Glutathione deficit and redox dysregulation in animal models of schizophrenia

Neuromethods

Volumn 59, Issue , 2011, Pages 149-188

  Steullet, Pascal ^a   Cabungcal, Jan Harry ^b   Kulak, Anita ^b   Cuenod, Michel ^b   Schenk, Françoise ^b   Do, Kim Q ^b  

^a LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

oscillations; anterior cingulate cortex; behavior; development; dopamine; Glutathione; NMDA receptors; oxidative stress; parvalbumin; schizophrenia; ventral hippocampus

Indexed keywords

BUTHIONINE SULFOXIMINE; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT PROTEIN; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE MODIFIER SUBUNIT PROTEIN; GLUTATHIONE; LIPID; MYELIN; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANOXERINE;

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; COLORIMETRY; DOPAMINE UPTAKE; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME ASSAY; EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; FLUOROMETRY; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GAMMA RHYTHM; GENE; GENETIC MODEL; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE CATALYTIC SUBUNIT GENE; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE MODIFIER SUBUNIT GENE; GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM; HUMAN; LIPID PEROXIDATION; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERINATAL DEVELOPMENT; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REDOX STRESS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOMATIZATION;

ANIMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 79959632549     PISSN: 08932336     EISSN: 19406045     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-157-4_7     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T., Mazur, M., and Telser, J. (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39, 44-84. (Pubitemid 44566469)
2. Jones, D. P. (2008) Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295, C849-C868.
3. Kwon, Y. W., Masutani, H., Nakamura, H., Ishii, Y., and Yodoi, J. (2003) Redox regulation of cell growth and cell death. Biol Chem 384, 991-996. (Pubitemid 37062959)
4. Menon, S. G. and Goswami, P. C. (2007) A redox cycle within the cell cycle: Ring in the old with the new. Oncogene 26, 1101-1109.
5. Shi, Z. Z., Osei-Frimpong, J., Kala, G., Kala, S. V., Barrios, R. J., Habib, G. M., Lukin, D. J., Danney, C. M., Matzuk, M. M., and Lieberman, M. W. (2000) Glutathione synthesis is essential for mouse development but not for cell growth in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 5101-5106. (Pubitemid 30313678)
6. Lipton, S. A., Choi, Y. B., Takahashi, H., Zhang, D., Li,W., Godzik, A., and Bankston, L. A. (2002) Cysteine regulation of protein function - As exemplified by NMDA-receptor modulation. Trends Neurosci 25, 474-480. (Pubitemid 35223002)
7. Lu, S. C. (2009) Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med 30, 42-59.
8. Forman, H. J., Zhang, H., and Rinna, A.(2009) Glutathione: Overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis.Mol Aspects Med 30, 1-12.
9. Dringen, R. (2000) Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog Neurobiol 62, 649-671. (Pubitemid 30407139)
10. Herken, H., Uz, E., Ozyurt, H., Sogut, S., Virit, O., and Akyol, O. (2001) Evidence that the activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes and the products of lipid peroxidation are increased in different forms of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 6, 66-73. (Pubitemid 32096067)
11. Khan, M. M., Evans, D. R., Gunna, V., Scheffer, R. E., Parikh, V. V., and Mahadik, S. P. (2002) Reduced erythrocyte membrane essential fatty acids and increased lipid peroxides in schizophrenia at the never-medicated first-episode of psychosis and after years of treatment with antipsychotics. Schizophr Res 58, 1-10. (Pubitemid 35287278)
12. Reddy, R., Keshavan, M., and Yao, J.K. (2003) Reduced plasma antioxidants in first-episode patients with schizophrenia.Schizophr Res 62, 205-212. (Pubitemid 36773929)
13. Yao, J. K., Reddy, R., and van Kammen, D.P. (2000) Abnormal age-related changes of plasma antioxidant proteins in schizophrenia.Psychiatry Res 97, 137-151. (Pubitemid 32126553)
14. Mahadik, S. P. and Mukherjee, S. (1996).Free radical pathology and antioxidant defense in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr Res 19, 1-17. (Pubitemid 26133208)
15. Raffa, M., Mechri, A., Othman, L. B., Fendri, C., Gaha, L., and Kerkeni, A.(2009) Decreased glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in untreated and treated schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.06.018.
16. Yao, J. K., Reddy, R. D., and van Kammen, Ds. P. (2001) Oxidative damage and schizophrenia: An overview of the evidence and its therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 15, 287-310. (Pubitemid 32337052)
17. Zhang, X. Y., Tan, Y. L., Cao, L. Y., Wu, G. Y., Xu, Q., Shen, Y., and Zhou, D. F.(2006) Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in different forms of schizophrenia treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics.Schizophr Res 81, 291-300. (Pubitemid 43107705)
18. Do, K. Q., Bovet, P., Cabungcal, J. H., Conus, P., Gysin, R., Lavoie, S., Steullet, P., and Cuenod, M. (2009) Redox dysregulation in schizophrenia: Genetic susceptibility and pathophysiological mechanisms. In Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol: Schizophrenia (Javitt, D. C., Kantrowitz, I. T., Lajtha, A., Eds.), Springer, New York, vol. 27, pp. 285-311.
19. Keshavan,M. S., Mallinger, A. G., Pettegrew, J. W., and Dippold, C. (1993) Erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in psychotic patients. Psychiatry Res 49, 89-95. (Pubitemid 23329249)
20. Reddy, R. D., Keshavan, M. S., and Yao, J. K. (2004) Reduced red blood cell membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia at neurolepticnaive baseline. Schizophr Bull 30, 901-911. (Pubitemid 40469524)
21. Mahadik, S. P., Mukherjee, S., Correnti, E.E., Kelkar, H. S., Wakade, C. G., Costa, R.M., and Scheffer, R. (1994) Plasma membrane phospholipid and cholesterol distribution of skin fibroblasts from drug-naive patients at the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res 13, 239-247. (Pubitemid 24302654)
22. Keshavan, M. S., Stanley, J. A., Montrose, D. M., Minshew, N. J., and Pettegrew, J.W. (2003) Prefrontal membrane phospholipid metabolism of child and adolescent offspring at risk for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: An in vivo 31P MRS study.Mol Psychiatry 8, 316-323. (Pubitemid 36712925)
23. Pettegrew, J. W., Keshavan, M. S., Panchalingam, K., Strychor, S., Kaplan, D.B., Tretta, M. G., and Allen, M. (1991) Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48, 563-568.
24. Yao, J., Stanley, J. A., Reddy, R. D., Keshavan,M. S., and Pettegrew, J.W. (2002) Correlations between peripheral polyunsaturated fatty acid content and in vivo membrane phospholipid metabolites. Biol Psychiatry 52, 823-830.
25. Do, K. Q., Trabesinger, A. H., Kirsten- Kruger, M., Lauer, C. J., Dydak, U., Hell, D., Holsboer, F., Boesiger, P., and Cuenod, M. (2000) Schizophrenia: Glutathione deficit in cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 12, 3721-3728.
26. Prabakaran, S., Swatton, J. E., Ryan, M. M., Huffaker, S. J., Huang, J. T., Griffin, J. L., Wayland, M., Freeman, T., Dudbridge, F., Lilley, K. S., Karp, N. A., Hester, S., Tkachev, D., Mimmack, M. L., Yolken, R. H., Webster, M. J., Torrey, E. F., and Bahn, S. (2004) Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: Evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry 9, 684-697. (Pubitemid 38932173)
27. Yao, J. K., Leonard, S., and Reddy, R.(2006) Altered glutathione redox state in schizophrenia. Dis Markers 22, 83-93. (Pubitemid 41831607)
28. Loven, D. P., James, J. F., Biggs, L., and Little, K. Y. (1996) Increased manganesesuperoxide dismutase activity in postmortem brain from neuroleptic-treated psychotic patients. Biol Psychiatry 40, 230-232. (Pubitemid 26349117)
29. Michel, T. M., Thome, J., Martin, D., Nara, K., Zwerina, S., Tatschner, T., Weijers, H.G., and Koutsilieri, E. (2004) Cu, Zn- And Mn-superoxide dismutase levels in brains of patients with schizophrenic psychosis. J Neural Transm 111, 1191-1201. (Pubitemid 39222778)
30. Gysin, R., Kraftsik, R., Sandell, J., Bovet, P., Chappuis, C., Conus, P., Deppen, P., Preisig, M., Ruiz, V., Steullet, P., Tosic, M., Werge, T., Cuenod, M., and Do, K.Q. (2007) Impaired glutathione synthesis in schizophrenia: Convergent genetic and functional evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104, 16621-16626. (Pubitemid 350211066)
31. Gysin, R., Krafsik, R., Boulat, O., Conus, P., Comte-Krieger, E., Polari, A., Steullet, P., Preisig, M.,Teichmann, T., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q. (2010, Oct 30) Genetic dysregulation of glutathione synthesis predicts alteration of plasma thiol redox status in schizophrenia. Antioxid Redox Signal [Epub ahead of print].
32. Crow, T. J. (1986) The continuum of psychosis and its implication for the structure of the gene. Br J Psychiatry 149, 419-429. (Pubitemid 16029657)
33. Berk, M., Copolov, D. L., Dean, O., Lu, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., Anderson- Hunt, M., and Bush, A. I. (2008) N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder - A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 64, 468-475.
34. Berk, M., Copolov, D., Dean, O., Lu, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., Anderson-Hunt, M., Judd, F., Katz, F., Katz, P., Ording- Jespersen, S., Little, J., Conus, P., Cuenod, M., Do, K. Q., and Bush, A. I. (2008) N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia - A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 64, 361-368.
35. Lavoie, S., Murray, M. M., Deppen, P., Knyazeva, M. G., Berk, M., Boulat, O., Bovet, P., Bush, A. I., Conus, P., Copolov, D., Fornari, E., Meuli, R., Solida, A., Vianin, P., Cuenod, M., Buclin, T., and Do, K.Q. (2008) Glutathione precursor, N-acetylcysteine, improves mismatch negativity in schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 2187-2199. (Pubitemid 351992093)
36. Kempf, L., Nicodemus, K. K., Kolachana, B., Vakkalanka, R., Verchinski, B. A., Egan, M.F., Straub, R. E., Mattay, V. A., Callicott, J. H., Weinberger, D. R., and Meyer- Lindenberg, A. (2008) Functional polymorphisms in PRODH are associated with risk and protection for schizophrenia and frontostriatal structure and function. PLoS Genet 4, e1000252.
37. Krishnan, N., Dickman, M. B., and Becker, D. F. (2008) Proline modulates the intracellular redox environment and protects mammalian cells against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 44, 671-681. (Pubitemid 351172717)
38. Do, K. Q., Cabungcal, J. H., Frank, A., Steullet, P., and Cuenod, M. (2009) Redox dysregulation, neurodevelopment, and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 19, 220-230.
39. Garcia-Bueno, B., Caso, J. R., and Leza, J. C.(2008) Stress as a neuroinflammatory condition in brain: Damaging and protective mechanisms.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, 1136-1151.
40. Paintlia, M. K., Paintlia, A. S., Khan, M., Singh, I., and Singh, A. K. (2008) Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activity by N-acetyl cysteine attenuates inhibition of oligodendrocyte development in lipopolysaccharide stimulated mixed glial cultures. JNeurochem 105, 956-970. (Pubitemid 351562737)
41. Wedner, H. J., Simchowitz, L., Stenson, W.F., and Fischman, C. M. (1981) Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by 2-cyclohexene-1-one. A role for glutathione in cell activation. J Clin Invest 68, 535-543. (Pubitemid 11039635)
42. Bizzozero, O. A., Ziegler, J. L., De, J. G., and Bolognani, F. (2006) Acute depletion of reduced glutathione causes extensive carbonylation of rat brain proteins. J Neurosci Res 83, 656-667. (Pubitemid 43384859)
43. Gupta, A., Gupta, A., Datta, M., and Shukla, G. S. (2000) Cerebral antioxidant status and free radical generation following glutathione depletion and subsequent recovery. Mol Cell Biochem 209, 55-61. (Pubitemid 30451435)
44. Dean, O., Bush, A. I., Berk, M., Copolov, D. L., and van den Buuse, M. (2009) Glutathione depletion in the brain disrupts short-term spatial memory in the Y-maze in rats and mice. Behav Brain Res 198, 258-262.
45. Cruz-Aguado, R., Almaguer-Melian, W., Diaz, C. M., Lorigados, L., and Bergado, J.(2001) Behavioral and biochemical effects of glutathione depletion in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 55, 327-333. (Pubitemid 32727891)
46. Campbell, E. B., Hayward, M. L., and Griffith, O. W. (1991) Analytical and preparative separation of the diastereomers of L-buthionine (SR)-sulfoximine, a potent inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis. Anal Biochem 194, 268-277.
47. Griffith, O.W. andMeister, A. (1979) Potent and specific inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (S-n-butyl homocysteine sulfoximine). J Biol Chem254, 7558-7560.
48. Griffith, O. W. (1999) Biologic and pharmacologic regulation of mammalian glutathione synthesis. Free Radic Biol Med 27, 922-935. (Pubitemid 29507466)
49. Reyes, E., Ott, S., Robinson, B., and Contreras, R. (1995) The effect of in utero administration of buthionine sulfoximine on rat development. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 50, 491-497.
50. Slivka, A., Spina, M. B., Calvin, H. I., and Cohen, G. (1988) Depletion of brain glutathione in preweanling mice by Lbuthionine sulfoximine. J Neurochem 50, 1391-1393.
51. Castagne, V., Rougemont, M., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q. (2004) Low brain glutathione and ascorbic acid associated with dopamine uptake inhibition during rat's development induce long-term cognitive deficit: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 15, 93-105. (Pubitemid 38134384)
52. Jacobsen, J. P., Rodriguiz, R. M., Mork, A., and Wetsel, W. C. (2005) Monoaminergic dysregulation in glutathione-deficient mice: Possible relevance to schizophrenia? Neuroscience 132, 1055-1072. (Pubitemid 40602540)
53. Martensson, J. and Meister, A. (1992) Glutathione deficiency increases hepatic ascorbic acid synthesis in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 11566-11568.
54. Nishikimi, M. and Yagi, K. (1996) Biochemistry and molecular biology of ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Subcell Biochem 25, 17-39.
55. Ellender, G. and Gazelakis, T. (1996) Growth and bone remodelling in a scorbutic rat model. Aust Dent J 41, 97-106. (Pubitemid 126456662)
56. Finlay, J. M. and Zigmond, M. J. (1997) The effects of stress on central dopaminergic neurons: Possible clinical implications. Neurochem Res 22, 1387-1394. (Pubitemid 27461138)
57. Cadet, J. L. and Brannock, C. (1998) Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems. Neurochem Int 32, 117-131. (Pubitemid 28105298)
58. Hirrlinger, J., Schulz, J. B., and Dringen, R. (2002) Effects of dopamine on the glutathione metabolism of cultured astroglial cells: Implications for Parkinson's disease.J Neurochem 82, 458-467. (Pubitemid 34831487)
59. Rabinovic, A. D. and Hastings, T. G. (1998) Role of endogenous glutathione in the oxidation of dopamine. J Neurochem 71, 2071-2078. (Pubitemid 28491563)
60. Grima, G., Benz, B., Parpura, V., Cuenod, M., and Do, K.Q. (2003) Dopamineinduced oxidative stress in neurons with glutathione deficit: Implication for schizophrenia.Schizophr Res 62, 213-224. (Pubitemid 36773930)
61. Chen, N. and Reith, M. E. (2000) Structure and function of the dopamine transporter.Eur J Pharmacol 405, 329-339.
62. Chan, S. W. and Reade, P. C. (1996) Determination of the L-ascorbic acid requirements in Wistar osteogenic disorder Shionogi rats for prolonged carcinogenesis experiments.Lab Anim 30, 337-346. (Pubitemid 26393451)
63. Rougemont, M., Do, K. Q., and Castagne, V. (2002) New model of glutathione deficit during development: Effect on lipid peroxidation in the rat brain. J Neurosci Res 70, 774-783. (Pubitemid 35416894)
64. Mamiya, T., Kise, M., and Morikawa, K.(2008) Ferulic acid attenuated cognitive deficits and increase in carbonyl proteins induced by buthionine-sulfoximine in mice.Neurosci Lett 430, 115-118.
65. Castagne, V., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q.(2004) An animal model with relevance to schizophrenia: Sex-dependent cognitive deficits in osteogenic disorder-Shionogi rats induced by glutathione synthesis and dopamine uptake inhibition during development.Neuroscience 123, 821-834. (Pubitemid 38130093)
66. Steullet, P., Neijt, H. C., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q. (2006) Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neuroscience 137, 807-819. (Pubitemid 43053945)
67. Giblin, F. J. (2000) Glutathione: A vital lens antioxidant. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 16, 121-135. (Pubitemid 30235971)
68. Li, Z. R., Reiter, R. J., Fujimori, O., Oh, C. S., and Duan, Y. P. (1997) Cataractogenesis and lipid peroxidation in newborn rats treated with buthionine sulfoximine: Preventive actions of melatonin. J Pineal Res 22, 117-123. (Pubitemid 127731747)
69. Lewis, D. A. and Gonzalez-Burgos, G.(2008) Neuroplasticity of neocortical circuits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 141-165. (Pubitemid 350191315)
70. Cabungcal, J. H., Nicolas, D., Kraftsik, R., Cuenod, M., Do, K. Q., and Hornung, J.P. (2006) Glutathione deficit during development induces anomalies in the rat anterior cingulate GABAergic neurons: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 22, 624-637. (Pubitemid 43832133)
71. Garey, L. J., Ong, W. Y., Patel, T. S., Kanani, M., Davis, A., Mortimer, A. M., Barnes, T.R., and Hirsch, S. R. (1998) Reduced dendritic spine density on cerebral cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65, 446-453. (Pubitemid 28438871)
72. Glantz, L. A. and Lewis, D. A. (2000) Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57, 65-73. (Pubitemid 30035660)
73. Kolluri, N., Sun, Z., Sampson, A. R., and Lewis, D. A. (2005) Lamina-specific reductions in dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia.Am J Psychiatry 162, 1200-1202. (Pubitemid 40770705)
74. Cabungcal, J. H., Preissmann, D., Delseth, C., Cuenod, M., Do, K. Q., and Schenk, F.(2007) Transitory glutathione deficit during brain development induces cognitive impairment in juvenile and adult rats: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 26, 634-645. (Pubitemid 46756330)
75. Preissmann, D. (2009) A la recherche de symptǒmes de désorientation dépendant d'un déficit d'intégration multisensorielle chez l'animal: Un éclairage sur les mécanismes fondamentaux de la schizophrénie.Thesis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
76. Danion, J. M., Rizzo, L., and Bruant, A.(1999) Functional mechanisms underlying impaired recognition memory and conscious awareness in patients with schizophrenia.Arch Gen Psychiatry 56, 639-644.
77. Heckers, S., Curran, T., Goff, D., Rauch, S.L., Fischman, A. J., Alpert, N.M., and Schacter, D. L. (2000) Abnormalities in the thalamus and prefrontal cortex during episodic object recognition in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 48, 651-657.
78. Laws, K. R., Leeson, V. C., and McKenna, P. J. (2006) Domain-specific deficits in schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 11, 537-556. (Pubitemid 46294889)
79. Tek, C., Gold, J., Blaxton, T., Wilk, C., McMahon, R. P., and Buchanan, R.W. (2002) Visual perceptual and working memory impairments in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59, 146-153. (Pubitemid 34137384)
80. Prokai, L. and Simpkins, J. W. (2007) Structure-nongenomic neuroprotection relationship of estrogens and estrogen-derived compounds. Pharmacol Ther 114, 1-12. (Pubitemid 46498162)
81. Preissmann, D., Cocchi, C., Cabungcal, J.H., and Schenk, F. (2008) Animal models of schizophrenia: In search of a common key neurological syndrome in rats and humans. In Endophenotypes of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders in Animal Models (Granon, S., Ed.), Research Signpost/ Transworld Research Network, Kerala, India, pp. 265-291.
82. Ross, L. A., Saint-Amour, D., Leavitt, V. M., Molholm, S., Javitt, D. C., and Foxe, J. J.(2007) Impaired multisensory processing in schizophrenia: Deficits in the visual enhancement of speech comprehension under noisy environmental conditions. Schizophr Res 97, 173-183. (Pubitemid 350088394)
83. Pileblad, E. and Magnusson, T. (1989) Intracerebroventricular administration of L-buthionine sulfoximine: A method for depleting brain glutathione. J Neurochem 53, 1878-1882. (Pubitemid 19283660)
84. Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N. A., Strain, J.G., and Joseph, J. A. (1997) Psychomotor effects of dopamine infusion under decreased glutathione conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 23, 412-418. (Pubitemid 27276777)
85. Abe, K., Nakanishi, K., and Saito, H. (2000) The possible role of endogenous glutathione as an anticonvulsant in mice. Brain Res 854, 235-238. (Pubitemid 30067682)
86. Shukitt-Hale, B., Erat, S. A., and Joseph, J. A. (1998) Spatial learning and memory deficits induced by dopamine administration with decreased glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 24, 1149-1158. (Pubitemid 28246728)
87. Amato, A., Connolly, C. N., Moss, S. J., and Smart, T. G. (1999) Modulation of neuronal and recombinant GABAA receptors by redox reagents. J Physiol 517 (Pt 1), 35-50. (Pubitemid 29243469)
88. Joseph, S. K., Nakao, S. K., and Sukumvanich, S. (2006) Reactivity of free thiol groups in type-I inositol trisphosphate receptors.Biochem J 393, 575-582. (Pubitemid 43099097)
89. Hidalgo, C., Bull, R., Behrens, M. I., and Donoso, P. (2004) Redox regulation of RyRmediated Ca2+ release in muscle and neurons.Biol Res 37, 539-552.
90. Sommer, D., Coleman, S., Swanson, S. A., and Stemmer, P. M. (2002) Differential susceptibilities of serine/threonine phosphatases to oxidative and nitrosative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 404, 271-278. (Pubitemid 34913558)
91. Campbell, D. L., Stamler, J. S., and Strauss, H. C. (1996) Redox modulation of Ltype calcium channels in ferret ventricular myocytes. Dual mechanism regulation by nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols. J Gen Physiol 108, 277-293. (Pubitemid 26332539)
92. DiChiara, T. J. and Reinhart, P. H. (1997) Redox modulation of hslo Ca2+-activated K+ channels. J Neurosci 17, 4942-4955. (Pubitemid 27263808)
93. Berman, S. B., Zigmond, M. J., and Hastings, T. G. (1996) Modification of dopamine transporter function: Effect of reactive oxygen species and dopamine. JNeurochem 67, 593-600. (Pubitemid 26255653)
94. Berman, S. B. and Hastings, T. G. (1997) Inhibition of glutamate transport in synaptosomes by dopamine oxidation and reactive oxygen species. J Neurochem 69, 1185-1195. (Pubitemid 27364840)
95. Steullet, P., Lavoie, S., Kraftsik, R., Guidi, R., Gysin, R., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q.(2008) A glutathione deficit alters dopamine modulation of L-type calcium channels via D2 and ryanodine receptors in neurons. Free Radic Biol Med 44, 1042-1054.
96. Tosic, M., Ott, J., Barral, S., Bovet, P., Deppen, P., Gheorghita, F., Matthey, M. L., Parnas, J., Preisig, M., Saraga, M., Solida, A., Timm, S., Wang, A. G., Werge, T., Cuenod, M., and Quang, D. K. (2006) Schizophrenia and oxidative stress: Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier as a susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 79, 586-592. (Pubitemid 44384270)
97. Dalton, T. P., Chen, Y., Schneider, S. N., Nebert, D. W., and Shertzer, H. G. (2004) Genetically altered mice to evaluate glutathione homeostasis in health and disease.Free Radic Biol Med 37, 1511-1526. (Pubitemid 39349798)
98. Dalton, T. P., Dieter, M. Z., Yang, Y., Shertzer, H. G., and Nebert, D. W. (2000) Knockout of the mouse glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) gene: Embryonic lethal when homozygous, and proposed model for moderate glutathione deficiency when heterozygous. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279, 324-329. (Pubitemid 32016716)
99. Yang, Y., Dieter, M. Z., Chen, Y., Shertzer, H. G., Nebert, D. W., and Dalton, T.P. (2002) Initial characterization of the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit Gclm(-/-) knockout mouse. Novel model system for a severely compromised oxidative stress response. J Biol Chem 277, 49446-49452. (Pubitemid 36014379)
100. Giordano, G., White, C. C., McConnachie, L. A., Fernandez, C., Kavanagh, T. J., and Costa, L. G. (2006) Neurotoxicity of domoic Acid in cerebellar granule neurons in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Mol Pharmacol 70, 2116-2126. (Pubitemid 44771927)
101. Kishi, T., Ikeda, M., Kitajima, T., Yamanouchi, Y., Kinoshita, Y., Kawashima, K., Inada, T., Harano, M., Komiyama, T., Hori, T., Yamada, M., Iyo, M., Sora, I., Sekine, Y., Ozaki, N., Ujike, H., and Iwata, N. (2008) Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) subunit gene is not associated with methamphetamine-use disorder or schizophrenia in the Japanese population.Ann N Y Acad Sci 1139, 63-69.
102. Butticaz, C., Werge, T., Beckmann, J. S., Cuenod, M., Do, K. Q., and Rivolta, C.(2009) Mutation screening of the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) gene in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 19, 201-208.
103. Steullet, P., Cabungcal, J. H., Kulak, A., Kraftsik, R., Chen, Y., Dalton, T. P., Cuenod, M., and Do, Q. K. (2010) Redox dysregulation affects the ventral but not dorsal hippocampus: Impairment of parvalbumin interneurons, gamma oscillations, and related behaviors. J Neurosci 30, 2547-2558.
104. Lavoie, S., Chen, Y., Dalton, T. P., Gysin, R., Cuenod, M., Steullet, P., and Do, K.Q. (2009) Curcumin, quercetin and tBHQ modulate glutathione levels in astrocytes and neurons: Importance of the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit. J Neurochem 108, 1410-1422.
105. Cabungcal, J. H., Frank, A., Steullet, P., Kraftsik, R., Hornung, J. P., Chen, Y., Dalton, T. P., Cuenod, M., and Do, K. Q.(2008) Redox Dysregulation Impairs Normal Development of Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons and Neuronal Circuitry of the Prefrontal Cortex in an Animal Model with Relevance to Schizophrenia www.sfn.org/ am2008 - Neuroscience Meeting Planner.Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC.Online.
106. Behrens, M. M., Ali, S. S., Dao, D. N., Lucero, J., Shekhtman, G., Quick, K. L., and Dugan, L. L. (2007) Ketamine-induced loss of phenotype of fast-spiking interneurons is mediated by NADPH-oxidase. Science 318, 1645-1647. (Pubitemid 350233667)
107. Baiano, M., David, A., Versace, A., Churchill, R., Balestrieri, M., and Brambilla, P. (2007) Anterior cingulate volumes in schizophrenia: A systematic review and a metaanalysis of MRI studies. Schizophr Res 93, 1-12. (Pubitemid 46817932)
108. Goldman, M. B. and Mitchell, C. P.(2004) What is the functional significance of hippocampal pathology in schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 30, 367-392. (Pubitemid 38828543)
109. Smith, J., Ladi, E., Mayer-Proschel, M., and Noble, M. (2000) Redox state is a central modulator of the balance between selfrenewal and differentiation in a dividing glial precursor cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 10032-10037.
110. Karoutzou, G., Emrich, H. M., and Dietrich, D. E. (2008) The myelin-pathogenesis puzzle in schizophrenia: A literature review. Mol Psychiatry 13, 245-260. (Pubitemid 351272657)
111. Sohal, V. S., Zhang, F., Yizhar, O., and Deisseroth, K. (2009) Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit performance. Nature 459, 698-702.
112. Cho, R. Y., Konecky, R. O., and Carter, C. S. (2006) Impairments in frontal cortical gamma synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 19878-19883. (Pubitemid 46037524)
113. Uhlhaas, P. J., Haenschel, C., Nikolic, D., and Singer, W. (2008) The role of oscillations and synchrony in cortical networks and their putative relevance for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 34, 927-943.
114. Knyazeva, M.G., Jalili, M., Meuli, R., Hasler, M., De Feo, O., and Do, K.Q. (2008) Alpha rhythm and hypofrontality in schizophrenia.Acta Psychiatr Scand 118, 188-199.
115. Bannerman, D.M., Rawlins, J. N., McHugh, S. B., Deacon, R. M., Yee, B. K., Bast, T., Zhang, W. N., Pothuizen, H. H., and Feldon, J. (2004) Regional dissociations within the hippocampus - memory and anxiety.Neurosci Biobehav Rev 28, 273-283. (Pubitemid 38844376)
116. Bast, T., Zhang,W. N., and Feldon, J. (2001) The ventral hippocampus and fear conditioning in rats. Different anterograde amnesias of fear after tetrodotoxin inactivation and infusion of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol. Exp Brain Res 139, 39-52. (Pubitemid 32646308)
117. Esclassan, F., Coutureau, E., Di, S. G., and Marchand, A. R. (2009) Differential contribution of dorsal and ventral hippocampus to trace and delay fear conditioning. Hippocampus 19, 33-44.
118. Hunsaker, M. R. and Kesner, R. P. (2008) Dissociations across the dorsal-ventral axis of CA3 and CA1 for encoding and retrieval of contextual and auditory-cued fear. Neurobiol Learn Mem 89, 61-69. (Pubitemid 350110543)
119. Bauer, D., Gupta, D., Harotunian, V., Meador-Woodruff, J. H., and McCullumsmith, R. E. (2008) Abnormal expression of glutamate transporter and transporter interacting molecules in prefrontal cortex in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 104, 108-120.
120. Nudmamud-Thanoi, S., Piyabhan, P., Harte, M. K., Cahir,M., and Reynolds, G. P. (2007) Deficits of neuronal glutamatergic markers in the caudate nucleus in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm Suppl 72, 281-285.
121. Aoyama, K., Suh, S. W., Hamby, A. M., Liu, J., Chan, W. Y., Chen, Y., and Swanson, R.A. (2006) Neuronal glutathione deficiency and age-dependent neurodegeneration in the EAAC1 deficient mouse. Nat Neurosci 9, 119-126. (Pubitemid 43011917)
122. Baker, D. A., McFarland, K., Lake, R. W., Shen, H., Tang, X. C., Toda, S., and Kalivas, P. W. (2003) Neuroadaptations in cysteineglutamate exchange underlie cocaine relapse.Nat Neurosci 6, 743-749. (Pubitemid 36792890)
123. Shih, A. Y., Erb, H., Sun, X., Toda, S., Kalivas, P. W., and Murphy, T. H.(2006) Cysteine/glutamate exchange modulates glutathione supply for neuroprotection from oxidative stress and cell proliferation. J Neurosci 26, 10514-10523. (Pubitemid 44564602)
124. Ranjekar, P. K., Hinge, A., Hegde, M. V., Ghate, M., Kale, A., Sitasawad, S., Wagh, U. V., Debsikdar, V. B., and Mahadik, S.P. (2003) Decreased antioxidant enzymes and membrane essential polyunsaturated fatty acids in schizophrenic and bipolar mood disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 121, 109-122. (Pubitemid 37500981)
125. Campolo, J., Penco, S., Bianchi, E., Colombo, L., Parolini, M., Caruso, R., Sedda, V., Patrosso, M. C., Cighetti, G., Marocchi, A., and Parodi, O. (2007) Glutamate-cysteine ligase polymorphism, hypertension, and male sex are associated with cardiovascular events. Biochemical and genetic characterization of Italian subpopulation.Am Heart J 154, 1123-1129. (Pubitemid 350116036)
126. Koide, S., Kugiyama, K., Sugiyama, S., Nakamura, S., Fukushima, H., Honda, O., Yoshimura, M., and Ogawa, H. (2003) Association of polymorphism in glutamatecysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene with coronary vasomotor dysfunction and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 41, 539-545. (Pubitemid 36223316)
127. Nakamura, S., Sugiyama, S., Fujioka, D., Kawabata, K., Ogawa, H., and Kugiyama, K.(2003) Polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit gene is associated with impairment of nitric oxide-mediated coronary vasomotor function. Circulation 108, 1425-1427. (Pubitemid 37176445)
128. Curkendall, S. M., Mo, J., Glasser, D. B., Rose, S. M., and Jones, J. K. (2004) Cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia in Saskatchewan, Canada. J Clin Psychiatry 65, 715-720.
129. Enger, C., Weatherby, L., Reynolds, R. F., Glasser, D. B., and Walker, A. M. (2004) Serious cardiovascular events and mortality among patients with schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 192, 19-27. (Pubitemid 38101693)
130. Spelman, L. M., Walsh, P. I., Sharifi, N., Collins, P., and Thakore, J. H. (2007) Impaired glucose tolerance in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Diabet Med 24, 481-485. (Pubitemid 46669314)
131. Arana, C., Cutando, A., Ferrera, M. J., Gomez-Moreno, G., Worf, C. V., Bolanos, M. J., Escames, G., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. (2006) Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients. J Oral Pathol Med 35, 554-559. (Pubitemid 44385840)
132. Nwose, E. U., Jelinek, H. F., Richards, R. S., and Kerr, P. G. (2007) Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Br J Biomed Sci 64, 35-43. (Pubitemid 46952971)
133. Dickinson, D., Gold, J. M., Dickerson, F.B., Medoff, D., and Dixon, L. B. (2008) Evidence of exacerbated cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients with comorbid diabetes.Psychosomatics 49, 123-131. (Pubitemid 351364986)
134. Fagiolini, A. and Goracci, A. (2009) The effects of undertreated chronic medical illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders.J Clin Psychiatry 70, Suppl 3, 22-29.
135. Henderson, D. C. (2005) Schizophrenia and comorbid metabolic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 66 Suppl 6, 11-20. (Pubitemid 41243257)
136. Iacovides, A. and Siamouli, M. (2008) Comorbid mental and somatic disorders: An epidemiological perspective. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21, 417-421. (Pubitemid 351787147)
137. Tietze, F. (1969) Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues.Anal Biochem 27, 502-522.
138. Baker, M. A., Cerniglia, G. J., and Zaman, A. (1990) Microtiter plate assay for the measurement of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in large numbers of biological samples.Anal Biochem 190, 360-365. (Pubitemid 20371981)
139. Keelan, J., Allen, N. J., Antcliffe, D., Pal, S., and Duchen, M. R. (2001) Quantitative imaging of glutathione in hippocampal neurons and glia in culture using monochlorobimane.J Neurosci Res 66, 873-884.
140. Waak, J. and Dringen, R. (2006) Formation and rapid export of the monochlorobimaneglutathione conjugate in cultured rat astrocytes.Neurochem Res 31, 1409-1416. (Pubitemid 44900580)
141. Sun, X., Erb, H., and Murphy, T. H.(2005) Coordinate regulation of glutathione metabolism in astrocytes by Nrf2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 326, 371-377. (Pubitemid 39593557)
142. Sun, X., Shih, A. Y., Johannssen, H. C., Erb, H., Li, P., and Murphy, T. H. (2006) Twophoton imaging of glutathione levels in intact brain indicates enhanced redox buffering in developing neurons and cells at the cerebrospinal fluid and blood-brain interface. J Biol Chem 281, 17420-17431.
143. Wallin, C., Weber, S. G., and Sandberg, M. (1999) Glutathione efflux induced by NMDA and kainate: Implications in neurotoxicity? J Neurochem 73, 1566-1572. (Pubitemid 29440158)
144. Zangerle, L., Cuenod, M., Winterhalter, K.H., and Do, K. Q. (1992) Screening of thiol compounds: Depolarization-induced release of glutathione and cysteine from rat brain slices. J Neurochem 59, 181-189.
145. Zhang, Z. J. and Reynolds, G. P. (2002) A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 55, 1-10. (Pubitemid 34310531)
146. Laruelle, M., Abi-Dargham, A., van Dyck, C. H., Gil, R., D'Souza, C. D., Erdos, J., McCance, E., Rosenblatt, W., Fingado, C., Zoghbi, S. S., Baldwin, R. M., Seibyl, J. P., Krystal, J. H., Charney, D. S., and Innis, R. B. (1996) Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine- induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 9235-9240.
147. Hanlon, F. M., Weisend, M. P., Hamilton, D. A., Jones, A. P., Thoma, R. J., Huang, M., Martin, K., Yeo, R. A., Miller, G. A., and Canive, J. M. (2006) Impairment on the hippocampal-dependent virtual Morris water task in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 87, 67-80. (Pubitemid 44428125)
148. Cohen, B. D., Rosenbaum, G., Luby, E.D., and Gottlieb, J. S. (1962) Comparison of phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernyl) with other drugs. Simulation of schizophrenic performance with phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernyl), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD- 25), and amobarbital (Amytal) sodium; II.Symbolic and sequential thinking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 6, 395-401.
149. Laruelle, M. (2000) The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: Implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31, 371-384. (Pubitemid 30136193)
150. Rscholten, M. R., van, H. J., Aleman, A., and Kahn, R. S. (2006) Behavioral inhibition system (BIS), behavioral activation system (BAS) and schizophrenia: Relationship with psychopathology and physiology. J Psychiatr Res 40, 638-645. (Pubitemid 44349096)