Synthesis, properties, and applications of low-dimensional carbon-related nanomaterials

Journal of Nanomaterials

Volumn 2011, Issue , 2011, Pages

  Mostofizadeh, Ali ^a,b   Li, Yanwei ^a   Song, Bo ^a   Huang, Yudong ^a  

^a HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON NANOMATERIALS; CARBON NANOWALLS; CARBON-ENCAPSULATED METAL NANOPARTICLES; EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES; NANO DIAMOND; NANO-MATERIALS; ONION-LIKE CARBON; PROCESSING METHOD; STRUCTURAL FEATURE; SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES; ZERO-DIMENSIONAL;

CARBON NANOTUBES; GRAPHENE;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

EID: 78751495803     PISSN: 16874110     EISSN: 16874129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2011/685081     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. M. Monthioux and V. L. Kuznetsov, "Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?" Carbon, vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 1621-1623, 2006.
2. W. Bollmann and J. Spreadborough, "Action of graphite as a lubricant", Nature, vol. 186, no. 4718, pp. 29-30, 1960.
3. A. Oberlin, M. Endo, and T. Koyama, "Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition", Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 335-349, 1976.
4. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O'Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, "C60: buckminsterfullerene", Nature, vol. 318, no. 6042, pp. 162-163, 1985.
5. S. Subramoney, "Novel nanocarbons-structure, properties, and potential applications", Advanced Materials, vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 1157-1171, 1998.
6. T. Seyller, A. Bostwick, K. V. Emtsev et al., "Epitaxial graphene: a new material", Physica Status Solidi (B), vol. 245, no. 7, pp. 1436-1446, 2008.
7. J. H. Kim, C. K. Kim, Y. H. Kim, and C. S. Yoon, "Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated gold nanoparticles in polyimide matrix", Colloids and Surfaces A, vol. 321, no. 1-3, pp. 297-300, 2008.
8. L. Hawelek, A. Brodka, J. C. Dore, V. Honkimaki, S. Tomita, and A. Burian, "Structural studies of nanodiamond by highenergy X-ray diffraction", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 17, no. 7-10, pp. 1186-1193, 2008.
9. W. Xia, D. Su, A. Birkner et al., "Chemical vapor deposition and synthesis on carbon nanofibers: sintering of ferrocenederived supported iron nanoparticles and the catalytic growth of secondary carbon nanofibers", Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 5737-5742, 2005.
10. O. Shenderova, V. Grishko, G. Cunningham, S. Moseenkov, G. McGuire, and V. Kuznetsov, "Onion-like carbon for terahertz electromagnetic shielding", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 17, no. 4-5, pp. 462-466, 2008.
11. S. Vizireanu, L. Nistor, M. Haupt, V. Katzenmaier, C. Oehr, and G. Dinescu, "Carbon nanowalls growth by radiofrequency plasma-beam-enhanced chemical vapor deposition", Plasma Processes and Polymers, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 263-268, 2008.
12. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996", Nobelprize.org, October 2010, http://nobelprize.org/nobel prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/.
13. W. Krätschmer, K. Fostiropoulos, and D. R. Huffman, "The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of laboratoryproduced carbon dust: evidence for the presence of the C molecule", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 170, no. 2-3, pp. 167-170, 1990.
14. N. I. Alekseyev and G. A. Dyuzhev, "Fullerene formation in an arc discharge", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 1343-1348, 2003.
15. J. B. Howard, J. T. McKinnon, Y. Makarovsky, A. L. Lafleur, and M. E. Johnson, "Fullerenes C60 and C70 in flames", Nature, vol. 352, no. 6331, pp. 139-141, 1991.
16. J. B. Howard, A. L. Lafleur, Y. Makarovsky, S. Mitra, C. J. Pope, and T. K. Yadav, "Fullerenes synthesis in combustion", Carbon, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 1183-1201, 1992.
17. S. Y. Xie, R. B. Huang, L. J. Yu, J. Ding, and L. S. Zheng, "Microwave synthesis of fullerenes from chloroform", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 75, no. 18, pp. 2764-2766, 1999.
18. R. Taylor, G. J. Langley, H. W. Kroto, and D. R. M. Walton, "Formation of C60 by pyrolysis of naphthalene", Nature, vol. 366, no. 6457, pp. 728-731, 1993.
19. A. Koshio, M. Yudasaka, M. Ozawa, and S. Iijima, "Fullerene formation via pyrolysis of ragged single-wall carbon nanotubes", Nano Letters, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 995-997, 2002.
20. C. Chen and Z. Lou, "Formation of C60 by reduction of CO2", Journal of Supercritical Fluids, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 42-45, 2009.
21. N. Koprinarov, M. Marinov, M. Konstantinova, and B. Ranguelov, "Fullerene structure synthesis by DC arc discharge in ferrocene vapours", Vacuum, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 208-214, 2000.
22. H. Richter, E. De Hoffmann, R. Doome et al., "Fullerene formation in acetylene/oxygen/argon/chlorine flames", Carbon, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 797-803, 1996.
23. L. T. Scott, "Methods for the chemical synthesis of fullerenes", Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, vol. 43, no. 38, pp. 4994-5007, 2004.
24. R. S. Ruoff, D. C. Lorents, B. Chan, R. Malhotra, and S. Subramoney, "Single crystal metals encapsulated in carbon nanoparticles", Science, vol. 259, no. 5093, pp. 346-348, 1993.
25. M. Tomita, Y. Saito, and T. Hayashi, "LaC encapsulated in graphite nano-particle", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. L280-L282, 1993.
26. Y. Saito, "Nanoparticles and filled nanocapsules", Carbon, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 979-988, 1995.
27. V. P. Dravid, J. J. Host, M. H. Teng et al., "Controlled-size nanocapsules", Nature, vol. 374, no. 6523, p. 602, 1995.
28. J. J. Host, J. A. Block, K. Parvin et al., "Effect of annealing on the structure and magnetic properties of graphite encapsulated nickel and cobalt nanocrystals", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 793-801, 1998.
29. J. Jiao, S. Seraphin, X. Wang, and J. C. Withers, "Preparation and properties of ferromagnetic carbon-coated Fe, Co, and Ni nanoparticles", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 103-108, 1996.
30. J. Jiao and S. Seraphin, "Carbon encapsulated nanoparticles of Ni, Co, Cu, and Ti", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 2442-2448, 1998.
31. J. Qiu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Zhao, Y. Zhou, and Y. Wang, "Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated nickel nanocrystals by arc-discharge of coal-based carbons in water", Fuel, vol. 83, no. 4-5, pp. 615-617, 2004.
32. P. J. F. Harris and S. C. Tsang, "A simple technique for the synthesis of filled carbon nanoparticles", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 293, no. 1-2, pp. 53-58, 1998.
33. E. Flahaut, F. Agnoli, J. Sloan, C. O'Connor, and M. L. H. Green, "CCVD Synthesis and characterization of cobaltencapsulated nanoparticles", Chemistry of Materials, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2553-2558, 2002.
34. Z. H. Wang, C. J. Choi, B. K. Kim, J. C. Kim, and Z. D. Zhang, "Characterization and magnetic properties of carbon-coated cobalt nanocapsules synthesized by the chemical vaporcondensation process", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1751-1758, 2003.
35. S. H. Tsai, C. L. Lee, C. W. Chao, and H. C. Shih, "Novel technique for the formation of carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles on silicon", Carbon, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 781-785, 2000.
36. B. H. Liu, J. Ding, Z. Y. Zhong, Z. L. Dong, T. White, and J. Y. Lin, "Large-scale preparation of carbon-encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles by the catalytic method", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 358, no. 1-2, pp. 96-102, 2002.
37. Y. F. Zhang, Y. H. Tang, Y. Zhang, C. S. Lee, I. Bello, and S. T. Lee, "Deposition of carbon nanotubes on Si nanowires by chemical vapor deposition", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 330, no. 1-2, pp. 48-52, 2000.
38. Y. Lu, Z. Zhu, and Z. Liu, "Carbon-encapsulated Fe nanoparticles from detonation-induced pyrolysis of ferrocene", Carbon, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 369-374, 2005.
39. W. Wu, Z. Zhu, Z. Liu, Y. Xie, J. Zhang, and T. Hu, "Preparation of carbon-encapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles by an explosion method", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 317-321, 2003.
40. J. N. Wang, L. I. Zhang, F. Yu, and Z. M. Sheng, "Synthesis of carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles with giant coercivity by a spray pyrolysis approach", Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 2119-2124, 2007.
41. H. Song and X. Chen, "Large-scale synthesis of carbonencapsulated iron carbide nanoparticles by co-carbonization of durene with ferrocene", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 374, no. 3-4, pp. 400-404, 2003.
42. J. Huo, H. Song, and X. Chen, "Preparation of carbonencapsulated iron nanoparticles by co-carbonization of aromatic heavy oil and ferrocene", Carbon, vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 3177-3182, 2004.
43. M. Bystrzejewski, H. Lange, A. Huczko, H. I. Elim, and W. Ji, "Study of the optical limiting properties of carbonencapsulated magnetic nanoparticles", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 444, no. 1-3, pp. 113-117, 2007.
44. J. B. Park, S. H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, and B. K. Cho, "Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles by pulsed laser irradiation of solution", Carbon, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1369-1377, 2008.
45. J. Nishijo, C. Okabe, O. Oishi, and N. Nishi, "Synthesis, structures and magnetic properties of carbon-encapsulated nanoparticles via thermal decomposition of metal acetylide", Carbon, vol. 44, no. 14, pp. 2943-2949, 2006.
46. F. Maya, S. Muhl, O. Peña, and M. Miki-Yoshida, "Synthesis and characterization of silver-carbon nanoparticles produced by high-current pulsed arc", Thin Solid Films, vol. 518, no. 5, pp. 1484-1488, 2009.
47. F. P. Bundy, H. T. Hall, H. M. Strong, and R. H. Wentorf, "Man-Made diamonds", Nature, vol. 176, no. 4471, pp. 51-55, 1955.
48. A. M. Staver, N. V. Gubareva, A. I. Lyamkin et al., "The flow in a shock tube in the presence of suspended particles", Fizika Goreniya I Vzryza, vol. 20, no. 5, 1984.
49. N. R. Greiner, D. S. Phillips, J. D. Johnson, and F. Volk, "Diamonds in detonation soot", Nature, vol. 333, no. 6172, pp. 440-442, 1988.
50. K. Iakoubovskii, M. V. Baidakova, B. H. Wouters et al., "Structure and defects of detonation synthesis nanodiamond", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 9, no. 3-6, pp. 861-865, 2000.
51. P. W. Chen, Y. S. Ding, Q. Chen, F. L. Huang, and S. R. Yun, "Spherical nanometer-sized diamond obtained from detonation", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1722-1725, 2000.
52. T. Hamilton, E. Z. Kurmaev, S. N. Shamin, P. Y. Detkov, S. I. Chukhaeva, and A. Moewes, "Soft X-ray absorption and emission characterization of nanodiamond prepared by explosive detonation", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 350-352, 2007.
53. X. Xu, Z. Yu, Y. Zhu, and B. Wang, "Influence of surface modification adopting thermal treatments on dispersion of detonation nanodiamond", Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol. 178, no. 3, pp. 688-693, 2005.
54. Q. Zou, M. Z. Wang, Y. G. Li, L. H. Zou, H. Yu, and Y. C. Zhao, "Analysis of structures and surface states of the nanodiamond particle synthesised by detonation", Micro and Nano Letters, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 133-141, 2009.
55. V. Gupta, P. Scharff, and N. Miura, "Synthesis of diamond by electron irradiation of C60 intercalated graphite", Materials Letters, vol. 59, no. 26, pp. 3259-3261, 2005.
56. V. S. Purohit, D. Jain, V. G. Sathe, V. Ganesan, and S. V. Bhoraskar, "Synthesis of nanocrystalline diamonds by microwave plasma", Journal of Physics D, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1794-1800, 2007.
57. T. Sharda, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, and M. Umeno, "Biased enhanced growth of nanocrystalline diamond films by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1331-1335, 2000.
58. M. Nagatsu, M. Miyake, and J. Maeda, "Plasma CVD reactor with two-microwave oscillators for diamond film synthesis", Thin Solid Films, vol. 506-507, pp. 617-621, 2006.
59. T. Hao, H. Zhang, C. Shi, and G. Han, "Nano-crystalline diamond films synthesized at low temperature and low pressure by hot filament chemical vapor deposition", Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 201, no. 3-4, pp. 801-806, 2006.
60. L. Vandenbulcke, T. Gries, and J. N. Rouzaud, "Nanodiamonds in dusty low-pressure plasmas", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 94, no. 4, Article ID 044106, 2009.
61. L. Yang, P. W. May, L. Yin, J. A. Smith, and K. N. Rosser, "Growth of diamond nanocrystals by pulsed laser ablation of graphite in liquid", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 16, no. 4-7, pp. 725-729, 2007. (Pubitemid 46553848)
62. C. Wen, Z. Jin, X. Liu et al., "Synthesis of diamond using nano-graphite and Fe powder under high pressure and high temperature", Materials Letters, vol. 60, no. 29-30, pp. 3507-3510, 2006.
63. L. Hawelek, A. Brodka, J. C. Dore, V. Honkimaki, S. Tomita, and A. Burian, "Structural studies of nanodiamond by highenergy X-ray diffraction", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 17, no. 7-10, pp. 1186-1193, 2008.
64. D. Amans, A. C. Chenus, G. Ledoux et al., "Nanodiamond synthesis by pulsed laser ablation in liquids", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 18, no. 2-3, pp. 177-180, 2009.
65. D. Ugarte, "Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation", Nature, vol. 359, no. 6397, pp. 707-709, 1992.
66. P. J. F. Harris and S. C. Tsang, "High-resolution electron microscopy studies of non-graphitizing carbons", Philosophical Magazine A, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 667-677, 1997.
67. D. Ugarte, "Morphology and structure of graphitic soot particles generated in arc-discharge C production", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 198, no. 6, pp. 596-602, 1992.
68. W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, and D. R. Huffman, "Solid C60: a new form of carbon", Nature, vol. 347, no. 6291, pp. 354-358, 1990.
69. B. S. Xu and S. I. Tanaka, "Formation of giant onion-like fullerenes under Al nanoparticles by electron irradiation", Acta Materialia, vol. 46, no. 15, pp. 5249-5257, 1998.
70. A. G. Nasibulin, A. Moisala, D. P. Brown, and E. I. Kauppinen, "Carbon nanotubes and onions from carbon n monoxide using Ni (acac) 2 and Cu (acac) 2 as catalyst precursors", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 14, pp. 2711-2724, 2003.
71. J. S. Qiu, Y. Zhou, L. N. Wang, and S. C. Tsang, "Formation of carbon nanotubes and encapsulated nanoparticles from coals with moderate ash contents", Carbon, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 465-467, 1998.
72. T. Cabioc'h, E. Thune, and M. Jaouen, "Carbon-onion thinfilm synthesis onto silica substrates", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 320, no. 1-2, pp. 202-205, 2000.
73. T. Cabioc'h, M. Jaouen, M. F. Denanot, and P. Bechet, "Influence of the implantation parameters on the microstructure of carbon onions produced by carbon ion implantation", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, no. 21, pp. 3096-3098, 1998. (Pubitemid 128677324)
74. H. Abe, "Nucleation of carbon onions and nanocapsules under ion implantation at high temperature", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 10, no. 3-7, pp. 1201-1204, 2001.
75. V. L. Kuznetsov, A. L. Chuvilin, Y. V. Butenko, I. Y. Mal'kov, and V. M. Titov, "Onion-like carbon from ultra-disperse diamond", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 222, no. 4, pp. 343-348, 1994.
76. L. G. Bulusheva, A. V. Okotrub, V. L. Kuznetsov, and D. V. Vyalikh, "Soft X-ray spectroscopy and quantum chemistry characterization of defects in onion-like carbon produced by nanodiamond annealing", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 16, no. 4-7, pp. 1222-1226, 2007.
77. M. Bystrzejewski, M. H. Rummeli, T. Gemming, H. Lange, and A. Huczko, "Catalyst-free synthesis of onion-like carbon nanoparticles", New Carbon Materials, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2010.
78. M. Zhao, H. Song, X. Chen, and W. Lian, "Large-scale synthesis of onion-like carbon nanoparticles by carbonization of phenolic resin", Acta Materialia, vol. 55, no. 18, pp. 6144-6150, 2007.
79. X. Liu, C. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Guo, H. Wen, and B. Xu, "Synthesis of nano onion-like fullerenes by using Fe/Al2O3 as catalyst by chemical vapor deposition", Chinese Science Bulletin, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 137-141, 2009.
80. A. B. Du, X. G. Liu, D. J. Fu, P. D. Han, and B. S. Xu, "Onionlike fullerenes synthesis from coal", Fuel, vol. 86, no. 1-2, pp. 294-298, 2007.
81. J. Huang, Y. Liu, and T. You, "Carbon nanofiber based electrochemical biosensors: a review", Analytical Methods, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 202-211, 2010.
82. P. Serp, M. Corrias, and P. Kalck, "Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in catalysis", Applied Catalysis A, vol. 253, no. 2, pp. 337-358, 2003.
83. S. Iijima, "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", Nature, vol. 354, no. 6348, pp. 56-58, 1991.
84. E. P. S. Tan, C. N. Goh, C. H. Sow, and C. T. Lim, "Tensile test of a single nanofiber using an atomic force microscope tip", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 86, no. 7, Article ID 073115, 3 pages, 2005.
85. E. P. S. Tan and C. T. Lim, "Mechanical characterization of nanofibers-a review", Composites Science and Technology, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1099-1108, 2006.
86. H. J. Qi, K. B. K. Teo, K. K. S. Lau et al., "Determination of mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests using nanoindentation", Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 51, no. 11-12, pp. 2213-2237, 2003.
87. P. E. Aderson and N. M. Rodriguez, "Influence of the support on the structural characteristics of carbon nanofibers produced from the metal-catalyzed decomposition of ethylene", Chemistry of Materials, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 823-830, 2000.
88. A. Tanaka, S. H. Yoon, and I. Mochida, "Preparation of highly crystalline nanofibers on Fe and Fe-Ni catalysts with a variety of graphene plane alignments", Carbon, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 591-597, 2004.
89. G. L. Bezemer, P. B. Radstake, U. Falke et al., "Investigation of promoter effects of manganese oxide on carbon nanofibersupported cobalt catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis", Journal of Catalysis, vol. 237, no. 1, pp. 152-161, 2006.
90. S. Takenaka, M. Ishida, M. Serizawa, E. Tanabe, and K. Otsuka, "Formation of carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes through methane decomposition over supported cobalt catalysts", Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 108, no. 31, pp. 11464-11472, 2004.
91. J. P. Tu, L. P. Zhu, K. Hou, and S. Y. Guo, "Synthesis and frictional properties of array film of amorphous carbon nanofibers on anodic aluminum oxide", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1257-1263, 2003.
92. V. Z. Mordkovich, "Carbon nanofibers: a new ultrahighstrength material for chemical technology", Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 429-438, 2003.
93. A. De Lucas, P. B. García, A. Garrido, A. Romero, and J. L. Valverde, "Catalytic synthesis of carbon nanofibers with different graphene plane alignments using Ni deposited on iron pillared clays", Applied Catalysis A, vol. 301, no. 1, pp. 123-132, 2006.
94. K. Takehira, T. Ohi, T. Shishido, T. Kawabata, and K. Takaki, "Catalytic growth of carbon fibers from methane and ethylene on carbon-supported Ni catalysts", Applied Catalysis A, vol. 283, no. 1-2, pp. 137-145, 2005.
95. D. Y. Ding, J. N. Wang, and A. Dozier, "Symmetry-related growth of carbon nanocoils from Ni-P based alloy particles", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 5006-5009, 2004.
96. K. L. Klein, A. V. Melechko, P. D. Rack, J. D. Fowlkes, H. M. Meyer, and M. L. Simpson, "Cu-Ni composition gradient for the catalytic synthesis of vertically aligned carbon nanofibers", Carbon, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 1857-1863, 2005.
97. A. R. Naghash, Z. Xu, and T. H. Etsell, "Coprecipitation of nickel-copper-aluminum takovite as catalyst precursors for simultaneous production of carbon nanofibers and hydrogen", Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 815-821, 2005.
98. F. Yuan, H. K. Yu, and H. Ryu, "Preparation and characterization of carbon nanofibers as catalyst support material for PEMFC", Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, no. 2-3, pp. 685-691, 2004.
99. W. C. Ren and H. M. Cheng, "Herringbone-type carbon nanofibers with a small diameter and large hollow core synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of methane", Carbon, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1657-1660, 2002.
100. Y. Qin, Z. Zhang, and Z. Cui, "Helical carbon nanofibers with a symmetric growth mode", Carbon, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1917-1922, 2004.
101. C. Singh, T. Quested, C. B. Boothroyd et al., "Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanofibers produced by the floating catalyst method", Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 106, no. 42, pp. 10915-10922, 2002.
102. C. Pham-Huu, N. Keller, V. V. Roddatis, G. Mestl, R. Schlögl, and M. J. Ledoux, "Large scale synthesis of carbon nanofibers by catalytic decomposition of ethane on nickel nanoclusters decorating carbon nanotubes", Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 514-521, 2002.
103. G. Zou, D. Zhang, C. Dong et al., "Carbon nanofibers: synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties", Carbon, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 828-832, 2006.
104. L. Yu, L. Sui, Y. Qin, and Z. Cui, "Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanofibers by decomposition of acetylene with a catalyst derived from cupric nitrate", Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 514-517, 2008.
105. J. Zhang, I. Khatri, N. Kishi, T. Soga, and T. Jimbo, "Synthesis of carbon nanofibers using C60, graphite and boron", Materials Letters, vol. 64, no. 11, pp. 1243-1246, 2010.
106. T. Kimura, H. Koizumi, H. Kinoshita, and T. Ichikawa, "Formation of carbon nanofibers from decacyclene by ion beam irradiation", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, vol. 236, no. 1-4, pp. 474-481, 2005.
107. Y. Matsumoto, M. Than Oo, M. Nakao, K. Kamimura, Y. Onuma, and H. Matsushima, "Preparation of carbon nanofibers by hot filament-assisted sputtering", Materials Science and Engineering B, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 218-221, 2000.
108. M. Guláš, M. Čaplovičová, M. Michalka et al., "Growth of carbon nanofibers and related structures by combined method of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and aerosol synthesis", Vacuum, vol. 82, no. 8, pp. 805-813, 2008.
109. P. Ren, X. Zou, J. Cheng et al., "Synthesis of carbon nanofibers by ethanol catalytic combustion technique", Advanced Materials Research, vol. 24-25, pp. 731-734, 2007.
110. L. Ci, Y. Li, B. Wei, J. Liang, C. Xu, and D. Wu, "Preparation of carbon nanofibers by the floating catalyst method", Carbon, vol. 38, no. 14, pp. 1933-1937, 2000.
111. S. Mori and M. Suzuki, "Effect of oxygen and hydrogen addition on the low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanofibers using a low-temperature CO/Ar DC plasma", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 999-1002, 2008.
112. S. Iijima, "Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", Nature, vol. 354, no. 6348, pp. 56-58, 1991.
113. T. W. Ebbesen and P. M. Ajayan, "Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes", Nature, vol. 358, no. 6383, pp. 220-222, 1992.
114. S. Iijima and T. Ichihashi, "Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter", Nature, vol. 363, no. 6430, pp. 603-605, 1993.
115. D. S. Bethune, C. H. Kiang, M. S. De Vries et al., "Cobaltcatalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomiclayer walls", Nature, vol. 363, no. 6430, pp. 605-607, 1993.
116. C. Journet, W. K. Maser, P. Bernier et al., "Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique", Nature, vol. 388, no. 6644, pp. 756-758, 1997.
117. A. Thess, R. Lee, P. Nikolaev et al., "Crystalline ropes of metallic carbon nanotubes", Science, vol. 273, no. 5274, pp. 483-487, 1996.
118. M. Yacaman, M. Yoshida, L. Rendon, and J. G. Santiesteban, "Catalytic growth of carbon microtubules with fullerene structure", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 202-204, 1993.
119. E. Flahaut, A. Govindaraj, A. Peigney, C. H. Laurent, A. Rousset, and C. N. R. Rao, "Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes using binary (Fe, Co, Ni) alloy nanoparticles prepared in situ by the reduction of oxide solid solutions", Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 300, no. 1-2, pp. 236-242, 1999.
120. H. Dai, "Carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges", Surface Science, vol. 500, no. 1-3, pp. 218-241, 2002.
121. V. N. Popov, "Carbon nanotubes: properties and application", Materials Science and Engineering R, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 61-102, 2004.
122. P. M. Ajayan and T. W. Ebbesen, "Nanometre-size tubes of carbon", Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 1025-1062, 1997.
123. Q. Zeng, Z. Li, and Y. Zhou, "Synthesis and application of carbon nanotubes", Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 235-246, 2006.
124. E. S. Thiele and R. H. French, "Computation of light scattering by anisotropic spheres of rutile titania", Advanced Materials, vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 1271-1276, 1998.
125. W. Zhou, X. Bai, E. Wang, and S. Xie, "Synthesis, structure, and properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes", Advanced Materials, vol. 21, no. 45, pp. 4565-4583, 2009.
126. D. S. Arensburger, S. M. Zimakov, P. A. Kulu, and M. A. Oyaviir, "Coatings deposited by the high-velocity flame spraying method", Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, vol. 40, no. 3-4, pp. 127-134, 2001.
127. A. Huczko, "Synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes", Applied Physics A, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 617-638, 2002.
128. C. N. R. Rao, B. C. Satishkumar, A. Govindaraj, and M. Nath, "Nanotubes", ChemPhysChem, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 78-105, 2001.
129. S. N. Bondi, W. J. Lackey, R. W. Johnson, X. Wang, and Z. L. Wang, "Laser assisted chemical vapor deposition synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their characterization", Carbon, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 1393-1403, 2006.
130. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov et al., "Electric field in atomically thin carbon films", Science, vol. 306, no. 5696, pp. 666-669, 2004.
131. K. S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin et al., "Two-dimensional atomic crystals", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 30, pp. 10451-10453, 2005.
132. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov et al., "Chiral tunnelling and the Klein paradox in graphene", Nature, vol. 438, pp. 197-200, 2005.
133. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene", Nature Materials, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 183-191, 2007.
134. K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang et al., "Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes", Nature, vol. 457, no. 7230, pp. 706-710, 2009.
135. V. Y. Aristov, G. Urbanik, K. Kummer et al., "Graphene synthesis on cubic SiC/Si wafers. Perspectives for mass production of graphene-based electronic devices", Nano Letters, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 992-995, 2010.
136. W. S. Hummers and R. E. Offeman, "Preparation of graphitic oxide", Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 80, no. 6, p. 1339, 1958.
137. M. J. McAllister, J. E. L. Li, D. H. Adamson et al., "Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite", Chemistry of Materials, vol. 19, no. 18, pp. 4396-4404, 2007.
138. J. Chattopadhyay, A. Mukherjee, C. E. Hamilton et al., "Graphite epoxide", Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 130, no. 16, pp. 5414-5415, 2008.
139. S. Chandra, S. Sahu, and P. Pramanik, "A novel synthesis of graphene by dichromate oxidation", Materials Science and Engineering B, vol. 167, no. 3, pp. 133-136, 2010.
140. S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin et al., "High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase", Carbon, vol. 45, pp. 1558-1565, 2007.
141. V. C. Tung, M. J. Allen, Y. Yang, and R. B. Kaner, "Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets", Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 4, pp. 25-29, 2009.
142. W. Guoxiu, Y. Juan, P. Jinsoo et al., "Facile synthesis and characterization of graphene nanosheets", Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 112, no. 22, pp. 8192-8195, 2008.
143. Y. Si and E. T. Samulski, "Synthesis of water soluble graphene", Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1679-1682, 2008.
144. X. Fan, W. Peng, Y. Li et al., "Deoxygenation of exfoliated graphite oxide under alkaline conditions: a green route to graphene preparation", Advanced Materials, vol. 20, no. 23, pp. 4490-4493, 2008.
145. 2-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide", ACS Nano, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1487-1491, 2008.
146. S. Wakeland, R. Martinez, J. K. Grey, and C. C. Luhrs, "Production of graphene from graphite oxide using urea as expansion-reduction agent", Carbon, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 3463-3470, 2010.
147. W. Chen, L. Yan, and P. R. Bangal, "Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves", Carbon, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1146-1152, 2010.
148. Y. Wu, P. Qiao, T. Chong, and Z. Shen, "Carbon nanowalls grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition", Advanced Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 64-67, 2002.
149. K. Shiji, M. Hiramatsu, A. Enomoto, M. Nakamura, H. Amano, and M. Hori, "Vertical growth of carbon nanowalls using rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 14, no. 3-7, pp. 831-834, 2005. (Pubitemid 40643204)
150. M. Hiramatsu, K. Shiji, H. Amano, and M. Hori, "Fabrication of vertically aligned carbon nanowalls using capacitively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition assisted by hydrogen radical injection", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, no. 23, pp. 4708-4710, 2004.
151. T. Itoh, S. Shimabukuro, S. Kawamura, and S. Nonomura, "Preparation and electron field emission of carbon nanowall by Cat-CVD", Thin Solid Films, vol. 501, no. 1-2, pp. 314-317, 2006.
152. S. Shimabukuro, Y. Hatakeyama, M. Takeuchi, T. Itoh, and S. Nonomura, "Effect of hydrogen dilution in preparation of carbon nanowall by hot-wire CVD", Thin Solid Films, vol. 516, no. 5, pp. 710-713, 2008.
153. T. Mori, M. Hiramatsu, K. Yamakawa, K. Takeda, and M. Hori, "Fabrication of carbon nanowalls using electron beam excited plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 17, no. 7-10, pp. 1513-1517, 2008.
154. S. Vizireanu, L. Nistor, M. Haupt, V. Katzenmaier, C. Oehr, and G. Dinescu, "Carbon nanowalls growth by radiofrequency plasma-beam-enhanced chemical vapor deposition", Plasma Processes and Polymers, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 263-268, 2008.
155. A. T. H. Chuang, B. O. Boskovic, and J. Robertson, "Freestanding carbon nanowalls by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition", Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 15, no. 4-8, pp. 1103-1106, 2006.
156. J. J. Wang, M. Y. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw et al., "Free-standing subnanometer qraphite sheets", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 1265-1267, 2004.
157. G. Sato, T. Kato, W. Oohara, and R. Hatakeyama, "Production and application of reactive plasmas using helicon-wave discharge in very low magnetic fields", Thin Solid Films, vol. 506-507, pp. 550-554, 2006.
158. R. C. Haddon, A. F. Hebard, M. J. Rosseinsky et al., "Conducting films of C60 and C70 by alkali-metal doping", Nature, vol. 350, no. 6316, pp. 320-322, 1991.
159. A. F. Hebard, M. J. Rosseinsky, R. C. Haddon et al., " Superconductivity at 18 K in potassium-doped C60", Nature, vol. 350, no. 6319, pp. 600-601, 1991.
160. M. J. Rosseinsky, A. P. Ramirez, S. H. Glarum et al., "Superconductivity at 28 K in RbxC60", Physical Review Letters, vol. 66, no. 21, pp. 2830-2832, 1991.
161. C. C. Chen, S. P. Kelty, and C. M. Lieber", (RbK) C superconductors: formation of a continuous series of solid solutions", Science, vol. 253, no. 5022, pp. 886-888, 1991.
162. O. Zhou, G. B. M. Vaughan, Q. Zhu et al., "Compressibility of M3C60 fullerene superconductors: relation between Tc and lattice parameter", Science, vol. 255, no. 5046, pp. 833-835, 1992.
163. C. M. Brown, T. Takenobu, K. Kordatos, K. Prassides, Y. Iwasa, and K. Tanigaki, "Pressure dependence of superconductivity in the Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 fulleride", Physical Review B, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 4439-4444, 1999.
164. A. Y. Ganin, Y. Takabayashi, Y. Z. Khimyak et al., "Bulk superconductivity at 38 K in a molecular system", Nature Materials, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 367-371, 2008.
165. http://www.nanodiamond.co.kr/.
166. K. Iakoubovskii, K. Mitsuishi, and K. Furuya, "Highresolution electron microscopy of detonation nanodiamond", Nanotechnology, vol. 19, no. 15, Article ID 155705, 2008.
167. S. Ji, T. Jiang, K. Xu, and S. Li, "FTIR study of the adsorption of water on ultradispersed diamond powder surface", Applied Surface Science, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 231-238, 1998.
168. M.-F. Yu, O. Lourie, M. J. Dyer, K. Moloni, T. F. Kelly, and R. S. Ruoff, "Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load", Science, vol. 287, no. 5453, pp. 637-640, 2000.
169. S. Bellucci, "Carbon nanotubes: physics and applications", Physica Status Solidi (c), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 34-47, 2005.
170. H. G. Chae and S. Kumar, "Rigid-rod polymeric fibers", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 791-802, 2006.
171. M. Meo and M. Rossi, "Prediction of Young's modulus of single wall carbon nanotubes by molecular-mechanics based finite element modeling", Composites Science and Technology, vol. 66, no. 11-12, pp. 1597-1605, 2006.
172. S. B. Sinnott and R. Andrews, "Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties, and applications", Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 145-249, 2001.
173. M.-F. Yu, B. S. Files, S. Arepalli, and R. S. Ruoff, "Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties", Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, no. 24, pp. 5552-5555, 2000.
174. B. G. Demczyk, Y. M. Wang, J. Cumings et al., "Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes", Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 334, no. 1-2, pp. 173-178, 2002.
175. J. R. Xiao, B. A. Gama, and J. W. Gillespie, "An analytical molecular structural mechanics model for the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes", International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 42, no. 11-12, pp. 3075-3092, 2005.
176. R. S. Ruoff, J. Tersoff, D. C. Lorents, S. Subramoney, and B. Chan, "Radial deformation of carbon nanotubes by van der Waals forces", Nature, vol. 364, no. 6437, pp. 514-516, 1993.
177. M.-F. Yu, T. Kowalewski, and R. S. Ruoff, "Investigation of the radial deformability of individual carbon nanotubes under controlled indentation force", Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 1456-1459, 2000.
178. I. Palaci, S. Fedrigo, H. Brune, C. Klinke, M. Chen, and E. Riedo, "Radial elasticity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes", Physical Review Letters, vol. 94, no. 17, Article ID 175502, 2005.
179. M. Popov, M. Kyotani, R. J. Nemanich, and Y. Koga, "Superhard phase composed of single-wall carbon nanotubes", Physical Review B, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 334081-334084, 2002.
180. 60) and singlewalled carbon nanotubes", Chemical Reviews, vol. 105, no. 10, pp. 3643-3696, 2005.
181. X. Zhou, J.-Y. Park, S. Huang, J. Liu, and P. L. McEuen, "Band structure, phonon scattering, and the performance limit of single-walled carbon nanotube transistors", Physical Review Letters, vol. 95, no. 14, Article ID 146805, 4 pages, 2005.
182. H. Dai, A. Javey, E. Pop, D. Mann, and Y. Lu, "Electrical transport properties and field-effect transistors of carbon nanotubes", NANO: Brief Reports and Reviews, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2006.
183. A. Javey, P. Qi, Q. Wang, and H. Dai, "Ten-to 50-nm-long quasi-ballistic carbon nanotube devices obtained without complex lithography", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 101, no. 37, pp. 13408-13410, 2004.
184. I. Takesue, J. Haruyama, N. Kobayashi et al., "Superconductivity in entirely end-bonded multiwalled carbon nanotubes", Physical Review Letters, vol. 96, no. 5, Article ID 057001, 2006.
185. E. Pop, D. Mann, Q. Wang, K. Goodson, and H. Dai, "Thermal conductance of an individual single-wall carbon nanotube above room temperature", Nano Letters, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 96-100, 2006.
186. E. T. Thostenson, C. Li, and T. W. Chou, "Nanocomposites in context", Composites Science and Technology, vol. 65, no. 3-4, pp. 491-516, 2005.
187. X. Liu, J. Si, B. Chang et al., "Third-order optical nonlinearity of the carbon nanotubes", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 164-166, 1999.
188. V. L. A. Margulis, "Theoretical estimations of third-order optical nonlinearities for semiconductor carbon nanotubes", Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, vol. 11, no. 15, pp. 3065-3074, 1999.
189. H. Kataura, Y. Kumazawa, Y. Maniwa et al., "Optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes", Synthetic Metals, vol. 103, no. 1-3, pp. 2555-2558, 1999.
190. M. E. Itkis, D. E. Perea, R. Jung, S. Niyogi, and R. C. Haddon, "Comparison of analytical techniques for purity evaluation of single-walled carbon nanotubes", Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 127, no. 10, pp. 3439-3448, 2005.
191. K. Mizuno, J. Ishii, H. Kishida et al., "A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, no. 15, pp. 6044-6047, 2009.
192. J. C. Meyer, A. K. Geim, M. I. Katsnelson, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, and S. Roth, "The structure of suspended graphene sheets", Nature, vol. 446, no. 7131, pp. 60-63, 2007.
193. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene", Nature Materials, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 183-191, 2007.
194. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov et al., "Twodimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene", Nature, vol. 438, no. 7065, pp. 197-200, 2005.
195. S. V. Morozov, K. S. Novoselov, M. I. Katsnelson et al., "Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer", Physical Review Letters, vol. 100, no. 1, Article ID 016602, 6 pages, 2008.
196. J. H. Chen, C. Jang, S. Xiao, M. Ishigami, and M. S. Fuhrer, "Intrinsic and extrinsic performance limits of graphene devices on SiO2", Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 206-209, 2008.
197. M. S. Amanda, A. Suzanne, H. Ciftan, and S. A. Olga, "Nanodiamond particles: properties and perspectives for bioapplications", Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, vol. 34, no. 1-2, pp. 18-74, 2009.
198. Y. Gogotsi, Ed., Carbon Nanomaterials, CRC Press, 2006.