Perspectives for feed-efficient animal production

Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 89, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 4344-4363

  Niemann, H ^a   Kuhla, B ^b   Flachowsky, G ^a  

^a FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (Germany)

^b LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR FARM ANIMAL BIOLOGY FBN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Animal derived food; Emission; Genetic control of feed intake; Global livestock population; Somatic cell nuclear transfer; Transgenic farm animal

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GENETICS; LIVESTOCK; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; EATING; ENERGY METABOLISM; LIVESTOCK;

EID: 82155163778     PISSN: 00218812     EISSN: 15253163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4235     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Abbott, C. R., M. Rossi, A. M. Wren, K. G. Murphy, A. R. Kennedy, S. A. Stanley, A. N. Zollner, D. G. Morgan, I. Morgan, M. A. Ghatei, C. J. Small, and S. Bloom. 2001. Evidence of an orexigenic role for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript after administration into discrete hypothalamic nuclei. Endocrinology 142:3457-3463.
2. Adan, R. A., B. Tiesjema, J. J. Hillebrand, S. E. la Fleur, M. J. Kas, and M. de Krom. 2006. The MC4 receptor and control of appetite. Br. J. Pharmacol. 149:815-827.
3. Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624. (Review).
4. Allen, M. S., B. J. Bradford, and M. Oba. 2009. Board-Invited Review: The hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 87:3317-3334.
5. Andrews, Z. B., Z. W. Liu, N. Walllingford, D. M. Erion, E. Borok, J. M. Friedman, M. H. Tschöp, M. Shanabrough, G. Cline, G. I. Shulman, A. Coppola, X. B. Gao, T. L. Horvath, and S. Diano. 2008. UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPYAgRP neurons by lowering free radicals. Nature 454:846-851.
6. Appleyard, S. M., M. Hayward, J. I. Young, A. A. Butler, R. D. Cone, M. Rubinstein, and M. J. Low. 2003. A role for the endogenous opioid beta-endorphin in energy homeostasis. Endocrinology 144:1753-1760.
7. Badman, M. K., A. Koester, J. S. Flier, A. Kharitonenkov, and E. Maratos-Flier. 2009. Fibroblast growth factor 21-deficient mice demonstrate impaired adaptation to ketosis. Endocrinology 150:4931-4940.
8. Baldwin, R. L. 1995. Modelling ruminant digestion and metabolism. Chapman & Hall Ltd., London, UK.
9. Baldwin, R. L., and J. R. Knapp. 1993. Recombinant bovine somatotropin's effects on patterns of nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58:282S-286S.
10. Banos, G., J. A. Woolliams, B. W. Woodward, A. B. Forbes, and M. P. Coffey. 2008. Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in leptin, leptin receptor, growth hormone receptor, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene loci on milk production, feed, and body energy traits of UK dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:3190-3200.
11. Bareille, N., and P. Faverdin. 1996. Lipid metabolism and intake behavior of dairy cows: Effects of intravenous lipid and betaadrenergic supplementation. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1209-1220.
12. Barendse, W., A. Reverter, R. J. Bunch, B. E. Harrison, W. Barris, and M. B. Thomas. 2007. A validated whole-genome association study of efficient food conversion in cattle. Genetics 176:1893-1905.
13. Beauchemin, K. A., M. Kreuzer, F. O'Mara, and T. A. McAllister. 2008. Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: A review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48:21-27.
14. Beever, D. E., J. D. Sutton, and C. K. Reynolds. 2001. Increasing the protein content of cow's milk. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. 56:138-149.
15. Beja-Pereira, A., D. Caramelli, C. Lalueza-Fox, C. Vernesi, N. Ferrand, A. Casoli, A, F. Goyache, L. J. Royo, S. Conti, M. Lari, A. Martini, L. Ouragh, A. Magid, A. Atash, A. Zsolnai, P. Boscato, C. Triantaphylidis, K. Ploumi, L. Sineo, F. Mallegni, P. Taberlet, G. Erhardt, L. Sampietro, J. Bertranpetit, G. Barbujani, G. Luikart, and G. Bertorelle. 2006. The origin of European cattle: Evidence from modern and ancient DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:8113-8118.
16. Berthoud, H. R., T. Earle, H. Zheng, L. M. Patterson, and C. Phifer. 2001. Food-related gastrointestinal signals activate caudal brainstem neurons expressing both NMDA and AMPA receptors. Brain Res. 915:143-154.
17. Berthoud, H. R., G. M. Sutton, R. L. Townsend, L. M. Patterson, and H. Zheng. 2006. Brainstem mechanisms integrating gutderived satiety signals and descending forebrain information in the control of meal size. Physiol. Behav. 89:517-524.
18. Bewick, G. A., A. Kent, D. Campbell, M. Patterson, M. A. Ghatei, S. R. Bloom, and J. V. Gardiner. 2009. Mice with hyperghrelinemia are hyperphagic and glucose intolerant and have reduced leptin sensitivity. Diabetes 58:840-846.
19. Bohlooly Y. M., B. Olsson, C. E. Bruder, D. Lindén, K. Sjögren, M. Bjursell, E. Egecioglu, L. Svensson, P. Brodin, J. C. Waterton, O. G. Isaksson, F. Sundler, B. Ahrén, C. Ohlsson, J. Oscarsson, and J. Törnell. 2005. Growth hormone overexpression in the central nervous system results in hyperphagia-induced obesity associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Diabetes 54:51-62.
20. Bolormaa, S., B. J. Hayes, K. Savin, R. Hawken, W. Barendse, P. F. Arthur, R. M. Herd, and M. E. Goddard. 2011. Genome-wide association studies for feedlot and growth traits in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 89:1684-1697.
21. Brade, W., U. Daemmgen, P. Lebzien, and G. Flachowsky. 2008. Influence of breeding measurements to change milkfat:protein ratio and the influence of greenhouse gas emission by dairy cattle. Züchtungskunde 80:360-369. (in German).
22. Bradford, B. J., and M. S. Allen. 2008. Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 34:196-203.
23. Bradford, B. J., K. J. Harvatine, and M. S. Allen. 2008. Dietary unsaturated fatty acids increase plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin and may decrease premeal ghrelin in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1443-1450.
24. Breves, G., and P. Lebzien. 2009. Grundlegende Aspekte des ruminalen Kohlenhydrat-, Protein- und Vitaminstoffwechsels bei Milchkühen. Züchtungskunde 81:421-428.
25. Brophy, B., G. Smolenski, T. Wheeler, D. Wells, P. L'Huillier, and G. Laible. 2003. Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of β-casein and κ-casein. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:157-162.
26. Bruinsma, J. 2009. The resource outlook to 2050: By how much do land, water use and crop yields need to increase by 2050? Pages 24-26 in Proc. FAO Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, June 2009. FAO, Rome, Italy. http:www.fao.org.
27. Capecchi, M. R. 1989. The new mouse genetics: Altering the genome by gene targeting. TIG 5:70-76.
28. Carriquiry, M., W. J. Weber, S. C. Fahrenkrug, and B. A. Crooker. 2009. Hepatic gene expression in multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:4889-4900.
29. Cathomen, T., and J. K. Joung. 2008. Zinc-finger nucleases: The next generation emerges. Mol. Ther. 16:1200-1207.
30. Challis, B. G., A. P. Coll, G. D. Yeo, S. B. Pinnock, S. L. Dickson, R. R. Thresher, J. Dixon, D. Zahn, J. J. Rochford, A. White, R. L. Oliver, G. Millington, S. A. Aparicio, W. H. Colledge, A. P. Russ, M. B. Carlton, and S. O'Rahilly. 2004. Mice lacking proopiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY(3-36). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:4695-4700.
31. Chan, A. W., E. J. Homan, L. U. Ballou, J. C. Burns, and R. D. Bremel. 1998. Transgenic cattle produced by reverse-transcribed gene transfer in oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:14028-14033.
32. Chelikani, P. K., D. R. Glimm, D. H. Keisler, and J. J. Kennelly. 2004. Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in olstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of holecystokinin and leptin. J. Dairy Res. 71:288-296.
33. Chen, C. Y., A. Asakawa, M. Fujimiya, S. D. Lee, and A. Inui. 2009. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol. Rev. 61:430-481.
34. Chilliard, Y., C. Delavaud, and M. Bonnet. 2005. Leptin expression in ruminants: Nutritional and physiological regulations in relation with energy metabolism. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29:3-22.
35. Choi, B. R., D. L. Palmquist, and M. S. Allen. 2000. Cholecystokinin ediates depression of feed intake in dairy cattle fed high fat diets. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 19:159-175.
36. Choung, J. J., and D. G. Chamberlain. 1995. Effects of abomasal nfusions of sodium caseinate, a hydrolysate of casein or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 62:29-37.
37. Cibelli, J. B., S. L. Stice, P. L. Golueke, J. J. Kane, J. Jerry, C. Blackwell, F. A. Ponce de Leon, and J. M. Robl. 1998. Transgenic bovine chimeric offspring produced from somatic cell-derived stem like cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 16:642-646.
38. Clements, J. E., R. J. Wall, O. Narayan, D. Hauer, R. Schoborg, D. Sheffer, A. Powell, L. M. Carruth, M. C. Zink, and C. E. Rexroad. 1994. Development of transgenic sheep that express the Visna virus envelope gene. Virology 200:370-380.
39. Cohen, P., C. Zhao, X. Cai, J. M. Montez, S. C. Rohani, P. Feinstein, P. Mombaerts, and J. M. Friedman. 2001. Selective deletion of leptin receptor in neurons leads to obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 108:1113-1121.
40. Coskun, T., H. A. Bina, M. A. Schneider, J. D. Dunbar, C. C. Hu, Y. Chen, D. E. Moller, and A. Kharitonenkov. 2008. Fibroblast growth factor 21 corrects obesity in mice. Endocrinology 149:6018-6027.
41. Daemmgen, U., and H. D. Haenel. 2008. Emissions of greenhouse gases and gaseous air pollutants-A challenge for animal nutrition. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 17:163-167.
42. Dai, Y., T. D. Vaught, J. Boone, S. H. Chen, C. J. Phelps, S. Ball, A. Monahan, P. M. Jobst, K. J. McCreath, A. E. Lamborn, J. L. Cowell-Lucero, K. D. Wells, A. Colman, I. A. Polejaeva, and D. L. Ayares. 2002. Targeted disruption of the α1,3- galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat. Biotechnol. 20:251-255.
43. Damak, S., N. P. Jay, G. K. Barrell, and D. W. Bullock. 1996a. Targeting gene expression to the wool follicle in transgenic sheep. Biotechnology (N. Y.) 14:181-184.
44. Damak, S., H. Su, N. P. Jay, and D. W. Bullock. 1996b. Improved wool production in transgenic sheep expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Biotechnology (N. Y.) 14:185-188.
45. Danfaer, A. 1999. Nutrient flow across the liver in dairy cows. Proc. Soc. Nutr. Physiol. 8:13-25.
46. Denning, C., S. Burl, A. Ainslie, J. Bracken, A. Dinnyes, J. Fletcher, T. King, M. Ritchie, W. A. Ritchie, M. Rollo, P. de Sousa, A. Travers, I. Wilmut, and A. J. Clark. 2001. Deletion of the alpha(1, 3)galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:559-562.
47. Drackley, J. K., T. H. Klusmeyer, A. M. Trusk, and J. H. Clark. 1992. Infusion of long-chain fatty acids varying in saturation and chain length into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1517-1526.
48. Egecioglu, E., M. Bjursell, A. Ljungberg, S. L. Dickson, J. J. Kopchick, G. Bergström, L. Svensson, J. Oscarsson, J. Törnell, and Y. M. Bohlooly. 2006. Growth hormone receptor deficiency results in blunted ghrelin feeding response, obesity, and hypolipidemia in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 290:E317-E325.
49. Erickson, J. C., K. E. Clegg, and R. D. Palmiter. 1996. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381:415-421.
50. Ezashi, T., B. P. Telugu, A. P. Alexenko, S. Sachdev, S. Sinha, and R. M. Roberts. 2009. Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from pig somatic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:10993-10998.
51. Fan, W., K. L. Ellacott, I. G. Halatchev, K. Takahashi, P. Yu, and R. D. Cone. 2004. Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system. Nat. Neurosci. 7:335-336.
52. FAO. 2009. The state of food and agriculture-Livestock in the balance. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 164 p.
53. FAO. 2010. Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector. A life cycle assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 94 p.
54. Faverdin, P. 1999. The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58:523-531. (Review).
55. Fedoroff, N. V., D. S. Battisti, R. N. Beachy, P. J. M. Cooper, D. A. Fischhoff, P. C. Hodges, V. C. Knauf, D. Lobell, B. J. Mazur, D. Molden, M. P. Reynolds, P. C. Ronald, M. W. Rosegrant, P. A. Sanches, A. Vonshak, and J. K. Zhu. 2010. Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21th century. Science 327:833-834.
56. Fernandez, X., G. Monin, A. Talmant, J. Mourot, and B. Lebret. 1999. Influence of intramuscular fat content on the quality of pig meat-1. Composition of the lipid fraction and sensory characteristics of M. longissimus lumborum. Meat Sci. 53:59-65.
57. Ferris, C. P., F. J. Gordon, F. J. Patterson, M. G. Porter, and T. Yan. 1999. The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci (Camb.) 132:483-490.
58. Fischer, G. 2009. World food and agriculture to 203050: How do climate change and bioenergy alter the long-term outlook for food, agriculture and resource availability? In Proc. FAO Expert meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, 24-26 June 2009. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. http:www.fao.org.
59. Flachowsky, G. 2002. Efficiency of energy and nutrient use in the production of edible protein of animal origin. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 22:1-24.
60. Flachowsky, G. 2008. What do animal nutritionists expect from plant breeding? Outlook Agric. 37:95-103.
61. Flachowsky, G., and W. Brade. 2007. Potentials to reduce methane emissions in ruminants. Züchtungskd. 79:417-465. (in German).
62. Flachowsky, G., and S. Hachenberg. 2009. CO2-footprints for food of animal origin-Present stage and open questions. J. Consumer Prot. Food Safety 4:1190-1198.
63. Forbes, J. M. 1995. Voluntary food intake and dietary selection in farm animals. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK.
64. Forbes, J. M., and J. P. Barrio. 1992. Abdominal chemo- and mechanosensitivity in ruminants and its role in the control of food intake. Exp. Physiol. 77:27-50.
65. Fries, R., and A. Ruvinsky, ed. 1999. The Genetics of Cattle. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK.
66. Gäbel, G. 2010. Resorption von Energieträgern: Qualität vs. Quantität. 23. Pages 105-115 in Proc. Hülsenberger Gespräche, Lübeck, Germany.
67. Gao, S., K. P. Kinzig, S. Aja, K. A. Scott, W. Keung, S. Kelly, K. Strynadka, S. Chohnan, W. W. Smith, K. L. Tamashiro, E. E. Ladenheim, G. V. Ronnett, Y. Tu, M. J. Birnbaum, G. D. Lopaschuk, and T. H. Moran. 2007. Leptin activates hypothalamic acetyl-CoA carboxylase to inhibit food intake. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:17358-17363.
68. Garrels, W., L. Mates, S. Holler, A. Dalda, U. Taylor, B. Petersen, H. Niemann, Z. Izsvak, I. Zoltan, and W. A. Kues. 2011. Germline transgenic pigs by sleeping beauty transposition in porcine zygotes and targeted integration in the pig genome. PLoS One 6:e23573.
69. GfE (Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie). 2001. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Milchkühe und Aufzuchtrinder, Heft 8. DLG-Verlags-GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany.
70. Godfray, H. C., J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Wawrence, J. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S. M. Thomas, and C. Toulmin. 2010. Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812-818.
71. Golovan, S. P., R. G. Meidinger, A. Ajakaiye, M. Cottrill, M. Z. Wiederkehr, D. J. Barney, C. Plate, J. W. Pollard, M. Z. Fan, M. Z. Hayes, J. Laursen, J. P. Hjorth, J. P. Phillips, and C. W. Forsberg. 2001. Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce lowphosphorus manure. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:741-745.
72. Gropp, E., M. Shanabrough, E. Borok, A. W. Xu, R. Janoschek, T. Buch, L. Plum, N. Balthasar, B. Hampel, A. Waisman, G. S. Barsh, T. L. Horvath, and J. C. Brüning. 2005. Agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons are mandatory for feeding. Nat. Neurosci. 8:1289-1291.
73. Gulley, S., S. K. Sharma, T. H. Moran, and A. I. Sayegh. 2005. Cholecystokinin- 8 increases Fos-like immunoreactivity in the brainstem and myenteric neurons of rats through CCK1 receptors. Peptides 26:1617-1622.
74. Hammer, R. E., V. G. Pursel, C. E. Rexroad Jr., R. J. Wall, D. J. Bolt, K. M. Ebert, R. D. Palmiter, and R. L. Brinster. 1985. Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection. Nature 315:680-683.
75. Hammon, H. M., C. C. Metges, P. Junghans, F. Becker, O. Bellmann, F. Schneider, G. Nürnberg, P. Dubreuil, and H. Lapierre. 2008. Metabolic changes and net portal flux in dairy cows fed a ration containing rumen-protected fat as compared to a control diet. J. Dairy Sci. 91:208-217.
76. Hauschild, J., B. Petersen, Y. Santiago, A.-L. Queisser, J. W. Carnwath, A. Lucas-Hahn, L. Zhang, X. Meng, P. D. Gregory, R. Schwinzer, G. J. Cost, and H. Niemann. 2011. Efficient generation of a biallelic knockout in pigs using zinc-finger nucleases. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108:12013-12017.
77. Hayes, M. R., K. P. Skibicka, T. M. Leichner, D. J. Guarnieri, R. J. DiLeone, K. K. Bence, and H. J. Grill. 2010. Endogenous leptin signaling in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema is required for energy balance regulation. Cell Metab. 11:77-83.
78. He, W., T. K. Lam, S. Obici, and L. Rossetti. 2006. Molecular disruption of hypothalamic nutrient sensing induces obesity. Nat. Neurosci. 9:227-233.
79. Hegarty, R. S. 2005. Genotype differences and their impact on digestive tract function of ruminants: A review. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 44:459-467.
80. Higuchi, H., T. Niki, and T. Shiiya. 2008. Feeding behavior and gene expression of appetite-related neuropeptides in mice lacking for neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subclass. World J. Gastroenterol. 14:6312-6317.
81. Hindrichsen, I. K., H. R. Wettstein, A. Machmüller, B. Jörg, and M. Kreuzer. 2005. Effect of the carbohydrate composition of feed concentrates on methane emission from dairy cows and their slurry. Environ. Monit. Assess. 107:329-350.
82. Hofmann, A., B. Kessler, S. Ewerling, M. Weppert, B. Vogg, H. Ludwig, M. Stojkovic, M. Boelhauve, G. Brem, E. Wolf, and A. Pfeifer. 2003. Efficient transgenesis in farm animals by lentiviral vectors. EMBO Rep. 4:1054-1060.
83. Horvath, T. L., S. Diano, S. Miyamoto, S. Barry, S. Gatti, D. Alberati, F. Livak, A. Lombardi, M. Moreno, F. Goglia, G. Mor, J. Hamilton, D. Kachinskas, B. Horwitz, and C. H. Warden. 2003. Uncoupling proteins-2 and 3 influence obesity and inflammation in transgenic mice. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27:433-442.
84. Ingvartsen, K. L., and J. B. Andersen. 2000. Integration of metabolism and intake regulation: A review focusing on periparturient animals. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1573-1597. (Review).
85. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. H. S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, and K. Tanabe, ed. IGES, Kanagawa, Japan.
86. Isermeyer, F., A. Otte, O. Christen, K. Frohberg, J. Hartung, D. Kirschke, M. Schmitz, and A. Sundrum. 2008. Nutzung von Biomasse zur Energiegewinnung-Empfehlungen an die Politik, Gutachten. Berichte über Landwirtschaft, SH 116:198 p.
87. Iskandar, K., Y. Cao, Y. Hayashi, M. Nakata, E. Takano, T. Yada, C. Zhang, W. Ogawa, M. Oki, S. Chua Jr., H. Itoh, T. Noda, M. Kasuga, and J. Nakae. 2010. PDK-1FoxO1 pathway in POMC neurons regulates Pomc expression and food intake. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298:E787-E798.
88. Ivics, Z., A. Katzer, E. E. Stüwe, D. Fiedler, S. Knespel, and Z. Izswak. 2007. Targeted Sleeping Beauty transposition in human cells. Mol. Ther. 15:1137-1144.
89. Jouany, J. P. 2008. Enteric methane production by ruminants and its control. Pages 35-59 in Gut Efficiency: The Key Ingredient in Ruminants. A. Andrieu and D. Wilde, ed. Wageningen Acad. Publ., Wageningen, the Netherlands.
90. Kaga, T., A. Inui, M. Okita, A. Asakawa, N. Ueno, M. Kasuga, M. Fujimiya, N. Nishimura, R. Dobashi, Y. Morimoto, I. M. Liu, and J. T. Cheng. 2001. Modest overexpression of neuropeptide Y in the brain leads to obesity after high-sucrose feeding. Diabetes 50:1206-1210.
91. Kebreab, E., K. Clark, K. Wagner-Riddle, and J. France. 2006. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian agriculture. A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86:135-158.
92. Kebreab, E., J. A. N. Mills, L. A. Crompton, A. Bannink, J. Dijkstra, W. J. J. Gerrits, and J. France. 2004. An integrated mathematical model to evaluate nutrient partition in dairy cattle between the animal and its environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 112:131-154.
93. Keyzer, M. A., M. D. Merbis, I. F. P. W. Pavel, and C. F. A. van Wesenbeeck. 2005. Diet shifts towards meat and the effects on cereal use: Can we feed the animals in 2030? Ecol. Econ. 55:187-202.
94. Kilby, N. J., M. R. Snaith, and J. A. H. Murray. 1993. Site-specific recombinases: Tools for genome engineering. TIG 9:413-421.
95. Kim, M. S., Y. K. Pak, P. G. Jang, C. Namkoong, Y. S. Choi, J. C. Won, K. S. Kim, S. W. Kim, H. S. Kim, J. Y. Park, Y. B. Kim, and K. U. Lee. 2006. Role of hypothalamic Foxo1 in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nat. Neurosci. 9:901-906.
96. Kim, M. S., J. Y. Park, C. Namkoong, P. G. Jang, J. W. Ryu, H. S. Song, J. Y. Yun, I. S. Namgoong, J. Ha, I. S. Park, I. K. Lee, B. Viollet, J. H. Youn, H. K. Lee, and K. U. Lee. 2004. Anti-obesity effects of alpha-lipoic acid mediated by suppres- sion of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med. 10:727-733.
97. Kolath, W. H., M. S. Kerley, J. W. Golden, S. A. Shahid, and G. S. Johnson. 2006. The relationships among mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 and 3 expression, mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid single nucleotide polymorphisms, and residual feed intake in Angus steers. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1761-1766.
98. Koning, N. B. J., M. K. van Ittersum, G. A. Becx, M. A. J. S. van Boekel, W. A. Brandenburg, J. A. van den Broek, J. Goudriaan, G. van Hofwegen, R. A. Jongeneel, J. B. Schiere, and M. Smies. 2008. Long-term global availability of food: Continued abundance or new scarcity? NJAS 55:229-281.
99. Korhonen, M., A. Vanhatalo, and P. Huhtanen. 2002. Evaluation of isoleucine, leucine, and valine as a second-limiting amino acid for milk production in dairy cows fed grass silage diet. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1533-1545.
100. Kristensen, P., M. E. Judge, L. Thim, U. Ribel, K. N. Christjansen, B. S. Wulff, J. T. Clausen, P. B. Jensen, O. D. Madsen, N. Vrang, P. J. Larsen, and S. Hastrup. 1998. Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin. Nature 393:72-76.
101. Kues, W. A., and H. Niemann. 2004. The contribution of farm animals to human health. Trends Biotechnol. 22:286-294.
102. Kues, W. A., D. Rath, and H. Niemann. 2008. Reproductive biotechnology in farm animals goes genomics. CAB Reviews 036:1-18.
103. Kues, W. A., R. Schwinzer, D. Wirth, E. Verhoeyen, E. Lemme, D. Herrmann, B. Barg-Kues, H. Hauser, K. Wonigeit, and H. Niemann. 2006. Epigenetic silencing and tissue independent expression of a novel tetracycline inducible system in doubletransgenic pigs. FASEB J. 20:1200-1202.
104. Kuhla, B., S. Kuhla, P. E. Rudolph, D. Albrecht, and C. C. Metges. 2007. Proteomics analysis of hypothalamic response to energy restriction in dairy cows. Proteomics 7:3602-3617.
105. Kuroiwa, Y., P. Kasinathan, Y. J. Choi, R. Naeem, K. Tomizuka, E. J. Sullivan, J. G. Knott, A. Duteau, R. A. Goldsby, B. A. Osborne, I. Ishida, and J. M. Robl. 2002. Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin. Nat. Biotechnol. 20:889-894.
106. Kushi, A., H. Sasai, H. Koizumi, N. Takeda, M. Yokoyama, and M. Nakamura. 1998. Obesity and mild hyperinsulinemia found in neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:15659-15664.
107. Lagonigro, R., P. Wiener, F. Pilla, J. A. Woolliams, and J. L. Williams. 2003. A new mutation in the coding region of the bovine leptin gene associated with feed intake. Anim. Genet. 34:371-374.
108. Lai, L., J. X. Kang, R. Li, J. Wang, W. T. Witt, H. Y. Yong, Y. Hao, D. M. Wax, C. N. Murphy, A. Rieke, M. Samuel, M. L. Linville, S. W. Korte, R. W. Evans, T. E. Starzl, R. S. Prather, and Y. Dai. 2006. Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nat. Biotechnol. 24:435-436.
109. Lai, L., D. Kolber-Simonds, K. W. Park, H. T. Cheong, J. L. Greenstein, G. S. Im, M. Samuel, A. Bonk, A. Rieke, B. N. Day, C. N. Murphy, D. B. Carter, R. J. Hawley, and R. S. Prather. 2002. Production of α1, 3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning. Science 295:1089-1092.
110. Langhans, W. 2008. Fatty acid oxidation in the energostatic control of eating-a new idea. Appetite 51:446-451.
111. Larson, G., U. Albarella, K. Dobney, P. Rowley-Conwy, J. Schibler, A. Tresset, J. D. Vigne, C. J. Edwards, A. Schlumbaum, A. Dinu, A. Balacsescu, and G. Dolman, Atagliacozzo, N., P. Manaseryan, L. Miracle, M. Van Wijngaarden-Bakker, D. G. Masseti, Bradley, and A. Cooper. 2007. Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:15276-15281.
112. Law, R. A., F. J. Young, D. C. Patterson, D. J. Kilpatrick, A. R. Wylie, and C. S. Mayne. 2009. Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92:1001-1012.
113. Liddle, R. A. 1997. Cholecystokinin cells. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59:221-242. (Review).
114. Liefers, S. C., R. F. Veerkamp, M. F. Te Pas, Y. Chilliard, and T. Van der Lende. 2005. Genetics and physiology of leptin in periparturient dairy cows. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29:227-238.
115. Lo, D., V. Pursel, P. J. Linton, E. Sandgren, R. Behringer, C. Rexroad, R. D. Palmiter, and R. L. Brinster. 1991. Expression of mouse IgA transgenic mice, pigs and sheep. Eur. J. Immunol. 21:1001-1006.
116. Ludwig, D. S., N. A. Tritos, J. W. Mastaitis, R. Kulkarni, E. Kokkotou, J. Elmquist, B. Lowell, J. S. Flier, and E. Maratos-Flier. 2001. Melanin-concentrating hormone overexpression in transgenic mice leads to obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 107:379-386.
117. Mann, J., and S. Truswell, ed. 2007. Essentials of Human Nutrition. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
118. Marsh, D. J., D. T. Weingarth, D. E. Novi, H. Y. Chen, M. E. Trumbauer, A. S. Chen, X. M. Guan, M. M. Jiang, Y. Feng, R. E. Camacho, Z. Shen, E. G. Frazier, H. Yu, J. M. Metzger, S. J. Kuca, L. P. Shearman, S. Gopal-Truter, D. J. MacNeil, A. M. Strack, D. E. MacIntyre, L. H. Van der Ploeg, and S. Qian. 2002. Melanin-concentrating hormone 1 receptor-deficient mice are lean, hyperactive, and hyperphagic and have altered metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:3240-3245.
119. Matthey, A. 2001. Nährstoffumsetzungen im Verdauungstrakt des Rindes nach Einsatz unterschiedlicher Mengen an Mais- oder Weizenstärke. PhD thesis. Justus von Liebig Univ. Giessen, Germany.
120. Matthey, A., P. Lebzien, and G. Flachowsky. 2000. Zur Glucoseversorgung von hochleistenden Milchkühen. Übers. Tierernährung 28:1-64.
121. McCreath, K. J., J. Howcroft, K. H. Campbell, A. Colman, A. E. Schnieke, and A. J. Kind. 2000. Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells. Nature 405:1066-1069. (Erratum in: Nature 408:120).
122. Mills, J. A. N., J. Dijkstra, A. Bannink, S. B. Cammell, E. Kebreab, and J. France. 2001. A mechanistic model of wholetract digestion and methanogenesis in the lactating dairy cow: Model development, evaluation and application. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1584-1597.
123. Miner, J. L., M. A. Della-Fera, J. A. Paterson, and C. A. Baile. 1989. Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 257:R383-R387.
124. Moran, T. H., and S. Bi. 2006. Hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats lacking CCK1 receptors: Developmental aspects. Dev. Psychobiol. 48:360-367.
125. Moss, A. R., J. P. Jouany, and J. Newbold. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Ann. Zootech. 49:231-253.
126. Moussa, N. M., and K. J. Claycombe. 1999. The yellow mouse obesity syndrome and mechanisms of agouti-induced obesity. Obes. Res. 7:506-514. (Review).
127. Müller, M., B. Brenig, E. L. Winnacker, and G. Brem. 1992. Transgenic pigs carrying cDNA copies encoding the murine Mx1 protein which confers resistance to influenza virus infection. Gene 121:263-270.
128. Murphy, K. G., and S. R. Bloom. 2006. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 444:854-859.
129. Namkoong, C., M. S. Kim, P. G. Jang, S. M. Han, H. S. Park, E. H. Koh, W. J. Lee, J. Y. Kim, I. S. Park, J. Y. Park, and K. U. Lee. 2005. Enhanced hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activity contributes to hyperphagia in diabetic rats. Diabetes 54:63-68.
130. Naveilhan, P., H. Hassani, J. M. Canals, A. J. Ekstrand, A. Larefalk, V. Chhajlani, E. Arenas, K. Gedda, L. Svensson, P. Thoren, and P. Ernfors. 1999. Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Nat. Med. 5:1188-1193.
131. Niemann, H., and W. A. Kues. 2007. Transgenic farm animals: An update. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 19:762-770.
132. Niemann, H., W. A. Kues, and J. W. Carnwath. 2010. Transgenic farm animals: Current status and perspectives for agriculture and biomedicine. Pages 1-30 in Genetic Engineering in Live-stock-New Applications and Interdisciplinary Perspectives-Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment. M. Engelhard, K. Hagen, and M. Boysen, ed. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
133. Nottle, M. B., H. Nagashima, P. J. Verma, Z. T. Du, C. G. Grupen, S. M. Mellfatrick, R. J. Ashman, M. P. Harding, C. Giannakis, P. L. Wigley, I. G. Lyons, D. T. Harrison, B. G. Luxford, R. G. Campbell, R. J. Crawford, and A. J. Robins. 1999. Production and analysis of transgenic pigs containing a metallothionein porcine growth hormone gene construct. Pages 145-156 in Transgenic Animals in Agriculture. J. D. Murray, A. M. Oberbauer, and M. M. McGloughlin, ed. CABI Publ., New York, NY.
134. Nowak-Imialek, M., W. Kues, J. W. Carnwath, and H. Niemann. 2011. Pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed cells in farm animals. Microsc. Microanal. 17:474-497.
135. NRC. 1987. Predicting Feed Intake of Food Producing Animals. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
136. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
137. Oikawa, S., and G. R. Oetzel. 2006. Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis. J. Dairy Sci. 89:2999-3005.
138. Olsson, B., Y. M. Bohlooly, S. M. Fitzgerald, F. Frick, A. Ljungberg, B. Ahrén, J. Törnell, G. Bergström, and J. Oscarsson. 2005. Bovine growth hormone transgenic mice are resistant to dietinduced obesity but develop hyperphagia, dyslipidemia, and diabetes on a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 146:920-930.
139. Petersen, B., A. Lucas-Hahn, M. Oropeza, N. Hornen, E. Lemme, P. Hassel, A. L. Queisser, and H. Niemann. 2008. Development and validation of a highly efficient protocol of porcine somatic cloning using preovulatory embryo transfer in peripubertal gilts. Cloning Stem Cells 10:355-362.
140. Phelps, C. J., C. Koike, T. D. Vaught, J. Boone, K. D. Wells, S. H. Chen, S. Ball, S. M. Specht, I. A. Polejaeva, J. A. Monahan, P. M. Jobst, S. B. Sharma, A. E. Lamborn, A. S. Garst, M. Moore, A. J. Demetris, W. A. Rudert, R. Bottino, S. Bertera, M. Trucco, T. E. Starzl, Y. Dai, and D. L. Ayares. 2003. Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase deficient pigs. Science 299:411-414.
141. Piedrahita, J. A., and N. Olby. 2011. Perspectives on transgenic livestock in agriculture and biomedicine. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23:56-63.
142. Platenburg, G. J., E. A. P. Kootwijk, P. M. Kooiman, S. L. Woloshuk, J. H. Nuijens, P. J. A. Krimpenfort, F. R. Pieper, H. A. de Boer, and R. Strijker. 1994. Expression of human lactoferrin in milk of transgenic mice. Transgenic Res. 3:99-108.
143. Plum, L., H. V. Lin, R. Dutia, J. Tanaka, K. S. Aizawa, M. Matsumoto, A. J. Kim, N. X. Cawley, J. H. Paik, Y. P. Loh, R. A. DePinho, S. L. Wardlaw, and D. Accili. 2009. The obesity susceptibility gene Cpe links FoxO1 signaling in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin neurons with regulation of food intake. Nat. Med. 15:1195-1201.
144. Pursel, V. G., R. J. Wall, A. D. Mitchell, T. H. Elsasser, M. B. Solomon, M. E. Coleman, F. Mayo, and R. J. Schwartz. 1999. Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in skeletal muscle of transgenic pigs. Pages 131-144 in Transgenic Animals in Agriculture. J. D. Murray, A. M. Oberbauer, and M. M. McGloughlin, ed. CABI Publ., New York, NY.
145. Qian, S., H. Chen, D. Weingarth, M. E. Trumbauer, D. E. Novi, X. Guan, H. Yu, Z. Shen, Y. Feng, E. Frazier, A. Chen, R. E. Camacho, L. P. Shearman, S. Gopal-Truter, D. J. MacNeil, L. H. Van der Ploeg, and D. J. Marsh. 2002. Neither agoutirelated protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:5027-5035.
146. Reh, W. A., E. A. Maga, N. M. Collette, A. Moyer, J. S. Conrad-Brink, and S. J. Taylor. 2004. Hot topic: Using a stearoyl-CoA desaturase transgene to alter milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci. 87:3510-3514.
147. Reynolds, C. K. J., J. D. Sutton, and D. E. Beever. 1997. Effects of feeding starch to dairy cattle on nutrient availability and production. Pages 105-133 in Recent Advances In Animal Nutrition. P. C. Garnsworth, J. Wiseman, and W. Haresign, ed. Nottingham Univ. Press, Nottingham, UK.
148. Richt, J. A., P. Kasinathan, A. N. Hamir, J. Castilla, T. Sathiyaseelan, and F. Vargas. 2007. Production of cattle lacking prion protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 25:132-138.
149. Rigout, S., S. Lemosquet, A. Bach, J. W. Blum, and H. Rulquin. 2002. Duodenal infusion of glucose decreases milk fat production in grass silage-fed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2541-2550.
150. Robl, J. M., P. Wang, P. Kasinathan, and P. Kuroiwa. 2007. Transgenic animal production and animal biotechnology. Theriogenology 67:127-133.
151. Roche, J. R., D. Blache, J. K. Kay, D. R. Miller, A. J. Sheahan, and D. W. Miller. 2008a. Neuroendocrine and physiological regulation of intake with particular reference to domesticated ruminant animals. Nutr. Res. Rev. 21:207-234.
152. Roche, J. R., A. J. Sheahan, L. M. Chagas, D. Blache, D. P. Berry, and J. K. Kay. 2008b. Long-term infusions of ghrelin and obestatin in early lactation dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91:4728-4740.
153. Rossi, R., S. Dorig, E. Del Prete, and E. Scharrer. 2000. Suppression of feed intake after parenteral administration of d-beta-hydroxybutyrate in pygmy goats. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 47:9-16.
154. Rothschild, M. F., and G. S. Plastow. 2008. Impact of genomics on animal agriculture and opportunities for human health. Trends Biotechnol. 26:21-25.
155. The Royal Society. 2009. Reaping the benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. RS Policy document 1109, issued: Oct. 2009 RS 1608, ISBN: 978-0-85403-784-1, 64 pp. The Royal Society, London, UK.
156. Saeki, K., K. Matsumoto, M. Kinoshita, I. Suzuki, Y. Tasaka, K. Kano, Y. Taguchi, K. Mikami, M. Hirabayashi, N. Kashiwazaki, Y. Hosoi, N. Murata, and A. Iritani. 2004. Functional expression of a Delta12 fatty acid desaturase gene from spinach in transgenic pigs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:6361-6366.
157. Sainsbury, A., C. Schwarzer, M. Couzens, S. Fetissov, S. Furtinger, A. Jenkins, H. M. Cox, G. Sperk, T. Hökfelt, and H. Herzog. 2002. Important role of hypothalamic Y2 receptors in body weight regulation revealed in conditional knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:8938-8943.
158. Sarruf, D. A., J. P. Thaler, G. J. Morton, J. German, J. D. Fischer, K. Ogimoto, and M. W. Schwartz. 2010. Fibroblast growth factor 21 action in the brain increases energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in obese rats. Diabetes 59:1817-1824.
159. Sartin, J. L., C. G. Wagner, D. L. Marks, J. A. Daniel, C. D. Mc-Mahon, F. Y. Obese, and C. Partridge. 2005. Melanocortin-4 receptor in sheep: A potential site for therapeutic intervention in disease models. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29:446-455.
160. Sartin, J. L., B. K. Whitlock, and J. A. Daniel. 2011. TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Neural regulation of feed intake: Modification by hormones, fasting, and disease. J. Anim. Sci. 89:1991-2003.
161. SCAR (EU Commission-Standing Committee on Agricultural Research). 2008. New challenges for agricultural research: Climate change, food security, rural development, agricultural knowledge systems. The 32nd SCAR Foresight Exercise, Brussels, Dec. 2008, 112 pp.
162. Schnieke, A. E., A. J. Kind, W. A. Ritchie, K. Mycock, A. R. Scott, M. Ritchie, I. Wilmut, A. Colman, and H. K. Campbell. 1997. Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts. Science 278:2130-2133.
163. Schwartz, M. W., S. C. Woods, D. Porte Jr., R. J. Seeley, and D. G. Baskin. 2000. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661-671.
164. Seidel, G. E. Jr. 1999. Sexing mammalian spermatozoa and embryos-State of the art. J. Reprod. Fertil. 54(Suppl.):477-487.
165. Shen, L., K. J. Pearson, Y. Xiong, C. M. Lo, P. Tso, S. C. Woods, W. S. Davidson, and M. Liu. 2008. Characterization of apolipoprotein A-IV in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Physiol. Behav. 95:161-167.
166. Sherman, E. L., J. D. Nkrumah, and S. S. Moore. 2010. Whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism associations with feed intake and feed efficiency in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 88:16-22.
167. Sherman, E. L., J. D. Nkrumah, B. M. Murdoch, C. Li, Z. Wang, A. Fu, and S. S. Moore. 2008. Polymorphisms and haplotypes in the bovine neuropeptide Y, growth hormone receptor, ghrelin, insulin-like growth factor 2, and uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 genes and their associations with measures of growth, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass merit in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1-16.
168. Shimada, M., N. A. Tritos, B. B. Lowell, J. S. Flier, and E. Maratos-Flier. 1998. Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean. Nature 396:670-674.
169. Shintani, M., Y. Ogawa, K. Ebihara, M. Aizawa-Abe, F. Miyanaga, K. Takaya, T. Hayashi, G. Inoue, K. Hosoda, M. Kojima, K. Kangawa, and K. Nakao. 2001. Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secratagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide YY1 receptor pathway. Diabetes 50:227-232.
170. Simkins, K. L. Jr., J. W. Suttie, and B. R. Baumgardt. 1965. Regulation of food intake in ruminants. 4. Effect of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and glucose on voluntary food intake in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 48:1635-1642.
171. Simon, O. 1989. Metabolism of protein and amino acids. Pages 273-366 in Protein Metabolism in Farm Animals-Evaluation, Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism. H. D. Bock, B. O. Eggum, A. G. Low, O. Simon, and T. Zebrowska, ed. Oxford Univ. Press and Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, Berlin, Germany.
172. Smith, K. L., J. V. Gardiner, H. L. Ward, W. M. Kong, K. G. Murphy, N. M. Martin, M. A. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom. 2008. Overexpression of CART in the PVN increases food intake and weight gain in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2239-2244.
173. Spector, R. 1988. Fatty acid transport through the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 50:639-643.
174. Stein, A. J., and E. Rodriguez-Cerezo. 2009. The global pipeline of new GM crops. Implications of asynchronous approval for international trade. Eur. Com., Joint Res. Centre, 101 p. Accessed Jun. 18, 2011. http:www.jrc.ec.europa.eu. 10.279112087.
175. Steinfeld, H., P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan. 2006. Livestock's Long Shadow, Environmental Issues and Options. FAO, Rome, Italy.
176. Takahashi, K., and S. Yamanaka. 2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663-676.
177. Tamminga, S., A. Bannink, J. Dijkstra, and R. Zom. 2007. Feeding strategies to reduce methane losses in cattle. Report 34, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
178. Tiesjema, B., R. A. Adan, M. C. Luijendijk, A. Kalsbeek, and E. la Fleur. 2007. Differential effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated neuropeptide Y overexpression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus on feeding behavior. J. Neurosci. 27:14139-14146.
179. Vicini, J. L., J. H. Clark, W. L. Hurley, and J. M. Bahr. 1988. Effects of abomasal or intravenous administration of arginine on milk production, milk composition, and concentrations of somatotropin and insulin in plasma of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:658-665.
180. Wall, R. J., A. Powell, M. J. Paape, D. E. Kerr, D. D. Bannermann, V. G. Pursel, K. D. Wells, N. Talbot, and H. Hawk. 2005. Genetically enhanced cows resist intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat. Biotechnol. 23:445-451.
181. Wertz-Lutz, A. E., T. J. Knight, R. H. Pritchard, J. A. Daniel, J. A. Clapper, A. J. Smart, A. Trenkle, and D. C. Beitz. 2006. Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behaviour in cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84:3285-3300.
182. Wheeler, M. B., G. T. Bleck, and S. M. Donovan. 2001. Transgenic alteration of sow milk to improve piglet growth and health. Reprod. Suppl. 58:313-324.
183. Wierup, N., W. G. Richards, A. W. Bannon, M. J. Kuhar, B. Ahrén, and F. Sundler. 2005. CART knock out mice have impaired insulin secretion and glucose intolerance, altered beta cell morphology and increased body weight. Regul. Pept. 129:203-211.
184. Willadsen, S. M. 1986. Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. Nature 320:63-65.
185. Williams, A. G., E. Audsley, and D. L. Sanders. 2006. Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities. Main Report. Defra Research Projekt IS0205. Cranfield University and Defra, Bedford. http:www.silsoe.cranfied.ac.ukandhttp:www.defra.gov.uk.
186. Wilmut, I., A. E. Schnieke, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind, and K. H. Campbell. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385:810-813.
187. Woods, S. C., D. Q. D'Alessio, P. Tso, P. A. Rushing, D. J. Clegg, S. C. Benoit, K. Gotoh, M. Liu, and R. J. Seeley. 2004. Consumption of a high-fat diet alters the homeostatic regulation of energy balance. Physiol. Behav. 83:573-578.
188. Xiang, L., A. Murai, and T. Muramatsu. 2004. The effects of agoutirelated protein gene transfer in vivo by electroporation in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 370:108-113.
189. Xiao, X. Q., K. L. Grove, B. E. Grayson, and M. S. Smith. 2004. Inhibition of uncoupling protein expression during lactation: Role of leptin. Endocrinology 145:830-838.