Emerging strategies and therapies for treatment of paget's disease of bone

Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue , 2011, Pages 225-239

  Michou, Laëtitia ^a   Brown, Jacques P ^a  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Autophagy; Bisphosphonates; Interleukin 6; P62; Paget's disease of bone; Pathogenesis; Sequestosome 1

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CALCITONIN; DENOSUMAB; DICKKOPF 1 PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; NERIDRONIC ACID; NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PROTEASOME; RISEDRONIC ACID; UBIQUITIN; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BONE METASTASIS; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BONE SCINTISCANNING; CANINE DISTEMPER MORBILLIVIRUS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; MEASLES VIRUS; MUTATOR GENE; NONHUMAN; PAGET BONE DISEASE; PATIENT MONITORING; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; RETREATMENT; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SQSTM1 GENE; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; ANIMAL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); OSTEOLYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BONE RESORPTION; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIPHOSPHONATES; HUMANS; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS;

EID: 80053927963     PISSN: 11778881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S11306     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Roodman GD, Windle JJ. Paget disease of bone. J Clin Invest. 2005; 115(2):200-208.
2. Naot D, Bava U, Matthews B, et al. Differential gene expression in cultured osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells from patients with Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(2):298-309.
3. Vellenga CJ, Pauwels EK, Bijvoet OL, Frijlink WB. Scintigraphic aspects of the recurrence of treated Paget's disease of bone. J Nucl Med. 1981;22(6):510-517.
4. Hamadouche M, Mathieu M, Topouchian V, de Pinieux G, Courpied JP. Transfer of Paget's disease from one part of the skeleton to another as a result of autogenous bone-grafting: A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A(11):2056-2061.
5. Meunier PJ, Coindre JM, Edouard CM, Arlot ME. Bone histomorphometry in Paget's disease. Quantitative and dynamic analysis of pagetic and nonpagetic bone tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23(10):1095-1103.
6. Eekhoff ME, van der Klift M, Kroon HM, et al. Paget's disease of bone in The Netherlands: A population-based radiological and biochemical survey-the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(4):566-570.
7. Rogers J, Jeffrey DR, Watt I. Paget's disease in archeological population. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(6):1127-1134.
8. Waldron HA. Recalculation of secular trends in Paget's disease. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):523.
9. Van Staa TP, Selby P, Leufkens HG, Lyles K, Sprafka JM, Cooper C. Incidence and natural history of Paget's disease of bone in England and Wales. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(3):465-471.
10. Selby PL, Davie MW, Ralston SH, Stone MD. Guidelines on the management of Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2002;31(3):366-373.
11. Rousiere M, Michou L, Cornelis F, Orcel P. Paget's disease of bone. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2003;17(6):1019-1041.
12. Seton M, Moses AM, Bode RK, Schwartz C. Paget's disease of bone: The skeletal distribution, complications and quality of life as perceived by patients. Bone. 2011;48(2):281-285.
13. Rebel A, Malkani K, Basle M. [Nuclear anomalies in osteoclasts in Paget's bone disease]. Nouv Presse Med. 1974;3(20):1299-1301. French.
14. Rebel A, Malkani K, Basle M, Bregeon C. Osteoclast ultrastructure in Paget's disease. Calcif Tissue Res. 1976;2:187-199.
15. Gordon MT, Anderson DC, Sharpe PT. Canine distemper virus localised in bone cells of patients with Paget's disease. Bone. 1991;12(3): 195-201.
16. Gordon MT, Mee AP, Anderson DC, Sharpe PT. Canine distemper virus transcripts sequenced from pagetic bone. Bone Miner. 1992;19(2): 159-174.
17. Mee AP, Dixon JA, Hoyland JA, Davies M, Selby PL, Mawer EB. Detection of canine distemper virus in 100% of Paget's disease samples by in situ-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Bone. 1998; 23(2):171-175.
18. Hoyland JA, Dixon JA, Berry JL, Davies M, Selby PL, Mee AP. A comparison of in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-RT-PCR for the detection of canine distemper virus RNA in Paget's disease. J Virol Methods. 2003;109(2): 253-259.
19. Reddy SV, Singer FR, Roodman GD. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from patients with Paget's disease contain measles virus nucleocapsid messenger ribonucleic acid that has mutations in a specific region of the sequence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(7):2108-2111.
20. Friedrichs WE, Reddy SV, Bruder JM, et al. Sequence analysis of measles virus nucleocapsid transcripts in patients with Paget's disease. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(1):145-151.
21. Cody JD, Singer FR, Roodman GD, et al. Genetic linkage of Paget disease of the bone to chromosome 18q. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61(5): 1117-1122.
22. Ralston SH, Afzal MA, Helfrich MH, et al. Multicenter blinded analysis of RT-PCR detection methods for paramyxoviruses in relation to Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(4):569-577.
23. Merlotti D, Gennari L, Galli B, et al. Characteristics and familial aggregation of Paget's disease of bone in Italy. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(8):1356-1364.
24. Seton M, Choi HK, Hansen MF, Sebaldt RJ, Cooper C. Analysis of environmental factors in familial versus sporadic Paget's disease of bone-the New England Registry for Paget's Disease of Bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(8):1519-1524.
25. Lopez-Abente G, Morales-Piga A, Elena-Ibanez A, Rey-Rey JS, Corres-Gonzalez J. Cattle, pets, and Paget's disease of bone. Epidemiology. 1997;8(3):247-251.
26. Cundy T. Is the prevalence of Paget's disease of bone decreasing? J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:P9-P13.
27. Cooper C, Harvey NC, Dennison EM, van Staa TP. Update on the epidemiology of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006; 21 Suppl 2: P3-P8.
28. Ralston SH, Langston AL, Reid IR. Pathogenesis and management of Paget's disease of bone. Lancet. 2008;372(9633):155-163.
29. Gennari L, Di Stefano M, Merlotti D, et al. Prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in Italy. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(10):1845-1850.
30. Rendina D, Gennari L, De Filippo G, et al. Evidence for increased clinical severity of familial and sporadic Paget's disease of bone in Campania, southern Italy. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(12):1828-1835.
31. Haddaway MJ, Davie MW, McCall IW, Howdle S. Effect of age and gender on the number and distribution of sites in Paget's disease of bone. Br J Radiol. 2007;80(955):532-536.
32. Josse RG, Hanley DA, Kendler D, Ste-Marie LG, Adachi JD, Brown J. Diagnosis and treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Clin Invest Med. 2007;30(5):E210-E223.
33. Meunier PJ, Salson C, Delmas PD. [Skeletal distribution and biological markers of Paget's disease]. Rev Prat. 1989;39(13):1125-1128. French.
34. Kanis JA. Biochemical and endocrine aspects of Paget's disease. In: Kanis JA, editor. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Paget's Disease of Bone. 2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1998.
35. Lyles KL, Siris ES, Singer FR, Meunier PJ. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(8):1379-1387.
36. Reid IR, Davidson JS, Wattie D, et al. Comparative responses of bone turnover markers to bisphosphonate therapy in Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2004;35(1):224-230.
37. Alvarez L, Guanabens N, Peris P, et al. Usefulness of biochemical markers of bone turnover in assessing response to the treatment of Paget's disease. Bone. 2001;29(5):447-452.
38. Alexandersen P, Peris P, Guanabens N, et al. Non-isomerized C-telopeptide fragments are highly sensitive markers for monitoring disease activity and treatment efficacy in Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(4):588-595.
39. Shankar S, Hosking DJ. Biochemical assessment of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:P22-P27.
40. Magnusson P, Davie MW, Sharp CA. Circulating and tissue-derived isoforms of bone alkaline phosphatase in Paget's disease of bone. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(2):128-135.
41. Delmas PD, Demiaux B, Malaval L, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ. Serum bone GLA-protein is not a sensitive marker of bone turnover in Paget's disease of bone. Calcif Tissue Int. 1986;38(1):60-61.
42. Reid IR, Davidson JS, Wattie D, et al. Comparative responses of bone turnover markers to bisphosphonate therapy in Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2004;35(1):224-230.
43. Renier JC, Fanello S, Rodriguez N, Audran M. Current prevalence of Paget's disease of bone in a region of France (Anjou). Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995;62(9):571-575.
44. Meunier PJ, Salson C, Mathieu L, et al. Skeletal distribution and biochemical parameters of Paget's disease. Clin Orthop. 1987;217: 37-44.
45. Daroszewska A, Ralston SH. Mechanisms of disease: Genetics of Paget's disease of bone and related disorders. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2(5):270-277.
46. Morales-Piga AA, Rey-Rey JS, Corres-Gonzalez J, Garcia-Sagredo JM, Lopez-Abente G. Frequency and characteristics of familial aggregation of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(4):663-670.
47. Siris ES, Ottman R, Flaster E, Kelsey JL. Familial aggregation of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6(5):495-500.
48. Laurin N, Brown JP, Lemainque A, et al. Paget disease of bone: Mapping of two loci at 5q35-qter and 5q31. Am J Hum Genet. 2001; 69(3):528-543.
49. Michou L, Collet C, Laplanche JL, Orcel P, Cornelis F. Genetics of Paget's disease of bone. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73(3):243-248.
50. Fotino M, Haymovits A, Falk CT. Evidence for linkage between HLA and Paget's disease. Transplant Proc. 1977;9(4):1867-1868.
51. Hughes AE, Shearman AM, Weber JL, et al. Genetic linkage of familial expansile osteolysis to chromosome 18q. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3(2): 359-361.
52. Kovach MJ, Waggoner B, Leal SM, et al. Clinical delineation and localization to chromosome 9p13.3-p12 of a unique dominant disorder in four families: Hereditary inclusion body myopathy, Paget disease of bone, and frontotemporal dementia. Mol Genet Metab. 2001;74(4):458-475.
53. Sparks AB, Peterson SN, Bell C, et al. Mutation screening of the TNFRSF11A gene encoding receptor activator of NF kappa B (RANK) in familial and sporadic Paget's disease of bone and osteosarcoma. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68(3):151-155.
54. Wuyts W, Van Wesenbeeck L, Morales-Piga A, et al. Evaluation of the role of RANK and OPG genes in Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2001;28(1):104-107.
55. Albagha OM, Visconti MR, Alonso N, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CSF1, OPTN and TNFRSF11A as genetic risk factors for Paget's disease of bone. Nat Genet. 2010;42(6):520-524.
56. Hocking LJ, Herbert CA, Nicholls RK, et al. Genomewide search in familial Paget disease of bone shows evidence of genetic heterogeneity with candidate loci on chromosomes 2q36, 10p13, and 5q35. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;69(5):1055-1061.
57. Laurin N, Brown JP, Morissette J, Raymond V. Recurrent mutation of the gene encoding sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) in Paget disease of bone. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70(6):1582-1528.
58. Hocking LJ, Lucas GJ, Daroszewska A, et al. Domain-specific mutations in sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) cause familial and sporadic Paget's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11(22):2735-2739.
59. Lucas GJ, Riches PL, Hocking LJ, et al. Identification of a major locus for Paget's disease on chromosome 10p13 in families of British descent. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(1):58-63.
60. Good DA, Busfield F, Fletcher BH, et al. Linkage of Paget disease of bone to a novel region on human chromosome 18q23. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70(2):517-525.
61. Good DA, Busfield F, Fletcher BH, et al. Identification of SQSTM1 mutations in familial Paget's disease in Australian pedigrees. Bone. 2004;35(1):277-282.
62. Daroszewska A, Hocking LJ, McGuigan FE, et al. Susceptibility to Paget's disease of bone is influenced by a common polymorphic variant of osteoprotegerin. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(9):1506-1511.
63. Beyens G, Daroszewska A, de Freitas F, et al. Identification of sex-specific associations between polymorphisms of the osteoprotegerin gene, TNFRSF11B, and Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(7):1062-1071.
64. Watts GD, Wymer J, Kovach MJ, et al. Inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia is caused by mutant valosin-containing protein. Nat Genet. 2004;36(4): 377-381.
65. Lucas GJ, Mehta SG, Hocking LJ, et al. Evaluation of the role of valosin-containing protein in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2006;38(2):280-285.
66. Chung PY, Beyens G, Boonen S, et al. The majority of the genetic risk for Paget's disease of bone is explained by genetic variants close to the CSF1, OPTN, TM7SF4, and TNFRSF11A genes. Hum Genet. 2010; 128(6):615-626.
67. Morissette J, Laurin N, Brown JP. Sequestosome 1: Mutation frequencies, haplotypes, and phenotypes in familial Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:P38-P44.
68. Cundy T, Bolland M. Paget disease of bone. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008;19(7):246-253.
69. Collet C, Michou L, Audran M, et al. Paget's disease of bone in the French population: Novel SQSTM1 mutations, functional analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlations. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(2): 310-317.
70. Michou L, Morissette J, Gagnon ER, et al. Novel SQSTM1 mutations in patients with Paget's disease of bone in an unrelated multiethnic American population. Bone. 2011;48(3):456-460.
71. Beyens G, Van Hul E, Van Driessche K, et al. Evaluation of the role of the SQSTM1 gene in sporadic Belgian patients with Paget's disease. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004;75(2):144-152.
72. Cavey JR, Ralston SH, Sheppard PW, et al. Loss of ubiquitin binding is a unifying mechanism by which mutations of SQSTM1 cause Paget's disease of bone. Calcif Tissue Int. 2006;78(5):271-277.
73. Najat D, Garner T, Hagen T, et al. Characterization of a non-UBA domain missense mutation of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) in Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24(4):632-642.
74. Layfield R. The molecular pathogenesis of Paget disease of bone. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2007;9(27):1-13.
75. Duran A, Serrano M, Leitges M, et al. The atypical PKC-interacting protein p62 is an important mediator of RANK-activated osteoclastogenesis. Dev Cell. 2004;6(2):303-309.
76. Chamoux E, Couture J, Bisson M, Morissette J, Brown JP, Roux S. The p62 P392L mutation linked to Paget's disease induces activation of human osteoclasts. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23(10):1668-1680.
77. Kerscher O, Felberbaum R, Hochstrasser M. Modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2006;22: 159-180.
78. Reinstein E, Ciechanover A. Narrative review. Protein degradation and human diseases: The ubiquitin connection. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 145(9):676-684.
79. Sumpter R Jr, Levine B. Selective autophagy and viruses. Autophagy. 2011;7(3). [Epub ahead of print].
80. Shelly S, Lukinova N, Bambina S, Berman A, Cherry S. Autophagy is an essential component of Drosophila immunity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Immunity. 2009;30(4):588-598.
81. Seglen PO, Bohley P. Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms. Experientia. 1992;48(2):158-172.
82. Cuervo AM. Autophagy: In sickness and in health. Trends Cell Biol. 2004;14(2):70-77.
83. Harada M, Kumemura H, Omary MB, et al. Proteasome inhibition induces inclusion bodies associated with intermediate filaments and fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. Exp Cell Res. 2003; 288(1):60-69.
84. Komatsu M, Waguri S, Chiba T, et al. Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice. Nature. 2006; 441(7095):880-884.
85. Zatloukal K, French SW, Stumptner C, et al. From Mallory to Mallory-Denk bodies: What, how and why? Exp Cell Res. 2007;313(10): 2033-2049.
86. Rima BK, Duprex WP. Molecular mechanisms of measles virus persistence. Virus Res. 2005;111(2):132-147.
87. Reddy SV, Menaa C, Singer FR, et al. Measles virus nucleocapsid transcript expression is not restricted to the osteoclast lineage in patients with Paget's disease of bone. Exp Hematol. 1999;27(10): 1528-1532.
88. Mottet G, Curran J, Roux L. Intracellular stability of nonreplicating paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. Virology. 1990;176(1):1-7.
89. Griffin DE. Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses. Immunol Rev. 2010;236:176-189.
90. Ehrlich LA, Roodman GD. The role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in Paget's disease and multiple myeloma. Immunol Rev. 2005;208:252-266.
91. Murabayashi N, Kurita-Taniguchi M, Ayata M, Matsumoto M, Ogura H, Seya T. Susceptibility of human dendritic cells (DCs) to measles virus (MV) depends on their activation stages in conjunction with the level of CDw150: Role of toll stimulators in DC maturation and MV amplification. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(8):785-794.
92. Jin Z, Li Y, Pitti R, et al. Cullin 3-based polyubiquitination and p62-dependent aggregation of caspase-8 mediate extrinsic apoptosis signaling. Cell. 2009;137(4):721-735.
93. Goode A, Layfield R. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of Paget disease of bone. J Clin Pathol. 2010;63(3):199-203.
94. Selby PL, Davies M, Mee AP. Canine distemper virus induces human osteoclastogenesis through NF-kappaB and sequestosome 1/P62 activation. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(11):1750-1756.
95. Brandwood CP, Hoyland JA, Hillarby MC, et al. Apoptotic gene expression in Paget's disease: A possible role of Bcl-2. J Pathol. 2003; 201(3):504-512.
96. Kukita A, Chenu C, McManus LM, Mundy GR, Roodman GD. Atypical multinucleated cells form in long-term marrow cultures from patients with Paget's disease. J Clin Invest. 1990;85(4):1280-1286.
97. Kurihara N, Reddy SV, Araki N, et al. Role of TAFII-17, a VDR binding protein, in the increased osteoclast formation in Paget's disease. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(7):1154-1164.
98. Menaa C, Reddy SV, Kurihara N, et al. Enhanced RANK ligand expression and responsivity of bone marrow cells in Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(12):1833-1838.
99. Roodman GD, Kurihara N, Ohsaki Y, et al. Interleukin 6. A potential autocrine/paracrine factor in Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Invest. 1992;89(1):46-52.
100. Kurihara N, Reddy SV, Menaa C, Anderson D, Roodman GD. Osteoclasts expressing the measles virus nucleocapsid gene display a pagetic phenotype. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(5):607-614.
101. Kurihara N, Hiruma Y, Yamana K, et al. Contributions of the measles virus nucleocapsid gene and the SQSTM1/p62(P392L) mutation to Paget's disease. Cell Metab. 2011;13(1):23-34.
102. Kurihara N, Zhou H, Reddy SV, et al. Expression of measles virus nucleocapsid protein in osteoclasts induces Paget's disease-like bone lesions in mice. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(3):446-455.
103. Ralston SH. Pathogenesis of Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2008;43(5):819-825.
104. Kurihara N, Hiruma Y, Zhou H, et al. Mutation of the sequestosome 1 (p62) gene increases osteoclastogenesis but does not induce Paget disease. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(1):133-142.
105. Hiruma Y, Kurihara N, Subler MA, et al. A SQSTM1/p62 mutation linked to Paget's disease increases the osteoclastogenic potential of the bone microenvironment. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17(23): 3708-3719.
106. Roodman GD. Insights into the pathogenesis of Paget's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1192:176-180.
107. Lyles KW, Siris ES, Singer FR, Meunier PJ. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(8):1379-1387.
108. Takata S, Hashimoto J, Nakatsuka K, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of Paget's disease of bone in Japan. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(5):359-367.
109. Adami S, Bartolozzi P, Brandi ML, et al. [Italian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Paget's disease of bone]. Reumatismo. 2007;59(2):153-168. Italian.
110. Wermers RA, Tiegs RD, Atkinson EJ, Achenbach SJ, Melton LJ 3rd. Morbidity and mortality associated with Paget's disease of bone: A population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(6):819-825.
111. Singer FR. Paget disease: When to treat and when not to treat. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009;5(9):483-489.
112. Meunier PJ, Vignon E. Therapeutic strategy in Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 1999;17(Suppl 5):489S-491S.
113. Brown JP, Chines AA, Myers WR, Eusebio RA, Ritter-Hrncirik C, Hayes CW. Improvement of pagetic bone lesions with risedronate treatment: A radiologic study. Bone. 2000;26(3):263-267.
114. Brown JP, Hosking DJ, Ste-Marie L, et al. Risedronate, a highly effective, short-term oral treatment for Paget's disease: A dose-response study. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999;64(2):93-99.
115. Brown JP. Metabolic bone diseases: Treating Paget disease: when matters more than how. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2009;5(12): 663-665.
116. Langston AL, Campbell MK, Fraser WD, MacLennan GS, Selby PL, Ralston SH. Randomized trial of intensive bisphosphonate treatment versus symptomatic management in Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(1):20-31.
117. Reid IR, Cundy T, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Response to publication of PRISM trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(6):1463-1464.
118. Whitson HE, Lobaugh B, Lyles KW. Severe hypocalcemia following bisphosphonate treatment in a patient with Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2006;39(4):954-958.
119. Reid IR, Hosking DJ. Bisphosphonates in Paget's disease. Bone. September 9, 2010. [Epub ahead of print].
120. Chambers TJ, Magnus CJ. Calcitonin alters behaviour of isolated osteoclasts. J Pathol. 1982;136(1):27-39.
121. Fleisch H, Russell RG, Francis MD. Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue culture and in vivo. Science. 1969;165(899):1262-1264.
122. Rogers MJ. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates. Curr Pharm Des. 2003;9(32):2643-2658.
123. Miller PD, Brown JP, Siris ES, Hoseyni MS, Axelrod DW, Bekker PJ. A randomized, double-blind comparison of risedronate and etidronate in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Paget's Risedronate/ Etidronate Study Group. Am J Med. 1999;106(5):513-520.
124. Gray RE, Yates AJ, Preston CJ, Smith R, Russell RG, Kanis JA. Duration of effect of oral diphosphonate therapy in Paget's disease of bone. Q J Med. 1987;64(245):755-767.
125. Fraser WD, Stamp TC, Creek RA, Sawyer JP, Picot C. A double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study of tiludronate in Paget's disease of bone. Postgrad Med J. 1997;73(862):496-502.
126. Anderson DC, Richardson PC, Brown JK, et al. Intravenous pamidronate: Evolution of an effective treatment strategy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1994;23(4):273-275.
127. Siris E, Weinstein RS, Altman R, et al. Comparative study of alendronate versus etidronate for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3):961-967.
128. Reid IR, Miller P, Lyles K, et al. Comparison of a single infusion of zoledronic acid with risedronate for Paget's disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(9):898-908.
129. Walsh JP, Ward LC, Stewart GO, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing oral alendronate and intravenous pamidronate for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2004;34(4):747-754.
130. Merlotti D, Gennari L, Martini G, et al. Comparison of different intravenous bisphosphonate regimens for Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):1510-1517.
131. Hooper M, Faustino A, Reid IR, et al. Randomized, active-controlled study of once-weekly alendronate 280 mg high dose oral buffered solution for treatment of Paget's disease. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(1): 141-150.
132. Hosking D, Lyles K, Brown JP, et al. Long-term control of bone turnover in Paget's disease with zoledronic acid and risedronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(1):142-148.
133. Reid I, Lyles KW, Su G, et al. Long-term efficacy of zoledronic acid compared with risedronate in Paget's disease Bone. 2010;47 Suppl 1:OC21.
134. Papapoulos SE, Eekhoff ME, Zwinderman AH. Acquired resistance to bisphosphonates in Paget's disease of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21 Suppl 2:P88-P91.
135. Pazianas M, Abrahamsen B. Safety of bisphosphonates. Bone. January 12, 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
136. Hosking DJ. Prediction and assessment of the response of Paget's disease to bisphosphonate treatment. Bone. 1999;24(Suppl 5):69S-71S.
137. Ebert R, Zeck S, Krug R, et al. Pulse treatment with zoledronic acid causes sustained commitment of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteogenic differentiation. Bone. 2009;44(5):858-864.
138. Green J, Clezardin P. The molecular basis of bisphosphonate activity: A preclinical perspective. Semin Oncol. 2010;37 Suppl 1:S3-S11.
139. Romas E. Clinical applications of RANK-ligand inhibition. Intern Med J. 2009;39(2):110-116.
140. Crockett JC, Mellis DJ, Scott DI, Helfrich MH. New knowledge on critical osteoclast formation and activation pathways from study of rare genetic diseases of osteoclasts: Focus on the RANK/RANKL axis. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(1):1-20.
141. Roodman GD. Interleukin-6: An osteotropic factor? J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(5):475-478.
142. Corral-Gudino L, del Pino-Montes J, Garcia-Aparicio J, Alonso-Garrido M, Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Paget's disease of bone is not associated with common polymorphisms in interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha genes. Cytokine. 2010;52(3):146-150.
143. Nishimoto N, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Azuma J. Long-term safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, in monotherapy, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (the STREAM study): Evidence of safety and efficacy in a 5-year extension study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(10): 1580-1584.
144. Dayer JM, Choy E. Therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis: The interleukin-6 receptor. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(1):15-24.
145. Marshall MJ, Evans SF, Sharp CA, Powell DE, McCarthy HS, Davie MW. Increased circulating Dickkopf-1 in Paget's disease of bone. Clin Biochem. 2009;42(10-11):965-969.
146. McCarthy HS, Marshall MJ. Dickkopf-1 as a potential therapeutic target in Paget's disease of bone. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2010;14(2): 221-230.
147. Roodman GD. Studies in Paget's disease and their relevance to oncology. Semin Oncol. 2001;28(4 Suppl 11):15-21.
148. Roodman GD. Osteoblast function in myeloma. Bone. 2011;48(1): 135-140.
149. Zhou FL, Meng S, Zhang WG, et al. Peptide-based immunotherapy for multiple myeloma: Current approaches. Vaccine. 2010;28(37): 5939-5946.
150. Liggett A, Crawford LJ, Walker B, Morris TC, Irvine AE. Methods for measuring proteasome activity: Current limitations and future developments. Leuk Res. 2010;34(11):1403-1409.
151. Chanan-Khan AA, Borrello I, Lee KP, Reece DE. Development of target-specific treatments in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2010;151(1):3-15.
152. Roodman GD. Novel targets for myeloma bone disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008;12(11):1377-1387.
153. Deal C. Future therapeutic targets in osteoporosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(4):380-385.
154. Michou L, Chamoux E, Couture J, Morissette J, Brown JP, Roux S. Gene expression profile in osteoclasts from patients with Paget's disease of bone. Bone. 2010;46(3):598-603.
155. Nagy ZB, Gergely P, Donath J, Borgulya G, Csanad M, Poor G. Gene expression profiling in Paget's disease of bone: Upregulation of interferon signaling pathways in pagetic monocytes and lymphocytes. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(2):253-259.
156. Bruzzaniti A, Baron R. Molecular regulation of osteoclast activity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2006;7(1-2):123-139.
157. Neale SD, Schulze E, Smith R, Athanasou NA. The influence of serum cytokines and growth factors on osteoclast formation in Paget's disease. Q J Med. 2002;95(4):233-240.
158. Aharinejad S, Paulus P, Sioud M, et al. Colony-stimulating factor-1 blockade by antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs suppresses growth of human mammary tumor xenografts in mice. Cancer Res. 2004;64(15):5378-5384.
159. Cheng H, Clarkson PW, Gao D, Pacheco M, Wang Y, Nielsen TO. Therapeutic antibodies targeting CSF1 impede macrophage recruitment in a xenograft model of tenosynovial giant cell tumor. Sarcoma. 2010;2010:174528.
160. Vaananen K. Mechanism of osteoclast mediated bone resorption-rationale for the design of new therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57(7):959-971.