380843)
95. Johnson BA, Roache JD, Bordnick PS, Ait-Daoud N (1999). Isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, attenuates some of d-methamphetamine's positive subjective effects: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology 144: 295-300. (Pubitemid 29307283)
96. Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K et al, Topiramate for Alcoholism Advisory Board; Topiramate for Alcoholism Study Group (2007). Topiramate for treating alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298: 1641-1651. (Pubitemid 47606653)
97. Johnson BA, Rosenthal N, Capece JA, Wiegand F, Mao L, Beyers K et al, Topiramate for Alcoholism Advisory Board; Topiramate for Alcoholism Study Group (2008). Improvement of physical health and quality of life of alcoholdependent individuals with topiramate treatment: US multisite randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 168: 1188-1199. (Pubitemid 351831402)
98. Johnson BA, Swift RM, Addolorato G, Ciraulo DA, Myrick H (2005c). Safety and effectiveness of GABAergic medications for treating alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 248-254. (Pubitemid 40250512)
99. Jupp B, Lawrence AJ (2010). New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 125: 138-168.
100. Kahn R, Biswas K, Childress AR, Shoptaw S, Fudala PJ, Gorgon L et al (2009). Multi-center trial of baclofen for abstinence initiation in severe cocainedependent individuals. Drug Alcohol Depend 103: 59-64.
101. Kä hkö nen S, Bondarenko BB, Lipsanen J, Zvartau EE (2008). Effects of verapamil, an antagonist of L-type calcium channels, on cardiovascular symptoms in alcohol withdrawal. Neuropsychobiology 58: 123-127.
102. Kalyoncu A, Mirsal H, Pektas O, Unsalan N, Tan D, Beyazyü rek M (2005). Use of lamotrigine to augment clozapine in patients with resistant schizophrenia and comorbid alcohol dependence: a potent anti-craving effect? J Psychopharmacol 19: 301-305. (Pubitemid 40694949)
103. Kampman KM, Pettinati H, Lynch KG, Dackis C, Sparkman T, Weigley C et al (2004). A pilot trial of topiramate for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 7: 233-240. (Pubitemid 38993293)
104. Karam-Hage M, Brower KJ (2000). Gabapentin treatment for insomnia associated with alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry 157: 151.
105. Karam-Hage M, Brower KJ (2003). Open pilot study of gabapentin vs trazodone to treat insomnia in alcoholic outpatients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 57: 542-544. (Pubitemid 37247752)
106. Keck ME, Welt T, Müller MB, Erhardt A, Ohl F, Toschi N et al (2002). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system. Neuropharm 43: 101-109. (Pubitemid 35245679)
107. Kenna GA, Leggio L, Swift RM (2009a). A safety and tolerability laboratory study of the combination of aripiprazole and topiramate in volunteers who drink alcohol. Hum Psychopharmacol 24: 465-472.
108. Kenna GA, Lomastro TL, Schiesl A, Leggio L, Swift RM (2009b). Review of topiramate: an antiepileptic for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2: 135-142.
109. Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Khalilzadeh A, Sahebgharani M, Zarrindast MR (2008). Involvement of amlodipine, diazoxide, and glibenclamide in development ofmorphine tolerance in mice. Int J Neurosci 118: 503-518. (Pubitemid 351346387)
110. Khazaal Y, Cornuz J, Bilancioni R, Zullino DF (2006). Topiramate for smoking cessation. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 60: 384-388. (Pubitemid 43736406)
111. Kheirabadi GR, Ranjkesh M, Maracy MR, Salehi M (2008). Effect of add-on gabapentin on opioid withdrawal symptoms in opium-dependent patients. Addiction 103: 1495-1499.
112. Knapp DJ, Overstreet DH, Breese GR (2007). Baclofen blocks expression and sentization of anxiety-like behavior in an animal model of repeated stress and ethanol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31: 582-595. (Pubitemid 46434895)
113. Koob GF (1992). Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 177-184.
114. Koob GF (2006). The neurobiology of addiction: a neuroadaptational view relevant for diagnosis. Addiction 101: 23-30. (Pubitemid 44199493)
115. Koob GF (2009). Dynamics of neuronal circuits in addiction: reward, antireward, and emotional memory. Pharmacopsychiatry 42: S32-S41.
116. Koob GF, Kenneth Lloyd G, Mason BJ (2009). Development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction: a Rosetta stone approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 8: 500-515.
117. Koob GF, Volkow ND (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35: 217-238.
118. Kumar S, Porcu P, Werner DF, Matthews DB, Diaz-Granados JL, Helfand RS et al (2009). The role of GABA(A) receptors in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol: a decade of progress. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 205: 529-564.
119. Kuzmin A, Zvartau E, Gessa GL, Martellotta MC, Fratta W (1992). Calcium antagonists isradipine and nimodipine suppress cocaine and morphine intravenous self-administration in drug-naive mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41: 497-500.
120. Leggio L, Cardone S, Ferrulli A, Kenna GA, Diana M, Swift RM et al (2010a). Turning the clock ahead: potential preclinical and clinical neuropharmacological targets for alcohol dependence. Curr Pharm Des 16: 2159-2181.
121. Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, Miceli A, Kenna GA, Gasbarrini G et al (2008a). Renin and aldosterone but not the natriuretic peptide correlate with obsessive craving in medium-term abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: a longitudinal study. Alcohol 42: 375-381.
122. Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Malandrino N, Miceli A, Capristo E, Gasbarrini G et al (2008b). Insulin but not insulin growth factor-1 correlates with craving in currently drinking alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 450-458. (Pubitemid 351300989)
123. Leggio L, Garbutt JC, Addolorato G (2010b). Effectiveness and safety of baclofen in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 9: 33-44.
124. Ling W, Shoptaw S, Majewska D (1998). Baclofen as a cocaine anti-craving medication: a preliminary clinical study. Neuropsychopharmacology 18: 403-404. (Pubitemid 28140667)
125. Lingford-Hughes A, Watson B, Kalk N, Reid (2010). A neuropharmacology of addiction and how it informs treatment. Br Med Bull 96: 93-110.
126. Lü scher C, Malenka RC (2011). Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling. Neuron, 69, 650-663.
127. Maccioni P, Colombo G (2009). Role of the GABA(B) receptor in alcohol-seeking and drinking behavior. Alcohol 43: 555-558.
128. Malcolm R, LaRowe S, Cochran K, Moak D, Herron J, Brady K et al (2005). JA controlled trial of amlodipine for cocaine dependence: a negative report. Subst Abuse Treat 28: 197-204. (Pubitemid 40380928)
129. Malcolm R, Myrick HL, Veatch LM, Boyle E, Randall PK (2007). Self-reported sleep, sleepiness, and repeated alcohol withdrawals: a randomized, double blind, controlled comparison of lorazepam vs gabapentin. J Clin Sleep Med 3: 24-32. (Pubitemid 46761005)
130. Mariani JJ, Rosenthal RN, Tross S, Singh P, Anand OP (2006). A randomized, openlabel, controlled trial of gabapentin and phenobarbital in the treat-ment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict 15: 76-84. (Pubitemid 43207192)
131. Marinelli M, Rudick CN, Hu XT, White FJ (2006). Excitability of dopamine neurons: modulation and physiological consequences. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5: 79-97. (Pubitemid 43803125)
132. Martellotta MC, Kuzmin A, Muglia P, Gessa GL, Fratta W (1994). Effects of the calcium antagonist isradipine on cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 113: 378-380. (Pubitemid 24150483)
133. Martin-Iverson MT, Reimer AR (1994). Effects of nimodipine and/or haloperidol on the expression of conditioned locomotion and sensitization to cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 114: 315-320. (Pubitemid 24152123)
134. Martin-Iverson MT, Reimer AR, Sharma S (1997). Unbiased cocaine conditioned place preferences (CPP) obscures conditioned locomotion, and nimodipine blockade of cocaine CPP is due to conditioned place aversions. Psychopharmacology 130: 327-333. (Pubitemid 27179725)
135. Martínez-Raga J, Sabater A, Perez-Galvez B, Castellano M, Cervera G (2004). Add-on gabapentin in the treatment of opiate withdrawal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28: 599-601. (Pubitemid 38490773)
136. Mason BJ, Light JM, Williams LD, Drobes DJ (2009). Proof-of-concept human laboratory study for protracted abstinence in alcohol dependence: effects of gabapentin. Addict Biol 14: 73-83.
137. McGivern JG (2007). Ziconotide: a review of its pharmacology and use in the treatment of pain. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 3: 69-85. (Pubitemid 46779923)
138. McKee SA, Harrison EL, O'Malley SS, Krishnan-Sarin S, Shi J, Tetrault JM et al (2009). Varenicline reduces alcohol self-administration in heavy-drinking smokers. Biol Psychiatry 66: 185-190.
139. McLean M (1994). Clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin. Neurology 44: S17-S22.
140. McLean MJ (1999). Gabapentin in the management of convulsive disorders. Epilepsia 40: S39-S50. (Pubitemid 29481921)
141. MedWatch (2011). The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Topamax (Topiramate): label change-risk for development of cleft lip and/or cleft palate in newborns. US Food and Drug Administration 3/4/.
142. Melis M, Spiga S, Diana M (2005). The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: hypodopaminergic state. Int Rev Neurobiol 63: 101-154. (Pubitemid 43631260)
143. Meng G, Wu N, Zhang C, Su RB, Lu XQ, Liu Y et al (2008). Analgesic activity of ZC88, a novel N-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker, and its modulation of morphine analgesia, tolerance and dependence. Eur J Pharmacol 586: 130-138.
144. Mills K, Ansah TA, Ali SF, Shockley DC (1998). Calcium channel antagonist isradipine attenuates cocaine-induced motor activity in rats: correlation with brain monoamine levels. Ann NY Acad Sci 844: 201-207. (Pubitemid 28367809)
145. Miranda Jr R, MacKillop J, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Tidey J, Gwaltney C et al (2008). Effects of topiramate on urge to drink and the subjective effects of alcohol: a preliminary laboratory study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 489-497. (Pubitemid 351300992)
146. Mulholland PJ, Becker HC, Woodward JJ, Chandler LJ (2011). Small conductance calcium-activated potassium type 2 channels regulate alcohol-associated plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. Biol Psychiatry 69: 625-632.
147. Muntaner C, Kumor KM, Nagoshi C, Jaffe JH (1991). Effects of nifedipine pretreatment on subjective and cardiovascular responses to intravenous cocaine in humans. Psychopharmacology 105: 37-41.
148. Myrick H, Anton RF (1998). Treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health Res World 22: 38-43.
149. Myrick H, Henderson S, Brady KT, Malcolm R (2001). Gabapentin in the treatment of cocaine dependence: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 62: 19-23. (Pubitemid 32154313)
150. Myrick H, Malcolm R, Randall PK, Boyle E, Anton RF, Becker HC et al (2009). A double-blind trial of gabapentin vs lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Res Exp 33: 1582-1588.
151. Newton PM, Orr CJ, Wallace MJ, Kim C, Shin HS, Messing RO (2004). Deletion of N-type calcium channels alters ethanol reward and reduces ethanol consumption in mice. J Neurosci 24: 9862-9869. (Pubitemid 39463566)
152. Newton PM, Zeng L, Wang V, Connolly J, Wallace MJ, Kim C et al (2008). A blocker of N-and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels attenuates ethanol-induced intoxication, place preference, self-administration, and reinstatement. J Neurosci 28: 11712-11719.
153. Olsen RW, Sieghart W (2009). GABAA receptors: subtypes provide diversity of function and pharmacology. Neuropharmacology 56: 141-148.
154. Pani L, Kuzmin A, Diana M, De Montis G, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL (1990). Calcium receptor antagonists modify cocaine effects in the central nervous system differently. Eur J Pharmacol 190: 217-221. (Pubitemid 20372324)
155. Park SP, Kwon SH (2008). Cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs. J Clin Neurol 4: 99-106.
156. Paterson NE, Froestl W, Markou A (2004). The GABAB receptor agonists baclofen and CGP44532 decreased nicotine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 172: 179-186. (Pubitemid 38388767)
157. Paterson NE, Vlachou S, Guery S, Kaupmann K, Froestl W, Markou A (2008). Positive modulation of GABA(B) receptors decreased nicotine self-administration and counteracted nicotine-induced enhancement of brain reward function in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 326: 306-314. (Pubitemid 351872150)
158. Perez-Reyes M, White WR, Hicks RE (1992). Interaction between ethanol and calcium channel blockers in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16: 769-775.
159. Pucilowski O, Krzascik P, Trzaskowska E, Kostowski W (1989). Different effect of diltiazem and nifedipine on some central actions of ethanol in the rat. Alcohol 6: 165-168. (Pubitemid 19142079)
160. Pucilowski O, Rezvani AH, Janowsky DS (1992). Suppression of alcohol and saccharin preference in rats by a novel Ca2+ channel inhibitor, Goe 5438. Psychopharmacology 107: 447-452.
161. Raby WN (2000). Gabapentin therapy for cocaine cravings. Am J Psychiatry 157: 2058-2059.
162. Ramkumar V, el-Fakahany EE (1988). Prolonged morphine treatment increases rat brain dihydropyridine binding sites: possible involvement in development of morphine dependence. Eur J Pharmacol 146: 73-83. (Pubitemid 18033046)
163. Ranaldi R, Poeggel K (2002). Baclofen decreases methamphetamine selfadministration in rats. Neuroreport 13: 1107-1110. (Pubitemid 34722034)
164. Ray LA, Miranda Jr R, MacKillop J, McGeary J, Tidey JW, Rohsenow DJ et al (2009). A preliminary pharmacogenetic investigation of adverse events from topiramate in heavy drinkers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 17: 122-129.
165. Reis AD, Castro LA, Faria R, Laranjeira R (2008). Craving decrease with topiramate in outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence: an open label trial. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 30: 132-135. (Pubitemid 351955879)
166. Rezvani AH, Grady DR, Janowsky DS (1991). Effect of calcium-channel blockers on alcohol consumption in alcohol-drinking monkeys. Alcohol Alcohol 26: 161-167.
167. Rezvani AH, Janowsky DS (1990). Decreased alcohol consumption by verapamil in alcohol preferring rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14: 623-631. (Pubitemid 20272353)
168. Roache JD, Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Mauldin JB, Thornton JE, Wells LT et al (2005). Effects of repeated-dose isradipine on the abuse liability of cocaine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 13: 319-326. (Pubitemid 43011157)
169. Roberts DC, Andrews MM, Vickers GJ (1996). Baclofen attenuates the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 15: 417-423. (Pubitemid 26342925)
170. Rosse RB, Alim TN, Fay-McCarthy M, Collins Jr JP, Vocci Jr FJ, Lindquist T et al (1994). Nimodipine pharmacotherapeutic adjuvant therapy for inpatient treatment of cocaine dependence. Clin Neuropharmacol 17: 348-358. (Pubitemid 24239386)
171. Rubio G, Ló pez-Muñ oz F, Alamo C (2006). Effects of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Bipolar Disord 8: 289-293.
172. Sanchis-Segura C, Spanagel R (2006). Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview. Addict Biol 11: 32-38.
173. Santillá n R, Hurlé MA, Armijo JA, de los Mozos R, Fló rez J (1998). Nimodipineenhanced opiate analgesia in cancer patients requiring morphine dose escalation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain 76: 17-26. (Pubitemid 28304938)
174. Schindler CW, Tella SR, Prada J, Goldberg SR (1995). J Calcium channel blockers antagonize some of cocaine's cardiovascular effects, but fail to alter cocaine's behavioral effects. Pharmacol Exp Ther 272: 791-798.
175. Shimamoto H, Takasaki K, Shigemori M, Imaizumi T, Ayabe M, Shoji H (2001). Therapeutic effect and mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 248(Suppl.): 48-52. (Pubitemid 32972402)
176. Shulman A, Jagoda J, Laycock G, Kelly H (1998). Calcium channel blocking drugs in the management of drug dependence, withdrawal and craving. A clinical pilot study with nifedipine and verapamil. Aust Fam Physician 27: S19-S24.
177. Schulteis G, Markou A, Cole M, Koob GF (1995). Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 20: 5880-5884.
178. Shank RP, Gardocki JF, Streeter AJ, Maryanoff BE (2000). An overview of the preclinical aspects of topiramate: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action. Epilepsia 41: S3-S9.
179. Shibasaki M, Kurokawa K, Ohkuma S (2010). Upregulation of L-type Ca(v)1 channels in the development of psychological dependence. Synapse 64: 440-444.
180. Shoptaw S, Yang X, Rotheram-Fuller EJ, Hsieh YC, Kintaudi PC, Charuvastra VC et al (2003). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of baclofen for cocaine dependence: preliminary effects for individuals with chronic patterns of cocaine use. J Clin Psychiatry 64: 1440-1448. (Pubitemid 41270102)
181. Simms JA, Steensland P, Medina B, Abernathy KE, Chandler LJ, Wise R et al (2008). Intermittent access to 20% ethanol induces high ethanol consumption in Long-Evans and Wistar rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32: 1816-1823.
182. Siu EC, Tyndale RF (2007). Non-nicotinic therapies for smoking cessation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47: 541-564.
183. Snutch TP (2005). Targeting chronic and neuropathic pain: the N-type calcium channel comes of age. NeuroRx 2: 662-670. (Pubitemid 41393273)
184. Spanagel R (2009). Alcoholism: a systems approach from molecular physiology to addictive behavior. Physiol Rev 89: 649-705.
185. Spano MS, Fattore L, Fratta W, Fadda P (2007). The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen prevents heroin-induced reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior in rats. Neuropharmacology 52: 1555-1562. (Pubitemid 46695739)
186. Stallings W, Schrader S (2007). Baclofen as prophylaxis and treatment for alcohol withdrawal: a retrospective chart review. J Okla State Med Assoc 100: 354-360.
187. Steensland P, Simms JA, Holgate J, Richards JK, Bartlett SE (2007). Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, selectively decreases ethanol consumption and seeking. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 12518-12523. (Pubitemid 47206170)
188. Steffensen SC,Walton CH, Hansen DM, Yorgason JT, Gallegos RA, Criado JR (2009). Contingent and non-contingent effects of low-dose ethanol on GABA neuron activity in the ventral tegmental area. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 92: 68-75.
189. Suzuki T, Shiozaki Y, Masukawa Y, Misawa M (1992). Effects of calcium antagonists on the cocaine-and methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison 27: 81-90.
190. Swift RM (2010). Medications acting on the dopaminergic system in the treatment of alcoholic patients. Curr Pharm Des 16: 2136-2140.
191. Tyacke RJ, Lingford-Hughes A, Reed LJ, Nutt DJ (2010). GABAB receptors in addiction and its treatment. Adv Pharmacol 58: 373-396.
192. Uslaner JM, Vardigan JD, Drott JM, Uebele VN, Renger JJ, Lee A et al (2010). Ttype calcium channel antagonism decreases motivation for nicotine and blocks nicotine-and cue-induced reinstatement for a response previously reinforced with nicotine. Biol Psychiatry 68: 712-718.
193. Vaupel DB, Lange WR, London ED (1993). Effects of verapamil on morphineinduced euphoria, analgesia and respiratory depression in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 267: 1386-1394. (Pubitemid 24068711)
194. Vengeliene V, Bilbao A, Molander A, Spanagel R (2008). Neuropharmacology of alcohol addiction. Br J Pharmacol 154: 299-315. (Pubitemid 351670598)
195. Vengeliene V, Heidbreder CA, Spanagel R (2007). The effects of lamotrigine on alcohol seeking and relapse. Neuropharmacology 53: 951-957. (Pubitemid 350141647)
196. Voris J, Smith NL, Rao SM, Thorne DL, Flowers QJ (2003). Gabapentin for the treatment of ethanol withdrawal. Subst Abus 24: 129-132. (Pubitemid 37087322)
197. Voronin KE, Drobes D, Myrick H, Moak D, Wang W, Anton RF (2004). Gabapentin is well tolerated but does not alter drinking in nontreatment seeking alcoholics during natural observation and in a clinical bar lab. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28: 113A.
198. Walker BM, Koob GF (2007). The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor agonist baclofen attenuates responding for ethanol in ethanol-dependent rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31: 11-18. (Pubitemid 46025360)
199. Watson WP, Little HJ (2002). Selectivity of the protective effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists against the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Brain Res 930: 111-122. (Pubitemid 34195634)
200. Watson WP, Robinson E, Little HJ (1997). The novel anticonvulsant, gabapentin, protects against both convulsant and anxiogenic aspects of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Neuropharmacology 36: 1369-1375. (Pubitemid 27502194)
201. Wegelius K, Halonen T, Korpi ER (1993). Gamma-vinyl GABA decreases voluntary alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 73: 150-152. (Pubitemid 23313603)
202. Weinberger AH, George TP, Perkins KA, Chengappa KN (2008). Effects of topiramate on smoking in patients with schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 247-248. (Pubitemid 351417137)
203. Weiner JL, Valenzuela CF (2006). Ethanol modulation of GABAergic transmission: the view from the slice. Pharmacol Ther 111: 533-554. (Pubitemid 44164382)
204. Weiss F, Parsons LH, Schulteis G, Hyytia P, Lorang MT, Bloom FE et al (1996). Ethanol self-administration restores withdrawal-associated deficiencies in accumbal dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine release in dependent rats. J Neurosci 16: 3474-3485. (Pubitemid 26142376)
205. Weiss F, Porrino LJ (2002). Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges. J Neurosci 22: 332-337.
206. Westerink BHC, Kwint H-F, deVries JB (1996). The pharmacology of mesolimbic dopamine neurons: a dual-probe microdialysis study in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens of the rat brain. J Neurosci 16: 2605-2611. (Pubitemid 26124349)
207. Wu PH, Pham T, Naranjo CA (1987). Nifedipine delays the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol. Eur J Pharmacol 139: 233-236. (Pubitemid 17101126)
208. Xi ZX, Stein EA (2000). Increased mesolimbic GABA concentration blocks heroin self-administration in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294: 613-619. (Pubitemid 30490836)
209. Yao L, Fan P, Arolfo M, Jiang Z, Olive MF, Zablocki J et al (2010). Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 suppresses cocaine seeking by generating THP, a cocaine use-dependent inhibitor of dopamine synthesis. Nat Med 16: 1024-1028.
210. Yeomans JS (1989). Two substrates for medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation: myelinated axons and dopamine axons. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 13: 91-98. (Pubitemid 19241922)
211. Yeomans JS, Mathur A, Tampakeras M (1993). Rewarding brain stimulation: role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons. Behav Neurosci 107: 1077-1087. (Pubitemid 24018218)
212. Yoshida M, Yokoo H, Tanaka T, Emoto H, Tanaka M (1994). Opposite changes in the mesolimbic metabolism in the nerve terminal and cell body sites induced by locally infused in the rat. Brain Res 636: 111-114. (Pubitemid 24035698)
213. Zorrilla EP, Koob GF (2010). Progress in corticotropin-releasing factor-1 antagonist development. Drug Discov Today 15: 371-383.