Cross-cultural leadership adjustment - A multilevel framework based on the theory of structuration

Human Resource Management Review

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 186-200

  Festing, Marion ^a   Maletzky, Martina ^a  

^a ESMT European School of Management and Technology   (Germany)

Author keywords

Culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory; Leadership adjustment; Theory of structuration

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956008618     PISSN: 10534822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2011.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (166)

1. Adelman M.B. Cross-cultural adjustment: A theoretical perspective on social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1988, 12(3):183-204.
2. Anderson L.E. A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1994, 18(3):293-328.
3. Ashkanasy N.M., Broadoot L.E., Falkus S. Questionnaire measures of organizational culture. The handbook of organisational culture and climate 2000, 131-146. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. N.N. Ashkanasy, C. Wilderom, M.F. Peterson (Eds.).
4. Aycan Z. Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational level predictors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 1997, 8(4):434-456.
5. Barley S.R., Tolbert P.S. Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution. Organization Studies (Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG.) 1997, 18(1):93.
6. Bass B.M. Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership. Theory, research and managerial applications 1981, The Free Press, New York.
7. Bell M.P., Harrison D.A. Using intra-national diversity for international assignments: A model of bicultural competence and expatriate adjustment. Human Resource Management Review 1996, 6(1):47-74.
8. Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Schaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. (2004). What have we learned about expatriate adjustment?: Answers accumulated from 23 years of research. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Annual Meeting.
9. Bird A., Dunbar R.L.M. Getting the job done over there: Improving expatriate productivity. National Productivity Review 1991, 10(2):145-156.
10. Birdseye M.G., Hill J.S. Individual, organizational/work and environmental influences on expatriate turnover tendencies: An empirical study. Journal of International Business Studies 1995, 26(4):787-813.
11. Bittner A., Reisch B. Interkulturelles Personalmanagement: Internationale Personalentwicklung, Auslandsentsendungen, interkulturelles Training 1994, Gabler, Wiesbaden.
12. Black S.J. Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies 1988, 19(2):277-294.
13. Black S.J., Gregersen H.B. Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations 1991, 44(5):497-515.
14. Black S.J., Gregersen H.B., Mendenhall M.E. Global assignments: Successfully expatriating and repatriating international managers 1992, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA.
15. Black S.J., Gregersen H.B., Mendenhall M.E. Toward a theoretical framework of repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies 1992, 23(4):737-760.
16. Black S.J., Mendenhall M. Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review 1990, 15(1):113-136.
17. Black S.J., Mendenhall M.E. The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: A review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies 1991, 22(2):225-247.
18. Black S.J., Mendenhall M., Oddou G. Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review 1991, 16(2):291-317.
19. Black S.J., Stephens G.K. The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management 1989, 15(4):529-544.
20. Boski P. Five meanings of integration in acculturation research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2008, 32(2):142-153.
21. Brannen M.Y., Salk J.E. Partnering across borders: Negotiating organizational culture in a German-Japanese joint venture. Human Relations 2000, 53:451-487.
22. Brigham J.C. Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin 1971, 76(1):15-38.
23. Caligiuri P.M., Hyland M.M., Joshi A., Bross A.S. Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates' work adjustment. The Journal of Applied Psychology 1998, 83(4):598-614.
24. Capelli P., Scherer P.D. The missing role of context in OB: The need for a meso-level approach. Research in organizational behavior 1991, Vol. 13:55-110. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
25. Chang W.-W. Schema adjustment in cross-cultural encounters: A study of expatriate international aid service workers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2009, 33(1):57-68.
26. Crozier M., Friedberg E. Macht und Organisation. Die Zwänge kollektiven Handelns 1979, Athenäum, Königstein/Ts.
27. David K.H. Intercultural adjustment and applications of reinforcement theory to problems of culture shock. Trends 1972, 4(3):1-64.
28. Ditchburn G.J. Cross-cultural adjustment and psychoticism. Personality and Individual Differences 1996, 21(2):295-296.
29. Dowling P.J., Festing M., Engle A. International human resource management: Managing people in a multinational context 2008, Thompson, London. 5. ed.
30. Dunbar E. Adjustment and satisfaction of expatriate U.S. personnel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1992, 16(1):1-16.
31. Elfenbein H., Ambady N. Cultural similarity's consequences: A distance perspective on cross-cultural differences in emotion recognition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2003, 34(1):92-110.
32. Esser H., Kremer M., Spangenberg H. Ansätze zur Erklärung der Integration von Migranten - theoretische Grundlagen zur Erforschung des Verhaltens ausländischer Arbeitnehmer in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Arbeitsmigration und Integration: sozialwissenschaftliche Grundlagen. Materialien zur Arbeitsmigration und Ausländerbeschäftigung 1979, 3-197. Hanstein, Königstein/Ts. H. Esser, E. Gaugler, K.H. Neumann (Eds.).
33. Fischer R., Ferreira M.C., Leal Assmar E.M., Redford P., Harb C. Organizational behaviour across cultures. Theoretical and methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5(1):27-48.
34. Forster N. International managers and mobile families: The professional and personal dynamics of transnational career pathing and job mobility in the 1990s. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 1992, 3(3):605-623.
35. French J.R.P., Raven B. The bases of social power. Studies in social power 1959, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. D. Cartwright (Ed.).
36. Gardner J.W. The nature of leadership 1986, No. 1. Washington, DC: Leadership Studies Program, Independent Sector.
37. Giddens A. Central problems in social theory. action, structure and contradiction in social analysis 1979, University of California Press, Berkeley, L.A.
38. Giddens A. Constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration 1984, Polity Press, Cambridge.
39. Glanz L., Williams R., Hoeksema L. Sensemaking in expatriation-A theoretical basis. Thunderbird International Business Review 2001, 43(1):101-119.
40. Gong Y. Goal orientations and cross-cultural adjustment: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2003, 27(3):297-305.
41. Gong Y., Chang S. The relationships of cross-cultural adjustment with dispositional learning orientation and goal setting: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2007, 38(1):19-25.
42. Gong Y., Fang J. Longitudinal Examination of the Role of Goal Orientation in Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology 2006, 91(1):176-184.
43. Grove C.L., Torbiörn I. A new conceptualisation of intercultural adjustment and the goals of training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1985, 9(3):205-233.
44. Gudykunst W.B., Wiseman R.L., Hammer M.R. Determinants of the sojourner's attitudinal satisfaction: A path model. Communication Yearbook 1977, 1:415-425.
45. Guy B.S., Patton P. Managing the effects of culture shock and sojourner adjustment on the expatriate industrial sales force. Industrial Marketing Management 1996, 25(5):385-393.
46. Hall S. Cultural representations and signifying practices. Culture, media, and identities 1997, Sage, London et al.
47. Hall E.T., Hall M.R. Understanding cultural differences. Germans, French and Americans 1990, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Me.
48. Hannerz U. Cultural complexity. Studies on the social organization of meaning 1992, Columbia University Press, New York, Oxford.
49. Harris P.H., Moran R.T. Managing cultural differences 1987, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. 2. ed.
50. Harrison J.K., Chadwick M., Scales M. The relationship between cross-cultural adjustment and the personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1996, 20(2):167-188.
51. Harvey M.C. The other side of foreign assignments: Dealing with the repatriation dilemma. Columbia Journal of World Business 1982, 17:53-59.
52. Haslberger A. The complexities of expatriate adaptation. Human Resource Management Review 2005, 15(2):160-180.
53. Haslberger A. Expatriate adjustment. A more nuanced view. International HRM: A European perspective 2008, 130-149. Routledge, N.Y. M. Dickmann, C. Brewster, P. Sparrow (Eds.).
54. Haslberger A. Expatriate adjustment. A more nuanced view. International HRM: A European perspective 2008, 130-149. Routledge, N.Y. M. Dickmann, C. Brewster, P. Sparrow (Eds.).
55. Heenan D.A., Perlmutter H.V. Multinational organizational development. A social architectural perspective 1979, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.
56. Hippler, T., & Caligiuri, P. (2009). Revisiting the construct of expatriate adjustment: Implications for theory and measurement. Paper presented at the 10th International Human Resource Management Conference, Santa Fe, NM, USA, June 21-24, 2009.
57. Hitt M.A., Beamish P.W., Jackson S.E., Mathieu J.E. Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: Multilevel research in management. Academy of Management Journal 2007, 50(5):1385-1399.
58. Hofstede G. Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values 1980, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
59. Hörning K.H., Winter R. Widerspenstige Kulturen. Cultural Studies als Herausforderung. Widerspenstige Kulturen. Cultural Studies als Herausforderung 1999, 7-12. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt/Main. K.H. Hörning, R.W. (Eds.).
60. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi. R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.).
61. House R.J., Javidan M. Overview of the GLOBE. Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies 2004, 2-28. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks; London; New Delhi. R.J. House, P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, V. Gupta (Eds.).
62. House R.J., Rousseau D.M., Thomas-Hunt M. The meso paradigm: A framework for the integration of micro and macro organizational behaviour. Research in organizational behavior 1995, 17. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
63. House R.J., Wright N.S., Aditya R.N. Cross-cultural research on organizational leadership. A critical analysis and a proposed theory. New perspectives on international industrial/organizational psychology 1999, 535-625. The New Lexington Press, San Francisco. P.C. Early, M. Erez (Eds.).
64. Hughes N.L. Changing faces: Adaptation of highly skilled Chinese workers to a high-tech multinational corporation. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 2009, 45(2):212-238.
65. James S., Hunsley J., Navara G.S., Alles M. Marital, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of sojourner adjustment: Expanding the field of enquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2004, 28(2):111-126.
66. Johnson G. Rethinking incrementalism. Strategic Management Journal 1988, 9:75-91.
67. Johnson E.C., Kristof-Brown A.L., Van Vianen A.E.M., De Pater I.E., Klein M.R. Expatriate social ties: Personality antecedents and consequences for adjustment. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 2003, 11:277-288.
68. Jun S., Lee S., Gentry J.W. The effects of acculturation on commitment to the parent company and the foreign operation. International Business Review 1997, 6(5):519-535.
69. Katz D., Kahn R.L. The social psychology of organizations 1966, Wiley, New York.
70. Klein K.J., Tosi H.L., Cannella A.A. Multilevel theory building: Benefits, barriers, and new developments. Academy of Management Review 1999, 24(2):243-248.
71. Komisarof A. Testing a modified interactive acculturation model in Japan: American-Japanese coworker relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2009, 33(5):399-418.
72. Lance C.E., Vandenberg R.J., Self Robin M. Latent growth models of individual change: The case of newcomer adjustment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2000, 83(1):107-140.
73. Leong C.-H. Predictive validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A longitudinal study on the socio-psychological adaptation of Asian undergraduates who took part in a study-abroad program. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2007, 31(5):545-559.
74. Liu X., Shaffer M.A. An Investigation of Expatriate Adjustment and Performance: A Social Capital Perspective. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5(3):235-254.
75. Lord R.G., Maher K.J. Leadership and information processing: Linking perceptions and performance (people and organizations) 1991, Unwin Hyman, Boston, Mass.
76. Lord R.G., Smith J.E. Theoretical, information processing, and situational factors affecting attribution theory models of organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review 1983, 8(1):50-60.
77. Luhmann N. Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie 1984, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
78. Lysgaard S. Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fullbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Sciences Bulletin 1955, 7:45-51.
79. Maertz C.P., Hassan A., Magnusson P. When learning is not enough: A process model of expatriate adjustment as cultural cognitive dissonance reduction. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2009, 108(1):66-78.
80. Maletzky, M. (2010). Kulturelle Anpassung als Prozess interkultureller Strukturierung. Eine strukturationstheoretische Betrachtung kultureller Anpassungsprozesse deutscher Expatriates in Mexiko. München, Mehring: Rainer Hampp.
81. Mamman A., Richards D. Perceptions and possibilities of intercultural adjustment: Some neglected characteristics of expatriates. International Business Review 1996, 5(3):283-301.
82. Masgoret A.M. Examining the role of language attitudes and motivation on the sociocultural adjustment and the job performance of sojourners in Spain. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2006, 30(3):311-331.
83. Matsumoto D., LeRoux J.A., Bernhard R., Gray H. Unraveling the psychological correlates of intercultural adjustment potential. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2004, 28(3-4):281-309.
84. Matsumoto D., LeRoux J., Ratzlaff C., Tatani H., Uchida H., Chu Kim S.A. Development and validation of a measure of intercultural adjustment potential in Japanese sojourners: the Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS). International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2001, 25(5):483-510.
85. Mendenhall M.E., Oddou G. The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review 1985, 10(1):39-47.
86. Mendenhall M.E., Oddou G. Acculturation profiles of expatriate managers: Implications for cross-cultural training programs. Colombia Journal of World Business 1986, 21(4):73-79.
87. Mendenhall M.E., Oddou G. The overseas assignment: A practical look. Business Horizons 1988, 31(5):78-84.
88. Mendenhall M.E., Wiley C. Strangers in a strange land: The relationship between expatriate adjustment and impression management. American Behavioral Scientist 1994, 37(5):605-620.
89. Meyer J.W., Rowan B. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. The new institutionalism in organizational analysis 1991, 41-62. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London. W.W. Powell, P.J. DiMaggio (Eds.).
90. Mol S.T., Born M.Ph., van der Molen H.T. Developing criteria for expatriate effectiveness: Time to jump off the adjustment bandwagon. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2005, 29(3):339-353.
91. Naumann E. Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment among expatriate managers. Group and Organization Management 1993, 18(2):153-187.
92. Navara G.S., James S. Sojourner adjustment: Does missionary status affect acculturation?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2002, 26(6):695-709.
93. Navara G., James S. Acculturative stress of missionaries: Does religious orientation affect religious coping and adjustment?. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2005, 29(1):39-58.
94. Navas M., García M.C., Sánchez J., Rojas A.J., Pumares P., Fernández J.S. Relative acculturation extended model (RAEM): New contributions with regard to the study of acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2005, 29(1):21-37.
95. Navas M., Rojas A.J., García M., Pumares P. Acculturation strategies and attitudes according to the relative acculturation extended model (RAEM): The perspectives of natives and immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2007, 31:67-86.
96. Nicholls C.E., Rothstein M.G., Bourne A. Predicting expatriate work attitudes: The impact of cognitive closure and adjustment competencies. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2002, 2(3):297-320.
97. Oguri M., Gudykunst W.B. The influence of self construals and communication styles on sojourners' psychological and sociocultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2002, 26:577-593.
98. Osman-Gani A.M. Developing expatriates for the Asia-Pacific region: A comparative analysis of multinational enterprise managers from five countries across three continents. Human Resource Development Quarterly 2000, 11(3):213-235.
99. Osman-Gani A.M., Rockstuhl T. Antecedents and consequences of social network characteristics for expatriate adjustment and performance in overseas assignments: Implications for HRD. Human Resource Development Review 2008, 7(1):32-57.
100. Ospina S., Foldy E. A critical review of race and ethnicity in the leadership literature: Surfacing context, power and the collective dimensions of leadership. Leadership Quarterly 2009, 20(6):876-896.
101. Ouarasse O.A., van de Vijver F.J.R. The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adaptation in Moroccans in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2005, 29(3):251-272.
102. Palthe J. The relative importance of antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a global workforce. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2004, 28(1):37-59.
103. Parker B., McEvoy G.M. Initial examination of a model of intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1993, 17(3):355-379.
104. Perlow L.A., Gittell J.H., Katz N. Contextualizing patterns of work group interaction: Toward a nested theory of structuration. Organization Science 2004, 15(5):520-536.
105. Piontowski U., Florack A., Hoelker P., Obdrzálek P. Predicting acculturation attitudes and perceived threat. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2000, 24:1-26.
106. Pitts M.J. Identity and the role of expectations, stress, and talk in short-term student sojourner adjustment: An application of the integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2009, 33(6):450-462.
107. Primecz H., Romani L., Sackmann S.A. Cross-cultural management research. Contributions from various paradigms. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2009, 9(3):267-274.
108. Ramsey J.R. The role of other orientation on the relationship between institutional distance and expatriate adjustment. Journal of International Management 2005, 11(3):377-396.
109. Robie C., Ryan A.M. Structural equivalence of a measure of cross-cultural adjustment. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1996, 56(3):514-521.
110. Rohmann A. Akkulturation von statusgleichen Gruppen. Eine sozialpsychologische Analyse am Beispiel der Deutschen und Franzosen in der Europäischen Union 2003, Books on Demand, Norderstedt. 1. Aufl. ed.
111. Roth K. Der Beitrag der Volkskunde zur Untersuchung interkultureller Interaktionen. Konzepte der interkulturellen Kommunikation. Theorieansätze und Praxisbezüge in interdisziplinärer Perspektive 2004, 115-144. Röhrig, St. Ingbert. H.J. Lüsebrink (Ed.).
112. Rousseau D.M., House R.J. Meso organizational behavior: Avoiding three fundamental biases. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1994, 1:13-30.
113. Ruben B.D., Kealey D.J. Behavioral assessment of communication competency and the prediction of cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1979, 3:15-47.
114. Cultural complexity in organizations. Inherent contrasts and contradictions 1997, Sage, Thousand Oaks. S.A. Sackmann (Ed.).
115. Sackmann S.A., Phillips M.E. One's many cultures. A multiple cultures perspective. Crossing cultures. Insights from master teachers 2003, 38-48. Routledge, London. N.A. Boyacigiller, R.A. Goodman, M.E. Phillips (Eds.).
116. Sackmann S.A., Phillips M.E. Contextual influences on culture research: Shifting assumptions for new workplace realities. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2004, 4(3):370-390.
117. Schein E.H. Organizational culture and leadership 1992, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. 2 ed.
118. Schneider S.C., Asakawa K. American and Japanese expatriate adjustment: A psychoanalytic perspective. Human Relations 1995, 48(10):1109-1127.
119. Schütz A. Der sinnhafte Aufbau der sozialen Welt. Eine Einleitung in die verstehende Soziologie 1974, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
120. Scott R.W. Institutions and organizations 2001, Sage, Thousand Oaks et al. 2. erw. und überarb. ed.
121. Searle W., Ward C. The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1990, 14(4):449-464.
122. Selmer J. Effects of coping strategies on sociocultural and psychological adjustment of western expatriate managers in the PRC. Journal of World Business 1999, 34(1):41-51.
123. Selmer J. Adjustment of Western European vs. North American expatriate managers in China. Personnel Review 2001, 30(1):6-21.
124. Selmer J. Coping and adjustment of Western expatriate managers in Hong Kong. Scandinavian Journal of Management 2001, 17(2):167-185.
125. Selmer J. The Chinese connection?. Adjustment of Western vs. overseas Chinese expatriate managers in China. Journal of Business Research 2002, 55(1):41-50.
126. Selmer J. Which is easier, adjusting to a similar or to a dissimilar culture? American business expatriates in Canada and Germany. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2007, 7(2):185-201.
127. Selmer J., Lauring J. Cultural similarity and adjustment of expatriate academics. Journal of Intercultural Relations 2009, 33(5):429-436.
128. Selmer J., Shiu L.S.C. Coming home? Adjustment of Hong Kong Chinese expatriate business managers assigned to the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1999, 23(3):447-465.
129. Shay J.P., Baack S. An empirical investigation of the relationships between modes and degree of expatriate adjustment and multiple measures of performance. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2006, 6(3):275-294.
130. Shay J.P., Tracey J.B. Expatriate adjustment and effectiveness: The mediating role of managerial practices. Journal of International Management 2009, 15(4):401-412.
131. Shimoni T., Ronen S., Roziner I. Predicting expatriate adjustment: Israel as a host country. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2005, 5(3):293-312.
132. Swagler M.A., Jome L.R. The effects of personality and acculturation on the adjustment of North American sojourners in Taiwan. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2005, 52(4):527-536.
133. Taft R. Coping with unfamiliar cultures. Studies in cross-cultural psychology 1977, 121-153. Academic Press, London. N. Warren (Ed.).
134. Takeuchi R. A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of Management 2010, 36(4):1040-1064.
135. Takeuchi R., Marinova S.V., Lepak D.P., Liu W. A model of expatriate withdrawal-related outcomes: Decision making from a dualistic adjustment perspective. Human Resource Management Review 2005, 15(2):119-138.
136. Takeuchi R., Yun S., Tesluk P.E. An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-Cultural Adjustment on Expatriate Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87(4):655-666.
137. Taveggia T.C., Nieves Gibboney Santos L. Cross cultural adjustment: A test of the 'uncertainty reduction principle'. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2001, 1(2):153-171.
138. Taylor S., Napier N.K. Successful women expatriates: The case of Japan. Journal of International Management 1996, 2:51-78.
139. Templer K.J., Tay C.T., Chandasekar A.N. Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group & Organization Management 2006, 31(1):154-173.
140. Thomas K.M. Psychological privilege and ethnocentrism as barriers to cross-cultural adjustment and effective intercultural interactions. The Leadership Quarterly 1996, 7(2):215-228.
141. Thomas D.C., Lazarova M.B. Expatriate adjustment and performance: A critical review. Handbook of research in international human resource management 2006, 592. Edward Elgar Publishing. G.K. Stahl, I. Bjorkman (Eds.).
142. Thomas D.C., Ravlin E.C. Responses of employees to cultural adaptation by a foreign manager. The Journal of Applied Psychology 1995, 80(1):133-146.
143. Thomas D.C., Toyne B. Subordinates' responses to cultural adaptation by Japanese expatriate managers. Journal of Business Research 1995, 32(1):1-10.
144. Thorelli H.B., Glowacka A.E. Willingness of American industrial buyers to source internationally. Journal of Business Research 1995, 32(1):21-30.
145. Thornton P.H., Ocasio W. Institutional logics. The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism 2008, 99-129. Sage, LA et al. R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, R. Suddaby (Eds.).
146. Tucker M.F., Bonial R., Lahti K. The definition, measurement and prediction of intercultural adjustment and job performance among corporate expatriates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2004, 28(3-4):221-251.
147. Tung R.L. Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business 1981, 16(1):68-78.
148. Tung R.L. Selection and training procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese multinationals. California Management Review 1982, 25(1):57-71.
149. Tung R.L. Expatriate assignments: Enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive 1987, 1(2):117-126.
150. van Bakel, M., Gerritsen, M., & van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2009). Contact with host nationals and the success of international assignments. Paper presented at the 10th International Human Resource Management Conference.
151. van Oudenhoven J.P., van der Zee K.I., van Kooten M. Successful adaptation strategies according expatriates. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2001, 25(5):467-482.
152. Wang X. Expatriate adjustment from a social network perspective: Theoretical examination and a conceptual model. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2002, 2(3):321-337.
153. Wang X., Nayir D.Z. How and when is social networking important? Comparing European expatriate adjustment in China and Turkey. Journal of International Management 2006, 12(4):449-472.
154. Ward C., Bochner S., Furnham A. The psychology of culture shock 2001, Routledge, Hove, UK. 2. ed.
155. Ward C., Kennedy A. The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1999, 23(4):659-677.
156. Ward C., Okura Y., Kennedy A., Kojima T. The U-Curve on trial: A longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during Cross-Cultural transition. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1998, 22(3):277-291.
157. Ward C., Searle W. The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1991, 15(2):209-225.
158. Waxin M.F. Expatriates' interaction adjustment: the direct and moderator effects of culture of origin. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2004, 28(1):61-79.
159. Weber M. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 2006 [1922], Voltmedia, Paderborn.
160. Wright P.M., Boswell W.R. Desegregating HRM: A review and synthesis of micro and macro human resource management research. Journal of Management 2002, 28(3):247-276.
161. Yeganeh H., Su Z. Conceptual foundations of cultural management research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2006, 6(3):361-376.
162. Yoo S.H., Matsumoto D., LeRoux J.A. The influence of emotion recognition and emotion regulation on intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2006, 30(3):345-363.
163. Zhu Y. From cultural adaptation to cross-cultural discursive competence. Discourse & Communication 2008, 2(3):185-204.
164. Zimmermann A., Holman D., Sparrow P. Unravelling adjustment mechanisms: Adjustment of German expatriates to intercultural interactions, work, and living conditions in the People's Republic of China. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2003, 3(1):45-66.
165. Zimmermann A., Sparrow P. Mutual adjustment processes in international teams. International Studies of Management & Organization 2007, 37(3):65-88.
166. Zucker L.G. The role of institutionalization in cultural persistence. American Sociological Review 1977, 42(5):726-743.