Adjustment of Western European vs North American expatriate managers in China

Personnel Review

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 6-21

  Selmer, Jan ^a  

^a HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

China; Country of origin; Expatriates; Interaction; Managers

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842788766     PISSN: 00483486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/00483480110380118     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Adler, N.J. (1995), “Expatriate women managers”, in Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
2. Arnetz, B.B. and Anderzen, I. (1992), “The internationalization of work. Optimizing adaptation of employees to a global economy. A multidisciplinary study of the expatriation and repatriation process”, in Selmer, J. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Expatriate Management, Hong Kong Baptist College, Hong Kong.
3. Aryee, S. (1997), “Selection and training of expatriate employees”, in Anderson, N. and Herriot, P. (Eds), Handbook of Selection and Appraisal, Wiley, London.
4. Aryee, S. and Stone, R.J. (1996), “Work experiences, work adjustment and psychological well-being of expatriate employees in Hong Kong”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 150-64.
5. Bartlett, C. and Goshal, S. (1989), Managing across National Borders: The Transnational Solution, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA.
6. Bell, M.P. and Harrison, D.A. (1996), “Using intra-national diversity for international assignments: a model of bicultural competence and expatriate adjustment”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 47-74.
7. Birdseye, M.G. and Hill, J.S. (1995), “Individual, organizational/work and environmental influences on expatriate turnover tendencies: an empirical study”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 787-813.
8. Björkman, I and Schaap, A. (1994), “Outsiders in the middle kingdom: expatriate managers in Chinese-Western joint ventures”, European Management Journal, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 147-53.
9. Black, J.S. (1988), “Work role transitions: a study of American expatriate managers in Japan”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19, pp. 277-94.
10. Black, J.S. and Gregersen, H.B. (1990), “Expectations, satisfaction and intentions to leave of American managers in Japan”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 485-506.
11. Black, J.S. and Gregersen, H.B. (1991a), “Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments”, Human Relations, Vol. 44 No. 5, pp. 497-515.
12. Black, J.S. and Gregersen, H.B. (1991b), “When Yankee comes home: factors related to expatriate and spouse repatriation adjustment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 671-94
13. Black, J.S. and Gregersen, H.B. (1991c), “The other half of the picture: antecedents of spouse cross-cultural adjustment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 671-94.
14. Black, J.S. and Mendenhall, M. (1990), “Cross-cultural training effectiveness: a review and theoretical framework for further research”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15, pp. 113-36.
15. Black, J.S. and Mendenhall, M. (1991), “The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: a review and theoretical framework”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 225-47.
16. Black, J.S. and Stephens, G.K. (1989), “The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment in overseas assignments”, Journal of Management, Vol. 15, pp. 529-44.
17. Black, J.S., Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1991), “Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: an integration of multiple theoretical perspectives”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 291-317.
18. Bochner, S. (Ed.) (1981), The Mediating Person: Bridges between Cultures, Schenkman, Cambridge, MA.
19. Bond, M.H. (1991), Beyond the Chinese Face: Insights From Psychology, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong.
20. Bond, M.H. and Hwang, K.K. (1986), “The social psychology of Chinese people”, in Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The Psychology of the Chinese People, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong.
21. Brewster, C. (1991), The Management of Expatriates, Kogan Page, London.
22. Brewster, C. (1995), “Effective expatriate training”, in Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
23. Brewster, C. and Scullion, H. (1997), “A review and agenda for expatriate HRM”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 32-41.
24. Brislin, R.W. (1994), “Working co-operatively with people from different cultures”, in Brislin, R. and Yoshida, T. (Eds), Improving Intercultural Interactions: Modules for Cross-cultural Training Programs, Sage Publications, Thousands Oaks, CA.
25. Brislin, R.W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C. and Yong, M. (1986), Intercultural Interactions, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA.
26. Caplan, R.D., Cobb, S., French, J.R.P., Van Herrison, R and Pinneau, S.R. (1975), Job Demands and Worker Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC.
27. Chen, M. (1995), Asian Management Systems: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Styles of Business, Routledge, London.
28. Child, J. (1994), Chinese Management during the Age of Reform, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
29. Church, A. (1982), “Sojourner adjustment”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 91 No. 3, pp. 540-77.
30. Cui, G. and van den Berg, S. (1991), “Testing the construct validity of intercultural effectiveness”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 15, pp. 227-41.
31. Davidson, W. (1987), “Creating and managing joint ventures in China”, California Management Review, Vol. 29, pp. 77-94.
32. de Cieri, H. and Dowling, P. (1995), “Cross-cultural issues in organizational behavior”, Trends in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 2, pp. 127-45.
33. Dolainski, S. (1997), “Are expats getting lost in the translation?”, Workforce, February, pp. 32-9.
34. Feldman, D.C. and Thomas, D.C. (1992), “Career management issues facing expatriates”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 271-93.
35. Forster, N. (1997), “The persistent myth of high failure rates: a reappraisal”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 414-33.
36. Furnham, A. (1993), “Communicating in foreign lands: the cause, consequences and cures of culture shock”, Language, Culture and Curriculum, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 91-109.
37. Furnham, A. and Bochner, S. (1986), Culture Shock: Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments, Methuen, London.
38. Gao, G. (1998), “‘Don’t take my word for it’ – understanding Chinese speaking practices”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 163-86.
39. Gertsen, M. (1990), “Inter-cultural competence and expatriates”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 341-62.
40. Goldberg, D. (1972), The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire, Oxford University Press, London.
41. Goodall, K. and Warner, M. (1997), “Human resources in Sino-foreign joint ventures: selected case studies in Shanghai compared with Beijing”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 569-94.
42. Gregersen, H. and Black, J.S. (1990), “A multifaceted approach to expatriate retention in international assignments”, Group and Organization Studies, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 461-85.
43. Grove, C.L. and Torbiörn, I. (1985), “A new conceptualization of intercultural adjustment and the goals of training”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 9, pp. 205-33.
44. Guzzo, R.A., Noonan, K.A. and Elron, E. (1994), “Expatriate managers and the psychological contract”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79 No. 4, pp. 617-26.
45. Hanvey, R.G. (1979), “Cross-cultural awareness”, in Smith, E.C. and Luce, L.F. (Eds), Toward Internationalism, Newbury House, Rowley, MA
46. Harzing, A.-W.K. (1995), “The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 457-74.
47. Gullahorn, J.E. and Gullahorn, J.R. (1962), “An extension of the U-curve hypothesis”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 3, pp. 33-47.
48. Janssens, M. (1995), “Intercultural interaction: a burden on international managers”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 16, pp. 155-67.
49. Juffer, K.A. (1986), “The first step in cross-cultural orientation: defining the problem”, in Paige, R.M. (Ed.), Cross-cultural Orientation: New Conceptualizations and Applications, University Press of America, Lanham, MD.
50. Jun, S., Lee, S. and Gentry, J.W. (1997), “The effects of acculturation on commitment to the parent company and the foreign operation”, International Business Review, Vol. 6 No. 5, pp. 519-35.
51. Karasek, R.A. (1979), “Job demands, job decision latitude and mental strain: implications for job redesign”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 285-308.
52. Kedia, B. and Bhagat, R. (1988), “Cultural constraints on transfer of technology across nations: implications for research in international and comparative management”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 4, pp. 559-71.
53. Klineberg, O. (1982), “Contact between ethnic groups: a historical perspective of some aspects of theory and research”, in Bochner, S. (Ed.), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-cultural Interaction, Pergamon, Oxford.
54. Kobrin, S.J. (1994), “Is there a relationship between a geocentric mind-set and multinational strategy?”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 493-511.
55. Kornhauser, A (1965), Mental Health of the Industrial Worker: A Detroit Study, Wiley, New York, NY.
56. Lee, Y. and Larwood, L. (1983), “The socialization of expatriate managers in multinational firms”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 657-65.
57. McEvoy, G.M. and Parker, B. (1995), “Expatriate adjustment: causes and consequences”, in Selmer, J. (Ed.), Expatriate Management: New Ideas for International Business, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
58. Menard, S (1991), Longitudinal Research, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
59. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1985), “The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: a review”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 39-47.
60. Naumann, E. (1993), “Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment among expatriate managers”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 18, pp. 153-87.
61. Nicholson, N. and Imaizumi, A. (1993), “The adjustment of Japanese expatriates to living and working in Britain”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 4, pp. 119-34.
62. Oberg, K. (1960), “Culture shock: adjustment to new cultural environments”, Practical Anthropologist, Vol. 7, pp. 177-82.
63. Osborn, D. (1997), “The international mobility of French managers”, European Management Journal, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 584-90.
64. Price Waterhouse (1997-98), International Assignments: European Policy and Practice, Price Waterhouse Europe, London
65. Ralston, D., Gustafson, D.J., Cheung, F.M. and Terpstra, R.H. (1992), “Eastern values: a comparison of US, Hong Kong, and PRC managers”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 77, pp. 664-71.
66. Ralston, D., Gustafson, D.J., Cheung, F.M. and Terpstra, R.H. (1993), “Differences in managerial values: a study of US, Hong Kong and PRC managers”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 249-75
67. Redding, S.G. (1990), The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism, de Gruyter, Berlin.
68. Rimington, R. (1996), “The management process of developing a Sino-British joint venture”, in Child, J. and Lu, Y. (Eds), Management Issues in China: Volume II – International Enterprises, Routledge, London.
69. Scheu-Lottgen, U.D. and Hernandez-Campoy, J.M. (1998), “An analysis of sociocultural miscommunication: English, Spanish and German”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 375-94.
70. Searle, W. and Ward, C. (1990). “The prediction of psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 14, pp. 449-64.
71. Selmer, J. (1992a), Succession of Expatriate Top Managers in Foreign Subsidiaries: A Study of Swedish CEOs in Southeast Asia, Working Paper Series No. MS91073, Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College, Hong Kong.
72. Selmer, J. (1992b), Cultural Preparation of Expatriate Top Managers: An Exploratory Study of Swedish CEOs in Southeast Asia, Working Paper Series No. MS91080, Business Research Centre, School of Business, Hong Kong Baptist College, Hong Kong.
73. Selmer, J. (1998) “Strategic human resource management: expatriate managers in China” in Selmer, J. (Ed.), International Management in China: Cross-cultural Issues, Routledge, London.
74. Selmer, J and de Leon, C.T. (1989), “Never the twain shall meet”, Research Report, No. R1989:9, Department of Business Administration, Stockholm University, Sweden.
75. Selmer, J and Lee, S. (1994), “International transfer and assignment of Australian and European business executives”, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 1-12.
76. Selmer, J. and Shiu, L.S.C. (in press), “Coming home? Adjustment of Hong Kong Chinese expatriate business managers assigned to the People’s Republic of China”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations.
77. Sergeant, A. and Frenkel, S. (1998), “Managing people in China: perceptions of expatriate managers”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 17-34.
78. Silin, R.H. (1976), Leadership and Values: The Organization of Large Scale Taiwanese Enterprises, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
79. Tan, T.T.-W. (1986), Your Chinese Roots. The Overseas Chinese Story, Times Books, Singapore.
80. Tung, R.L. (1988), The New Expatriates: Managing Human Resources Abroad, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA.
81. Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1992), “Locus of control, mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 16, pp. 175-94.
82. Ward, C. and Kennedy, A. (1996), “Crossing cultures: the relationship between psychological and socio-cultural dimensions of cross-cultural adjustment”, in Pandey, J., Sinha, D. and Bhawuk, D.P.S. (Eds), Asian Contributions to Cross-cultural Psychology, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
83. Ward, C. and Searle, W. (1991), “The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and socio-cultural adjustment of sojourners”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 15, pp. 209-25.
84. Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A. and Kojima, T. (1998), “The U-curve on trial: a longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 22 No. 3, pp. 277-91.
85. Warner, M. (1995), The Management of Human Resources in Chinese Industry, Macmillan, London.
86. Weldon, E. and Jehn, K.A. (1996), “Conflict management in US-Chinese joint ventures”, in Child, J and Lu, Y. (Eds), Management Issues in China: Volume II – International Enterprises, Routledge, London.
87. Whitley, R. (1992), Business Systems in East Asia: Firms, Markets and Societies, Sage Publications, London.
88. Worm, V. (1997), Vikings and Mandarins: Sino-Scandinavian Business Co-operation in Cross-cultural Settings, Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen.
89. Yang, K.S. (1986), “Chinese personality and its change”, in Bond, M.H. (Ed.), The Psychology of the Chinese People, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong.