The nutritive value of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) and allied species, their toxicity to animals and the role of malnutrition in neurolathyrism

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 694-709

  Enneking, Dirk ^a  

^a Kangaroo Inn Area School   (Australia)

Author keywords

Blood brain barrier; Food security; Malnutrition; Neurolathyrism; Neurovascular connection; Nutritive Value

Indexed keywords

3 OXALYLAMINOALANINE; HOMOARGININE; SULFUR; SULFUR AMINO ACID; THIOL;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CALORIC INTAKE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD POISONING; FOOD SECURITY; FORAGE; HUMAN; HUNGER; LATHYRISM; LATHYRUS; LATHYRUS SATIVA; MALNUTRITION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STARVATION; TOXICITY TESTING; VASCULAR DISEASE;

AMINO ACIDS, DIAMINO; AMINO ACIDS, SULFUR; ANIMALS; ARYLSULFONATES; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; DIET; FOOD SAFETY; HUMANS; LATHYRISM; LATHYRUS; MALNUTRITION; NEUROTOXINS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; PLANT LEAVES;

ANIMALIA; LATHYRUS; LATHYRUS CICERA; LATHYRUS CLYMENUM; LATHYRUS OCHRUS; LATHYRUS SATIVUS; MAMMALIA;

EID: 79551596843     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.029     Document Type: Article

References (244)

1. Acton H.W. An investigation into the causation of lathyrism in man. Ind. Med. Gaz. 1922, 57:241-247.
2. Adamolekun B. Etiology of Konzo, epidemic spastic paraparesis associated with cyanogenic glycosides in cassava: role of thiamine deficiency?. J. Neurol. Sci. 2010, 296:30-33.
3. Addis G., Narayan R.K.J. Developmental variation of the neurotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), in Lathyrus sativus. Ann. Bot. 1994, 74:209-215.
4. Alessandro, 1892. Il Moderno Zoojatrico.
5. Aletor V.A., Abd El Moneim A.M., Goodchild A. Evaluation of the seeds of selected lines of three Lathyrus spp for beta-N-oxalylamino-l-alanine (BOAA), tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity and certain in-vitro characteristics. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 1994, 65:143-151.
6. Allbutt, T.C., 1897. Lathyrism. In: T.C. Allbutt (Ed.), A System of Medicine. MacMillan 2, London, pp. 804-807.
7. Althaus J. On Sclerosis of the Spinal Cord: Including Locomotor Ataxy, Spastic Spinal Paralysis, and Other System-Diseases of the Spinal Cord: their Pathology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment 1885, Putnam, New York, pp. 71-74.
8. Amba A., Seth K., Ali M., Das M., Agarwal A.K., Khanna S.K., Seth P.K. Comparative effect of dietary administration of Lathyrus sativus pulse on behaviour, neurotransmitter receptors and membrane permeability in rats and guinea pigs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2002, 22:415-421.
9. Anonymous, 1959. Tabulated Information on Tropical and Subtropical Grain Legumes. Plant Production and Protection Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.
10. Attal H.C., Kulkarni S.W., Chouby B.S., Palkar N.D., Deotale P.G. A field study of lathyrism - some clinical aspects. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1978, 167:608-615.
11. Axelrod J., Lerner A.B. O-methylation in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1963, 71:650-655.
12. Ayyagari R., Narasinga Rao B.S., Roy D.N. Lectins, trypsin inhibitors, BOAA and tannins in legumes and cereals and the effects of processing. Food Chem. 1989, 34:229-238.
13. Baker D.H. Advances in protein-amino acid nutrition of poultry. Amino Acids 2009, 37:29-41.
14. Banerjee R., Vitvitsky V., Garg S.K. The undertow of sulfur metabolism on glutamatergic neurotransmission. Trends. Biochem. Sci. 2008, 33:413-419.
15. Banks, W.A., 2009. Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier. BMC Neurol. 9 (Suppl 1), S3. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-9-S1-S3.
16. Bashir, M., 1989. Status of Lathyrus sativus in Pakistan. In: Spencer, P.S., Fenton, M.B., (Eds.), The grass pea: threat and promise. Proceedings of the International Network for the Improvement of Lathyrus sativus and the Eradication of Lathyrism. Third World Medical Foundation. New York. pp. 175-178.
17. Bell, E.A., 1965. Homoarginine, gamma-hydroxyarginine and related compounds.In: Wolsten-Holme, G.E.W., Cameron, M.P., (Eds.), Comparative Biochemistry of Arginine and Derivatives. Ciba Foundation Study Group No 19. Churchill, London. pp. 20-35.
18. Bell E.A. Nonprotein amino acids of plants: significance in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51:2854-2865.
19. Benuck M., Banay-Schwartz M., DeGuzman T., Lajtha A. Effect of food deprivation on glutathione and amino acid levels in brain and liver of young and aged rats. Brain. Res. 1995, 678:259-264.
20. Bevan W. Notes on agriculture in Cyprus and its products 1919, Watson & Vinery, London Hazell.
21. Blackburn G.L. Pasteur's quadrant and malnutrition. Nature 2001, 409:397-401.
22. Blaylock R.L. Neurodegeneration and aging of the central nervous system: prevention and treatment by phytochemicals and metabolic nutrients. Inte. Med. 1998, 1:117-133.
23. Boissiere M. Contribution a l'etude du lathyrisme chez les bovins. Thèse pour le Doctorat Vétérinaire. Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort 1926, L. Durand et Fils, Paris.
24. Bruyn, G.W., Poser, C.M., 2003. Neurolathyrism (Chapter 5). In: The History of Tropical Neurology - Nutritional Disorders, Science history publications, Canton, MA, USA. pp. 89-108.
25. Buchanan A. Report on Lathyrism in the Central Provinces: 1896-1902 1904, Central Provinces Administration Albert Press, Nagpur, India.
26. Butterworth R.F. Thiamine deficiency-related brain dysfunction in chronic liver failure. Metab. Brain Dis. 2009, 24:189-196.
27. Cahill G.F. Starvation in man. Clin.Endocrinol. Metabol. 1976, 5:397-415.
28. Campbell, C.G., 1997. Grass pea Lathyrus sativus L. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plants Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
29. Campos-Vega R., Loarca-Pina G., Oomah B.D. Minor components of pulses and their potential impact on human health. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43:461-482.
30. Castell A.G., Cliplef R.L., Briggs C.J., Campbell C.G., Bruni J.E. Evaluation of Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L) as an ingredient in pig starter and grower diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1994, 74:529-539.
31. Castro Mendoza H., Jiménez Díaz C., Sánchez Rodríguez J., Villasante J.G., Vivanco F. Estudios sobre los estados de desnutrición. II. Alteraciones bioquimicas de los organos en al desnutrición proteica experimental. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1942, 6:371-383.
32. Cavada B.S. Isolamento, caracterizacao e sequenciamento de isolectinas de Lathyrus cicera e de Lathyrus ochrus. [Isolation, characterisation and sequence of isolectins in Lathyrus cicera and Lathyrus ochrus]. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 1987, 30:227.
33. Chase L.A., Peterson N.L., Koerner J.F. The Lathyrus toxin, beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), and homocysteic acid sensitize CA1 pyramidal neurons to cystine and l-2-amino-6-phosphonohexanoic acid. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2007, 219:1-9.
34. Chaudhuri R.N., Chhetri M.K., Saha T.K., Mitra P.P. Lathyrism: a clinical and epidemiological study. J. Ind. Med. Assoc. 1963, 41:169-173.
35. Cheema P.S., Padmanaban G., Sarma P.S. Mechanism of action of beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin. J. Neurochem. 1971, 18:2137-2144.
36. Chen J.Q., Brown T.R., Russo J. Regulation of energy metabolism pathways by estrogens and estrogenic chemicals and potential implications in obesity associated with increased exposure to endocrine disruptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1793:1128-1143.
37. Chen J.Q., Cammarata P.R., Baines C.P., Yager J.D. Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain biogenesis by estrogens/estrogen receptors and physiological, pathological and pharmacological implications. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1793:1540-1570.
38. Chevallier A. Le pain, dans la confection duquel il entre de la farine de semences de Lathyrus cicera, peut-il être nuisable à la santé? Les animaux peuvent-ils être nourris avec ce végétal. Ann. d'Hyg. 1841, 26:126-148.
39. Chinnasamy G., Bal A.K., McKenzie D.B. Fatty acid composition of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newslett. 2005, 4:2-4.
40. Chowdhury B., Rozan P., Kuo Y.H., Sumino M., Lambein F. Identification and quantification of natural isoxazolinone compounds by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 933:129-136.
41. Chowdhury, D., Tate, M.E., McDonald, G.K., Hughes, R.R., 2001b. Progress towards reducing seed toxin levels in common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). In: Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Hobart http://www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2001/5/c/chowdury.htm.
42. Chowdhury S.D., Sultana Z., Ahammed M., Chowdhury B.L., Das S.C., Roy B.C. The nutritional value of khesari (Lathyrus sativus) for Growing and laying pullets. J. Poult. Sci. 2005, 42:308-320.
43. Christodoulou D. The Evolution of the Rural Land Use Pattern in Cyprus 1959, Geographical Publications Ltd., Bude, Cornwall.
44. Conn H.O., Rossle M., Levy L., Glocker F.X. Portosystemic myelopathy: spastic paraparesis after portosystemic shunting. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 41:619-625.
45. Cornevin Ch. Des Plantes Vénéneuses et Des Empoisonnements Qu'elles Déterminent 1893, Firmin-Didot, Paris.
46. Dadi, L.H., Teklewold, H., Aw-Hassan, A., Abd El-Moneim, A.M., Bejiga, G., 2003. The Socio-economic Factors Affecting Grass Pea Consumption and the Incidence of Lathyrism in Ethiopia. Integrated Natural Resources Management ICARDA. Technical Research Report Series 4, Aleppo, Syria.
47. Das B., Rahman M.M., Nayak B., Pal A., Chowdhury U.K., Mukherjee S.C., Saha K.C., Pati S., Quamruzzaman Q., Chakraborti D. Groundwater arsenic contamination, its health effects and approach for mitigation in West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Water Qual. Expo. Health 2009, 1:5-21.
48. del Cura M.I., Huertas R. Describiendo el neurolatirismo. Los clinicos ante la epidemia de latirismo en la Espana de la posguerra [describing neurolathyrism. Physicians and the lathyrism epidemic in post-civil war Spain]. Rev. Neurol. 2009, 48:265-270.
49. Delafond Cornage particulier observé sur trois chevaux. Rec. Med. Vét. Prat. Paris 1833, 10(2nd series):608-617.
50. Denekew, Y., Tsega, W., 2009. Evaluation of b-ODAP content in forage, grain and straw of Lathyrus sativus in North West Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development 21, Article #212 Retrieved October 4, 2010, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21-12/dene21212.htm.
51. Depeint F., Bruce W.R., Shangari N., Mehta R., O'Brien P.J. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006, 163:94-112.
52. Depeint F., Bruce W.R., Shangari N., Mehta R., O'Brien P.J. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of B vitamins on the one-carbon transfer pathways. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006, 163:113-132.
53. Deshpande S.S., Campbell C.G. Genotype variation in BOAA, condensed tannins, phenolics and enzyme inhibitors of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Can. J. Plant Sci. 1992, 72:1037-1047.
54. Diwakar L., Kenchappa R.S., Annepu J., Ravindranath V. Downregulation of glutaredoxin but not glutathione loss leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in female mice CNS: implications in excitotoxicity. Neurochem. Int. 2007, 51:37-46.
55. Diwakar L., Ravindranath V. Inhibition of cystathionine-gamma-lyase leads to loss of glutathione and aggravation of mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by excitatory amino acid in the CNS. Neurochem. Int. 2007, 50:418-426.
56. Dixit S., Khanna S.K., Das M. Non-uniform implementation of ban on Lathyrus cultivation in Indian states leading to unwarranted exposure of customers. Curr. Sci. 2008, 94:570-572.
57. Domange C., Canlet C., Traore A., Bielicki G., Keller C., Paris A., Priymenko N. Orthologous metabonomic qualification of a rodent model combined with magnetic resonance imaging for an integrated evaluation of the toxicity of Hypochoeris radicata. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2008, 21:2082-2096.
58. Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 2000, 62:649-671.
59. Dunham W.B., Tsao C., Barth R., Herman Z.S. Protection by dietary ascorbate of guinea pigs from neurolathyrism. Nutr. Res. 1995, 15:993-1004.
60. Dus (1875) Empoissonnement d'agneaux. Rec. Med. Vét.
61. Dwivedi M.P. Epidemiological aspects of lathyrism in India. The Grass Pea: Threat and Promise. Proceedings of the International Network for the Improvement of Lathyrus sativus and the Eradication of Lathyrism 1989, 1-16. Third World Medical Foundation, New York. P.S. Spencer, M.B. Fenton (Eds.).
62. Dwivedi M.P., Mishra S.S. Recent outbreak of lathyrism and experience with propagation of detoxified Lathyrus sativus. Proc. Nutr. Soc. India 1975, 19:23-30.
63. Ebara S., Adachi S., Takenaka S., Enomoto T., Watanabe F., Yamaji R., Inui H., Nakano Y. Hypoxia-induced megaloblastosis in vitamin B12-deficient rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 89:441-444.
64. Eichinger, P.C.H., Rothnie, N.E., Delaere, I., Tate, M.E., 2000. New technologies for toxin analyses in food legumes. In: Knight, R., (Ed.), Linking Research and Marketing Opportunities for Pulses in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the Third International Food Legume Research Conference, Adelaide 1997. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London. pp. 685-692.
65. Fang Y.Z., Yang S., Wu G. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition 2002, 18:872-879.
66. Feoli A.M., Siqueira I., Almeida L.M.V., Tramontina A.C., Battu C., Wofchuk S.T., Gottffried C., Perry M.L., Concalves C.-A. Brain glutathione content and glutamate uptake are reduced in rats exposed to pre- and postnatal protein malnutrition. J. Nutr. 2006, 136:2357-2361.
67. Fikre A., Yami A., Kuo Y.H., Ahmed S., Gheysen G., Lambein F. Effect of methionine supplement on physical responses and neurological symptoms in broiler chicks fed grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)-based starter ration. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2010, 48:11-17.
68. Filiminoff I.N. Zur pathologisch-anatomischen charakteristik des lathyrismus. Z. Neurol. Psych. 1926, 105:76-92.
69. Foster J.G. Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.): a new forage species? A comprehensive review. Adv. Agron. 1990, 43:241-313.
70. Franco R., Sanchez-Olea R., Reyes-Reyes E.M., Panayiotidis M.I. Environmental toxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis: menage a trois. Mutat. Res. 2009, 674:3-22.
71. Fröhner, E., 1910. Vergiftungen durch Kichererbsen - lathyrismus. Toxikologie fuer Tierärzte, third ed. Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart. pp. 209-211.
72. Fumarola G., Zanelli C.F. Anatomische experimentelle Forschungen über den Lathyrismus. Arch. Psych. Nervenkrankh. 1914, 54:489-536.
73. Ganapathy, K.T., Dwivedi, M.P., 1961. Studies on the clinical epidemiology of lathyrism. Indian Council of Medical Research Report Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa, New Delhi.
74. Garcia Izcaria D. El latirismo en los animales domésticos. Revista de Higiene y Sanidad Pecuarias 1927, 17:932-940.
75. Gardner A.F., Sakiewicz N. A review of neurolathyrism including the Russian and Polish literature. Exp. Med. Surgery 1963, 21:164-191.
76. Getahun H., Tekle Haimanot R. Psychosocial assessment of lathyrism patients in rural Estie district of South Gondar, northern Ethiopia. Eth. Med. J. 1998, 36:9-18.
77. Godin D.V., Wohaieb S.A. Nutritional deficiency, starvation, and tissue antioxidant status. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1988, 5:165-176.
78. Grela E.R., Gunter K.D. Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of some legume seeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1995, 52(3-4):325-331.
79. Grela E.R., Rybinski W., Renata Klebaniuk R., Matras J. Morphological characteristics of some accessions of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) grown in Europe and nutritional traits of their seeds. Gene. Resour. Crop Evol. 2010, 57:693-701.
80. Grela, E.R. Winiarska, A., 1998. Influence of different conditions of extrusion on the antinutritional factors content in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds. In: Proceedings of Third European Conference on Grain Legumes part II, Valladoid, Spain. pp. 101-102.
81. Guinand Y. North Welo - Food Security Situation: Effects of consecutive crop losses on farm households in Selected Areas. Rapid Assessment Mission: March 15-20 1999 1999, UNDP-EUE, Addis Ababa.
82. Hamelin, E., 1882. Gesse. Dictionnaire encyclopedique des Sciences médicales, Paris 4th series 8 GEO-GLA, 642-649.
83. Hanbury C., Hughes B. Lathyrus cicera as quality feed for laying hens. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newslett. 2003, 3:44-46.
84. Hanbury C.D., White C.L., Mullan B.P., Siddique K.H.M. A review of the potential of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera grain as animal feed. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2000, 87:1-27.
85. Haqqani, A.M., Arshad, M., 1996. Crop status and genetic diversity of grasspea in Pakistan. In: Arora, R.K., Mathur, P.N., Riley, K.W., Adham, Y., (Eds.), Lathyrus Genetic Resources in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Edn. IPGRI Office for South Asia, New Delhi, India. pp. 59-65.
86. Harvey C.F., Swartz C.H., Badruzzaman A.B.M., Keon-Blute N., Yua W., Ali M.A., Jaya J., Beckie R., Niedan V., Brabander D., Oates P.M., Ashfaque K.N., Islam S., Hemond H.F., Ahmed M.F. Groundwater arsenic contamination on the Ganges Delta: biogeochemistry, hydrology, human perturbations, and human suffering on a large scale. C. R. Geosci. 2005, 337:285-296.
87. Hawkins R.A., O'Kane R.L., Simpson I.A., Vina J.R. Structure of the blood-brain barrier and its role in the transport of amino acids. J. Nutr. 2006, 136:218S-226S.
88. Hendley A.G. Lathyrism. Br. Med. J. 1903, 2:707-709.
89. Herbert V. Vitamin B-12: plant sources, requirements, and assay. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988, 48:852-858.
90. Herrmann W., Geisel J. Vegetarian lifestyle and monitoring of vitamin B-12 status. Clin. Chim. Acta 2002, 326:47-59.
91. Hira T., Ohyama S., Hara H. l-Homoarginine suppresses exocrine pancreas in rats. Amino Acids 2003, 24:389-396.
92. Hiramatsu M. A role for guanidino compounds in the brain. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2003, 244:57-62.
93. Hoffer, L.J. (2006) Metabolic consequences of starvation.Chapter 41 in: Shils, M.E., Shike, M., Ross, A.C., Caballero, B., Cousins, R.J., (Eds.) Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease10th edn pp. 730-48. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
94. Hugon J., Ludolph A.C., Spencer P.S. Beta-N-Oxalyl-L-Alanine. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology 2000, 925-938. Oxford University Press, New York. P.S. Spencer, H.H. Schaumburg (Eds.).
95. Irving J. Report on a species of palsy prevalent in Pergunnah Khyraghur, in Zillah, Allahabad from the use of Lathyrus sativus or kessaree dal, as an article of food. Ann. Ind. Med. Sci 1860, 13:127-137.
96. Jacoby H. Cause, symptoms and treatment of lathyrism. A specific nutritional neuropathy. Ind. Med. Gaz. 1947, 82:53-58.
97. Jahan K., Ahmad K. Studies on neurolathyrism. Environmental Research 1993, 60(2):259-266.
98. Jiménez Díaz C. Investigaciones sobre el latirismo. I. Introducion. Factores etiologicos. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1941, 3:303-309.
99. Jiménez Díaz C., Ortiz de Landazuri E., Roda E. Estudios sobre latirismo. VI. Sínteso de datos clínicos y experimentales [para el conocimiento] de la patogenia del latirismo. Revista Clinica Espanola 1943, 8:154-167.
100. Jiménez Díaz C., Vivanco F. Estudios sobre el latirismo. III. Intentos de reproducir en los animales el latirismo por una dieta de harina de almortas (Lathyrus sativus). Rev. Clin. Esp. 1942, 5:234-241.
101. Jiménez Díaz C., Vivanco F. Estudios sobre el latirismo. IV. Investigaciones acerca del valor biologico de la almorta (Lathyrus sativus). Rev. Clin. Esp. 1942, 5:310-326.
102. Jones G. Ancient and modern cultivation of Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC. in the Greek islands. Annu. Br. School, Athens 1992, 87:211-217.
103. Jyothi P., Rudra M.P., Rao S.L.N. In vivo metabolism of beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid: the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin in experimental animals. Natur. Tox. 1998, 6:189-195.
104. Kapur Mehta A., Shah A. Chronic Poverty in India: Overview Study 2001, Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Manchester.
105. Kessler A. Lathyrismus. Monatsschrift fuer Psychiatr. Neurol. 1947, 113:345-376.
106. Khawaja I., Khawaja H.I.T., Ullah I., Raja N.U., Khushk A.M. Lathyrism in Pakistan: A preliminary survey. Lathyrus sativus, Human Lathyrism: Progress, Prospects 1995, 55-62. University of Dhaka, Dhaka. H.K.M. Yusuf, F. Lambein (Eds.).
107. Kirk K. On the injurious effects arising from the use of the leguminous seed, common in India as articles of food. Ann. Ind. Med. Sci. 1861, 7:144-152.
108. Koutsika-Sotiriou, M., Mylonas, I., Ninou, E., Traka-Mavrona, E., 2010. The cultivation revival of a landrace: pedigree and analytical breeding. Euphytica. doi: 10.1007/s10681-010-0206-z.
109. Kumar M., Kannan A., Upreti R.K., Mishra G., Khanna S.K., Das M. Toxic interaction of Lathyrus sativus and manganese in guinea pig intestine. Toxicol. Mech. Methods 2003, 13:295-300.
110. Kusama-Eguchi K., Ikegami F., Kusama T., Suda A., Ogawa Y., Igarashi K., Watanabe K. A rat model of neurolathyrism: repeated injection of l-beta-ODAP induces the paraparesis of the hind legs. Amino Acids 2005, 28:139-143.
111. Kusama-Eguchi K., Yamazaki Y., Ueda T., Suda A., Hirayama Y., Ikegami F., Watanabe K., May M., Lambein F., Kusama T. Hind-limb paraparesis in a rat model for neurolathyrism associated with apoptosis and an impaired vascular endothelial growth factor system in the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 2010, 518:928-942.
112. La Bella V., Alexianu M.E., Colom L.V., Ionescu A., Mohamed A.H., Appel S.H. Apoptosis induced by beta-n-oxalylamino-l-alanine on a motoneuron hybrid cell line. Neuroscience 1996, 70(4):1039-1052.
113. LaBella V., Rizza M.L., Alfano F., Piccoli F. Dietary consumption of Lathyrus sativus seeds induces behavioral changes in the rat. Environ. Res. 1997, 74(1):61-66.
114. La Bella V., Valentino F., Piccoli T., Piccoli F. Expression and developmental regulation of the cystine/glutamate exchanger (xc-) in the rat. Neurochem. Res. 2007, 32:1081-1090.
115. Lajolo F.M., Genovese M.I. Nutritional significance of lectins and enzyme inhibitors from legumes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50:6592-6598.
116. Lakshmanan J., Padmanaban G. Studies on the tissue and subcellular distribution of beta-N-oxalyl l alpha, beta diaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin. J. Neurochem. 1977, 29(6):1121-1125.
117. Lambein F., Khan J.K., Kuo Y.-H., Campbell C.G., Briggs C.J. Toxins in the seedlings of some varieties of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Nat. Tox. 1993, 1:246-249.
118. Lambein, F., Kuo, Y.-H., Ikegami, F., Kusama-Eguchi, K., Enneking, D., 2009. Grain legumes and human health. In: Kharkwal, M.C., (Ed.), Food Legumes for Nutritional Security and Sustainable Agriculture: Proceedings of the Fourth International Food Legumes Research Conference. Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, New Delhi. pp. 422-431.
119. Leather J., Sons Lathyrus poisoning in horses. Vet. J. Lond. 1885, 20:233-239.
120. Lees G.J. Contributory mechanisms in the causation of neurodegenerative disorders. Neurosci. 1993, 54:287-322.
121. Lenglen, 1860. Rec. Med. Vét.
122. Li J., Wang H., Stoner G.D., Bray T.M. Dietary supplementation with cysteine prodrugs selectively restores tissue glutathione levels and redox status in protein-malnourished mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2002, 13:625-633.
123. Li Y., Schellhorn H.E. New developments and novel therapeutic perspectives for vitamin C. J. Nutr. 2007, 137:2171-2184.
124. Liener I.E. Toxic factors in edible legumes and their elimination. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1962, 1:281-298.
125. Liener I.E. Naturally occurring toxicants in foods and their significance in the human diet. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1983, 6:153-166.
126. Low R.K.C., Rotter R.G., Marquardt R.R., Campbell G.C. Use of Lathyrus sativus L. (var. seminis albi) as a foodstuff for poultry. Br. Poult. Sci. 1990, 31:615-625.
127. López Aydillo N.R., Toledano Jiménez Castellanos A. Contribucion a la etiologia y patogenia del latirismo experimental en ratones blancos mediante la ingestion exclusiva de harna de almortas (Lathyrus sativus) y dietas en blanco, mixta y ajustadas total y parcialmente. Discusion de los factores carencial y neurotoxico desde el punto de vista clinico e histopatologico. [Contribution to the etiology and pathogenicity of experimental neurolathyrism in white mice using the exclusive digestion of seed flour (Lathyrus sativus), bland, mixed and totally and partially adjusted diets. Discussion of the deficiency and neurotoxic factors, from the clinical and histopathological viewpoints]. Trab. Inst. Cajal. Invest. Biol. 1968, 60:157-190.
128. Lucet, 1898. Rec. Med. Vét.
129. Maleval E. Contribution à létude du lathyrisme chez le cheval et le mulet. Rev. Vét. et Journal de Méd. Vét 1927, 79:69-89.
130. McCall Poisoning of Clydesdales with meal of the Indian vetch Lathyrus sativus. Veter. Lond. 1890, 58:495-497.
131. McCombie Young T.C. A field survey [study] of lathyrism. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1927, 15:453-479.
132. Mehta T., Parker A.J., Cusick P.K., Zarghami N.S., Haskell B.E. The Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin: evidence of selective retention in monkey tissue. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1980, 52:54-61.
133. Mehta T., Zarghami N.S., Cusick P.K., Parker A.J., Haskell B.E. Tissue distribution and metabolism of the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin, l-3-oxalylamino-2-aminopropionic acid, in the squirrel monkey. J. Neurochem. 1976, 27:1327-1331.
134. Merrill A.H., Henderson J.M. Diseases associated with defects in vitamin B6 metabolism or utilization. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1987, 7:137-156.
135. Migliore L., Coppede F. Environmental-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Mutat. Res. 2009, 674:73-84.
136. Miguel J.M., Galiacho E.L. Latirismo en albacete. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1942, 7:254-260.
137. Mingazzini G., Buglioni G.B. Studio clinico ed anatomico sul latirismo. Rev. Sperim. Freniatr. Med. Leg. 1896, 22:79-105. 233.
138. Mirto D. Lathyrism. Il Pisano 1897, 18:109-127.
139. Mirto D. Sulle alterazioni degli elementi nervosi nell' intossicazione latirica acuta. Giorn. Di Med. Leg. 1897, 4:284-294.
140. Mirto D. Sulla obtenzione degli elementi nervosi nel latirismo sperimentale. Giorn. Di Med. Leg. 1898, 3.
141. Mishra G., Shukla R., Hasan M., Khanna S.K., Das M. Potentiation of neurotoxicity of Lathyrus sativus by manganese: alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability. Toxicol. Mech. Meth. 2009, 19:318-326.
142. Mitchell R.D. The grass pea: distribution, diet, and disease. Ass. Pacific Coast Geogr. 1971, 33:29-46. Yearbook.
143. Mourey, A., 2008. Nutrition manual for humanitarian action. International Committee of the Red Cross, Assistance Division, Geneva, Switzerland.
144. Moya G., Campos J., Gimenez Roldan S., Ramo J.S., Martinez Fuertes L. Problemas epidemiologicos, medicos y sociales del latirismo a los veinticinco anos de su aparicion en Espana. Epidemia de 1940-1943. [Social, medical and epidemiological problems of lathyrism after 25 years of its existence in Spain. Epidemic of 1940-1943]. Rev. Sanid. Hig. Publica Madr. 1967, 41:1-39.
145. Mukerjee, G.N., 1924. Lathyrism. Indian Medical Record, July, 193-198, 230-237, 265-271 (three parts).
146. Mullan, B.P., Hanbury, C.D., Hooper, J.A., Nicholls, R.R., Hagan, C.R., Siddique, K.H.M., 1999. Lathyrus (Lathyrus cicera cv. Chalus): a potential new ingredient in pig grower diets. Recent Adv. Anim. Nutr. Australia 12, 12A.
147. Mullan B.P., Pluske J.R., Trezona M., Harris D.J., Allen J.G., Siddique K.H.M., Hanbury C.D., van Barnevelde R.J., Kim J.C. Chemical composition and standardised ileal digestible amino acid contents of Lathyrus (Lathyrus cicera) as an ingredient in pig diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009, 150:139-143.
148. Nimni M.E., Han B., Cordoba F. Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet?. Nutr. Metab. Lond. 2007, 4:24.
149. Nunn, P.B., Lyddiard, J.R., Christopher Perera, K.P., 2010. Brain glutathione as a target for aetiological factors in neurolathyrism and konzo. Food Chem. Toxicol. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.037.
150. O'Keefe J.H., Gheewala N.M., O'Keefe J.O. Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008, 51:249-255.
151. O'Neal R.M., Chen C.-H., Reynolds C.S., Meghal S.K., Koeppe R.E. The 'neurotoxicity' of l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid. Biochem. J. 1968, 106:699-706.
152. Olney J.W., Misra C.H., Rhee V. Brain and retinal damage from Lathyrus excitotoxin, beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid. Nature 1976, 264:659-661.
153. Ortiz de Landazuri E. Estudios sobre el latirismo. VIII. Factores desencadentes y prorectores del latirismo. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1944, 14:76-82.
154. Ortiz de Landazuri E., Galdo Seco A. Observaciones en equidos de la fase de intervalo entre la administration de una dieta latirogena y el comienzo de la enfermedad [Observations on Equidae of the interval between giving a diet that produces lathyrism and the appearance of the disease]. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1949, 32:29-32.
155. Pamplona R., Barja G. Mitochondrial oxidative stress, aging and caloric restriction: the protein and methionine connection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2006, 1757:496-508.
156. Parker A.J., Mehta T., Zarghami N.S., Cusick P.K., Haskell B.E. Acute neurotoxicity of the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin, l-3-oxalylamino-2-aminopropionic acid, in the squirrel monkey. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1979, 47:135-143.
157. Pastor-Cavada E., Juan R., Pastor J.E., Alaiz M., Vioque J. Chemical Composition and Nutritional Characteristics of the seed oil of wild Lathyrus, Lens and Pisum species from Southern Spain. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 2009, 86:329-335.
158. Pastor-Cavada E., Juan R., Pastor J.E., Alaiz M., Vioque J. Protein isolates from two Mediterranean legumes: Lathyrus clymenum and Lathyrus annuus, chemical composition, functional properties and protein characterisation. Food Chem. 2010, 122:533-538.
159. Perrussel, 1896. Rec. Med. Vét.
160. Poland C., Faller T., Tisor L. Effect of chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) or alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay in gestating ewe diets. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newslett. 2003, 3:38-40.
161. Prakash S., Misra B.K., Adsule R.N., Barat G.K. Distribution of beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid in different tissues of aging Lathyrus sativus plant. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 1977, 171:369-374.
162. Pratap Rudra M.P., Singh M.R., Junaid M.A., Jyothi P., Rao S.L.N. Metabolism of dietary ODAP in humans may be responsible for the low incidence of neurolathyrism. Clin. Biochem. 2004, 37:318-322.
163. Prentice A.M. Starvation in humans: evolutionary background and contemporary implications. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126:976-981.
164. Presch I., Birnbacher R., Herkner K., Lubec G. The effect of estradiol and ovariectomy on tyrosine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase and phenylalanine hydroxylase. Life Sci. 1997, 60:479-484.
165. Przybylska J., Rymowicz T. Free amino acids in different organs of sixteen Lathyrus species. Genet. Pol. 1965, 6:91-124.
166. Raghavan S.A., Dikshit M. Vascular regulation by the l-arginine metabolites, nitric oxide and agmatine. Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 49:397-414.
167. Ramachandran S., Bairagi A., Ray A.K. Improvement of nutritive value of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seed meal in the formulated diets for rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish gut bacterium. Biores. Tech. 2005, 96:1465-1472.
168. Rankin J.W., Shute M., Heffron S.P., Saker K.E. Energy restriction but not protein source affects antioxidant capacity in athletes. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2006, 41:1001-1009.
169. Rao, S.L., 2010. A look at the brighter facets of beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid, homoarginine and the grass pea. Food Chem. Toxicol. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.054.
170. Rao S.L.N. Entry of beta N oxalyl l alpha, beta diaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin into the central nervous system of the adult rat, chick and the rhesus monkey. J. Neurochem. 1978, 30:1467-1470.
171. Rao S.L.N., Sarma P.S., Mani K.S., Raghanatha Rao T.R., Sriramachari S. Experimental neurolathyrism in monkeys. Nature 1967, 214:610-611.
172. Ravindranath V. Neurolathyrism: mitochondrial dysfunction in excitotoxicity mediated by l-beta-oxalyl aminoalanine. Neurochem. Int. 2002, 40:505-509.
173. Reid M., Badaloo A., Forrester T., Morlese J.F., Frazer M., Heird W.C., Jahoor F. In vivo rates of erythrocyte glutathione synthesis in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, 278:E405-E412.
174. Ressler C., Redstone P.A., Erenberg R.H. Isolation and identification of a neuroactive factor from Lathyrus latifolius. Science 1961, 134:188-189.
175. Rizzotti G. Il lathyrismo in Etiopia. Bulletino della Societa Italiana di Medicina e Igiene Tropicale 1952, 33:493-500.
176. Rodríguez-Salinas L.C., Amador C.M.M.T. Malnutrition and neurologic disorders: a global overview. Neurologic Consequences of Malnutrition 2008, 1-17. Chapter 1. M.T. Medina (Ed.).
177. Román G.C. An epidemic in Cuba of optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral sensory neuropathy and dorsolateral myeloneuropathy. J. Neurol. Sci. 1994, 127:11-28.
178. Romero E., Fernández Marcos E. Aportacion clinica de latirismo como enfermedad familiar. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1962, 85:270-274.
179. Ross S.M., Roy D.N., Spencer P.S. Beta-N-oxalylamino-l-alanine: action on high affinity transport of neurotransmitters in rat brain and spinal cord synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 1985, 44:886-892.
180. Rotter R.G., Marquardt R.R., Campbell C.G. The nutritional value of low lathyrogenic Lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus) for growing chicks. Brit. Poult. Sci. 1991, 32:1055-1067.
181. Rotter R.G., Marquardt R.R., Low R.K.C., Briggs C.J. Influence of autoclaving on the effects of Lathyrus sativus fed to chicks. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1990, 70:739-741.
182. Rudra M.N., Bhattacharya K.P. Serum phosphatase in lathyrism. Lancet 1946, 6402:688.
183. Rudra M.N., Chowdhury L.M. Preliminary note on methionine excretion in lathyrism. Curr. Sci. 1952, 21:99-100.
184. Rudra M.N., Chowdhury L.M., Sinha S.P. A preliminary report on the treatment of lathyrism with parenteral methionine. Ind. Med. Gaz. 1952, 87:89-91.
185. Rudra M.N., Kant L. A field investigation into lathyrism. Ind. Med. Gaz. 1950, 75:415-418.
186. Russo P.A., Mitchell G.A., Tanguay R.M. Tyrosinemia: a review. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2001, 4:212-221.
187. Sandberg A.S. Bioavailability of minerals in legumes. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 88(Suppl 3):S281-S285.
188. Sarpaki A., Jones G. Ancient and modern cultivation of Lathyrus clymenum L. in the Greek islands. Annu. Br. School, Athens 1990, 85:363-368.
189. Scalabrino G. The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: lessons learned from its deficiency. Progr. Neurobiol. 2009, 88:203-220.
190. Schribaux E. Nombreux empoisonnements causés par la Gesse pourprée. J. d'Agric. Pratique Tome 1895, 2:152.
191. Schroeder H.A. Losses of vitamins and trace minerals resulting from processing and preservation of foods. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1971, 24:562-573.
192. Schuchardt B. Zur Geschichte und Casuistik des Lathyrismus. Deutsches Arch. f. klin. Med. 1887, 40:312-341.
193. Scrimshaw N.S. The phenomenon of famine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1987, 7:1-21.
194. Segura I., De Smet F., Hohensinner P.J., Ruiz de Almodovar C., Carmeliet P. The neurovascular link in health and disease: an update. Trends Mol. Med. 2009, 15:439-451.
195. Sewell R.A., Recht L.D. Nutritional neuropathy. eMed. J. 2002, 3.
196. Sgaravatti A.M., Magnusson A.S., de Oliveira A.S., Rosa A.P., Mescka C.P., Zanin F.R., Pederzolli C.D., Wyse A.T., Wannmacher C.M., Wajner M., Dutra-Filho C.S. Tyrosine administration decreases glutathione and stimulates lipid and protein oxidation in rat cerebral cortex. Metab. Brain Dis. 2009, 24:415-425.
197. Shah S.R.A. A note on some cases of lathyrism in a Punjab village. Ind. Med. Gaz. 1939, 74:385-388.
198. Sharma R.D. An evaluation of hypocholesterolemic activity of some uncommon legumes. Nutr. Res. 1987, 7:351-363.
199. Sharma S., Kalia M., Malhotra S.R. Effect of antinutritional factors in khesari seeds (Lathyrus sativus) on the biological performance of chicks. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newslett. 2003, 3:41-43.
200. Shinomol G.K., Muralidhara Differential induction of oxidative impairments in brain regions of male mice following subchronic consumption of Khesari dhal (Lathyrus sativus) and detoxified Khesari dhal. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28(4):798-806.
201. Sigler, E., Shvidel, L., Shtalrid, M., Berrebi, A., 2007. Lathyrism, leg cramps, and thrombocytopenia: cascade of events starting in a concentration camp. Am. J. Med. 120, e3 doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.058.
202. Sinn N., Howe P.R.C. Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function. Biosci. Hypothe. 2008, 1:103-108.
203. Sleeman, W.H., 1844. Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, octavo, 2 vols, London.
204. Slocombe R.F., Huntington P.J., Friend S.C., Jeffcott L.B., Luff A.R., Finkelstein D.K. Pathological aspects of Australian stringhalt. Equine Vet. J. 1992, 24:174-183.
205. Smit E.N., Muskiet F.A., Boersma E.R. The possible role of essential fatty acids in the pathophysiology of malnutrition: a review. Prostaglandins Leukot. Ess. Fatty Acids 2004, 71:241-250.
206. Smith D. Nutritional neuropathies in the civilian internment camp, Hong Kong, January 1942-August 1945. Brain 1946, 69:209-222.
207. Smulikowska S., Rybinski W., Czerwinski J., Taciak M., Mieczkowska A. Evaluation of selected mutants of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) var Krab as an ingredient in broiler chicken diet. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 2008, 17:75-87.
208. Smythies J., Galzigna L. The oxidative metabolism of catecholamines in the brain: a review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998, 1380:159-162.
209. Spencer P.S. Lathyrism. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 1995, 1-20. Elsevier Science. F.A. de Wolff (Ed.).
210. Spencer P.S., Roy D.N., Ludolph A., Hugon J., Dwivedi M.P., Schaumburg H.H. Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory amino acid BOAA. Lancet 1986, 8515:1066-1067.
211. Spillane J.D., Scott G. Obscure neuropathy in the Middle East. Report on 112 cases in prisoners-of-war. Lancet 1945, 6366:261-264.
212. Spirtoff Lathyrism in Russia. Obosrenije Psych. 1903, 5:675.
213. Sriram K., Shankar S.K., Boyd M.R., Ravindranath V. Thiol oxidation and loss of mitochondrial complex I precede excitatory amino acid-mediated neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:10287-10296.
214. Steyn D.G. Lathyrus sativus L. (chickling vetch, khesari, Indian pea) as a stockfood. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Indust. 1933, 1:163-171.
215. Stipanuk M.H. Sulfur amino acid metabolism: pathways for production and removal of homocysteine and cysteine. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2004, 24:539-577.
216. Stockman R. Lathyrism. Edinburgh Med. J. 1917, 19(3rd Series):277-296.
217. Stockman R. The poisonous principle of Lathyrus and some other leguminous seeds. J. Hygiene 1931, 31:550-562.
218. Swarup I., Lal M.S. Lathyrus sativus and lathyrism in India 2000, S.K. Agrawal and A. Agrawal, Morar, Gwalior, India.
219. Tatu L., Vuillier F., Moulin T. Anatomy of the circulation of the brain and spinal cord. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2008, 247-281. Elsevier. M. Fisher (Ed.).
220. Tekle Haimanot R. Lathyrism. Tropical Neurology 1996, 361-374. WB Saunders Company LTD, London, Philadelphia, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo. R.A. Shakir, P.K. Newman, C.M. Poser (Eds.).
221. Tekle Haimanot R. Neurological complications of malnutrition. Clinical Neurotoxicology - Syndromes, Substances Environments 2009, 614-620. Saunders - Elsevier, Philadelphia. M.R. Dobbs (Ed.).
222. Tekle Haimanot, R., Getachew, T., Doyle, D., Kriek, N.P.J., Spencer, P.S., 1997. Preliminary report on the development of an animal model for human neurolathyrism. In: Tekle Haimanot, R., Lambein, F., (Eds.), Lathyrus and Lathyrism. A decade of progress. University of Ghent, Ghent. pp. 27-29.
223. Tekle Haimanot R., Kidane Y., Wuhib E., Kassina A., Endeshaw Y., Alemu T., Spencer P.S. The epidemiology of lathyrism in north and central Ethiopia. Eth. Med. J. 1993, 31:15-24.
224. Torres Cañamares F., Vergara Olivas A. Nota sobre los latiricos de la provincia Cuenca. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1943, 8:47-50.
225. Trabaud J., Mourched Khater., Chaty Chewkat. Un village de Lathyriques aux portes de Damas. Rev. Méd. Française 1932, 13:435-436.
226. Trezona, M., Mullan, B.P., Pluske, J.R., Hanbury, C.D., Siddique, K.H. M., 2000. Evaluation of Lathyrus (Lathyrus cicera) as an ingredient in diets for weaner pigs. In: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia. Twenty-fourth annual scientific meeting, Fremantle,Western Australia, 3-6 December 2000 24. NSA Inc. Kent Town, SA. p. 119.
227. Tshala-Katumbay D.D., Spencer P.S. Chapter 18 toxic disorders of the upper motor neuron system. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 2007, 82:353-372.
228. Urich K. Small nitrogenous compounds. Comparative Animal Biochemistry 1994, 403-462. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. K. Urich (Ed.).
229. Vardhan K.S., Rudra M.P.P., Rao S.L.N. Inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase by beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin. J. Neurochem. 1997, 68:2477-2484.
230. Verrier, 1868. Étude sur l'emploi de la gesse-chiche (Lathyrus cicera) dans l'alimentation des chevaux, soit en grains, soit sous forme de fourrage sec, les dangers de son emploi. Travaux de la Société centrale d'agriculture du département de la Seine-Inférieure 179e cahier; see also Verrier (1869) Schädlichkeit der Kichererbse, Lathyrus cicera, als Pferdefutter. Der Thierarzt 8, 237-238.
231. Walters J.H. Neurological disease due to malnutrition. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1966, 60:128-135.
232. Wang D.D., Bordey A. The astrocyte odyssey. Progr. Neurobiol. 2008, 86:342-367.
233. Wang T., Hung C.C., Randall D.J. The comparative physiology of food deprivation: from feast to famine. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2006, 68:223-251.
234. Wang X.F., Warkentin T.D., Briggs C.J., Oomah B.D., Campbell C.G., Woods S. Trypsin inhibitor activity in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46:2620-2623.
235. Warren B.A., Patel S.A., Nunn P.B., Bridges R.J. The Lathyrus excitotoxin beta-N-oxalyl-l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid is a substrate of the l-cystine/l-glutamate exchanger system xc-Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 200:83-92.
236. Winiarska-Mieczan A. Influence of grass pea seeds in pig diets on the fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of pork. Medycyna Wet. 2010, 66:113-117.
237. Winiarska-Mieczan A., Kwiecien M. The effectiveness of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds in pig feed. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2010, 34:155-162.
238. Yajnik C.S., Deshpande S.S., Lubree H.G., Naik S.S., Bhat D.S., Uradey B.S., Deshpande J.A., Rege S.S., Refsum H., Yudkin J.S. Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in rural and urban Indians. J. Assoc. Physicians India 2006, 54:775-782.
239. Yan Z.Y., Spencer P.S., Li Z.X., Liang Y.M., Wang Y.F., Wang C.Y., Li F.M. Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) and its neurotoxin ODAP. Phytochem. 2006, 67:107-121.
240. Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Carasso R.L., Mostofsky D.I. Fatty acids and brain peptides. Peptides 1998, 19:407-419.
241. Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D.I. Essential fatty acids and the brain: from infancy to aging. Neurobiol. Aging 2005, 26(Suppl 1):98-102.
242. Zhang Z., Juurlink B.H.J., Lyon A.W., Paterson P.G. Effects of dietary protein and l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate on rat brain glutathione concentration. Nutr. Res. 2002, 22:1475-1486.
243. Zimitat C., Nixon P.F. Glucose loading precipitates acute encephalopathy in thiamin deficient rats. Metab. Brain. Dis. 1999, 14:1-20.
244. Zubizarreta Aramburu N. Latirismo en Guipuzcoa. Rev. Clin. Esp. 1944, 15:289-291.