Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: Differential role in behavior and addiction

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 137, Issue 1-2, 2002, Pages 75-114

  Di Chiara, Gaetano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI   (Italy)

Author keywords

Addiction; Behavior; Dopamine; Incentive; Learning; Microdialysis; Motivation; N.accumbens core; N.accumbens shell; Prfrontal cortex; Reinforcement; Reward

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; 8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; AMISULPRIDE; AMPHETAMINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; ECOPIPAM; LITHIUM; MORPHINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OXIDOPAMINE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; QUININE; RACLOPRIDE; SACCHARIN; SUCROSE; SULPIRIDE;

ANHEDONIA; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CONDITIONING; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; HABITUATION; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; LONG TERM MEMORY; MOTIVATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PLACE PREFERENCE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REINFORCEMENT; REWARD; SENSITIZATION; STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASTE AVERSION; THEORY;

ANIMALS; APPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; BRAIN MAPPING; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; DOPAMINE; HUMANS; MOTIVATION; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RATS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0037010770     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00286-3     Document Type: Article

References (292)

1. Abercrombie E.D., Keefe K.A., Di Frischa D.S., Zigmond M.J. Differential effects of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 52:1989;1655-1658.
2. Aberman J.E., Salamone J.D. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions make rats more sensitive to high ratio requirements but do not impair primary food reinforcement. Neuroscience. 92:1999;545-552.
3. Acquas E., Carboni E., Leone P., Di Chiara G. SCH 23390 blocks drug-conditioned place-preference and place-aversion: anhedonia (lack of reward) or apathy (lack of motivation) after dopamine-receptor blockade. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 99:1989;151-155.
4. Acquas E., Di Chiara G. Depression of mesolimbic dopamine transmission and sensitization to morphine during opiate abstinence. J. Neurochem. 58:1992;1620-1625.
5. Acquas E., Di Chiara G. D1-receptor blockade stereospecifically impairs the acquisition of drug-conditioned place preference and place aversion. Behav. Pharmacol. 5:1994;555-569.
6. Acquas E, Tanda G, Di Chiara G. Differential effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine transmission in brain areas of drug-naive and caffeine-pretreated rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:182-93.
7. Agmo A., Federman I., Navarro V., Padua M., Velazquez G. Reward and reinforcement produced by drinking water: role of opioids and dopamine receptor subtypes. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46:1993;183-194.
8. Agmo A., Galvan A., Talamantes B. Reward and reinforcement produced by drinking sucrose: two processes that may depend on different neurotransmitters. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 52:1995;403-414.
9. Alderson H.L., Parkinson J.A., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. The effects of excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core or shell regions on intravenous heroin self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology. 153:2001;455-463.
10. Alheid G.F., Heimer L. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience. 27:1988;1-39.
11. American psychiatric association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. revised (DSM IIIR). Washington, DC, 1987.
12. American psychiatric association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. (DSM IV). Washington, DC, 1994.
13. Balleine B., Killcross S. Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental action. Behav. Brain Res. 65:1994;181-193.
14. Barrot M., Marinelli M., Abrous D.N., Rougé-Pont F., Le Moal M., Piazza P.V. Functional heterogeneity in dopamine release and in the expression of Fos-like proteins within the rat striatal complex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12:1999;973-979.
15. Bassareo V., De Luca M.A., Di Chiara G. Differential expression of motivational stimulus properties by dopamine in nucleus accumbens shell versus core and prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;4709-4719.
16. Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. Differential influence of associative and nonassociative learning mechanisms on the responsiveness of prefrontal and accumbal dopamine transmission to food stimuli in rats fed ad libitum. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;851-861.
17. Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. Differential responsiveness of dopamine transmission to food-stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell/core compartments. Neuroscience. 89:1999;637-641.
18. Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11:1999;4389-4397.
19. Bassareo V., Tanda G., Di Chiara G. Increase of extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated opiate abstinence. Psychopharmacology. 122:1995;202-205.
20. Bassareo V., Tanda G., Petromilli P., Giua C., Di Chiara G. Non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse and anxiogenic drugs activate with differential selectivity dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 124:1996;293-299.
21. Bechara A., Harrington F., Nader K., van der Kooy D. Neurobiology of motivation: double dissociation of two motivational mechanisms mediating opiate reward in drug-naive versus drug-dependent animals. Behav. Neurosci. 106:1992;798-807.
22. Bechara A., Nader K., van der Kooy D. Neurobiology of withdrawal motivation: evidence for two separate aversive effects produced in morphine-naive versus morphine-dependent rats by both naloxone and spontaneous withdrawal. Behav. Neurosci. 109:1995;91-105.
23. Beninger R.J., MacLennan A.J., Pinel J.P. The use of conditioned defensive burying to test the effects of pimozide on associative learning. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12:1980;445-448.
24. Beninger R.J. Dissociating the effects of altered dopaminergic function on performance and learning. Brain Res. Bull. 23:1989;365-371.
25. Beninger RJ. Receptor subtype-specific dopamine agonists and antagonists and conditioned behavior 1991;273-99.
26. Beninger R.J. The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning. Brain Res. 287:1983;173-196.
27. Beninger R.J., Mason S.T., Phillips A.G., Fibiger H.C. The use of extinction to investigate the nature of neuroleptic-induced avoidance deficits. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 69:1980;11-18.
28. Beninger R.J., Miller R. Dopamine D1-like receptors and reward-related incentive learning. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:1998;335-345.
29. Beninger R.J., Phillips A.G. The effect of pimozide on the establishment of conditioned reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 68:1980;147-153.
30. Beninger R.J., Phillips A.G. The effects of pimozide during pairing on the transfer of classical conditioning to an operant discrimination. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 14:1981;101-105.
31. Berke J.D., Hyman S.E. Addiction, dopamine and the molecular mechanisms of memory. Neuron. 25:2000;515-532.
32. Berridge K.C. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20:1996;1-25.
33. Berridge K.C. Measuring hedonic impact in animals and infants: microstructure of affective taste reactivity patterns. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24:2000;173-198.
34. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 28:1998;309-369.
35. Berridge C.W., Stratford T.L., Foote S.L., Kelley A.E. Distribution of dopamine b-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity fibers within the shell subregion of the nucleus accumbens. Synapse. 27:1997;230-241.
36. Bersh P.J. The influence of two variables upon the esthablishment of a secondary reinforcer for operant responding. J. Exp. Psychol. 41:1951;62-73.
37. Besheer J., Jensen H.C., Bevins R.A. Dopamine antagonism in a novel-object recognition and a novel-object place conditioning preparation with rats. Behav. Brain Res. 103:1999;35-44.
38. Bindra D. A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification. Psychol. Rev. 81:1974;199-213.
39. Bindra D. How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivation alternative to response reinforcement. Behav. Brain Sci. 1:1978;41-91.
40. Blackburn J.R., Pfaus J.G., Phillips A.G. Dopamine functions in appetitive and defensive behaviors. Prog. Neurobiol. 39:1992;247-279.
41. Blackburn J.R., Phillips A.G., Fibiger H.C. Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide. Behav. Neurosci. 101:1987;352-360.
42. Bower G., Grusec T. Effect of prior Pavlovian discrimination training upon learning an operant discrimination. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 7:1964;401-404.
43. Bradberry C.W., Barrett-Larimore R.L., Jatlow P., Rubino S.R. Impact of self-administered cocaine and cocaine cues on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic and sensorimotor striatum in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;3874-3883.
44. Brown E.E., Fibiger H.C. Cocaine-induced conditioned locomotion: absence of associated increases in dopamine release. Neuroscience. 48:1992;621-629.
45. Bûres J., Bûresova O., Ivanova S.F. Brain and behavior paradigms for research in neural mechanisms. 1988;Wiley, Chichester, UK.
46. Cadoni C., Di Chiara G. Differential changes in accumbens shell and core dopamine in behavioral sensitization to nicotine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 387:2000;R23-R25.
47. Cadoni C., Di Chiara G. Reciprocal changes in dopamine responsiveness in the nucleus accumbens shell and core and in the dorsal caudate-putamen in rats sensitized to morphine. Neuroscience. 90:1999;447-455.
48. Cadoni C., Solinas M., Di Chiara G. Psychostimulant sensitization: differential changes in accumbal shell and core dopamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 388:2000;69-76.
49. Calcagnetti D.J., Schechter M.D. Nicotine place preference using the biased method of conditioning. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 18:1994;925-933.
50. Carboni E., Imperato A., Perezzani L., Di Chiara G. Amphetamine, cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Neuroscience. 28:1989;653-661.
51. Carboni E., Silvagni A., Rolando M.T., Di Chiara G. Stimulation of in vivo dopamine transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis by reinforcing drugs. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;1-5.
52. Carboni E., Spielewoy C., Vacca C., Nosten-Bertrand M., Giros B., Di Chiara G. Cocaine and amphetamine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice lacking the dopamine transporter gene. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;1-4.
53. Carlezon W.A. Jr, Devine D.P., Wise R.A. Habit-forming actions of nomifensine in nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 122:1995;194-197.
54. Carlezon W.A. Jr, Wise R.A. Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. Rewarding actions of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus accumbens shell and frontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;3112-3122.
55. Carr GD, Fibiger HC, Phillips AG. Conditioned place preference as a measure of drug reward, 1989;264-319.
56. Carr G.D., White N.M. Conditioned place preference from intra-accumbens but not intra-caudate amphetamine injections. Life Sci. 33:1983;2551-2557.
57. Cass W.A., Gerhardt G.A., Mayfield R.D., Curella P., Zahniser N.R. Differences in dopamine clearance and diffusion in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens following systemic cocaine administration. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;259-266.
58. Cousins M.S., Sokolowski J.D., Salamone J.D. Different effects of nucleus accumbens and ventrolateral striatal dopamine depletion on instrumental response selection in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46:1993;943-951.
59. 1 dopaminergic mechanism in conditioned taste aversion. Brain Res. 729:1996;234-245.
60. Childress A.R., McLellan A.T., Ehrman R., O'Brien C.P. Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: a role in relapse. Learning factors in substance abuse. NIDA research monograph 94. 1988;25-43 US Government Print Office, Washington, DC.
61. Church W.H., Justice J.B. Jr, Neill D.B. Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis. Brain Res. 412:1987;397-399.
62. Cofer C.N. Motivation and emotion. 1972;Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
63. Colwill R.M., Rescorla R.A. Effect of reinforcer devaluation on discriminative control of instrumental behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 16:1990;40-47.
64. Corbit L.H., Muir J.L., Balleine B.W. The role of the nucleus accumbens in instrumental conditioning: evidence of a functional dissociation between accumbens core and shell. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;3251-3260.
65. Deutch A.Y., Cameron D.S. Pharmacological characterization of dopamine systems in the nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience. 46:1992;49-57.
66. de Villiers P.A., Herrnstein R.J. Towards a law of response strength. Psychol. Bull. 83:1976;1131-1153.
67. de Vos J.W., Ufkes J.G., van Brussel G.H., van den Brink W. Craving despite extremely high methadone dosage. Drug Alcohol Depend. 40:1996;181-184.
68. Di Chiara G. On the preferential release of mesolimbic dopamine by amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 5:1991;243-244.
69. Di Chiara G. The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 38:1995;95-137.
70. Di Chiara G. A motivational learning hypothesis of the role of dopamine in compulsive drug use. J. Psychopharmacol. 12:1998;54-67.
71. Di Chiara G. Drug addiction as dopamine-dependent associative learning disorder. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 375:1999;13-30.
72. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;5274-5278.
73. Di Chiara G., Imperato A. Opposite effects of μ and κ opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 244:1988;1067-1080.
74. Di Chiara G., Tanda G., Carboni E. Estimation of in vivo neurotransmitters release by brain microdialysis: the issue of validity. Behav. Pharmacol. 7:1996;640-657.
75. Di Chiara G, Loddo P, Tanda G. Reciprocal changes in prefrontal and limbic dopamine responsiveness to aversive and rewarding stimuli after chronic mild stress: implicatios for the psychobiology of depression, Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:624-1633.
76. Di Chiara G., Tanda G., Frau R., Carboni E. On the preferential release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by amphetamine: further evidence obtained by vertically implanted concentric dialysis probes. Psychopharmacology. 112:1993;398-402.
77. Di Ciano P., Coury A., Depoortere R.Y., Egilmez Y., Lane J.D., Emmett-Oglesby M.W., Lepiane F.G., Phillips A.G., Blaha C.D. Comparison of changes in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during intravenous self-administration of cocaine or D-amphetamine. Behav. Pharmacol. 6:1995;311-322.
78. Di Ciano P., Blaha C.D., Phillips A.G. Changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens during unlimited-access self-administration of D-amphetamine by rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 7:1996;714-729.
79. Di Ciano P., Blaha C.D., Phillips A.G. Conditioned changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens of rats by stimuli paired with self-administration or yoked-administration of D-amphetamine. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;1121-1127.
80. Di Ciano P., Blaha C.D., Phillips A.G. The relation between dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens and conditioned increases in motor activity in rats following repeated administration of D-amphetamine or cocaine. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;1113-1120.
81. Di Ciano P., Blaha C.D., Phillips A.G. Changes in dopamine efflux associated with extinction, CS-induced and D-amphetamine-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior by rats. Behav. Brain Res. 120:2001;147-158.
82. Di Ciano P., Cardinal R.N., Cowell R.A., Little S.J., Everitt B.J. Differential involvement of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, and dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens core in the acquisition and performance of Pavlovian approach behavior. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;9471-9477.
83. Di Scala G., Sandner G. Conditioned place aversion produced by FG 7142 is attenuated by haloperidol. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 99:1989;176-180.
84. Diana M., Pistis M., Carboni S., Gessa G.L., Rossetti Z.L. Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: elctrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;7966-7969.
85. Diana M., Pistis M., Muntoni A., Gessa G.L. Profound decrease of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity in morphine withdrawn rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272:1995;781-785.
86. Dickinson A. Instrumental conditioning. MacKintosh N., Animal learning and cognition. 1994;45-79 Academic Press, San Diego.
87. Dickinson A., Balleine B. Motivational control of goal-directed action. Anim. Learn. Behav. 22:1994;1-18.
88. Dickinson A., Balleine B. Motivational control of instrumental action. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 4:1995;162-167.
89. Dickinson A., Smith J., Mirenowicz J. Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists. Behav. Neurosci. 114:2000;468-483.
90. Drevets W.C., Gautier C., Price J.C., Kupfer D.J., Kinahan P.E., Grace A.A., Price J.L., Mathis C.A. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol. Psychiatry. 49:2001;81-96.
91. Duvauchelle C.L., Ikegami A., Castaneda E. Conditioned increases in behavioral activity and accumbens dopamine levels produced by intravenous cocaine. Behav. Neurosci. 114:2000;1156-1166.
92. Dworkin S.I., Porrino L.J., Smith J.E. Importance of behavioral controls in the analysis of ongoing events. NIDA Res. Monogr. 124:1992;173-188.
93. Emmett-Oglesby M.W., Mathis D.A., Moon R.T.Y., Lal H. Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacology. 101:1990;292-309.
94. Estes W.K. Discriminative conditioning. J. Exp. Psychol. 32:1943;150-155.
95. Ettenberg A. Dopamine, neuroleptics and reinforced behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13:1989;105-111.
96. Ettenberg A. Haloperidol prevents the reinstatement of amphetamine-rewarded runway responding in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 36:1990;635-638.
97. Ettenberg A., Duvauchelle C.L. Haloperidol blocks the conditioned place preferences induced by rewarding brain stimulation. Behav. Neurosci. 102:1988;687-691.
98. Ettenberg A., Horvitz J.C. Pimozide prevents the response-reinstating effects of water reinforcement in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 37:1990;465-469.
99. Ettenberg A., MacConell L.A., Geist T.D. Effects of haloperidol in a response-reinstatement model of heroin relapse. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 124:1996;205-210.
100. Ettenberg A., Pettit H.O., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: mediation by separate neural systems. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 78:1982;204-209.
101. Everitt B.J., Parkinson J.A., Olmstead M.C., Arroyo M., Robledo P., Robbins T.W. Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 877:1999;412-438.
102. Falk J.L. The origin and function of adjunctive behavior. Anim. Learn. Behav. 5:1977;325-335.
103. Fenu S., Bassareo V., Di Chiara G. A role for dopamine D1 receptors of the nucleus accumbens shell in conditioned taste aversion learning. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;6897-6904.
104. Fibiger H.C., Zis A.P., Phillips A.G. Haloperidol-induced disruption of conditioned avoidance responding: attenuation by prior training or by anticholinergic drugs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 30:1975;309-314.
105. Fiorino D.F., Phillips A.G. Facilitation of sexual behavior and enhanced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens of male rats after D-amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;456-463.
106. Fontana D.J., Post R.M., Pert A. Conditioned increases in mesolimbic dopamine overflow by stimuli associated with cocaine. Brain Res. 629:1993;31-39.
107. Franklin K.B.J., McCoy S.N. Pimozide-induced extinction in rats: stimulus control of responding rules out motor deficit. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 11:1979;71-76.
108. Gessa G.L., Muntoni F., Collu M., Vargiu L., Mereu G.P. Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 348:1985;201-203.
109. Glickman S.E., Schiff B.B. A biological theory of reinforcement. Psychol. Rev. 74:1967;81-109.
110. Goeders N.E., Smith J.E. Intracranial cocaine self-administration into the medial prefrontal cortex increases dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265:1993;592-600.
111. Goldberg S.R. Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior. Pharmacol. Rev. 27:1976;325-340.
112. Gonon F. Prolonged and extrasynaptic excitatory action of dopamine mediated by D1-receptors in the rat striatum in vivo. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;5972-5978.
113. Gratton A., Wise R.A. Drug and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. J. Neurosci. 14:1994;4130-4146.
114. Gray T., Wise R.A. Effects of pimozide on lever pressing behavior maintained on an intermittent reinforcement schedule. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12:1980;931-935.
115. Guyon A., Assouly-Besse F., Biala G., Puech A.J., Thiebot M.H. Potentiation by low doses of selected neuroleptics of food-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 110:1993;460-466.
116. Hall J., Parkinson J.A., Connor T.M., Dickinson A., Everitt B.J. Involvement of amygdalo-striatal sub-systems in Pavlovian to instrumental transfer. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13:2001;1984-1992.
117. Hamill S., Trevitt J.T., Nowend K.L., Carlson B.B., Salamone J.D. Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion and time-constrained progressive ratio performance: effects of different ratio requirements. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 64:1999;21-27.
118. Harmer C.J., Phillips G.D. Enhanced appetitive conditioning following repeated pretreatment with D-amphetamine. Behav. Pharmacol. 9:1998;299-308.
119. Harmer C.J., Phillips G.D. Enhanced dopamine efflux in the amygdala by a predictive, but not a non-predictive, stimulus: facilitation by prior repeated D-amphetamine. Neuroscience. 90:1999;119-130.
120. Harvey J.A., Gormezano I. Effects of haloperidol and pimozide on classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 218:1981;712-719.
121. Hearst E, Jenkins HM. Sign tracking: the stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action, Monogr. Psychonom. Soc. 1974.
122. Heidbreder C., Feldon J. Amphetamine-induced neurochemical and locomotor responses are expressed differentially across the anteroposterior axis of the core and shell subterritories of the nucleus accumbens. Synapse. 29:1998;310-322.
123. Heimer L., de Olmos J., Alheid G.F., Zaborszky L. Perestroika' in the basal forebrain: opening the border between neurology and psychiatry. Prog. Brain Res. 87:1991;109-165.
124. Heimer L., Wilson R.D. The subcortical projections of allocortex: similarities in the neuronal associations of the hippocampus, the piriform cortex and the neocortex. Santini M., Golgi centennial symposium proceedings. 1975;173-193 Raven Press, New York.
125. Hemby S.E., Co C., Koves T.R., Smith J.E., Dworkin S.I. Differences in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and response-independent cocaine administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology. 133:1997;7-16.
126. Hemby S.E., Co C., Dworkin S.I., Smith J.E. Synergistic elevations in nucleus accumbens extracellular dopamine concentrations during self-administration of cocaine/heroin combinations (Speedball) in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288:1999;274-280.
127. Hemby S.E., Jones G.H., Justice J.B. Jr, Neill D.B. Conditioned locomotor activity but not conditioned place preference following intra-accumbens infusions of cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 106:(3):1992;330-336.
128. Hemby S.E., Martin T.J., Co C., Dworkin S.I., Smith J.E. The effects of intravenous heroin administration on extracellular nucleus accumbens dopamine concentrations as determined by in vivo microdialysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273:1995;591-598.
129. Hikosaka O., Wurtz R.H. Visual and oculomotor functions of monkey substantia nigra pars reticulata. I. Relation of visual and auditory responses to saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 49:1983;1230-1253.
130. Himmelsbach C.K. Morphine, with reference to physical dependence. Fed. Proc. 2:1943;201-203.
131. Hitchcott P.K., Bonardi C.M.T., Phillips G.D. Enhanced stimulus-reward learning by intra-amygdala administration of a D-3 dopamine receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology. 133:1997;240-248.
132. Hitchcott P.K., Harmer C.J., Phillips G.D. Enhanced acquisition of discriminative approach following intra-amygdala D-amphetamine. Psychopharmacology. 132:1997;237-246.
133. Hitchcott P.K., Phillips G.D. Double dissociation of the behavioral effects of R(+)7-OH-DPAT infusions in the central and basolateral amygdala nuclei upon Pavlovian and instrumental conditioned appetitive behaviors. Psychopharmacology. 140:1998;458-469.
134. Hoebel B.G., Monaco A.P., Hernandez L., Aulisi E.F., Stanley B.G., Lenard L. Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain. Psychopharmacology. 81:1983;158-163.
135. Hoffman D.C. The use of place conditioning in studying the neuropharmacology of drug reinforcement. Brain Res. Bull. 23:1989;373-387.
136. Hoffman D.C., Beninger R.J. The effects of pimozide on the establishment of conditioned reinforcement as a function of the amount of conditioning. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 87:1985;454-460.
137. Horns W.H., Rado M., Goldstein A. Plasma levels and symptom complaints in patients maintained on daily dosage of methadone hydrochloride. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 17:1975;636-649.
138. Horvitz J.C. Mesolimbocortical and nigrostriatal dopamine responses to salient non-reward events. Neuroscience. 96:(4):2000;651-656.
139. Horvitz J.C., Ettenberg A. Haloperidol blocks the response-reinstating effects of food reward: a methodology for separating neuroleptic effects on reinforcement and motor processes. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 31:1988;861-865.
140. Horvitz J.C., Ettenberg A. Conditioned incentive properties of a food-paired conditioned stimulus remain intact during dopamine receptor blockade. Behav. Neurosci. 105:1991;536-541.
141. Horvitz J.C., Stewart T., Jacobs B.L. Burst activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons is elicited by sensory stimuli in the awake cat. Brain Res. 759:(2):1997;251-258.
142. Humby T., Wilkinson L.S., Robbins T.W., Geyer M.A. Prepulses inhibit startle-induced reductions of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rat. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;2149-2156.
143. Hull C.L. Principles of behavior, an introduction of behavior theory. 1943;D. Appleton-Century, New York.
144. Hunt H.F. Some effects of drugs on classical (type s) conditioning. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 65:1956;258-267.
145. Hurd Y.L., Weiss F., Koob G.F., And N.E., Ungerstedt U. Cocaine reinforcement and extracellular dopamine overflow in rat nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res. 498:1989;199-203.
146. Hutcheson D.M., Parkinson J.A., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. The effects of nucleus accumbens core and shell lesions on intravenous heroin self-administration and the acquisition of drug-seeking behavior under a second-order schedule of heroin reinforcement. Psychopharmacology. 153:2001;464-472.
147. Hyman S.E., Malenka R.C. Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;695-703.
148. Ikemoto S., Glazier B.S., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in mediating reward. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;8580-8587.
149. Imperato A., Di Chiara G. Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239:1986;219-228.
150. Imperato A., Mulas A., Di Chiara G. Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine released in the limbic system of freely moving rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 132:1986;337-338.
151. Imperato A., Puglisi-Allegra S., Casolini P., Zocchi A., Angelucci L. Stress-induced enhancement of dopamine and acetylcoline release in limbic structures: role of corticosterone. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 165:1989;337-338.
152. Ito R., Dalley J.W., Howes S.R., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Dissociation in conditioned dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in response to cocaine cues and during cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;7489-7495.
153. Jenkins W.O. A temporal gradient of derived reinforcement. Am. J. Psychol. 63:1950;237-243.
154. Johanson C.E. Drugs as reinforcers. Blackman D.E., Sanger D.J., Contemporary research in behavioral pharmacology. 1978;325-390 Plenum Press, New York.
155. Jones S.R., Bowman B.P., Kuhn C.M., Wightman R.M. Development of dopamine neurotransmission and uptake inhibition in the caudate nucleus as measured by fast-cyclic voltammetry. Synapse. 24:1996;305-307.
156. Kalivas P.W., Duffy P. Selective activation of dopamine transmission in the shell of the nucleus accumbens by stress. Brain Res. 675:1995;325-328.
157. Kalivas P.W., Stewart J. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 16:1991;223-244.
158. Kelley A.E., Delfs J.M. Dopamine and conditioned reinforcement. I. Differential effects of amphetamine microinjections into striatal subregions. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 103:1991;187-196.
159. Kelley A.E., Smith-Roe S.L., Holahan M.R. Response-reinforcement learning is dependent on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens core. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94:1997;12174-12179.
160. Killeen P. On the temporal control of behavior. Psychol. Rev. 82:1975;89-115.
161. Killeen P., Hanson S., Osbourne S. Arousal: its genesis and manifestation as response rate. Psychol. Rev. 85:1978;571-581.
162. Kiyatkin E.A. Changes in dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens associated with repeated cocaine injections in rats. Brain Res. 642:1994;228-236.
163. Kiyatkin E.A., Gratton A. Electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens of rats lever-pressing for food. Brain Res. 652:1994;225-234.
164. Kiyatkin E.A., Stein E.A. Behavior-associated changes in blood pressure during heroin self-administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46:1993;561-567.
165. Kiyatkin E.A., Stein E.A. Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine during cocaine self-administration behavior: an in vivo electrochemical study. Neuroscience. 64:1995;599-614.
166. Kiyatkin E.A., Wise R.A., Gratton A. Drug- and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous heroin self-administration in rats. Synapse. 14:1993;60-72.
167. Konorski J. Integrative activity of the brain. 1967;University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
168. Koob G.F. The role of the striatopallidal and extended amygdala systems in drug addiction. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 877:1999;445-460.
169. Koob G.F., Caine S.B., Parsons L., Markou A., Weiss F. Opponent process model and psychostimulant addiction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 57:1997;513-521.
170. Koob G.F., Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 24:2001;97-129.
171. Koob G.F., Stinus L., Le Moal M., Bloom F.E. Opponent process theory of motivation: neurobiological evidence from studies of opiate dependence. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13:1989;135-140.
172. Kuczenski R., Segal D.S. Differential effects of amphetamine and dopamine uptake blockers (cocaine, nomifensine) on caudate and accumbens dialysate dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262:1992;1085-1094.
173. Loimer N., Schmid R. The use of plasma levels to optimize methadone maintenance treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 30:1992;241-246.
174. Lopez H.H., Ettenberg A. Haloperidol challenge during copulation prevents subsequent increase in male sexual motivation. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 67:2000;387-393.
175. Lopez H.H., Ettenberg A. Dopamine antagonism attenuates the unconditioned incentive value of estrous female cues. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68:2001;411-416.
176. Lovibond P.F. Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 9:1983;225-247.
177. Lyness W.H., Friedle N.M., Moore K.E. Destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: effect on D-amphetamine self-administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 11:1979;553-556.
178. Mackey W.B., van der Kooy D. Neuroleptics block the positive reinforcing effects of amphetamine but not of morphine as measured by place conditioning. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22:1985;101-105.
179. Marinelli M., White F.J. Enhanced vulnerability to cocaine self-administration is associated with elevated impulse activity of midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;8876-8885.
180. Mark G.P., Blander D.S., Hoebel B.G. A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion. Brain Res. 551:1991;308-310.
181. Mark G.P., Smith S.E., Rada P.V., Hoebel B.G. An appetitively conditioned taste elicits a preferential increase in mesolimbic dopamine release. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 48:1994;651-660.
182. Markou A., Koob G.F. Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology. 4:1991;17-26.
183. Marshall J.F., O'Dell S.J., Navarrete R., Rosenstein A.J. Dopamine high-affinity transport site topography in rat brain: major differences between dorsal and ventral striatum. Neuroscience. 37:1990;11-21.
184. Matthews R.T., German D.C. Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine. Neuroscience. 11:1984;617-628.
185. McBride W.J., Murphy J.M., Ikemoto S. Localization of brain reinforcement mechanisms: intracranial self-administration and intracranial place-conditioning studies. Behav. Brain Res. 101:1999;129-152.
186. McCullough L.D., Salamone J.D. Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the motor activity induced by periodic food presentation: a microdialysis and behavioral study. Brain Res. 592:1992;29-36.
187. McFarland K., Ettenberg A. Haloperidol differentially affects reinforcement and motivational processes in rats running an alley for intravenous heroin. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 122:1995;346-350.
188. McFarland K., Ettenberg A. Haloperidol does not attenuate conditioned place preferences or locomotor activation produced by. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 62:1999;631-641.
189. McFarland K., Ettenberg A. Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior produced by heroin-predictive environmental stimuli. Psychopharmacology. 131:1997;86-92.
190. McKinzie D.L., Rodd-Henricks Z.A., Dagon C.T., Murphy J.M., McBride W.J. Cocaine is self-administered into the shell region of the nucleus accumbens in Wistar rats. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 877:1999;788-791.
191. Meisel R.L., Joppa M.A., Rowe R.K. Dopamine receptor antagonists attenuate conditioned place preference following sexual behavior in female Syrian hamsters. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 309:(1):1996;21-24.
192. Mellgren R.L., Ost J.W. Transfer of Pavlovian differential conditioning to an operant discrimination. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 67:1969;390-394.
193. Mereu G., Yoon K.-W.P., Boi V., Gessa G.L., Naes L., Westfall T.C. Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 141:1987;395-399.
194. Mirenowicz J., Schultz W. Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli. Nature. 379:1996;449-451.
195. Mogenson G.J., Jones D.L., Yim C.Y. From motivation to action: functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Prog. Neurobiol. 14:1980;69-97.
196. Moss F.A., Thorndike E.L. Comparative psychology. 1934;Prentice-Hall, New York.
197. Murphy C.A., Pezze M., Feldon J., Heidbreder C. Differential involvement of dopamine in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens in the expression of latent inhibition to an aversively conditioned stimulus. Neuroscience. 97:2000;469-477.
198. Neisewander J.L., O'Dell L.E., Ly M.A., Tran-Nguyen T.L., Edward Castañeda M.A., Fuchs R.A. Dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens during extinction and reinstatement of cocaine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 15:1996;506-514.
199. Nestler E.J. Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2:2001;119-128.
200. Nowend K.L., Arizzi M., Carlson B.B., Salamone J.D. D1 or D2 antagonism in nucleus accumbens core or dorsomedial shell suppresses lever pressing for food but leads to compensatory increases in chow consumption. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 69:2001;373-382.
201. O'Brien CP, Childress AR, McLellan AT, Ehrman R. Classical conditioning in drug-dependent humans, In: The neurobiology of drug and alcohol addiction. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1992;654:400-15.
202. Orzi F., Passarelli F., La Riccia M., Di Grezia R., Pontieri F.E. Intravenous morphine increases glucose utilization in the shell of the rat nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 302:1996;49-51.
203. Palkovits M. Dopamine levels of individual brain regions: biochemical aspects of DA distribution in the central nervous system. 1979;343-356 Academic Press, London.
204. Papp M., Willner P., Muscat R. An animal model of anhedonia: attenuation of sucrose consumption and place preference conditioning by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 104:1991;255-259.
205. Parkinson J.A., Olmstead M.C., Burns L.H., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Dissociation in effects of lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell on appetitive Pavlovian approach behavior and the potentiation of conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity by D-amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;2401-2411.
206. Pecina S., Berridge K.C., Parker L.A. Pimozide does not shift palatability: separation of anhedonia from sensorimotor suppression by taste reactivity. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 58:1997;801-811.
207. Pettit H.O., Ettenberg A., Bloom F.E., Koob G.F. Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 84:1984;167-173.
208. Pettit H.O., Justice J.B. Jr. Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 34:1989;899-904.
209. Pettit H.O., Justice J.B. Jr. Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res. 539:1991;94-102.
210. Pezze M.A., Heidbreder C.A., Feldon J., Murphy C.A. Selective responding of nucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine to aversively conditioned contextual and discrete stimuli. Neuroscience. 108:2001;91-102.
211. Phillips A.G., Fibiger H.C. Decreased resistance to extinction after haloperidol: implications for the role of dopamine in reinforcement. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 10:1979;751-760.
212. Phillips A.G., Pfaus J.G., Blaha C.D. Dopamine and motivated behavior: insights provided by in vivo analysis. Willner P., Scheel-Krüger J., The mesolimbic dopamine system: from motivation to action. 1991;199-224 Wiley, Chichester, UK.
213. Phillips G.D., Robbins T.W., Everitt B.J. Bilateral intra-accumbens self-administration of D-amphetamine: antagonism with intra-accumbens SCH-23390 and sulpiride. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 114:1994;477-485.
214. Phillips G.D., Willner P., Muscat R. Suppression or facilitation of operant behavior by raclopride dependent on concentration of sucrose reward. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 105:1991;239-246.
215. Phillips G.D., Willner P., Sampson D., Nunn J., Muscat R. Time, schedule, and reinforcer-dependent effects of pimozide and amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 104:1991;125-131.
216. Piazza P.V., Deminière J.M., Le Moal M., Simon H. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science. 245:1989;1511-1513.
217. Piazza P.V., Deminière J.-M., Le Moal M., Simon H. Stress and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res. 514:1990;22-26.
218. Piazza P.V., Le Moal M. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36:1996;359-378.
219. Pontieri F.E., Colangelo V., La Riccia M., Pozzilli C., Passarelli F., Orzi F. Psychostimulant drugs increase glucose utilization in the shell of the rat nucleus accumbens. Neurol. Rep. 5:1994;2561-2564.
220. Pontieri F.E., Tanda G., Di Chiara G. Intravenous cocaine, morphine and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the 'shell' as compared with the 'core' of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:1995;12304-12308.
221. Pontieri F.E., Tanda G., Orzi F., Di Chiara G. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature. 382:1996;255-257.
222. Pothos E., Rada P., Mark G.P., Hoebel B.G. Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Res. 566:1991;348-350.
223. Price M.T., Fibiger H.C. Discriminated escape learning and response to electric shock after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-neostriatal dopaminergic projection. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:1975;285-290.
224. Raiteri M., Del Carmine R., Bertollini A., Levi G. Effects of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 41:1977;133-143.
225. Ranaldi R., Pocock D., Zereik R., Wise R.A. Dopamine fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens during maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous D-amphetamine self-administration. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;4102-4109.
226. Ranje C., Ungerstedt U. Discriminative and motor performance in rats after interference with dopamine neurotransmission with spiroperidol. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 43:1977;39-46.
227. Ranje C., Ungerstedt U. Lack of acquisition in dopamine denervated animals tested in an underwater Y-maze. Brain Res. 134:1977;95-111.
228. Redgrave P., Prescott T.J., Gurney K. Is the short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error. Trends Neurosci. 22:1999;146-151.
229. Rescorla R.A., Solomon R.L. Two-process learning theory: relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychol. Rev. 74:1967;151-182.
230. Richardson N.R., Gratton A. Behavior-relevant changes in nucleus accumbens dopamine transmission elicited by food reinforcement: an electrochemical study in rat. J. Neurosci. 16:1996;8160-8169.
231. Robbins T.W., Koob G.F. Selective disruption of displacement behavior by lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Nature. 285:1980;409-412.
232. Robbins T.W., Cador M., Taylor J.R., Everitt B.J. Limbic-striatal interactions in reward-related processes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13:1989;155-162.
233. Robinson D.L., Phillips P.E., Budygin E.A., Trafton B.J., Garris P.A., Wightman R.M. Sub-second changes in accumbal dopamine during sexual behavior in male rats. Neuroreport. 12:2001;2549-2552.
234. Robinson T.E., Berridge K.C. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res. Rev. 18:1993;247-291.
235. Robinson T.E., Camp D.M. Does amphetamine preferentially increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 3:1990;163-173.
236. Rocha B.A., Fumagalli F., Gainetdinov R.R., Jones S.R., Ator R., Giros B., Miller G.W., Caron M.G. Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Nat. Neurosci. 1:1998;132-137.
237. Rolls B.J., Rolls E.T. Olfactory sensory-specific satiety in humans. Physiol. Behav. 62:(3):1997;461-473.
238. Rolls B.J., Rolls E.T., Rowe E.A., Sweeney K. Sensory specific satiety in man. Physiol. Behav. 27:1981;137-142.
239. Rossetti Z.L., Hmaidan Y., Gessa G.L. Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: a common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 221:1992;227-234.
240. Rothman R.B., Mele A., Reid A.A., Akunne H., Greig N., Thurkauf A., Rice K.C., Pert A. Tight binding dopamine reuptake inhibitors as cocaine antagonists. A strategy for drug development (published erratum appears in FEBS Lett. 15 January 1990;260(1):152). FEBS Lett. 257:1989;341-344.
241. Salamone J.D. The actions of neuroleptic drugs on appetitive instrumental behaviors. Iversen L.L., Iversen S.D., Snyder S.H., Handbook of psychopharmacology. 1987;575-608 Plenum Press, New York.
242. Salamone J.D. Complex motor and sensorimotor functions of striatal and accumbens dopamine: involvement in instrumental behavior processes. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 107:1992;160-174.
243. Salamone J.D. The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation. Behav. Brain Res. 61:1994;117-133.
244. Salamone J.D., Aberman J.E., Sokolowski J.D., Cousins M.S. Nucleus accumbens dopamine and rate of responding: neurochemical and behavioral studies. Psychobiology. 27:1999;236-247.
245. Salamone J.D., Cousins M.S., Snyder B.J. Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21:1997;341-359.
246. Sanger D.J. The actions of SCH 23390, a D1-receptor antagonist, on operant and avoidance behavior in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26:1987;509-513.
247. Sanger D.J., Perrault G. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on response decrement patterns in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 272:1995;708-713.
248. Saulskaya N., Marsden C.A. Conditional dopamine release: dependence upon N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Neuroscience. 67:1995;57-63.
249. Schildein S., Agmo A., Huston J.P., Schwarting R.K. Intraaccumbens injections of substance P, morphine and amphetamine: effects on conditioned place preference and behavioral activity. Brain Res. 790:1998;185-194.
250. Schultz W. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80:1998;1-27.
251. Schultz W., Apicella P., Ljungberg T. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. J. Neurosci. 13:1993;900-913.
252. Shalev U., Grimm J.W., Shaham Y. Neurobiology of relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking: a review. Pharmacol. Rev. 54:2002;1-42.
253. Shippenberg T.S., Herz A. Place preference conditioning reveals the involvement of D1-dopamine receptors in the motivational properties of μ- and κ-opioid agonists. Brain Res. 436:1987;169-172.
254. Smith-Roe S.L., Kelley A.E. Coincident activation of NMDA and dopamine D1-receptors within the nucleus accumbens core is required for appetitive instrumental learning. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;7737-7742.
255. Solomon R.L. An opponent-process theory of motivation: IV. The affective dynamics of addiction. Maser J.D., Seligman M.E.P., Psychopathology: experimental models. 1977;Freeman, San Francisco.
256. Sora I., Wichems C., Takahasci N., Li X.-F., Zeng Z., Revay R., Lesch K.L., Murphy D.L., Uhl G.R. Cocaine reward models: conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 9:1998;7699-7704.
257. Spyraki C., Fibiger H.C., Phillips A.G. Attenuation by haloperidol of place preference conditioning using food reinforcement. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 77:1982;379-382.
258. Stewart J., de Wit H., Eikelboom R. Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants. Psychol. Rev. 91:1984;251-268.
259. Sutton M.A., Beninger R.J. Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward: evidence for a rewarding signal at D1-like dopamine receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 144:1999;95-110.
260. Tanda G., Carboni E., Frau R., Di Chiara G. Increase of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex: a trait of drugs with antidepressant potential. Psychopharmacology. 115:1994;285-288.
261. Tanda G., Pontieri F.E., Di Chiara G. Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common μ1-opioid receptor mechanism. Science. 276:1997;2048-2050.
262. Tanda G., Pontieri F.E., Frau R., Di Chiara G. Contribution of blockade of the noradrenaline carrier to the increase of extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex by amphetamine and cocaine. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9:1997;2077-2085.
263. Taylor J.R., Horger B.A. Enhanced responding for conditioned reward produced by intra-accumbens amphetamine is potentiated after cocaine sensitization. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 142:(1):1999;31-40.
264. Taylor J.R., Robbins T.W. Enhanced behavioral control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of D-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 84:1984;405-412.
265. Thorndike E.L. Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associative processes in animals. 1898;Mc Millan, New York.
266. Tiffany S.T. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol. Rev. 97:1990;147-168.
267. Toates F. The interaction of cognitive and stimulus-response processes in the control of behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 22:1998;59-83.
268. Tolman E.C. Principles of purposive behavior. Koch S., Psychology: a study of a science. 1959;McGraw-Hill, New York.
269. Tombaugh T.N., Anisman H., Tombaugh J. Extinction and dopamine receptor blockade after intermittent reinforcement training: failure to observe functional equivalence. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 70:1980;19-28.
270. Tombaugh T.N., Szostak C., Mills P. Failure of pimozide to disrupt the acquisition of light-dark and spatial discrimination problems. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 79:1983;161-168.
271. Tombaugh T.N., Szostak C., Voorneveld P., Tombaugh J.W. Failure to obtain functional equivalence between dopamine receptor blockade and extinction: evidence supporting a sensory-motor conditioning hypothesis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 16:1982;67-72.
272. Trapold M.A., Lawton G.W., Dick R.A., Gross D.M. Transfer of training from differential classical to differential instrumental conditioning. J. Exp. Psychol. 76:1968;568-573.
273. Tzschentke T.M. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues. Prog. Neurobiol. 56:1998;613-672.
274. Ungersted U. Measurement of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis. Marsden C.A., Measurement of neurotransmitter release in vivo. 1984;81-105 Wiley, New York.
275. Watson J.B. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychol. Rev. 20:1913;158-177.
276. Westerink B.H.C. Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behavior. Behav. Brain Res. 70:1995;103-124.
277. White N.M. Mnemonic functions of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7:1997;164-169.
278. Wikler A. Dynamics of drug dependence: implications of a conditioning theory for research and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 28:1973;611-616.
279. Wilkinson L.S., Humby T., Killcross A.S., Torres E.M., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Dissociations in dopamine release in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum during the acquisition and extinction of classical aversive conditioning in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10:1998;1019-1026.
280. Williams D.R., Williams H. Automaintenance in the pigeon: sustained pecking in spite of non-reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 12:1969;511-520.
281. Willner P., Sampson D., Phillips G., Muscat R. A matching law analysis of the effects of dopamine receptor antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 101:1990;560-567.
282. Wilson C., Nomikos G.C., Collu M., Fibiger H.C. Dopaminergic correlates of motivated behavior: importance of drive. J. Neurosci. 15:1995;5169-5178.
283. Wise R.A. Catecholamine theories of reward: a critical review. Brain Res. 152:1978;215-247.
284. Wise R.A. Neuroleptics and operant behavior: the anhedonia hypothesis. Behav. Brain Sci. 5:1982;39-87.
285. Wise R.A., Leone P., Rivest P., Leeb K. Elevations of nucleus accumbeans dopamine and DOPAC levels during intravenous heroin self-administration. Synapse. 21:1995;140-148.
286. Wise R.A., Newton P., Leeb K., Burnette B., Pocock D., Justice J.B. Jr. Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology. 120:1995;10-20.
287. Wise R.A., Spindler J., deWit H., Gerberg G.J. Neuroleptic-induced 'anhedonia' in rats: pimozide blocks reward quality of food. Science. 201:1978;262-264.
288. Wyvell C.L., Berridge K.C. Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: enhancement of reward 'wanting' without enhanced 'liking' or response reinforcement. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;8122-8130.
289. Wyvell C.L., Berridge K.C. Incentive sensitization by previous amphetamine exposure: increased cue-triggered 'wanting' for sucrose. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;7831-7840.
290. Wu Q., Reith M.E., Kuhar M.J., Carroll F.I., Garris P.A. Preferential increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine after systemic cocaine administration are caused by unique characteristics of dopamine neurotransmission. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;6338-6347.
291. Young A.M.J., Joseph M.H., Gray J.A. Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience. 54:1993;5-9.
292. Xi Z.X., Fuller S.A., Stein E.A. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens during heroin self-administration is modulated by kappa opioid receptors: an in vivo fast-cyclic voltammetry study. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 284:1998;151-161.