Laying the foundations for a new classification of Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), a multilocus phylogenetic approach

Cladistics

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 359-387

  Cruaud, Astrid ^a   Jabbour Zahab, Roula ^a   Genson, Gwenaëlle ^a   Cruaud, Corinne ^b   Couloux, Arnaud ^b   Kjellberg, Finn ^c   van Noort, Simon ^d   Rasplus, Jean Yves ^a  

^a CENTRE DE BIOLOGIE ET DE GESTION DES POPULATIONS   (France)

^b CENTRE NATIONAL DE SÉQUENÇAGE   (France)

^c CENTRE D ECOLOGIE FONCTIONNELLE ET EVOLUTIVE   (France)

^d IZIKO SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DICOTYLEDON; GENETIC ANALYSIS; INSECT; NEW TAXON; PARSIMONY ANALYSIS; PHYLOGENETICS; PLANT-POLLINATOR INTERACTION; POLLINATOR; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY); TAXONOMY;

EID: 77954521834     PISSN: 07483007     EISSN: 10960031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00291.x     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Akaike H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. Second International Symposium on Information Theory 1973, 267-281. Petrov PNCsaki F. In, Eds, Akad. Kiado, Budapest, pp
2. Anstett MC, Hossaert-McKey M, Kjellberg F. Figs and fig pollinators: evolutionary conflicts in a coevolved mutualism. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1997, 12:94-99.
3. Antropov AV, Belokobylskij SA, Compton SG, Dlussky GM, Khalaim AI, Kolyada VA, Kozlov MA, Perfilieva KS, Rasnitsyn AP. The hymenopterous insects (Insecta: Vespida) from the insect limestone (vicinity of Eocene/Oligocene boundary) of the Isle of Wight, UK. Special Papers in Palaeontology Palaeontological Association, London
4. Ashmead WH. Classification of the chalcid flies of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, with descriptions of new species in the Carnegie Museum, collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1904, 1:i-xi. 225-551
5. Belshaw R, Quicke DLJ. Robustness of ancestral state estimates: evolution of life history strategy in ichneumonoid parasitoids. Syst. Biol. 2002, 51:450-477.
6. Berg CC, Corner EJH. Moraceae-Ficus 2005, Flora Malesiana, Ser, I, 17/2, Leiden
7. Berg CC, Wiebes JT. African Fig Trees and Fig Wasps 1992, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam
8. Bouček Z. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a Reclassification of Species 1988, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK
9. Bouček Z. Agaonidae. Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) 1997, 117-133. Gibson GAPHuber JTWoolley JB. In, Eds, NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp
10. Brady SG, Sipes S, Pearson A, Danforth BN. Recent and simultaneous origins of eusociality in halictid bees. Proc. R. Soc. B 2006, 273:1643-1649.
11. Brandley MC, Schmitz A, Reeder TW. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Syst. Biol. 2005, 54:373-390.
12. Brower AVZ, DeSalle R. Patterns of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA sequence divergence among nymphalid butterflies: the utility of wingless as a source of characters for phylogenetic inference. Insect Mol. Biol. 1998, 7:73-82.
13. Brown JM, Lemmon AR. The importance of data partitioning and the utility of Bayes factors in bayesian phylogenetics. Syst. Biol. 2007, 56:643-655.
14. Brues CT. The parasitic Hymenoptera of Florissant, Colorado. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Coll. 1910, 54:1-125.
15. Cameron SA, Mardulyn P. Multiple molecular data sets suggest independent origins of highly eusocial behavior in bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae). Syst. Biol. 2001, 50:194-214.
16. Campbell BC, Steffen-Campbell JD, Werren JH. Phylogeny of the Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Biol. 1993, 2:225-237.
17. Campbell B, Heraty J, Rasplus JY, Chan K, Steffan-Campbell J, Babcock C. Molecular systematic of the Chalcidoidea using 28S-rDNA. The Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control 2000, 59-73. Austin AD, Dowton M, In, Eds, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia, pp
18. Chen Y, Hui XA, Fu JZ, Huang DW. A molecular phylogeny of eurytomid wasps inferred from DNA sequence data of 28S, 18S, 16S, and COI genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 31:300-307.
19. Chevenet F, Brun C, Bañuls A-L, Jacq B, Christen R. TreeDyn: towards dynamic graphics and annotations for analyses of trees. BMC Bioinformatics 2006, 7:439-448.
20. Chiotis M, Jermiin LS, Crozier RH. A molecular framework for the phylogeny of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2000, 17:108-116.
21. Compton SG, Holton KC, Rashbrook VK, Noort Sv, Vincent SL, Ware AB. Studies of Ceratosolen galili a non-pollinating agaonid fig wasp. Biotropica 1991, 23:188-194.
22. Cook JM. Molecular insights to fig wasp taxonomy and biology. Parasitic Wasps: Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control 2002, 220-228. Melika GThuroczy C. In, Eds, Koszeg Agroinform, Budapest, Hungary, pp
23. Cook JM, Rasplus J-Y. Mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18:241-248.
24. Cook JM, West SA. Fig and fig wasps. Curr. Biol. 2005, 15:978-980.
25. Copland MJW, King PE. The structure of the female reproductive system in the Agaonidae (Chacidoidea, Hymenoptera). J. Entomol. A 1973, 48:25-35.
26. Corner EJH. Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with a key to identification. Garden's Bull. Singap. 1965, 21:1-186.
27. Corner EJH. Ficus glaberrima Bl. and the pedunculate species of Ficus subgen. Urostigma in Asia and Australasia. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1978, 281:347-371.
28. Cummings MP, Handley SA, Myers DS, Read DL, Rokas A, Winka K. Comparing bootstrap and posterior probability values in the four-taxon case. Syst. Biol. 2003, 52:477-487.
29. Danforth BN, Brady SG, Sipes SD, Pearson A. Single-copy nuclear genes recover Cretaceous-age divergences in bees. Syst. Biol. 2004, 53:309-326.
30. Danforth BN, Lin CP, Fang J. How do insect nuclear ribosomal genes compare to protein-coding genes in phylogenetic utility and nucleotide substitution patterns? Syst. Entomol. 2005, 30:549-562.
31. Danforth BN, Fang J, Sipes S. Analysis of family-level relationships in bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) using 28S and two previously unexplored nuclear genes: CAD and RNA polymerase II. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2006, 39:358-372.
32. Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. On the origin of the fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from NDHF sequencesAmer. J. Bot. 2004, 91:767-777.
33. Delsuc F, Phillips MJ, Penny D. Comment on 'Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?'. Science 2003, 301:1482.
34. Desjardins CA, Regier JC, Mitter C. Phylogeny of pteromalid parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): initial evidence from four protein-coding nuclear genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 45:454-469.
35. Dowton M, Austin AD. Evidence for AT-transversion bias in wasp (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) mitochondrial genes and its implications for the origin of parasitism. J. Mol. Evol. 1997a, 44:398-405.
36. Dowton M, Austin AD. The evolution of strand-specific compositional bias. A case study in the Hymenoptera mitochondrial 16s rRNA gene. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1997b, 14:109-112.
37. Dowton M, Austin AD. Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, CO1 and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita-evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2001, 74:87-111.
38. Drummond AJ, Ashton B, Cheung M, Heled J, Kearse M, Moir R, Stones-Havas S, Thierer T, Wilson A. Geneious v3.7 2007, http://www.geneious.com/
39. Erasmus C, van Noort S, Jousselin E, Greef J. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps pollinators (Agaonidae, Hymenoptera) of Ficus section Galoglychia. Zoologica Scripta 2007, 36:61-78.
40. Erixon P, Svennblad B, Britton T, Oxelman B. Reliability of Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap frequencies in phylogenetics. Syst. Biol. 2003, 52:665-673.
41. Felsenstein J, Kishino H. Is there something wrong with the bootstrap on phylogenies? A reply to Hillis and Bull. Syst. Biol. 1993, 42:193-200.
42. Gibson GAP. Family Agaonidae. Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families 1993, 610-614. Goulet HHuber JT. In, Eds, Agriculture Canada Publication, Ottawa, pp
43. Gibson GAP. Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Mem. Entomol. Int. 2003, 16:1-339.
44. Gibson GAP, Heraty JM, Woolley JB. Phylogenetics and classification of Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea-a review of current concepts (Hymenoptera, Apocripta). Zool. Scr. 1999, 28:87-124.
45. Gillespie JJ. Characterizing regions of ambiguous alignment caused by the expansion and contraction of hairpin-stem loops in ribosomal RNA molecules. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 33:936-943.
46. Gillespie JJ, Munro JB, Heraty JM, Yoder MJ, Owen AK, Carmichael AE. A secondary structural model of the 28S rRNA expansion segments D2 and D3 for chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22:1593-1608.
47. Gillespie JJ, Johnston JS, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR. Characteristics of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA genes of Apis mellifera (Insecta: Hymenoptera): structure, organization and retrotransposable elements. Insect Mol. Biol. 2006, 15:657-686.
48. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 2008, 24:1-13.
49. Grandi G. Morfologia del gen. Tetrapus Mayr e descrizione di una nuova specie della Costa Rica. Boll. Soc. Entomol. Ital. 1925, 57:1-13.
50. Grissell EE. Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Mem. Entomol. Int. 1995, 2:i-iii. 1-470
51. Haine ER, Martin J, Cook JM. Deep mtDNA divergences indicate cryptic species in a fig-pollinating wasp. BMC Evol. Biol. 2006, 6:83.
52. Harry M, Solignac M, Lachaise D. Molecular evidence for multiple homoplasies of complex adaptative syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1998, 9:542-551.
53. Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T. Dating the human-ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 1985, 22:160-174.
54. Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Shelley LB, deWaard JR. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. B 2003, 270:313-321.
55. Heraty J, Hawks D, Kostecki JS, Carmichael A. Phylogeny and behaviour of the Gollumiellinae, a new subfamily of the ant-parasitic Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Syst. Entomol. 2004, 29:544-559.
56. Herre EA, Machado CA, Bermingham E, Nason JD, Windsor DM, McCafferty S, Van Houten W, Bachmann K. Molecular phylogenies of figs and their pollinator wasps. J. Biogeogr. 1996, 23:521-530.
57. Hillis DM. Inferring complex phylogenies. Nature 1996, 383:130-131.
58. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. MrBayes: bayesian inferences of phylogeny. Bioinformatics 2001, 17:754-755.
59. Huelsenbeck JP, Larget B, Miller RE, Ronquist F. Potential applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference in phylogeny. Syst. Biol. 2002, 51:673-688.
60. Jermiin LS, Crozier RH. The cytochrome b region in the mitochondrial DNA of the ant Tetraponera rufoniger. Sequence divergence in Hymenoptera may be associate with nucleotide contents. J. Mol. Evol. 1994, 38:282-294.
61. Jiang Z-F, Huang D-W, Zhu C-D, Zheng W-Q. New insights into the phylogeny of fig pollinators using Bayesian analyses. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2006, 38:306-315.
62. Jousselin E, Rasplus JY, Kjellberg F. Shift to mutualism in parasitic lineages of the fig/fig wasp interaction. Oikos 2001, 94:287-294.
63. Jousselin E, Rasplus JY, Kjellberg F. Convergence and coevolution in a mutualism evidence from a molecular phylogeny of Ficus. Evolution 2003, 57:1255-1272.
64. Källersjö M, Albert VA, Farris JS. Homoplasy increases phylogenetic structure. Cladistics 1999, 15:91-93.
65. Kass RE, Raftery AE. Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1995, 90:773-795.
66. Kerdelhué C, Le Clainche I, Rasplus JY. Molecular phylogeny of the Ceratosolen species pollinating Ficus of the subgenus Sycomorus sensu stricto: biogeographical history and origins of the species-specificity breakdown cases. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1999, 11:401-414.
67. Kjellberg F, Jousselin E, Hossaert-McKey M, Rasplus JY. Biology, ecology and evolution of fig-pollinating wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-Inducing Arthropods 2005, 539-572. Raman A, Schaefer CW, Withers TM, In, Eds, Sciences Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, pp
68. Kjer KM. Use of rRNA secondary structure in phylogenetic studies to identify homologous positions: an example of alignment and data presentation from the frogs. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1995, 4:314-330.
69. Koulianos S, Schmid-Hempel P. Phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees (Bombus, Latreille) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2000, 14:335-341.
70. Laurenne NM, Broad GR, Quicke DLJ. Direct optimization and multiple alignment of 28S D2-D3 rDNA sequences: problems with indels on the way to a molecular phylogeny of the cryptine ichneumon wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Cladistics 2006, 22:442-473.
71. Lecointre G, Phillippe H, Lê H, Le Guyader H. Species sampling has a major impact on phylogenetic inferences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1993, 2:205-224.
72. Lin C-P, Danforth BN. How do insect nuclear and mitochondrial gene substitution patterns differ? Insights from Bayesian analyses of combined datasets. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 30:686-702.
73. Linnen CR, Farrell BD. Mitonuclear discordance is caused by rampant mitochondrial introgression in Neodiprion (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) sawflies. Evolution 2007, 61:1417-1438.
74. Lopez-Vaamonde C, Dixon DJ, Cook J, Rasplus JY. Revision of the Australian species of Pleistodontes (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) fig-pollinating wasps and their host plant associations. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2002, 136:637-683.
75. Lopez-Vaamonde C, Wikström N, Kjer KM, Weiblen G, Rasplus J-Y, Machado CA, Cook JM. Molecular dating and biogeography of fig-pollinating wasps. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2009, 52:715-726.
76. Machado CA, Herre EA, McCafferty S, Bermingham E. Molecular phylogenies of fig pollinating and non-pollinating wasps and the implications for the origin and evolution of the fig-fig wasp mutualism. J. Biogeogr. 1996, 23:531-542.
77. Machado CA, Jousselin E, Kjellberg F, Compton S, Herre EA. Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps. Proc. R. Soc. B 2001, 268:685-694.
78. Machado CA, Robbins N, Gilbert MTP, Herre EA. Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:6558-6565.
79. Marshall JC, Arevalo E, Benavides E, Sites JL, Sites JW. Delimiting species: Comparing methods for mendelian characters using lizards of the Sceloporus grammicus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) complex. Evolution 2006, 60:1050-1065.
80. McGuire JA, Witt CC, Altshuler DL, Remsen JVJ. Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of hummingbirds: bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of partitioned data and selection of an appropriate partitioning strategy. Syst. Biol. 2007, 56:837-856.
81. Molbo D, Machado CA, Sevenster JG, Keller L, Herre EA. Cryptic species of fig-pollinating wasps: implications for the evolution of the fig-wasp mutualism, sex allocation, and precision of adaptation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:5867-5872.
82. Murray MG. Figs (Ficus spp.) and fig wasps (Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae): hypotheses for an ancient symbiosis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1985, 26:69-81.
83. Niehuis O, Wägele J-W. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genes LSU rRNA and CO1 suggests early adaptive differentiation of anal teeth in chrysidine cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2004, 30:615-622.
84. van Noort S, Compton SG. Convergent evolution of Agaoninae and Sycoecinae (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology. J. Biogeogr. 1996, 23:415-424.
85. van Noort S, Yan-Qiong P, Rasplus JY. First record of the fig wasp genus Diaziella Grandi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Sycoecinae) from the Asian mainland with description of two new species from China. Zootaxa 2006, 1337:39-59.
86. Nylander JAA. MrAIC.pl 2004, http://www.abc.se/~nylander/, Program distributed by the author. Ver. 1.4.3, Evolutionary biology centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
87. Nylander JAA, Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, Nieves-Aldrey JL. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Syst. Biol. 2004, 53:47-67.
88. Nylander JAA, Wilgenbusch JC, Warren DL, Swofford DL. AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics. Bioinformatics 2008, 24:581-584.
89. Ouellette GD, Fisher BL, Girman DJ. Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2006, 40:359-369.
90. Pagel M, Meade A. Mixture models in phylogenetic inferences. Mathematics of Evolution and Phylogeny 2005, 121-142. Gascuel O, In, Ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp
91. Penalver E, Engel MS, Grimaldi DA. Fig wasps in Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2006, 3541:1-16.
92. Peng YQ, Duan Z-B, Yang DR, Rasplus JY. Co-occurrence of two Eupristina species on Ficus altissima in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Symbiosis 2008, 45:9-14.
93. Phillips MJ, Penny D. The root of the mammalian tree inferred from whole mitochondrial genomes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2003, 28:171-185.
94. Pilgrim EM, von Dohlen CD, Pitts JP. Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies. Zool. Scr. 2008, 37:539-560.
95. Poe S, Swofford DL. Taxon sampling revisited. Nature 1999, 398:299-300.
96. Poinar OGJ. Insects in amber. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1993, 46:145-159.
97. Posada D, Buckley TR. Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Syst. Biol. 2004, 53:793-808.
98. Praz CJ, Müller A, Danforth BN, Griswold TL, Widmer A, Dorn S. Phylogeny and biogeography of bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 49:185-197.
99. Priyadarsanan DR, Abdurahiman UC. Two new species of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) from Kerala, India. Entomon 1994a, 19:29-33.
100. Priyadarsanan DR, Abdurahiman UC. Addendum to the paper 'Two new species of fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) from Kerala, India'. Entomon 1994b, 19:1.
101. Ramirez WB. Evolution of mechanisms to carry pollen in Agaonidae (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Tijdschr. Entomol. 1978, 121:279-293.
102. Ramirez WB. Evolution of the mandibular appendage in fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 1991, 39:87-95.
103. Rannala B, Huelsenbeck CW, Yang ZH, Nielsen R. Taxon sampling and the accuracy of large phylogenies. Syst. Biol. 1998, 47:702-710.
104. Rasplus JY. The one-to-one species-specificity of the Ficus-Agaoninae mutualism: how casual? The Biodiversity of African Plants 1996, 639-649. van der Maesen LJGvan der Burgt XMvan Medenbach de Rooy JM. In, Eds, Kluwer Academic, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp
105. Rasplus JY, Soldati L. Familia Agaonidae. Introducción a los Hymenoptera de la Región Neotropical 2007, 683-698. Fernández F, Sharkey M. In, Eds, Instituto Humboldt and Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología, Bogotá D.C., Columbia, pp
106. Rasplus JY, Kerdelhué C, Le Clainche I, Mondor G. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps (Hymenoptera). Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 1998, 321:517-527.
107. Rokas A, Nylander JAA, Ronquist F, Stone G. A maximum-likelihood analysis of eight phylogenetic markers in Gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): implications for insect phylogenetic studies. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2002, 22:206-219.
108. Rønsted N, Salvo G, Savolainen V. Biogeographical and phylogenetic origins of African fig species (Ficus section Galoglychia). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2007, 43:190-201.
109. Rønsted N, Weiblen GD, Cook JM, Salamin N, Machado CA, Savolainen P. 60 million years of co-divergence in the fig-wasp symbiosis. Proc. R. Soc. B 2005, 272:2593-2599.
110. Rønsted N, Weiblen G, Clement WL, Zerega NJC, Savolainen V. Reconstructing the phylogeny of figs (Ficus, Moraceae) to reveal the history of the fig pollination mutualism. Symbiosis 2008, 45:45-55.
111. Rosenberg MS, Kumar S. Incomplete taxon sampling is not a problem for phylogenetic inference. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:10751-10756.
112. Schulte JA, de Queiroz K. Phylogenetic relationships and heterogeneous evolutionary processes among phrynosomatine sand lizards (Squamata, Iguanidae) revisited. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2008, 47:700-716.
113. Shi M, Chen XX. Molecular phylogeny of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on DNA sequences of 16S rRNA, 18S rDNA and ATPase 6 genes. Eur. J. Entomol. 2005, 102:133-138.
114. Simmons RB, Weller SJ. Utility and evolution of cytochrome b in insects. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2001, 20:196-210.
115. Simmons M, Pickett K, Miya M. How meaningful are Bayesian support values? Mol. Biol. Evol. 2004, 21:188-199.
116. Suzuki Y, Glazko GV, Nei M. Overcredibility of molecular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:16138-16143.
117. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2007, 24:1596-1599.
118. Thompson DJ, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22:4673-4680.
119. Walker F. List of the Specimens of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 1 Chalcidites 1846, Printed by order of the Trustees, London, pp. vii+100
120. Weiblen GD. Phylogenetic relationships of functionally dioecious Ficus (Moraceae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Am. J. Bot. 2000, 87:1342-1357.
121. Weiblen GD. Phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Syst. Biol. 2001, 50:243-267.
122. Weiblen G. How to be a fig wasp? Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002, 47:299-330.
123. Whitfield JB, Mardulyn P, Austin AD, Dowton M. Phylogenetic relationships among microgastrine braconid wasp genera based on data from the 16S, CO1 and 28S genes and morphology. Syst. Entomol. 2002, 27:337-359.
124. Wiebes JT. Indomalayan and Papuan fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) 1. Grandiana wassae nov. gen., nov. spec. (Idarninae), with remarks on the classification of the Sycophaginae. Nova Guinea, Zool. 1961, 14:245-252.
125. Wiebes JT. Deilagaon, a new genus of Indo-Malayan and Papuan fig wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 1977, 46:291-298.
126. Wiebes JT. The genus Kradibia Saunders and an addition to Ceratosolen Mayr (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae). Zool. Mededelingen Leiden 1978, 53:165-184.
127. Wiebes JT. The phylogeny of the Agaonidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Netherlands J. Zool. 1982, 32:395-411.
128. Wiebes JT. Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and Ficus (Moraceae): fig wasps and their figs, xi. (Blastophaga) S. I. Proc. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akad. Wetenschappen (C) 1993, 96:347-367.
129. Wiebes JT. The Indo-Australian Agaoninae (pollinators of figs). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche (Nederlandse). Akademie van Wetenschappen 1994, 92:1-208.
130. Wiebes JT. The New World Agaoninae (pollinators of figs). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche (Nederlandse) Akademie van Wetenschappen 1995, 94:1-60.
131. Wiens JJ, Fetzner JW, Parkinson CL, Reeder TW. Hylid frog phylogeny and sampling strategies for speciose clades. Syst. Biol. 2005, 54:719-748.
132. Xia X. Data Analysis in Molecular Biology and Evolution 2000, Kluwer Academic, Boston
133. Yang Z. Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution. J. Mol. Evol. 1994a, 39:105-111.
134. Yang Z. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA sequences with variable rates over sites: approximate methods. J. Mol. Evol. 1994b, 39:306-314.
135. Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SL, Weiblen GD. Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2005, 37:402-416.
136. Zhang D-X, Hewitt GM. Assessment of the universality and utility of a set of conserved mitochondrial primers in insects. Insect Mol. Biol. 1996, 6:143-150.