Therapeutic approaches to delay the onset of alzheimer's disease

Journal of Aging Research

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Kumar, Raj ^a   Atamna, Hani ^a  

^a Janet Weis Children s Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA HEME PEROXIDASE; AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; CARNOSINE; CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE; DIAMINOPHENOTHIAZINS; METHYLENE BLUE; NITRIC OXIDE; OLIGOMER; OSMOLYTE; OXOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE; PEROXIDASE; PHENOTHIAZINE DERIVATIVE; TAURINE; TREHALOSE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BIOACCUMULATION; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN MITOCHONDRION; BRAIN TISSUE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DISEASE COURSE; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; ENERGY HYPOMETABOLISM; ENERGY METABOLISM; HEME SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY INJURY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC REGULATION; METABOLITE; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROTOXICITY; OLIGOMERIZATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN STABILITY; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 79957975079     PISSN: 20902204     EISSN: 20902212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4061/2011/820903     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Haass C., Selkoe D. J., Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β -peptide. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2007 8 2 101 112 2-s2.0-33847662852 10.1038/nrm2101 (Pubitemid 46432529)
2. Nunan J., Small D. H., Regulation of APP cleavage by α -, β-and γ -secretases. FEBS Letters 2000 483 1 6 10 2-s2.0-0034644836 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)02076-7
3. Atwood C. S., Martins R. N., Smith M. A., Perry G., Senile plaque composition and posttranslational modification of amyloid- β peptide and associated proteins. Peptides 2002 23 7 1343 1350 2-s2.0-0035997249 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00070-0 (Pubitemid 34786713)
4. Atamna H., Heme binding to Amyloid- β peptide: mechanistic role in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2006 10 2-3 255 266 2-s2.0-33751103136 (Pubitemid 44763996)
5. Parker W. D., Filley C. M., Parks J. K., Cytochrome oxidase deficiency in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1990 40 8 1302 1303 2-s2.0-0025024024 (Pubitemid 20244999)
6. Valla J., Berndt J. D., Gonzalez-Lima F., Energy hypometabolism in posterior cingulate cortex of Alzheimer's patients: superficial laminar cytochrome oxidase associated with disease duration. Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 13 4923 4930 2-s2.0-0035399655 (Pubitemid 32565651)
7. Daly C., Sugimori M., Moreira J. E., Ziff E. B., Llinás R., Synaptophysin regulates clathrin-independent endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 11 6120 6125 2-s2.0-0034705044 10.1073/pnas.97.11.6120 (Pubitemid 30367533)
8. Markesbery W. R., Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1997 23 1 134 147 2-s2.0-0030915855 10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00629-6 (Pubitemid 27217017)
9. Connor J. R., Menzies S. L., Martin S. M., Mufson E. J., A histochemical study of iron, transferrin, and ferritin in Alzheimer's diseased brains. Journal of Neuroscience Research 1992 31 1 75 83 2-s2.0-0026513756
10. Blasko I., Beer R., Bigl M., Apelt J., Franz G., Rudzki D., Ransmayr G., Kampfl A., Schliebs R., Experimental traumatic brain injury in rats stimulates the expression, production and activity of Alzheimer's disease β -secretase (BACE-1). Journal of Neural Transmission 2004 111 4 523 536 2-s2.0-1842728419 10.1007/s00702-003-0095-6 (Pubitemid 38478920)
11. Farrer L. A., farrer@neugen.bu.edu Cupples L. A., Haines J. L., Hyman B., Kukull W. A., Mayeux R., Myers R. H., Pericak-Vance M. A., Risch N., Van Duijn C. M., Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997 278 16 1349 1356 (Pubitemid 27449696)
12. Landrigan P. J., Sonawane B., Butler R. N., Trasande L., Callan R., Droller D., Early environmental origins of neurodegenerative disease in later life. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005 113 9 1230 1233 2-s2.0-25844476202 10.1289/ehp.7571 (Pubitemid 41387665)
13. Prasad G. S., Wahlberg M., Sridhar V., Sundaresan V., Yamaguchi M., Hatefi Y., Stout C. D., Crystal structures of transhydrogenase domain I with and without bound NADH. Biochemistry 2002 41 42 12745 12754 2-s2.0-0037159242 10.1021/bi020251f (Pubitemid 35192503)
14. Hartmann T., Bieger S. C., Brühl B., Tienari P. J., Ida N., Allsop D., Roberts G. W., Masters C. L., Dotti C. G., Unsicker K., Beyreuther K., Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease A β 40/42 amyloid peptides. Nature Medicine 1997 3 9 1016 1020 2-s2.0-0030769091 10.1038/nm0997-1016 (Pubitemid 27391957)
15. Fezoui Y., Hartley D. M., Harper J. D., Khurana R., Walsh D. M., Condron M. M., Selkoe D. J., Lansbury P. T., Fink A. L., Teplow D. B., An improved method of preparing the amyloid β -protein for fibrillogenesis and neurotoxicity experiments. Amyloid 2000 7 3 166 178 2-s2.0-0033807836
16. Mucke L., Masliah E., Yu G. Q., Mallory M., Rockenstein E. M., Tatsuno G., Hu K., Kholodenko D., Johnson-Wood K., McConlogue L., High-level neuronal expression of A β (1-42) in wild-type human amyloid protein precursor transgenic mice: synaptotoxicity without plaque formation. Journal of Neuroscience 2000 20 11 4050 4058 2-s2.0-0034213718 (Pubitemid 30365675)
17. Kern A., Behl C., The unsolved relationship of brain aging and late-onset Alzheimer disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009 1790 10 1124 1132 2-s2.0-69949107465 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.016
18. Bierer L. M., Hof P. R., Purohit D. P., Carlin L., Schmeidler J., Davis K. L., Perl D. P., Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles correlate with dementia severity in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology 1995 52 1 81 88 2-s2.0-0028861585
19. Aliev G., Seyidova D., Lamb B. T., Obrenovich M. E., Siedlak S. L., Vinters H. V., Friedland R. P., LaManna J. C., Smith M. A., Perry G., Mitochondria and vascular lesions as a central target for the development of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer disease-like pathology in transgenic mice. Neurological Research 2003 25 6 665 674 2-s2.0-0041385762 10.1179/ 016164103101201977 (Pubitemid 37087612)
20. Gong Y., Chang L., Viola K. L., Lacor P. N., Lambert M. P., Finch C. E., Krafft G. A., Klein W. L., Alzheimer's disease-affected brain: presence of oligomeric A β ligands (ADDLs) suggests a molecular basis for reversible memory loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003 100 18 10417 10422 2-s2.0-0042838303 10.1073/pnas. 1834302100 (Pubitemid 37071893)
21. Castellani R. J., Lee H. G., Zhu X., Perry G., Smith M. A., Alzheimer disease pathology as a host response. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2008 67 6 523 531 2-s2.0-44649100850 10.1097/NEN.0b013e318177eaf4 (Pubitemid 351787079)
22. Devi L., Prabhu B. M., Galati D. F., Avadhani N. G., Anandatheerthavarada H. K., Accumulation of amyloid precursor protein in the mitochondrial import channels of human Alzheimer's disease brain is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Journal of Neuroscience 2006 26 35 9057 9068 2-s2.0-33748283747 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1469-06.2006 (Pubitemid 44319397)
23. Baloyannis S. J., Mitochondrial alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2006 9 2 119 126 2-s2.0-33746256557 (Pubitemid 44088243)
24. Golde T. E., Janus C., Homing in on intracellular A β ? Neuron 2005 45 5 639 642 2-s2.0-14644436322 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.013 (Pubitemid 40320696)
25. Walsh D. M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J. V., Cullen W. K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M. S., Rowan M. J., Selkoe D. J., Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002 416 6880 535 539 2-s2.0-0037041426 10.1038/416535a (Pubitemid 34288854)
26. Lambert M. P., Barlow A. K., Chromy B. A., Edwards C., Freed R., Liosatos M., Morgan T. E., Rozovsky I., Trommer B., Viola K. L., Wals P., Zhang C., Finch C. E., Krafft G. A., Klein W. L., Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from A β are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 95 11 6448 6453 2-s2.0-11544279355
27. Atamna H., Amino acids variations in Amyloid- β peptides, mitochondrial dysfunction, and new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 2009 41 5 457 464 2-s2.0-70449449751 10.1007/s10863-009-9246-2
28. Su B., Wang X., Bonda D., Perry G., Smith M., Zhu X., Abnormal mitochondrial dynamics-a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease? Molecular Neurobiology 2010 41 2-3 87 96 2-s2.0-74549219411 10.1007/s12035-009- 8095-7
29. Atamna H., Heme, iron, and the mitochondrial decay of ageing. Ageing Research Reviews 2004 3 3 303 318 2-s2.0-3042613609 10.1016/j.arr.2004.02.002 (Pubitemid 38844697)
30. Atamna H., Killilea D. W., Killilea A. N., Ames B. N., Heme deficiency may be a factor in the mitochondrial and neuronal decay of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002 99 23 14807 14812 2-s2.0-0037069320 10.1073/pnas.192585799 (Pubitemid 35334565)
31. Lustbader J. W., Cirilli M., Lin C., Xu H. W., Takuma K., Wang N., Caspersen C., Chen X., Pollak S., Chaney M., Trinchese F., Liu S., Gunn-Moore F., Lue L. F., Walker D. G., Kappasamy P., Zewier Z. L., Arancio O., Stern D., Yan S. S., Wu H., ABAD directly links A β to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Science 2004 304 5669 448 452 2-s2.0-11144353586 10.1126/science.1091230 (Pubitemid 38495942)
32. Yamaguchi H., Yamazaki T., Ishiguro K., Shoji M., Nakazato Y., Hirai S., Ultrastructural localization of Alzheimer amyloid β /A4 protein precursor in the cytoplasm of neurons and senile plaque-associated astrocytes. Acta Neuropathologica 1992 85 1 15 22 2-s2.0-0026486606 10.1007/BF00304629
33. Crouch P. J., Blake R., Duce J. A., Ciccotosto G. D., Li Q. X., Barnham K. J., Curtain C. C., Cherny R. A., Cappai R., Dyrks T., Masters C. L., Trounce I. A., Copper-dependent inhibition of human cytochrome c oxidase by a dimeric conformer of amyloid- β Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25 3 672 679 2-s2.0-19944433571 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4276-04.2005
34. Cho D. H., Nakamura T., Fang J., Cieplak P., Godzik A., Gu Z., Lipton S. A., β -amyloid-related mitochondrial fission and neuronal injury. Science 2009 324 5923 102 105 2-s2.0-64249133725 10.1126/science.1171091
35. Wang X., Su B., Siedlak S. L., Moreira P. I., Fujioka H., Wang Y., Casadesus G., Zhu X., Amyloid- β overproduction causes abnormal mitochondrial dynamics via differential modulation of mitochondrial fission/fusion proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 49 19318 19323 2-s2.0-58049218922 10.1073/pnas.0804871105
36. Fu M., Zhu X., Zhang J., Liang J., Lin Y., Zhao L., Ehrengruber M. U., Chen Y. E., Egr-1 target genes in human endothelial cells identified by microarray analysis. Gene 2003 315 1-2 33 41 2-s2.0-0141706537 10.1016/S0378-1119(03)00730-3 (Pubitemid 37214895)
37. Sohal R. S., Aging, cytochrome oxidase activity, and hydrogen peroxide release by mitochondria. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 1993 14 6 583 588 2-s2.0-0027235532 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90139-L (Pubitemid 23172565)
38. Boveris A., Chance B., The mitochondrial generation of hydrogen peroxide. General properties and effect of hyperbaric oxygen. Biochemical Journal 1973 134 3 707 716 2-s2.0-0015882341
39. Du H., Guo L., Fang F., Chen D., A Sosunov A., M McKhann G., Yan Y., Wang C., Zhang H., Molkentin J. D., Gunn-Moore F. J., Vonsattel J. P., Arancio O., Chen J. X., Yan S. D., Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine 2008 14 10 1097 1105 2-s2.0-53549129483 10.1038/nm.1868
40. Lovell M. A., Robertson J. D., Teesdale W. J., Campbell J. L., Markesbery W. R., Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 1998 158 1 47 52 2-s2.0-0032507975 10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00092-6 (Pubitemid 28277534)
41. Avdulov N. A., Chochina S. V., Igbavboa U., Warden C. S., Vassiliev A. V., Wood W. G., Lipid binding to amyloid β -peptide aggregates: preferential binding of cholesterol as compared with phosphatidylcholine and fatty acids. Journal of Neurochemistry 1997 69 4 1746 1752 2-s2.0-0030928650 (Pubitemid 27406976)
42. Bartzokis G., Tishler T. A., Lu P. H., Villablanca P., Altshuler L. L., Carter M., Huang D., Edwards N., Mintz J., Brain ferritin iron may influence age- and gender-related risks of neurodegeneration. Neurobiology of Aging 2007 28 3 414 423 2-s2.0-33846568415 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.005 (Pubitemid 46177391)
43. Atamna H., Frey W. H., Ko N., Human and rodent amyloid- β peptides differentially bind heme: relevance to the human susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2009 487 1 59 65 2-s2.0-67349131967 10.1016/j.abb.2009.05.003
44. Cullen K. M., Kócsi Z., Stone J., Microvascular pathology in the aging human brain: evidence that senile plaques are sites of microhaemorrhages. Neurobiology of Aging 2006 27 12 1786 1796 2-s2.0-33750000602 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.016 (Pubitemid 44572582)
45. Gatta L. B., Vitali M., Verardi R., Arosio P., Finazzi D., Inhibition of heme synthesis alters Amyloid Precursor Protein processing. Journal of Neural Transmission 2009 116 1 79 88 2-s2.0-62949207781 10.1007/s00702-008-0147-z
46. Perry R. T., Gearhart D. A., Wiener H. W., Harrell L. E., Barton J. C., Kutlar A., Kutlar F., Ozcan O., Go R. C. P., Hill W. D., Hemoglobin binding to A β and HBG2 SNP association suggest a role in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 2008 29 2 185 193 2-s2.0-37549024531 10.1016/j. neurobiolaging.2006.10.017
47. Kelley B. J., Knopman D. S., Alternative medicine and Alzheimer disease. Neurologist 2008 14 5 299 306 2-s2.0-53549104731 10.1097/NRL.0b013e318172cf4d
48. Bellinger D. C., Trachtenberg F., Barregard L., Tavares M., Cernichiari E., Daniel D., McKinlay S., Neuropsychological and renal effects of dental amalgam in children: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006 295 15 1775 1783 2-s2.0-33645838653 10.1001/jama.295.15.1775
49. Beal M. F., Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Trends in Neurosciences 2000 23 7 298 304 2-s2.0-0034237719 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01584-8 (Pubitemid 30387044)
50. Beal M. F., Oxidative damage as an early marker of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiology of Aging 2005 26 5 585 586 2-s2.0-13644256048 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.09.022 (Pubitemid 40228749)
51. Butterfield D. A., Amyloid β -peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease brain. A review. Free Radical Research 2002 36 12 1307 1313 2-s2.0-0036905921 10.1080/1071576021000049890 (Pubitemid 35469517)
52. Hirai K., Aliev G., Nunomura A., Fujioka H., Russell R. L., Atwood C. S., Johnson A. B., Kress Y., Vinters H. V., Tabaton M., Shimohama S., Cash A. D., Siedlak S. L., Harris P. L. R., Jones P. K., Petersen R. B., Perry G., Smith M. A., Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 9 3017 3023 2-s2.0-0035341254 (Pubitemid 32323483)
53. Wagner G., Towards a life prolonging pill? Small molecules with anti-ageing properties. Current Drug Targets 2006 7 11 1531 1537 2-s2.0-33750885460 (Pubitemid 44718310)
54. Miller R. A., Harrison D. E., Astle C. M., Floyd R. A., Flurkey K., Hensley K. L., Javors M. A., Leeuwenburgh C., Nelson J. F., Ongini E., Nadon N. L., Warner H. R., Strong R., An aging interventions testing program: study design and interim report. Aging Cell 2007 6 4 565 575 2-s2.0-34447635239 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00311.x (Pubitemid 47087061)
55. Atamna H., Nguyen A., Schultz C., Boyle K., Newberry J., Kato H., Ames B. N., Methylene blue delays cellular senescence and enhances key mitochondrial biochemical pathways. FASEB Journal 2008 22 3 703 712 2-s2.0-40449086359 10.1096/fj.07-9610com (Pubitemid 351348123)
56. Atamna H., Gharib A., Methylene Blue Induces Mitochondrial Complex IV and Improves Cognitive Function and Grip Strength in Old Mice 2010 Huntington, NY, USA Nova Science
57. Atamna H., hatamna@tcmedc.org Kumar R., Protective role of methylene blue in Alzheimer's disease via mitochondria and cytochrome c oxidase. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 20 supplement 2 S439 S452 10.3233/JAD-2010-100414
58. Peter C., Hongwan D., Küpfer A., Lauterburg B. H., Pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of intravenous and oral methylene blue. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2000 56 3 247 250 2-s2.0-0033948654 10.1007/s002280000124 (Pubitemid 30456685)
59. Mellish K. J., Cox R. D., Vernon D. I., Griffiths J., Brown S. B., In vitro photodynamic activity of a series of methylene blue analogues. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2002 75 4 392 397 2-s2.0-0036546087
60. Shoubridge E. A., Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2001 106 46 52
61. Kushnareva Y., Murphy A. N., Andreyev A., Complex I-mediated reactive oxygen species generation: modulation by cytochrome c and NAD(P)+ oxidation-reduction state. Biochemical Journal 2002 368 2 545 553 2-s2.0-0036903625 10.1042/BJ20021121 (Pubitemid 35454532)
62. Barros M. H., Bandy B., Tahara E. B., Kowaltowski A. J., Higher respiratory activity decreases mitochondrial reactive oxygen release and increases life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004 279 48 49883 49888 2-s2.0-9644262490 10.1074/jbc.M408918200 (Pubitemid 39577795)
63. Moura J. C. V. P., Cordeiro N., 3,7-bis(dialkylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium derivatives: biomedical applications and biological activity. Current Drug Targets 2003 4 2 133 141 2-s2.0-0037313329 10.2174/1389450033346902 (Pubitemid 36553585)
64. Rengelshausen J., Burhenne J., Fröhlich M., Tayrouz Y., Singh S. K., Riedel K. D., Müller O., Hoppe-Tichy T., Haefeli W. E., Mikus G., Walter-Sack I., Pharmacokinetic interaction of chloroquine and methylene blue combination against malaria. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2004 60 10 709 715 2-s2.0-19944430459 10.1007/s00228-004-0818-0
65. Patel P. N., Methylene blue for management of ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2006 40 2 299 303 2-s2.0-33144486282 10.1345/aph.1G114 (Pubitemid 43269862)
66. Betten D. P., Vohra R. B., Cook M. D., Matteucci M. J., Clark R. F., Antidote use in the critically ill poisoned patient. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 2006 21 5 255 277 2-s2.0-33748374015 10.1177/0885066606290386 (Pubitemid 44334858)
67. Naylor G. J., Martin B., Hopwood S. E., Watson Y., A two-year double-blind crossover trial of the prophylactic effect of methylene blue in manic-depressive psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 1986 21 10 915 920 2-s2.0-0022552935 (Pubitemid 16037297)
68. De-Oliveira R. W., Guimarães F. S., Anxiolytic effect of methylene blue microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1999 32 12 1529 1532 2-s2.0-0343851083 (Pubitemid 30053339)
69. Rezzani R., Rodella L., Corsetti G., Bianchi R., Does methylene blue protect the kidney tissues from damage induced by ciclosporin A treatment? Nephron 2001 89 3 329 336 2-s2.0-0035743103 10.1159/000046094 (Pubitemid 34701767)
70. Haluzik M., Nedvídková J., Škrha J., Treatment with the NO-synthase inhibitor, methylene blue, moderates the decrease in serum leptin concentration in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Endocrine Research 1999 25 2 163 171 2-s2.0-0344299046 (Pubitemid 29269396)
71. Salaris S. C., Babbs C. F., Voorhees W. D., Methylene blue as an inhibitor of superoxide generation by xanthine oxidase. A potential new drug for the attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochemical Pharmacology 1991 42 3 499 506 2-s2.0-0025807634 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90311-R
72. Teicher B. A., Herman T. S., Kaufmann M. E., Cytotoxicity, radiosensitization, and DNA interaction of platinum complexes of thiazin and xanthene dyes. Radiation Research 1990 121 2 187 195 2-s2.0-0025275047 (Pubitemid 20091325)
73. Visarius T. M., Stucki J. W., Lauterburg B. H., Inhibition and stimulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by chloroacetaldehyde and methylene blue in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1999 289 2 820 824 2-s2.0-0032925677 (Pubitemid 29191237)
74. Clifton J. II, Leikin J. B., Methylene blue. American Journal of Therapeutics 2003 10 4 289 291 2-s2.0-0142182453
75. Sills M. R., Zinkham W. H., Methylene blue-induced Heinz body hemolytic anemia. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1994 148 3 306 310 2-s2.0-0028207102 (Pubitemid 24083980)
76. Martinez J. L. Jr., Jensen R. A., Vasquez B. J., McGuinness T., McGaugh J. L., Methylene blue alters retention of inhibitory avoidance responses. Physiological Psychology 1978 6 3 387 390
77. Callaway N. L., Riha P. D., Bruchey A. K., Munshi Z., Gonzalez-Lima F., Methylene blue improves brain oxidative metabolism and memory retention in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2004 77 1 175 181 2-s2.0-0347915539 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.10.007 (Pubitemid 38076994)
78. Ramsay R. R., Dunford C., Gillman P. K., Methylene blue and serotonin toxicity: inhibition of monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) confirms a theoretical prediction. British Journal of Pharmacology 2007 152 6 946 951 2-s2.0-36048982476 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707430 (Pubitemid 350100489)
79. Dierks E. A., Burstyn J. N., The deactivation of soluble guanylyl cyclase by redox-active agents. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1998 351 1 1 7 2-s2.0-0032030178 10.1006/abbi.1997.0408 (Pubitemid 28373043)
80. Mayer B., Brunner F., Schmidt K., Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by methylene blue. Biochemical Pharmacology 1993 45 2 367 374 2-s2.0-0027533361 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90072-5 (Pubitemid 23042635)
81. Meissner P. E., Mandi G., Witte S., Coulibaly B., Mansmann U., Rengelshausen J., Schiek W., Jahn A., Sanon M., Tapsoba T., Walter-Sack I., Mikus G., Burhenne J., Riedel K. D., Schirmer H., Kouyaté B., Müller O., Safety of the methylene blue plus chloroquine combination in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in young children of Burkina Faso [ISRCTN27290841]. Malaria Journal 2005 4 2-s2.0-26844558146 10.1186/1475-2875-4- 45 45 (Pubitemid 41455937)
82. Kelner M. J., Bagnell R., Hale B., Alexander N. M., Methylene blue competes with paraquat for reduction by flavo-enzymes resulting in decreased superoxide production in the presence of heme proteins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1988 262 2 422 426 2-s2.0-0023923970
83. Zacharakis N., Tone P., Flordellis C. S., Maragoudakis M. E., Tsopanoglou N. E., Methylene blue inhibits angiogenesis in chick chorioallontoic membrane through a nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2006 10 2 493 498 2-s2.0-33747179292 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00414.x (Pubitemid 44870194)
84. Medina D. X., Caccamo A., Oddo S., Methylene blue reduces A β levels and rescues early cognitive deficit by increasing proteasome activity. Brain Pathology 2011 21 2 140 149
85. Carr H. S., Winge D. R., Assembly of cytochrome c oxidase within the mitochondrion. Accounts of Chemical Research 2003 36 5 309 316 2-s2.0-0038518286 10.1021/ar0200807
86. Luo G. R., Le W. D., Collective roles of molecular chaperones in protein degradation pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2010 11 2 180 187 2-s2.0-77949902558 10.2174/138920110790909740
87. Hochachka P. W., Somero G. N., Biochemical Adaptation. Mechanism and Process in Physiological Evolution 2002 Oxford, UK Oxford University Press
88. Bolen D. W., Baskakov I. V., The osmophobic effect: natural selection of a thermodynamic force in protein folding. Journal of Molecular Biology 2001 310 5 955 963 2-s2.0-0035958656 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4819 (Pubitemid 32738368)
89. Baldwin R. L., Rose G. D., Is protein folding hierarchic? I. Local structure and peptide folding. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 1999 24 1 26 33 2-s2.0-0032972986 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01346-2 (Pubitemid 29074460)
90. Burg M. B., Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. American Journal of Physiology 1995 268 6 F983 F996 2-s2.0-0028894492
91. Bai C., Biwersi J., Verkman A. S., Matthay M. A., A mouse model to test the in vivo efficacy of chemical chaperones. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 1998 40 1 39 45 2-s2.0-0032426907 10.1016/S1056-8719(98) 00034-3 (Pubitemid 29062905)
92. Pace C. N., The stability of globular proteins. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry 1975 3 1 1 43 2-s2.0-0016505899
93. Yancey P. H., Clark M. E., Hand S. C., Bowlus R. D., Somero G. N., Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems. Science 1982 217 4566 1214 1222 2-s2.0-0020336190 (Pubitemid 13283134)
94. Atamna H., Ginsburg H., Heme degradation in the presence of glutathione. A proposed mechanism to account for the high levels of non-heme iron found in the membranes of hemoglobinopathic red blood cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995 270 42 24876 24883 2-s2.0-0028828562 10.1074/jbc.270.42.24876
95. Mello C. C., Barrick D., Measuring the stability of partly folded proteins using TMAO. Protein Science 2003 12 7 1522 1529 2-s2.0-0037633978 10.1110/ps.0372903 (Pubitemid 36759355)
96. Yancey P. H., Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses. Journal of Experimental Biology 2005 208 15 2819 2830 2-s2.0-24644450812 10.1242/jeb.01730 (Pubitemid 41265173)
97. Baskakov I., Bolen D. W., Forcing thermodynamically unfolded proteins to fold. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998 273 9 4831 4834 2-s2.0-0032570873 10.1074/jbc.273.9.4831 (Pubitemid 28108630)
98. Quinones Q. J., de Ridder G. G., Pizzo S. V., GRP78: a chaperone with diverse roles beyond the endoplasmic reticulum. Histology and Histopathology 2008 23 11 1409 1416 2-s2.0-58149109602
99. Kelly J. W., The alternative conformations of amyloidogenic proteins and their multi-step assembly pathways. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1998 8 1 101 106 2-s2.0-0032006678 10.1016/S0959-440X(98)80016-X (Pubitemid 28107921)
100. Lansbury P. T. Jr., Evolution of amyloid: what normal protein folding may tell us about fibrillogenesis and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999 96 7 3342 3344 2-s2.0-0033616682 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3342 (Pubitemid 29168913)
101. Davies S. W., Turmaine M., Cozens B. A., DiFiglia M., Sharp A. H., Ross C. A., Scherzinger E., Wanker E. E., Mangiarini L., Bates G. P., Formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions underlies the neurological dysfunction in mice transgenic for the HD mutation. Cell 1997 90 3 537 548 2-s2.0-18544410106 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80513-9 (Pubitemid 27347243)
102. Warrick J. M., Paulson H. L., Gray-Board G. L., Bui Q. T., Fischbeck K. H., Pittman R. N., Bonini N. M., Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosophila. Cell 1998 93 6 939 949 2-s2.0-18544392423 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81200-3 (Pubitemid 28280788)
103. Klement I. A., Skinner P. J., Kaytor M. D., Yi H., Hersch S. M., Clark H. B., Zoghbi H. Y., Orr H. T., Ataxin-1 nuclear localization and aggregation: role in polyglutarnine-induced disease in SCA1 transgenic mice. Cell 1998 95 1 41 53 2-s2.0-0032475941 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81781-X (Pubitemid 28458023)
104. Strong T. V., Tagle D. A., Valdes J. M., Elmer L. W., Boehm K., Swaroop M., Kaatz K. W., Collins F. S., Albin R. L., Widespread expression of the human and rat Huntington's disease gene in brain and nonneural tissues. Nature Genetics 1993 5 3 259 265 2-s2.0-0027432418 10.1038/ng1193-259 (Pubitemid 23330389)
105. Kennedy W. R., Alter M., Sung J. H., Progressive proximal spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy of late onset. A sex-linked recessive trait. Neurology 1968 18 7 671 680 2-s2.0-0014310582
106. La Spada A. R., Wilson E. M., Lubahn D. B., Harding A. E., Fischbeck K. H., Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 1991 352 6330 77 79 2-s2.0-0025800526 10.1038/352077a0 (Pubitemid 21896702)
107. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group, A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. Cell 1993 72 6 971 983 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E (Pubitemid 23110238)
108. DiFiglia M., Sapp E., Chase K. O., Davies S. W., Bates G. P., Vonsattel J. P., Aronin N., Aggregation of huntingtin in neuronal intranuclear inclusions and dystrophic neurites in brain. Science 1997 277 5334 1990 1993 2-s2.0-0030752709 10.1126/science.277.5334.1990 (Pubitemid 27449140)
109. Kumar R., Role of naturally occurring osmolytes in protein folding and stability. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2009 491 1-2 1 6 2-s2.0-70350337659 10.1016/j.abb.2009.09.007
110. Kempf B., Bremer E., Uptake and synthesis of compatible solutes as microbial stress responses to high-osmolality environments. Archives of Microbiology 1998 170 5 319 330 2-s2.0-0031719418 10.1007/s002030050649 (Pubitemid 28458129)
111. Lin T. Y., Timasheff S. N., Why do some organisms use a urea-methylamine mixture as osmolyte? Thermodynamic compensation of urea and trimethylamine N-oxide interactions with protein. Biochemistry 1994 33 42 12695 12701 2-s2.0-0028150954 10.1021/bi00208a021 (Pubitemid 24345902)
112. Singh R., Haque I., Ahmad F., Counteracting osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide destabilizes proteins at pH below its pK: measurements of thermodynamic parameters of proteins in the presence and absence of trimethylamine N-oxide. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005 280 12 11035 11042 2-s2.0-15744404427 10.1074/jbc.M410716200 (Pubitemid 40418406)
113. Anjum F., Rishi V., Ahmad F., Compatibility of osmolytes with Gibbs energy of stabilization of proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2000 1476 1 75 84 2-s2.0-0033989594 10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00215-0 (Pubitemid 30001912)
114. Tanaka M., Machida Y., Niu S., Ikeda T., Jana N. R., Doi H., Kurosawa M., Nekooki M., Nukina N., Trehalose alleviates polyglutamine-mediated pathology in a mouse model of Huntington disease. Nature Medicine 2004 10 2 148 154 2-s2.0-1642633757 10.1038/nm985 (Pubitemid 38524884)
115. Davies P., Watt K., Kelly S. M., Clark C., Price N. C., McEwan I. J., Consequences of poly-glutamine repeat length for the conformation and folding of the androgen receptor amino-terminal domain. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2008 41 5-6 301 314 2-s2.0-57749092687 10.1677/JME-08-0042
116. Duff J., Davies P., Watt K., McEwan I. J., Structural dynamics of the human androgen receptor: implications for prostate cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Biochemical Society Transactions 2006 34 6 1098 1102 2-s2.0-34248633400 10.1042/BST0341098 (Pubitemid 46768997)
117. Irvine R. A., Ma H., Yu M. C., Ross R. K., Stallcup M. R., Coetzee G. A., Inhibition of p160-mediated coactivation with increasing androgen receptor polyglutamine length. Human Molecular Genetics 2000 9 2 267 274 2-s2.0-0033978514 (Pubitemid 30052750)
118. Becker E. M., Greer J. M., Ponka P., Richardson D. R., Erythroid differentiation and protoporphyrin IX down-regulate frataxin expression in Friend cells: characterization of frataxin expression compared to molecules involved in iron metabolism and hemoglobinization. Blood 2002 99 10 3813 3822 2-s2.0-0037093206 10.1182/blood.V99.10.3813 (Pubitemid 34534556)
119. Walsh D. M., dwalsh@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Klyubin I., Shankar G. M., Townsend M., Fadeeva J. V., Betts V., Podlisny M. B., Cleary J. P., Ashe K. H., Rowan M. J., Selkoe D. J., dselkoe@rics.bwh.harvard.edu The role of cell-derived oligomers of A β in Alzheimer's disease and avenues for therapeutic intervention. Biochemical Society Transactions 2005 33 5 1087 1090 10.1042/BST20051087 (Pubitemid 41659119)
120. Singer M. A., Lindquist S., Multiple effects of trehalose on protein folding in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Cell 1998 1 5 639 648 2-s2.0-0032039542 (Pubitemid 128379242)
121. Liu R., Barkhordarian H., Emadi S., Chan B. P., Sierks M. R., Trehalose differentially inhibits aggregation and neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid 40 and 42. Neurobiology of Disease 2005 20 1 74 81 2-s2.0-24044483249 10.1016/j.nbd.2005. 02.003 (Pubitemid 41219204)
122. Reddy V. P., Garrett M. R., Perry G., Smith M. A., Carnosine: a versatile antioxidant and antiglycating agent. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2005 2005 18 pe12 2-s2.0-28444465651
123. Mozdzan M., Szemraj J., Rysz J., Nowak D., Antioxidant properties of carnosine re-evaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 2005 96 5 352 360 2-s2.0-18744386952 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto03.x (Pubitemid 40676588)
124. Fonteh A. N., Harrington R. J., Tsai A., Liao P., Harrington M. G., Free amino acid and dipeptide changes in the body fluids from Alzheimer's disease subjects. Amino Acids 2007 32 2 213 224 2-s2.0-33846680631 10.1007/s00726-006- 0409-8 (Pubitemid 46198745)
125. Qi W., Zhang A., Good T. A., Fernandez E. J., Two disaccharides and trimethylamine N-oxide affect A β aggregation differently, but all attenuate oligomer-induced membrane permeability. Biochemistry 2009 48 37 8908 8919 2-s2.0-70349272854 10.1021/bi9006397
126. Yang D. S., Yip C. M., Huang T. H. J., Chakrabartty A., Fraser P. E., Manipulating the amyloid- β aggregation pathway with chemical chaperones. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999 274 46 32970 32974 2-s2.0-0032755251 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32970 (Pubitemid 129535336)