Developing mechanism-based and exposure biomarkers for mycotoxins in animals

Determining Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Food and Feed

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 245-275

  Riley, R T ^a   Voss, K A ^a   Coulombe, R A ^b   Pestka, J J ^c   Williams, D E ^d  

^a AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^b UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Michigan State University   (United States)

^d OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aflatoxin; Aspergillus; Biomarkers; Deoxynivalenol; Fumonisin; Fusarium; Mycotoxins; Ochratoxin; Penicillium; Trichothecene; Zearalenone

Indexed keywords

EID: 79961133868     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857090973.3.245     Document Type: Chapter

References (159)

1. Adler M., Müller K., Rached E., Dekant W., Mally A. Modulation of key regulators of mitosis linked to chromosomal instability is an early event in ochratoxin A carcinogenicity. Carcinogenesis 2009, 30:711-719.
2. Amuzie C.J., Pestka J.J. Suppression of insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) expression - a novel mechanism for deoxynivalenol-induced growth retardation. Toxicol Sci 2010, 113:412-421.
3. Amuzie C.J., Harkema J.R., Pestka J.J. Tissue distribution and proinflammatory cytokine induction by the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse: comparison of nasal vs. oral exposure. Toxicology 2008, 248:39-44.
4. Amuzie C.J., Shinozuka J., Pestka J.J. Induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling by the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse. Toxicol Sci 2009, 111:277-287.
5. Arbillaga L., Vettorazzi A., Gil A.G., van Delft J.H., García-Jalón J.A., López de Cerain A. Gene expression changes induced by ochratoxin A in renal and hepatic tissues of male F344 rat after oral repeated administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008, 230:197-207.
6. Bae H.K., Pestka J.J. Deoxynivalenol induces p38 interaction with the ribosome in monocytes and macrophages. Toxicol Sci 2008, 105:59-66.
7. Bae H.K., Gray J.S., Li M., Vines L., Kim J., Pestka J.J. Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase and hematopoetic cell kinase associate with the 40S ribosomal subunit and mediate the ribotoxic stress response to deoxynivalenol in mononuclear phagocytes. Toxicol Sci 2010, 115:444-452.
8. Bailey G.S. Role of aflatoxin-DNA adducts in the cancer process. The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary, and Agricultural Significance 1994, 137-148. Academic Press, New York.
9. 001 tumor and biomarker study. Chem Res Toxicol 2009, 22:1264-1276.
10. Bartok T., Szecsi A., Szekeres A., Mesterhazy A., Bartok M. Detection of new fumonisin mycotoxins and fumonisin-like compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Comm Mass Spectrom 2006, 20:2447-2462.
11. Baudrimont I., Sostaric B., Yenot C., Betbeder A.M., Dano-Djedje S., Sanni A., Steyn P.S., Creppy E.E. Aspartame prevents the karyomegaly induced by ochratoxin A in rat kidney. Arch Toxicol 2001, 75:176-183.
12. Benford D., Boyle C., Dekant W., Fuchs R., Gaylor D., Hard G., McGregor D., Pitt J., Plestina R., Shepard G., Solfrizzo M., Verger P., Walker R. Ochratoxin A', in Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. World Health Organization Food Additives 2001, 281-387. Paper 74, Series 47.
13. Biehl M.L., Prelusky D.B., Koritz G.D., Hartin K.E., Buck W.B., Trenholm H.L. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic cycling of zearalenone in immature pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993, 121:152-159.
14. Blount W.P. Turkey "X" disease. Turkeys 1961, 9:52-77.
15. Boehme K., Simon S., Mueller S.O. Gene expression profiling in Ishikawa cells: a fingerprint for estrogen active compounds. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009, 236:85-96.
16. Bolger M., Coker R.D., Dinovi M., Gaylor D., Gelderblom M.O., Paster N., Riley R.T., Shephard G., Speijers J.A. Fumonisins. Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food 2001, 103-279. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization Food Additives, Paper 74, Series 47.
17. Bow D.A., Perry J.L., Simon J.D., Pritchard J.B. The impact of plasma protein binding on the renal transport of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005, 316:349-355.
18. Burns T.D., Snook M.E., Riley R.T., Voss K.A. Fumonisin concentrations and in vivo toxicity of nixtamalized Fusarium verticillioides culture material: Evidence for fumonisin-matrix interactions. Food Chem Toxicol 2008, 46:2841-2848.
19. Cai Q., Tang L., Wang J.S. Validation of fumonisin biomarkers in F344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007, 225:28-39.
20. Canady R.A., Coker R.D., Rgan S.K., Krska R., Kuiper-Goodman T., Olsen M., Pestka J.J., Resnik S., Schlatter J. Deoxynivalenol. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Fifty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 2001, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva.
21. CAST Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant and Animal Systems 2003, Report no. 139 of the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa.
22. Cavin C., Delatour T., Marin-Kuan M., Fenaille F., Holzhäuser D., Guignard G., Bezengon C., Piguet D., Parisod V., Richoz-Payot J., Schilter B. Ochratoxin A-mediated DNA and protein damage: roles of nitrosative and oxidative stresses. Toxicol Sci 2009, 110:84-94.
23. Chalfant C.E., Spiegel S. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and ceramide 1-phosphate: expanding roles in cell signaling. J Cell Sci 2005, 118:4605-4612.
24. Chung Y.J., Zhou H.R., Pestka J.J. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional roles for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in upregulation of TNF-alpha expression by deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003, 193:188-201.
25. Collins T.F., Sprando R.L., Black T.N., Olejnik N., Eppley R.M., Shackelford M.E., Howard P.C., Rorie J.I., Bryant M., Ruggles D.I. Effects of aminopentol on in utero development in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006, 44:161-169.
26. 1-containing culture material decreases cardiac contractility and mechanical efficiency in swine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000, 162:151-160.
27. Coulombe R.A. Biological action of mycotoxins. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:880-891.
28. Cousin M.A., Riley R.T., Pestka J.J. Foodborne mycotoxins: chemistry, biology, ecology, and toxicology. Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology 2005, 164-226. Horizon Scientific Press, Norfolk, UK. P.M. Fratamico, A.K. Bhunia (Eds.).
29. Dänicke S., Swiech E., Buraczewska L., Ûberschär K.H. Kinetics and metabolism of zearalenone in young female pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr Berlin 2005, 89:268-276.
30. Delongchamp R.R., Young J.F. Tissue sphinganine as a biomarker of fumonisin-induced apoptosis. Food Addit Contam 2001, 18:255-261.
31. Diaz D. The Mycotoxin Blue Book 2005, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK.
32. Dietrich D.R., Heussner A.H., O'Brien E. Ochratoxin A: comparative pharma-cokinetics and toxicological implications (experimental and domestic animals and humans). Food Addit Contam 2005, 22:45-52.
33. Ding X., Lichti K., Staudinger J.L. The mycoestrogen zearalenone induces CYP3A through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Sci 2006, 91:448-455.
34. Eaton D.L., Gallagher E.P. Mechanisms of aflatoxin carcinogenesis. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1994, 34:135-172.
35. Eaton D.L., Beima K.M., Bammler T.K., Riley R.T., Voss K.A. Hepatotoxic mycotoxins. Comprehensive Toxicology 2010, Elsevier, Amsterdam, in press. R.A. Roth, P.E. Ganey (Eds.).
36. Edds G.T. Biological effects of aflatoxins in swine. Interactions of Mycotoxins in Animal Production 1979, 67-76. National Academy of Sciences, Washington.
37. 7-guanine in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2006, 19:1191-1195.
38. English B.K., Ihle J.N., Myracle A., Yi T. Hck tyrosine kinase activity modulates tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages. J Exp Med 1993, 178:1017-1022.
39. Enongene E.N., Sharma R.P., Bhandari N., Meredith F.I., Voss K.A., Riley R.T. Persistence and reversibility of the elevation in free sphingoid bases induced by fumonisin inhibition of ceramide synthase. Toxicol Sci 2002, 67:173-181.
40. Eriksen G.S., Pettersson H., Lindberg J.E. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 3-acetyl DON in pigs. Arch Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 2003, 57:335-345.
41. Ernst M., Inglese M., Scholz G.M., Harder K.W., Clay F.J., Bozinovski S., Waring P., Darwiche R., Kay T., Sly P., Collins R., Turner D., Hibbs M.L., Anderson G.P., Dunn A.R. Constitutive activation of the SRC family kinase Hck results in spontaneous pulmonary inflammation and an enhanced innate immune response. J Exp Med 2002, 196:589-604.
42. Fink-Gremmels J., Malekinejad H. Clinical effects and biochemical mechanisms associated with exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007, 137:326-341.
43. Fitzpatrick D.W., Picken C.A., Murphy L.C., Buhr M.M. Measurement of the relative binding affinity of zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol and beta-zearalenol for uterine and oviduct estrogen receptors in swine, rats and chickens: an indicator of estrogenic potencies. Comp Biochem Physiol 1989, C94:691-694.
44. Fodor J., Balogh K., Weber M., Miklós M., Kametler L., Pósa R., Mamet R., Bauer J., Horn P., Kovács F., Kovács M. Absorption, distribution and elimination of fumonisin B(1) metabolites in weaned piglets. Food Addit Contam Part A, Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008, 25:88-96.
45. Foreman J.H., Constable P.D., Waggoner A.L., Levy M., Eppley R.M., Smith G.W., Tumbleson M.E., Haschek W.M. Neurological abnormalities and cerebrospinal fluid changes in horses administered fumonisin Bj intravenously. J Vet Intern Med 2004, 18:22330.
46. 1. Food Addit Contam 2001, 18:850-856.
47. Gelineau-van Waes J., Starr L., Maddox J.R., Aleman F., Voss K.A., Wilberding J., Riley R.T. Maternal fumonisin exposure and risk for neural tube defects: Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and folate transport in an in vivo mouse model. Birth Defects Res 2005, 73:487-497.
48. Gelineau-van Waes J., Voss K.A., Stevens V.L., Speer M.C., Riley R.T. Maternal fumonisin exposure as a risk factor for neural tube defects. Adv Food NutrRes 2009, 56:14581.
49. Gray J.S., Pestka J.J. Transcriptional regulation of deoxynivalenol-induced IL-8 expression in human monocytes. Toxicol Sci 2007, 99:502-511.
50. Groopman J.D., Kensler T.W. Role of metabolism and viruses in aflatoxin-induced liver cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005, 206:131-137.
51. Grove J.F. Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes. Nat Prod Rep 1988, 5:187-209.
52. Grove J.F. Macrocyclic trichothecenes. Nat Prod Rep 1993, 10:429-448.
53. Grove J.F. Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes. Part 2. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 2000, 69:1-70.
54. Guarisco J.A., Hall J.O., Coulombe R.A. Butylated hydroxytoluene chemoprevention of aflatoxicosis - effects on aflatoxin B(1) bioavailability, hepatic DNA adduct formation, and biliary excretion. Food Chem Toxicol 2008, 46:3727-3731.
55. Guengerich F.P. Cytochrome P450 oxidations in the generation of reactive electrophiles: epoxidation and related reactions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003, 409:59-71.
56. Guindon K.A., Bedard L.L., Massey T.E. Elevation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA from isolated mouse lung cells following in vivo treatment with aflatoxin B(1). Toxicol Sci 2007, 98:57-62.
57. Hartley R.D., Nesbitt B., O'Kelley J. Toxic metabolites of Aspergillus flavus. Nature 1963, 198:1056.
58. Haschek W.M., Voss K.A., Beasley V.R. Selected mycotoxins affecting animal and human health. Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology 2002, 645-699. Academic Press, San Diego.
59. 1-8,9-epoxide. Biochem J 1992, 285:173-180.
60. Henry S., Bosch F.X., Troxell T.C., Bolger P.M. Reducing liver cancer - global control of aflatoxin. Science 1999, 286:2453-2454.
61. Hirabayashi Y., Igarashi Y., Merrill A.H. Sphingolipid synthesis, transport and cellular signaling. Sphingolipid Biology 2006, 3-22. Springer Verlag, Toyko.
62. 1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002, 185:153-165.
63. 2 and fusarin C 1993, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
64. IARC IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 82, Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene 2002, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
65. Imgrund S., Hartmann D., Farwanah H., Eckhardt M., Sandhoff R., Degen J., Gieselmann V., Sandhoff K., Willecke K. Adult ceramide synthase 2 (CERS2)-deficient mice exhibit myelin sheath defects, cerebellar degeneration, and hepatocarcinomas. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:33549-33560.
66. Iordanov M.S., Pribnow D., Magun J.L., Dinh T.H., Pearson J.A., Chen S.L., Magun B.E. Ribotoxic stress response: activation of the stress-activated protein kinase JNK1 by inhibitors of the peptidyl transferase reaction and by sequence-specific RNA damage to the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop in the 28S rRNA. Mol Cell Biol 1997, 17:3373-3381.
67. Iordanov M.S., Pribnow D., Magun J.L., Dinh T.H., Pearson J.A., Magun B.E. Ultraviolet radiation triggers the ribotoxic stress response in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:15794-15803.
68. Jia Q., Zhou H.R., Bennink M., Pestka J.J. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates mycotoxin-induced immunoglobulin a A nephropathy, interleukin-6 transcription, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in mice. J Nutr 2004, 134:3343-3349.
69. 1 8,9-epoxide hydrolysis in the presence of rat and human epoxide hydrolase. Chem Res Toxicol 1997, 10:672-676.
70. Josse R., Hymery N., Sibiril Y., Batina P., Parent-Massin D. In vitro effects of trichothecene metabolites on human hematopoietic progenitors. Toxicol Lett 2006, 164:S221-S222.
71. Jouany J.P., Diaz D.E. Effects of mycotoxins in ruminants. The Mycotoxin Blue Book 2005, 295-321. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham,UK. D. Diaz (Ed.).
72. 1. Chem Res Toxicol 2006, 19:577-586.
73. Kim J.E., Bauer M.M., Mendoza K.M., Reed K.M., Coulombe R.A. Comparative genomics identifies new alpha class genes within the avian glutathione S-transferase gene cluster. Gene 2010, 452:45-53.
74. Klein P.J., Buckner R., Kelly J., Coulombe R.A. Biochemical basis for the extreme sensitivity of turkeys to aflatoxin B(1). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000, 165:45-52.
75. Krogh P. Role of ochratoxin A in disease causation. Food Chem Toxicol 1992, 30:213-224.
76. Li S., Ouyang Y.L., Dong W., Pestka J.J. Superinduction of IL-2 gene expression by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) involves increased mRNA stability. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997, 147:331-342.
77. Maceyka M., Milstien S., Spiegel S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: the Swiss army knife of sphingolipid signaling. J Lipid Res 2009, 50:S272-S276.
78. Mally A., Dekant W. Mycotoxins and the kidney: modes of action for renal tumor formation by ochratoxin A in rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009, 53:467-478.
79. Mantle P.G., Faucet-Marquis V., Manderville R.A., Squillaci B., Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Structures of covalent adducts between DNA and ochratoxin A:A new factor in debate about genotoxicity and human risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2010, 23:89-98.
80. Marin-Kuan M., Cavin C., Delatour T., Schilter B. Ochratoxin A carcinogenicity involves a complex network of epigenetic mechanisms. Toxicon 2008, 52:195-202.
81. Marquardt R.R., Frohlich A.A. A review of recent advances in understanding ochratoxicosis. J Anim Sci 1992, 70:3968-3988.
82. 1. Vet Human Toxicol 1999, 41:357-362.
83. Meky F.A., Hardie L.J., Evans S.W., Wild C.P. Deoxynivalenol-induced immunomodulation of human lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. Food Chem Toxicol 2001, 39:827-836.
84. Meky F.A., Turner P.C., Ashcroft A.E., Miller J.D., Qiao Y.L., Roth M.J., Wild C.P. Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Food Chem Toxicol 2003, 41:265-273.
85. Minervini F., Dell'Aquila M.E. Zearalenone and Reproductive Function in Farm Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2008, 9:2570-2584.
86. MMWR (Mortality, Morbibity Weekly Report) Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning-Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January-July 2004. MMWR 2004, 53(34):790-793.
87. Moon Y., Pestka J.J. Vomitoxin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in macrophages mediated by activation of ERK and p38 but not JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicol Sci 2002, 69:373-382.
88. Moon Y., Pestka J.J. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates interleukin-6 upregulation by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003, 187:80-88.
89. Moon Y., Pestka J.J. Deoxynivalenol-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in mice suppressed by fish oil. J Nutr Biochem 2003, 14:717-726.
90. Moon Y., Uzarski R., Pestka J.J. Relationship of trichothecene structure to COX-2 induction in the macrophage: selective action of type B (8-keto) trichothecenes. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2003, 66:1967-1983.
91. Norred W.P., Plattner R.D., Meredith F.I., Riley R.T. Mycotoxin-induced elevation of free sphingoid bases in precision-cut rat liver slices: Specificity of the response and structure-activity relationships. Tox Appl Pharmacol 1997, 147:63-70.
92. 1 (FA1) and the impact on inhibition of ceramide synthase in rat liver slices. Food Chem Toxicol 2001, 39:1071-1078.
93. 1 and folate deficiency. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28:2291-2297.
94. 1 in F344/NRats andB6C3F1 Mice 2002, National Institution Health, Publication no. 99-3955.
95. O'Brien E., Dietrich D.R. Ochratoxin A: the continuing enigma. Crit Rev Toxicol 2005, 35:33-60.
96. 1 in rabbits. Chem Chem-BiolInteract 2009, 179:351-355.
97. Osweiler G.D. Occurrence and clinical manifestations of trichothecene toxicoses and zearalenone toxicoses. Diagnosis of Mycotoxicoses 1986, 31-42. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht. J.L. Richard, J.R. Thurston (Eds.).
98. Osweiler G.D. Mycotoxins - contemporary issues of food animal health and productivity. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2000, 16:511-530.
99. Palencia E., Torres O., Hagler W., Meredith F.I., Williams L.D., Riley R.T. Total fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of Mayan communities. J Nutr 2003, 133:3200-3203.
100. Pankova-Kholmyansky I., Futerman A.H. Ceramide synthase. Sphingolipid Biology 2006, 49-56. Springer Verlag, Toyko. Y. Hirabayashi, Y. Igarashi, A.H. Merrill (Eds.).
101. Parent-Massin D. Haematotoxicity of trichothecenes. Toxicol Lett 2004, 153:75-81.
102. Parkinson A., Ogilvie B.W. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: the Basic Science of Poisons 2008, 161-304. McGraw Hill, New York. C.D. Klaassen (Ed.).
103. Parveen M., Zhu Y., Kiyama R. Expression profiling of the genes responding to zearalenone and its analogues using estrogen-responsive genes. FEBS Lett 2009, 583:2377-2384.
104. Pass C., Macrae V.E., Ahmed S.F., Farquharson C. Inflammatory cytokines and the GH/IGF-I axis: novel actions on bone growth. Cell Biochem Funct 2009, 27:119-127.
105. Pestka J.J. Deoxynivalenol: toxicity, mechanisms and animal health risks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007, 137:283-298.
106. Pestka J.J. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008, 25:1128-1140.
107. Pestka J.J., Smolinski A.T. Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2005, 8:39-69.
108. Pestka J.J., Zhou H.R., Moon Y., Chung Y.J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune modulation by deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes: unraveling a paradox. Toxicol Lett 2004, 153:61-73.
109. Pestka J.J., Islam Z., Amuzie C.J. Immunochemical assessment of deoxynivalenol tissue distribution following oral exposure in the mouse. Toxicol Lett 2008, 178:83-87.
110. Pfohl-Leszkowicz A., Manderville R.A. Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007, 51:61-99.
111. Pfohl-Leszkowicz A., Guerre P., Galtier P. Metabolisation des mycotoxins. Les Mycotoxines dans l'alimentation: Evaluation et gestion di risqué 1999, 37-68. Technique & Documentation, Paris.
112. Pinton P., Nougayrede J.P., Del Rio J.C., Moreno C., Marin D.E., Ferrier L., Bracarense A.P., Kolf-Clauw M., Oswald I.P. The food contaminant deoxynivalenol, decreases intestinal barrier permeability and reduces claudin expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009, 237:41-48.
113. 1 when fed to weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2005, 83:1939-1947.
114. 1 in food-producing animals. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996, 392:265-278.
115. 1. Food Addit Contam 1996, 13:155-162.
116. Probst C., Njapau H., Cotty P.J. Outbreak of an acute aflatoxicosis in Kenya in 2004: identification of the causal agent. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:2762-2764.
117. Raisbeck M.F., Rottinghaus G.E., Kendall J.D. Effects of naturally occurring mycotoxins on ruminants. Mycotoxins and Animal Foods 1991, 647-677. CRC Press, Boca Raton. J.E. Smith, R.S. Henderson (Eds.).
118. Ranzenigo G., Caloni F., Cremonesi F., Aad P.Y., Spicer L.J. Effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on steroid production by porcine granulosa cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2008, 107:115-130.
119. Rawal S., Mendoza K.M., Reed K.M., Coulombe R.A. Structure, genetic mapping, and function of the cytochrome P450 3A37 gene in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Cytogenet Genome Res 2009, 125:67-73.
120. Rheeder J.P., Marasas W.F.O., Vismer H.F. Production of fumonisin analogs by Fusarium species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002, 68:2101-2105.
121. Riley R.T., Pestka J. Mycotoxins: metabolism, mechanisms and biochemical markers. The Mycotoxin Blue Book 2005, 295-321. Nottingham University Press, UK. D. Diaz (Ed.).
122. Riley R.T., Voss K.A. Differential sensitivity of rat kidney and liver to fumonisin toxicity: organ-specific differences in toxin accumulation and sphingoid base metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2006, 92:335-345.
123. Riley R.T., An N.-H., Showker J.L., Yoo H.S., Norred W.P., Chamberlain W.J., Wang E., Merrill A.H., Motelin G., Beasely V.R., Haschek W.M. Alteration of tissue and serum sphinganine to sphingosine ratio: An early biomarker in pigs of exposure to fumonisin containing feeds. Toxicol App Pharmacol 1993, 118:105-112.
124. 1 induces disruption of sphingolipid metabolism in Sprague Dawley rats: A new mechanism of nephrotoxicity. J Nutr 1994, 124:594-603.
125. Riley R.T., Wang E., Schroeder J.J., Smith E.R., Plattner R.D., Abbas H., Yoo H.S., Merrill A.H. Evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism as a contributing factor in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fumonisins. Natural Toxins 1996, 4:3-15.
126. 3. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1997, 3:2218.
127. Riley R.T., Enongene E., Voss K.A., Norred W.P., Meredith F.I., Sharma R.P., Williams L.D.E., Carlson D.B., Spitsbergen J., Merrill A.H. Sphingolipid perturbations as mechanisms for fumonisin carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 2001, 109:301-308.
128. 1 in feeds associated with animal health problems. Mycopathologia 1991, 114:129-135.
129. Schwerdt G., Freudinger R., Silbernagl S., Gekle M. Ochratoxin A - binding proteins in rat organs and plasma and in different cell lines of the kidney. Toxicology 1999, 135:1-10.
130. Scott P.M. Biomarkers of human exposure to ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam, Suppl 2005, 1:99-107. Suppl.
131. Shen H.-M., Ong C.-N. Mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and ras oncogenes in aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis. Mut Res 1996, 366:23-44.
132. Shephard G.S., Van Der Westhuizen L., Sewram V. Biomarkers of exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins: a review. Food Addit Contam 2007, 24:1196-1201.
133. Sieber M., Wagner S., Rached E., Amberg A., Mally A., Dekant W. Metabonomic study of ochratoxin a toxicity in rats after repeated administration: phenotypic anchoring enhances the ability for biomarker discovery. Chem Res Toxicol 2009, 22:1221-1231.
134. 1 in horses. Am J Vet Res 2002, 63:538-545.
135. 1-induced sphingolipid depletion inhibits vitamin uptake via the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored folate receptor. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:18020-18025.
136. Stoev S.D., Anguelov G., Ivanov I., Pavlov D. Influence of ochratoxin A and an extract of artichoke on the vaccinal immunity and health in broiler chicks. Exp Toxicologic Pathol 2000, 52:43-55.
137. Stoev S.D., Goundasheva D., Mirtcheva T., Mantle P.G. Susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections in growing pigs as an early response in ochratoxicosis. Exp Toxicologic Patholy 2000, 52:287-296.
138. 1exo-epoxide. Association with reduced levels of hepatic aflatoxin-DNA adduct in vivo. Drug Metabol Dispos 1994, 22:392-399.
139. Tiemann U., Dänicke S. In vivo and in vitro effects of the mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol on different non-reproductive and reproductive organs in female pigs: A review. Food Addit Contam, Part A 2007, 24:306-314.
140. Trenholm H.L., Hamilton R.M., Friend D.W., Thompson B.K., Hartin K.E. Feeding trials with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-contaminated wheat: effects on swine, poultry, and dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984, 185:527-531.
141. Trenholm H.L., Prelusky D.B., Young J.C., Miller J.D. Reducing mycotoxins in animal feeds. Agriculture Canada Publication 1827E 1988, Communications Branch, Ottawa, Agriculture Canada.
142. Tsygankov A.Y., Shore S.K. SRC: Regulation, role in human carcinogenesis and pharmacological inhibitors. Curr Pharmaceut Design 2004, 10:1745-1756.
143. Turner P.C., Sylla A., Gong Y.Y., Diallo M.S., Sutcliffe A.E., Hall A.J., Wild C.P. Reduction in exposure to carcinogenic aflatoxins by postharvest intervention measures in west Africa: a community-based intervention study. Lancet 2005, 365:1950-1956.
144. Turner P.C., Rothwell J.A., White K.L., Gong Y., Cade J.E., Wild C.P. Urinary deoxynivalenol is correlated with cereal intake in individuals from the United Kingdom. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116:21-25.
145. Ueno Y. Toxicological features of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1984, 4:S124-S132.
146. 1. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1998, 5:101-104.
147. Voss K.A., Smith G.W., Haschek W.M. Fumonisins: toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007, 137:299-325.
148. 1 did not cause neural tube defects. Toxicol Sci 2009, 112:459-467.
149. 1-8,9-epoxide-conjugating activity in the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis liver. Toxicol Sci 2000, 56:26-36.
150. Wang E., Norred W.P., Bacon C.W., Riley R.T., Merrill A.H. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins: implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:14486-14490.
151. Wang E., Ross P.F., Wilson T.M., Riley R.T., Merrill A.H. Alteration of serum sphingolipids upon exposure of ponies to feed containing fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. J Nutr 1992, 122:706-716.
152. 1 consumption by rats causes reversible dose-dependent, increases in urinary sphinganine and sphingosine. J Nutr 1999, 129:214-220.
153. 1. International Programme on Chemical Safety 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. W.H.O. Marasas, J.D. Miller, R.T. Riley, A. Visconti (Eds.).
154. Williams B.R. Signal integration via PKR. Sci. STKE 2001, (89)re2 2001, http://www.stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/89/re2.
155. 1 oxidizing activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2006, 19:30-37.
156. Zanic-Grubisic T., Zrinski R., Cepelak I., Petrik J., Radic B., Pepeljnjak S. Studies of ochratoxin A-induced inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase and its reversal by phenylalanine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000, 167:132-139.
157. Zinedine A., Soriano J.M., Moltó J.C., Mañes J. Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2007, 45:1-18.
158. 1 causes accumulation of 1-deoxy-sphinganine: A novel category of bioactive 1-deoxy-sphingoid bases and 1-deoxy-dihydroceramides biosynthesized by mammalian cell lines and animals. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:4786-4795.
159. Zollner P., Jodlbauer J., Kleinova M., Kahlbacher H., Kuhn T., Hochsteiner W., Lindner W. Concentration levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in urine, muscle tissue, and liver samples of pigs fed with mycotoxin-contaminated oats. J AgricFood Chem 2002, 50:2494-2501.