A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects

Journal of Management

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 1040-1064

  Takeuchi, Riki ^a  

^a HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Expatriate adjustment review; Host country nationals; Multiple stakeholder; Parent company; Spouses

Indexed keywords

EID: 77953519931     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0149206309349308     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. *An asterisk indicates that the study was included in the review.
2. Andreason, A.W. 2008. Expatriate adjustment of spouses and expatriate managers: An integrative research review. International Journal of Management, 25: 382-395.
3. Arthur, J.B. 1994. Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-687.
4. Aycan, Z. 1997a. Acculturation of expatriate managers: A process model of adjustment and performance. In Z. Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management (Expatriate management: Theory and research: 1-40. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
5. Aycan, Z. 1997b. Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: Individual and organizational level predictors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8: 434-456.
6. Bauer, T.N., & Green, S.G. 1996. Development of leader-member-exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 1538-1567.
7. Becker, B.E., & Huselid, M.A. 2006. Strategic human resource management: Where do we go from here? Journal of Management, 32: 898-925.
8. &z.ast;Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A., & Luk, D.M. 2005. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48: 257-281.
9. *Black, J.S. 1988. Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19: 277-294.
10. Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. 1991. Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16: 291-317.
11. Black, J.S., & Stephens, G.K. 1989. The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, 15: 529-544.
12. Blau, P.M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
13. Byrne, D. 1961. Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62: 713-715.
14. Caligiuri, P.M. 1997. Assessing expatriate success: Beyond just being there. In Z. Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management (Expatriate management: Theory and research): 117-140. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
15. Caligiuri, P.M., Hyland, M.A.M., Joshi, A., & Bross, A.S. 1998. Testing a theoretical model for examining the relationship between family adjustment and expatriates' work adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 598-614.
16. Caligiuri, P.M., Joshi, A., & Lazarova, M. 1999. Factors influencing the adjustment of women on global assignments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10: 163-179.
17. Church, A.T. 1982. Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91: 540-572.
18. Daily, C.M., Certo, S.T., & Dalton, D.R. 2000. International experience in the executive suite: The path to prosperity? Strategic Management Journal, 21: 515-523.
19. Eby, L.T., Casper, W.J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. 2005. Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66: 124-197.
20. Edstrom, A., & Galbraith, J. 1977. Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in MNC organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22: 248-263.
21. Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. 1999. Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 77: 85-129.
22. Edwards, J.R., & Rothbard, N.P. 2000. Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25: 178-199.
23. Ekehammar, B. 1974. Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 81: 1026-1048.
24. Feldman, D.C., & Bolino, M.C. 1999. The impact of on-site mentoring on expatriate socialization: A structural equation modelling approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 10: 54-71.
25. Freeman, R.E. 1984. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.
26. Ford, M.T., Heinen, B.A., & Langkamer, K.L. 2007. Work and family satisfaction and conflict: A meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 57-80.
27. Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. 1992. Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a mode of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77: 65-78.
28. Frone, M.R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M.L. 1997. Relation of work-family conflict outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70: 325-335.
29. Gong, Y. 2003a. Subsidiary staffing in multinational enterprises: Agency, resources, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 46: 728-739.
30. Gong, Y. 2003b. Toward a dynamic process model of staffing composition and subsidiary outcomes in multinational enterprises. Journal of Management, 29: 259-280.
31. Gouldner, A.W. 1960. The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25: 161-178.
32. Greenhaus, J.H., & Beutell, N.J. 1985. Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10: 76-88.
33. Greenhaus, J.H., & Powell, G.N. 2003. When work and family collide: Deciding between competing role demands. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 90: 291-303.
34. Gregersen, H.B. 1992. Commitment to a parent company and a local work unit during repatriation. Personnel Psychology, 45: 29-54.
35. Gupta, A.K., & Govindarajan, V. 2000. Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 21: 473-496.
36. Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A., & Elron, E. 1994. Expatriate managers and the psychological contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79: 617-626.
37. Hammer, L.B., Cullen, J.C., Neal, M.B., Sinclair, R.R., & Shafiro, M.W. 2005. The longitudinal effects of work-family conflict and positive spillover on depressive symptoms among dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10: 138-154.
38. Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A., & Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P. 2004. Going places: Roads more and less traveled in research on expatriate experiences. In J. J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resources management: 203-252. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
39. Harvey, M.G. 1985. The executive family: An overlooked variable in international assignments. Columbia Journal of World Business, 20: 84-92.
40. Hays, R.D. 1971. Ascribed behavioral determinants of success-failure among U.S. expatriate managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 2: 40-46.
41. Hays, R.D. 1974. Expatriate selection: Insuring success and avoiding failure. Journal of International Business Studies, 5: 25-37.
42. Hechanova, R., Beehr, T.A., & Christiansen, N.D. 2003. Antecedents and consequences of employees' adjustment to overseas assignment: A meta-analytic review. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52: 213-236.
43. Herleman, H.A., Britt, T.W., & Hashima, P.Y. 2008. Ibasho and the adjustment, satisfaction, and well-being of expatriate spouses. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32: 282-299.
44. Homans, G.C. 1958. Social behaviors as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63: 597-606.
45. Homans, G.C. 1961. Social behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
46. Howell, J.M., & Hall-Merenda, K.E. 1999. The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership, and distance on predicting follower performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84: 680-694.
47. Huselid, M.A. 1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 635-672.
48. James, L.R., & Williams, L.J. 2000. The cross-level operator in regression, ANCOVA, and contextual analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions: 382-424. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
49. Johnson, E.C., Kristof-Brown, A.L., Van Vianen, A.E.M., De Pater, I.E., & Klein, M.R. 2003. Expatriate social ties: Personality antecedents and consequences for adjustment. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11: 277-288.
50. Koslowsky, M.A. 2000. New perspective on employee lateness. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49: 390-407.
51. Kossek, E.E., & Ozeki, C. 1998. Work-family conflict, policies, and job-life satisfaction relationship: A review and directions for organizational behavior-human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83: 139-149.
52. Kraimer, M.L., & Wayne, S.J. 2004. An examination of POS as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30: 209-237.
53. Kraimer, M.L., Wayne, S.J., & Jaworski, R.A. 2001. Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54: 71-100.
54. Lepak, D.P., & Snell, S.A. 1999. The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. Academy of Management Review, 24: 31-48.
55. Lepak, D.P., & Snell, S.A. 2002. Examining the human resource architecture: The relationships among human capital, employment, and human resource configurations. Journal of Management, 28: 517-543.
56. Liden, R.C., & Graen, G. 1980. Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23: 451-465.
57. Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., & Sparrowe, R.T. 2000. An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85: 407-416.
58. Liu, X., & Shaffer, M.A. 2005. An investigation of expatriate adjustment and performance: A social capital perspective. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5: 235-254.
59. Mendenhall, M.E., & Macomber, J.H. 1997. Rethinking the strategic management of expatriates from a nonlinear dynamics perspective. In Z. Aycan (Ed.), New approaches to employee management (Expatriate management: Theory and research): 41-62. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
60. Mendenhall, M.E., Macomber, J.H., Gregersen, H., & Cutright, M. 1998. Nonlinear dynamics: A new perspective on IHRM research and practice in the 21st century. Human Resource Management Review, 8: 5-22.
61. Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. 1985. The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10: 39-47.
62. Netemeyer, R.G., Boles, J.S., & McMurrian, R. 1996. Development and validation of work-family and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81: 400-410.
63. Newman, J., Bhatt, B., & Gutteridge, T. 1978. Determinants of expatriate effectiveness: A theoretical and empirical vacuum. Academy of Management Review, 3: 655-661.
64. O'Driscoll, M.P., Ilgen, D.R., & Hildreth, K. 1992. Time devoted to job and off-job activities, interrole conflict, and affective experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77: 272-279.
65. *Palthe, J. 2004. The relative importance of antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment: Implications for managing a global workforce. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28: 37-59.
66. Pervin, L.A. 1989. Persons, situations, interactions: The history of a controversy and a discussion of theoretical models. Academy of Management Review, 14: 350-360.
67. Roth, K., & O'Donnell, S. 1996. Foreign subsidiary compensation strategy: An agency theory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 678-703.
68. Rothausen, T.J. 1999. Family in organizational research: A review and comparison of definitions and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20: 817-836.
69. Sambharya, R. 1996. Foreign experience of top management teams and international diversification strategies of U.S. multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 739-746.
70. Searle, W., & Ward, C. 1990. The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14: 449-464.
71. *Selmer, J. 2001. Psychological barriers to adjustment and how they affect coping strategies: Western business expatriates in China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12: 151-165.
72. Selmer, J., & De Leon, C. 1996. Parental cultural control through organizational acculturation: HCN employees learning new work values in foreign business subsidiaries. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17: 557-572.
73. Shaffer, M.A., & Harrison, D.A. 1998. Expatriates' psychological withdrawal from international assignments: Work, nonwork, and family influences. Personnel Psychology, 51: 87-118.
74. Shaffer, M.A., & Harrison, D.A. 2001. Forgotten partners of international assignments: Development and test of a model of spouse adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86: 238-254.
75. Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., & Gilley, K.M. 1999. Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30: 557-581.
76. Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., Gilley, K.M., & Luk, D.M. 2001. Struggling for balance amid turbulence on international assignments: Work-family conflict, support, and commitment. Journal of Management, 27: 99-121.
77. Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., Gregersen, H., Black, J.S., & Ferzandi, L.A. 2006. You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 109-125.
78. Shay, J.P., & Baack, S. 2004. Expatriate assignment, adjustment and effectiveness: An empirical examination of the big picture. Journal of International Business Studies, 35: 216-232.
79. Shay, J.P., & Baack, S. 2006. An empirical investigation of the relationships between modes and degree of expatriate adjustment and multiple measures of performance. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 6: 275-294.
80. Subramaniam, M., & Venkatraman, N. 2001. Determinants of transnational new product development capability: Testing the influence of transferring and deploying tacit overseas knowledge. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 359-378.
81. Takeuchi, R., Shay, J.P., & Li, J.T. 2008. When does decision autonomy increase expatriates' adjustment? An empirical test. Academy of Management Journal, 51: 45-60.
82. Takeuchi, R., Wang, M., & Marinova, S.V. 2005. Antecedents and consequences of psychological workplace strain during expatriation: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Personnel Psychology, 58: 925-948.
83. Takeuchi, R., Wang, M., Marinova, S.V., & Yao, X. 2009. The role of domain-specific perceived organizational support during expatriation and their implications for performance. Organization Science, 20: 621-634.
84. Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P.E. 2002. An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 655-666.
85. Taylor, S., Beechler, S., & Napier, N. 1996. Toward an integrative model of strategic international human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 21: 959-985.
86. Terborg, J.R. 1981. Interactional psychology and research on human behavior in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 6: 569-576.
87. Thomas, D.C. 1998. The expatriate experience: A critical review and synthesis. In J. L. C. Cheng & R. B. Peterson (Eds.), Advances in international comparative management: 237-273. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
88. Thomas, D.C., & Ravlin, E.C. 1995. Responses of employees to cultural adaptation by a foreign manager. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80: 133-146.
89. Toh, S.M., & DeNisi, A.S. 2003. Host country national (HCN) reactions to expatriate pay policies: A proposed model and some implications. Academy of Management Review, 28: 606-621.
90. Toh, S., & DeNisi, A.S. 2007. Host country nationals as socializing agent: A social identity approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28: 281-301.
91. Vance, C.M., & Paik, Y. 1995. Host-country workforce training in support of the expatriate management assignment. In J. Selmer (Ed.), Expatriate management: New ideas for international business: 157-171. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
92. Vance, C.M., Wholihan, J.T., & Paderon, E.S. 1993. The imperative for host country workforce training and development as part of the expatriate management assignment: Toward a new research agenda. In J. B. Shaw, P. S. Kirkbride, & K. M. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management: 359-373. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
93. Van Vianen, A.E.M., De Pater, I.E., Kristof-Brown, A.L., & Johnson, E.C. 2004. Fitting in: Surface- and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates' adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47: 697-709.
94. Vistnes, J.P. 1997. Gender differences in days lost from work due to illness. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 50: 304-323.
95. Wang, M., & Takeuchi, R. 2007. The role of goal orientation during expatriation: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 1437-1445.
96. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. 1993. Psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions: A comparison of secondary students overseas and at home. International Journal of Psychology, 28: 129-147.
97. Ward, C., & Searle, W. 1991. The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15: 209-225.
98. *Waxin, M.F. 2004 Expatriates' interaction adjustment: The direct and moderator effects of culture of origin. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28: 61-79.
99. Werner, S. 2002. Recent developments in international management research: A review of 20 top management journals. Journal of Management, 28: 277-305.
100. Westman, M. 2001. Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54: 557-591.
101. Williams, K.J., & Alliger, G.M. 1994. Role stressors, mood spillover, and perceptions of work-family conflict in employed parents. Academy of Management Journal, 37: 837-868.
102. Wright, P.M., & McMahan, G.C. 1992. Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management. Journal of Management, 18: 295-320.
103. Youndt, M.A., Snell, S.A., Dean, J.W., Jr., & Lepak, D.P. 1996. Human resource management, manufacturing strategy, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39: 836-866.