Organizational behaviour across cultures: Theoretical and methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture

International Journal of Cross Cultural Management

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 27-48

  Fischer, Ronald ^a   Ferreira, Maria Cristina ^b   Assmar, Eveline Maria Leal ^b   Redford, Paul ^c   Harb, Charles ^d  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b GAMA FILHO UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^d AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

Cross cultural comparison; Cross cultural research methods; Extra role behavior; Multi level; Organizational practices

Indexed keywords

EID: 33744785923     PISSN: 14705958     EISSN: 17412838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1470595805050823     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Aguinis, H. and Henle, C.A. (1994) 'The Search for Universals in Cross-cultural Organizational Behavior', in J. Greenberg (ed.) Organizational Behavior: The State of the Science, 2nd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2. Ashkanasy, N.M., Broadoot, L.E. and Falkus, S. (2000) 'Questionnaire Measures of Organizational Culture', in N.N. Ashkanasy, C. Wilderom and M.F. Peterson (eds) The Handbook of Organisational Culture and Climate, pp. 131-46. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Ashkanasy, N.N., Wilderom, C. and Peterson, M.F. (eds) (2000) The Handbook of Organisational Culture and Climate. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4. Aycan, Z. (2000a) 'Cross-cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Contributions, Past Developments, and Future Directions', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31: 110-28.
5. Aycan, Z. (2000b) 'Implications of Paternalism for Human Resource Management Practices: A Cross-cultural Perspective', paper presented at the XVth International Congress for Cross-Cultural Psychology of the IACCP, Pultusk, Poland, July.
6. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller J., Stahl, G. and Kurshid, A. (2000) 'Impact of Culture on Human Resource Management Practices: A 10-country Comparison', Applied Psychology: An International Review 49: 192-221.
7. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N. and Sinha, J.P. (1999) 'Organizational Culture and Human Resource Management Practices: The Model of Culture Fit', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30: 501-26.
8. Bettencourt, L.A., Gwinner, K.P., Meuter, M.L. (2001) 'A Comparison of Attitude, Personality, and Knowledge Predictors of Service-oriented Organizational Citizenship Behaviors', Journal of Applied Psychology 86: 29-41.
9. Bond, M.H. (2001) 'Surveying the Foundations: Approaches to Measuring Group, Organizational and National Variations', in M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck and H. Thierry (eds) Work Motivation in the Context of a Globalizing Economy, pp. 395-412. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
10. Bond, M.H. (2004) 'Culture Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and their Correlates across 41 Cultures', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35: 548-70.
11. Brodbeck, F.C., Frese, M. and 43 Co-authors (2000) 'Cultural Variation of Leadership Prototypes across 22 European Countries', Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 73: 1-29.
12. Bryk, A.S. and Raudenbusch, S.W. (1992) Heirarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
13. Chan, D. (1998) 'Functional Relations among Constructs in the Same Content Domain at Different Levels of Analysis: A Typology of Composition Models', Journal of Applied Psychology 83: 234-46.
14. Chao, G.T. (2000) 'Multilevel Issues and Culture: An Integrative view', in J.K. Klein and S.W.J. Kozlowski (eds) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 308-48. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
15. Chatman, J.A. and Jehn, K.A. (1994) 'Assessing the Relationship between Industry Characteristics and Organizational Culture: How Different Can You Be?', Academy of Management Journal 37: 522-53.
16. Chinese Culture Connection (1987) 'Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-free Dimensions of Culture', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18: 143-64.
17. Colquitt, J.A., Noe, R.A. and Jackson, C.L. (2002) 'Justice in Teams: Antecedents and Consequences of Procedural Justice Climate', Personnel Psychology 55: 83-109.
18. Damanpour, F. (1991) 'Organizational Innovation: A Meta-analysis of Effects of Determinants and Moderators', Academy of Management Journal 34: 555-90.
19. Delobbe, N., Haccoun, R.R. and Vandenberghe, C. (2002) 'Measuring Core Dimensions of Organizational Culture: A Review of Research and Development of a New Instrument', unpublished manuscript, Universite catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
20. Deluga, R.J. (1994) 'Supervisor Trust Building, Leader/Member Exchange and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour', Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 67: 315-26.
21. Denison, D.R. and Mishra, A.K. (1995) 'Toward a Theory of Organizational Culture and Effectiveness', Organization Science 6: 204-23.
22. Detert, J.R., Schroeder, R.G. and Mauriel, J.J. (2000) 'A Framework for Linking Culture and Improvement Initiatives in Organizations', Academy of Management Review 25: 850-63.
23. Earley, P.C. (1994) 'Self or Group? Cultural Effects of Training on Self-efficacy and Performance', Administrative Science Quarterly 39: 89-117.
24. Earley, P.C. and Erez, M. (eds) (1997) New Perspectives on International Industrial and Organisational Psychology. San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.
25. Erez, M. (1994) 'Toward a Model of Cross-cultural I/O Psychology', in H.M. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds) Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, vol. 4, 2nd edn. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
26. Erez, M. (1997) 'A Culture Based Model of Work Motivation', in P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds) New Perspectives on International Industrial and Organisational Psychology, pp. 193-242. San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.
27. Erez, M. and Earley, P.C. (1993) Culture, Self-identity, and Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Fischer, R. (2004) 'My Values or My Culture's Values? The Importance of Referent Choice for Cross-cultural Comparisons', unpublished manuscript, Victoria University Wellington, New Zealand.
29. Fischer, R., Smith, P.B. and Richey, B.E. (2003) 'Reward Allocation in Organizational Settings: Investigating Organizational and Cross-cultural Differences', paper presented at the Regional Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology in Budapest, Hungary.
30. Gelfand, M.J. and Dyer, N. (2000) 'A Cultural Perspective on Negotiation: Progress, Pitfalls and Prospects', Applied Psychology: An International Review 49: 62-99.
31. Georgas, J. and Berry, J.W. (1995) 'An Ecocultural Taxonomy for Cross-cultural Psychology', Cross-Cultural research 29: 131-57.
32. George, J.M. and James, L.R. (1993) 'Personality, Affect and Behavior in Groups Revisited: Comment on Aggregation, Levels of Analysis and a Recent Application of Within and Between Analysis', Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 798-804.
33. Glick, W.H. (1985) 'Conceptualizing and Measuring Organizational and Psychological Climate: Pitfalls in Multilevel Research', Academy of Management Review 10: 601-16.
34. Hickson, D.J. and Pugh, D.S. (1995) Management Worldwide: The Impact of Societal Culture on Organizations Around the Globe. New York: Penguin.
35. Hofmann, D.A. (1997) 'An Overview of the Logic and Rationale of Hierarchical Linear Models', Journal of Management 23: 723-44.
36. Hofmann, D.A., Griffin, M.A. and Gavin, M.B. (2000) 'The Application of Hierarchical Linear Modelling to Organizational Research', in J.K. Klein and S.W.J. Kozlowski (eds) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 467-511. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
37. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
38. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Hofstede, G. (2002) 'The Pitfalls of Cross-national Survey Research: A Reply to the Article by Spector et al. on the Psychometric Properties of the Hofstede Values Survey Module 1994', Applied Psychology: An International Review 51: 170-3.
40. Hofstede, G., Neuihen, B., Ohayv, D.D. and Sanders, G. (1990) 'Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases', Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 286-316.
41. Hogg, M.A. and Abrams, D. (1988) Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London: Routledge.
42. House, R., Rousseau, D.M. and Thomas-Hunt, M. (1995) 'The Meso Paradigm: A Framework for the Integration of Micro and Macro Organizational Behavior', in B. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds) Research in Organisational Behaviour, vol. 17, pp. 71-114. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
43. Hox, J.J. (1995) Applied Multilevel Analysis. Amsterdam: TT-Publikaties.
44. Hui, C.H. (1988) 'Measurement of Individualism-Collectivism', Journal of Research in Personality 22: 17-30.
45. James, L.R. (1982) 'Aggregation Bias in Estimates of Perceptual Agreement', Journal of Applied Psychology 67: 219-29.
46. James, L.R., Demaree, R.G. and Wolf, G. (1984) 'Estimating Within-group Interrater Reliability With and Without Response Bias', Journal of Applied Psychology 69: 85-98.
47. wg: An Assessment of Within-group Interrater Agreement', Journal of Applied Psychology 78: 306-9.
48. Kagitçibasi, C. (1997) 'Individualism and Collectivism', in J.W. Berry, S.H. Segall and C. Kagitcibasi (eds) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, vol. 3, 2nd edn, pp. 1-49. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
49. Kanungo, R.N. and Jaeger, A.M. (1990) 'Introduction: The Need for Indigenous Management in Developing Countries', in A.M. Jaeger and R.N. Kanungo (eds) Management in Developing Countries, pp. 1-23. London: Routledge.
50. Klein, K.J., Conn, A.B., Smith, D.B. and Sorra, J.S. (2001) 'Is Everyone in Agreement? An Exploration of Within-group Agreement in Employee Perceptions of Work Environment', Journal of Applied Psychology 86: 3-16.
51. Klein, K.J., Dansereau, F. and Hall, R.J. (1994) 'Level Issues in Theory Development, Data Collection and Analysis', Academy of Management Review 19: 195-229.
52. Klein, J.K. and Kozlowski, S.W.J. (eds) (2000) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
53. Kozlowski, S.W.J. and Klein J.K. (2000) 'A Multi-level Approach to Theory and Research in Organizations: Contextual, Temporal and Emergent Processes', in J.K. Klein and S.W.J. Kozlowski (eds) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 3-90. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
54. Krull, J.L. and MacKinnon, D.P. (2001) 'Multilevel Modeling of Individual and Group Level Mediated Effects', Multivariate Behavioral Research 36: 249-77.
55. Lam, S.S.K., Hui, C. and Law, K.S. (1999) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Comparing Perspectives of Supervisors and Subordinates across Four International Samples', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84: 594-601.
56. LePine J.A. and Van Dyne, L. (1998) 'Predicting Voice Behavior in Work Groups', Journal of Applied Psychology 83: 853-69.
57. Leung, K. (1997) 'Negotiation and Reward Allocation across Cultures', in P.C. Earley and M. Erez (eds) New Perspectives on International Industrial and Organisational Psychology, pp. 640-75. San Francisco: The New Lexington Press.
58. Levine J.M. and Moreland, R.L. (1994) 'Group Socialization: Theory and Research', European Review of Social Psychology 5: 305-36.
59. Lindell, M.K. and Brandt, C.J. (2000) 'Climate Quality and Climate Consensus as Mediators of the Relationship between Organizational Antecedents and Outcomes', Journal of Applied Psychology 85: 331-48.
60. McSweeney, B. (2002) 'Hofstede's Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith - a Failure of Analysis', Human Relations 55: 89-118.
61. Mathur, P., Aycan, Z. and Kanungo, R.N. (1996) 'Work Cultures in Indian Organizations: A Comparison between Public and Private Sector', Psychology and Developing Society 8: 199-222.
62. Mendonca, M. and Kanungo, R.N. (1994) 'Managing Human Resources: The Issue of Culture Fit', Journal of Management Inquiry 3: 189-205.
63. Meyer, J.P. (1997) 'Organizational Commitment', in C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robinson (eds) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 12, pp. 175-228. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
64. Moorman, R.H. and Blakely, G.L. (1995) 'Individualism-Collectivism as an Individual Difference Predictor of Organizational Citizenship Behavior', Journal of Organizational Behavior 16: 127-42.
65. O'Reilly, C.A., Chatman, J. and Caldwell, D.F. (1991) 'People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit', Academy of Management Journal 34: 487-516.
66. Organ, D.W. and Paine, J.B. (1999) 'A New Kind of Performance for Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Recent Contributions to the Study of Organizational Citizenship Behavior', in C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 14, pp. 337-68. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
67. Organ, D.W. and Ryan, K. (1995) 'A Meta-analytic Review of Attitudinal and Dispositional Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior', Personnel Psychology 48: 775-802.
68. Ostroff, C. and Bowen, D.E. (2000) 'Moving HR to a Higher Level: HR Practices and Organizational Effectiveness', in J.K. Klein and S.W.J. Kozlowski (eds) Multilevel Theory, Research and Methods in Organizations. Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 211-66. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.
69. Patterson, M., Payne, R. and West, M. (1996) 'Collective Climates: A Test of their Sociopsychological Significance', Academy of Management Journal 39: 1675-91.
70. Rohner, R.P. (1984) 'Toward a Conception of Culture for Cross-cultural Psychology', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 15: 111-38.
71. Ronen, S. and Shenkar, O. (1985) 'Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis', Academy of Management Review 10: 80-107.
72. Rotter, J.B. (1996) 'Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement', Psychological Monographs 80(1).
73. Schein, E.H. (1990) Organizational Culture', American Psychologist 45: 109-19.
74. Schnake, M., Cochran, D. and Dumler, M. (1995) 'Encouraging Organizational Citizenship: The Effects of Job Satisfaction, Perceived Equity and Leadership', Journal of Managerial Issues 12: 209-21.
75. Schwartz, S.H. (1992) 'Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries', Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25: 1-65.
76. Schwartz, S.H. (1994) 'Beyond Individualism-Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values', in U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.C. Choi and G. Yoon (eds) Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Method and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
77. Schwartz, S.H. and Bardi, A. (1997) 'Influences of Adaption to Communist Rule on Value Priorities in Eastern Europe', Political Psychology 18: 385-410.
78. Schwartz, S. and Sagie, G. (2000) 'Value Consensus and Importance: A Cross-national Study', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 31: 465-97.
79. Shrout, P.E. and Fleiss, J.L. (1979) 'Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability', Psychological Bulletin 86: 420-8.
80. Singelis, T. (1994) 'The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-construals', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20: 580-91.
81. Singelis, T.M., Triandis, H.C., Bhawuk, D.P.S. and Gelfand, M.J. (1995) 'Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement', Cross-Cultural Research 29: 240-75.
82. Sinha, J.B.P. (1994) 'Cultural Embeddedness and the Developmental Role of Industrial Organizations in India', in H.M. Triandis, M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (eds) Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, vol. 4, 2nd edn. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
83. Smith, P.B. and Bond, M.H. (1998) Social Psychology across Cultures, 2nd edn. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
84. Smith, P.B., Dugan, S. and Trompenaars, F. (1996) 'National Culture and the Values of Organisational Employees: A Dimensional Analysis across 43 Nations', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 27: 231-64.
85. Smith, P.B., Fischer, R. and Sale, N. (2001) 'Cross-cultural Industrial and Organizational Psychology', in C.L. Cooper and I.T. Robertson (eds) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16, pp. 147-94. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
86. Smith, P.B. and Peterson, M. (2003) 'Demographic Effects on the Sources of Guidance Used by Managers in Widely Differing Cultural Contexts', manuscript submitted for publication.
87. Smith, P.B. and Schwartz, S.H. (1997) 'Values', in J.W. Berry, S.H. Segall and C. Kagitçibasi (eds) Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology 3, pp. 77-118. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
88. Spector, P.E., Cooper, C.L., Sparks, K. and 25 Co-authors (2001) 'An International Study of the Psychometric Properties of the Hofstede Values Survey Module 1994: A Comparison of Individual and Country/Province Level Results', Applied Psychology: An International Review 50: 269-81.
89. Triandis, H. (1995) Individualism-Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
90. Triandis, H.C. and Gelfand, M.J. (1998) 'Converging Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Collectivism', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 118-28.
91. Triandis, H.C., McCusker, C. and Hui, C.H. (1990) 'Multimethod Probes of Individualism and Collectivism', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 1006-20.
92. Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L.L. and McLean Parks, L. (1995) 'Extra-role Behaviors: In Pursuit of Construct and Definitional Clarity (A Bridge over Muddied Waters)', in L.L. Cummings and B. Staw (eds) Research in Organisational Behaviour, vol. 19, pp. 214-85. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
93. Van Dyne, L. and LePine, J.A. (1998) 'Helping and Voice Extra-role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity', Academy of Management Journal 41: 108-19.
94. Van Dyne, L., Vandewalle, D., Kostova, T., Latham, M.E. and Cummings, L.L. (2000) 'Collectivism, Propensity to Trust and Self-esteem as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship in a Non-work Setting', Journal of Organizational Behavior 21: 3-23.
95. Van Muijen, J.J., Koopman, P., De Witte, K., De Cock, G., Susanj, Z., Lemoine, C., Bourantas, D., Papalexandris, N., Branyicski, I., Spaltro, E., Jesuino, J., Gonzalves das Neves J., Pitariu, H., Konrad, E., Peiro, J., Gonzalez-Roma, V. and Turnipseed, D. (1999) 'Organizational Culture: The Focus Questionnaire', European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 8: 551-68.
96. Verbeke, W. (2000) 'A Revision of Hofstede et al.'s (1990) Organizational Practice Scale', Journal of Organizational Behavior 21: 587-602.
97. Verbeke, W., Volgering, M. and Hessels, M. (1998) 'Exploring the Conceptual Expansion within the Field of Organizational Behaviour: Organizational Climate and Organizational Culture', Journal of Management Studies 35: 303-29.
98. Williams, K.Y. and O'Reilly, C.A. (1998) 'Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research', in B. Staw and L.L. Cummings (eds) Research in Organisational Behaviour, vol. 20, pp. 77-140. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
99. Yammarino, F.J. and Markham, S.E. (1992) 'On the Application of Within and Between Analysis: Are Absence and Affect Really Group-based Phenomena?' Journal of Applied Psychology 77: 168-76.