Metabolic correlations of glucocorticoids and polyamines in inflammation and apoptosis

Amino Acids

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 29-43

  Bjelakovic G ^a   Stojanovic I ^a   Stoimenov, T Jevtović ^a   Pavlovic D ^a   Kocic G ^a   Rossi, S ^b   Tabolacci, C ^b   Nikolic J ^a   Sokolovic D ^a   Bjelakovic, Lj ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NI   (Serbia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROME TOR VERGATA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Glucocorticoids; Inflammation; Mitochondria; Polyamines; ROS

Indexed keywords

ACROLEIN; AMINOALDEHYDE; CYTOKINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; POLYAMINE DERIVATIVE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SPERMIDINE; SPERMINE;

APOPTOSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; METABOLIC REGULATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POLYAMINES;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 77953615892     PISSN: 09394451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0489-3     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. AC Abbott CC Bird 1983 Cytolethal sensitivity of human lymphoid cells to glucocorticoids and oxidized polyamines Biochem Biophys Res Commun 115 737 742 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlsFant7c%3D 6626212 10.1016/S0006-291X(83)80206-X
2. N Auphan JA Di Donato C Rosette A Helmberg M Karin 1995 Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-κB activity through induction of IκB synthesis Science 270 286 290 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXoslehs7g%3D 7569976 10.1126/science.270.5234.286
3. N Babbar EW Gerner RA Casero 2006 Induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) by aspirin in Caco-2 colon cancer cells Biochem J 394 317 324 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsValtA%3D%3D 16262603 10.1042/BJ20051298 (Pubitemid 43259681)
4. N Babbar A Amy Hacker Y Huang RA Casero 2006 Tumor necrosis factor α induces spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase through nuclear factor κB in non-small cell lung cancer cells J Biol Chem 281 34 24182 24192 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xot1eqsrc%3D 16757480 10.1074/jbc.M601871200 (Pubitemid 44274192)
5. N Babbar T Murray-Stewart RA Casero 2007 Inflammation and polyamine catabolism: the good, the bad and the ugly Biochem Soc Trans 35 300 304 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjt1Wrtrg%3D 17371265 10.1042/BST0350300 (Pubitemid 46596495)
6. U Bachrach 2004 Polyamines and cancer Amino Acids 26 307 309 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtVWkur4%3D 15290334 10.1007/s00726-004-0076-6
7. AS Baldwin 1996 The NF-κB and IκB proteins: new discoveries and insights Annu Rev Immunol 14 649 683 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitlCgtbc%3D 8717528 10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.649 (Pubitemid 26130197)
8. PJ Barnes 1998 Editorial review: anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms Clin Sci 94 557 572 1:CAS:528: DyaK1cXksV2qsL0%3D 9854452
9. PJ Barnes 2006 Corticosteroids: the drugs to beat Eur J Pharmacol 533 1-3 2 14 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVKgsr0%3D 16436275 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.052 (Pubitemid 43340000)
10. PJ Barnes IM Adcock 1993 Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms Trends Pharmacol Sci 14 436 441 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXpsF2jtw%3D%3D 7510080 10.1016/0165-6147(93)90184-L (Pubitemid 23362373)
11. PM Bauer JM Fukuto GM Buga AE Pegg LJ Ignarro 1999 Nitric oxide inhibits ornithine decarboxylase by S-nitrosylation Biochem Biophys Res Commun 262 355 358 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltlyns7o%3D 10462479 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1210 (Pubitemid 29429872)
12. PM Bauer GM Buga JM Fukuto AE Pegg J Louis LJ Ignarro 2001 Nitric oxide inhibits ornithine decarboxylase via S-nitrosylation of cysteine 360 in the active site of the enzyme J Biol Chem 276 37 34458 34464 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3MXmvFClsb0%3D 11461922 10.1074/jbc.M105219200
13. JD Baxter GG Rousseau 1979 Glucocorticoid hormone action Monogr Endocrinol 12 1 24 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXlvVKqsro%3D 386083
14. Beaven MA. Intracellular signaling section. http://www.dir.nhlbi.nih.gov/ labs/lmi/ics/
15. P Bernardi L Scorrano R Colonna V Petronilli F Di Lisa 1999 Mitochondria and cell death. Mechanistic aspects and methodological issues Eur J Biochem 264 687 701 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmt1Grt7w%3D 10491114 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00725.x (Pubitemid 29437197)
16. BP Bishop J Young T Peng JF Richards 1985 An inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase in thymus and spleen of dexamethasone-treated rats Biochem J 226 105 112 1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhtVKmu7g%3D 3977859
17. G Bjelakovic D Pavlovic 1987 Effect of pyridoxine on the polyamine oxidase activity in the liver and spleen of dexamethasone-treated guinea-pigs Yugosl Physiol Pharmacol Acta 24 249 256 (Serbian)
18. G Bjelakovic D Pavlovic I Stojanovic T Jevtovic J Nikolic G Kocic 2006 Effects of glucocorticoids on polyamine metabolism in liver and spleen of guinea pig during sensitization Amino Acids 31 457 462 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1GmsrzJ 16583311 10.1007/s00726-005-0286-6 (Pubitemid 44853467)
19. MJ Bonneau R Poulin 2000 Spermine oxidation leads to necrosis with plasma membrane phosphatidylserine redistribution in mouse leukemia cells Exp Cell Res 259 1 23 34 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXls1ant7k%3D 10942576 10.1006/excr.2000.4974
20. DT Boumpas 1972 A novel action of glucocorticoids-NF kappaB inhibition Br J Rheumatol 35 8 709 710 10.1093/rheumatology/35.8.709
21. DT Boumpas GP Chrousos RL Wilder TR Cupps JE Balow 1993 Glucocorticoid therapy for immune-mediated diseases: basic and clinical correlates Ann Intern Med 119 12 1198 1208 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FlslOqtg%3D%3D 8239251
22. B Brune P Hartzell P Nicotera S Orrenius 1991 Spermine prevents endonuclease activation and apoptosis in thymocytes Exp Cell Res 195 323 329 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzgtFWrtQ%3D%3D 1649056 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90380-D
23. W Bursch A Ellinger CH Gerner U Frohwein R Schulte-Hermann 2000 Programmed cell death (PCD): apoptosis, autophagic PCD, or others? An NY Acad Sci 926 1 12 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnt1altA%3D%3D
24. W Choi L Proctor Q Xia Y Feng EW Gerner PJ Chiao SR Hamilton W Zhang 2006 Inactivation of IkappaB contributes to transcriptional activation of spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase Mol Carcinog 45 9 685 693 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpsl2ms7s%3D 16637064 10.1002/mc.20239 (Pubitemid 44406639)
25. PG Chrousos 1995 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation N Engl J Med 332 20 1351 1363 1:STN:280: DyaK2M3jtFGlsQ%3D%3D 7715646 10.1056/NEJM199505183322008
26. MG Cifone G Migliorati R Parroni C Marchetti D Millimaggi A Santoni C Riccardi 1999 Dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis: apoptotic signal involves the sequential activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C, acidic sphingomyelinase, and caspases Blood 93 7 2282 2296 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXit1Khtrc%3D 10090938
27. JJ Cohen 1993 Programmed cell death and apoptosis in lymphocyte development and function Chest 103 2 Suppl 99S 101S 1:STN:280: DyaK3s7lsVWrtg%3D%3D 8428550 10.1378/chest.103.2-Supplement.99S
28. Cohen SS (1998) A guide to the polyamines. 1-543 Oxford University Press, New York
29. S Colombatto L Fasulo MA Grillo 1988 Polyamines in rat liver during experimental inflammation Agents Actions 24 3-4 326 330 1:CAS:528: DyaL1cXltVymsb0%3D 2459937 10.1007/BF02028290
30. BG Cosío A Torrego IM Adcock 2005 Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids Arch Bronchoneumol 41 34 41
31. L D'Agostino A Di Luccia 2002 Polyamines interact with DNA as molecular aggregates Eur J Biochem 269 4317 4325 12199710 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03128.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xnt1eiu78%3D (Pubitemid 35026017)
32. L Dalla Via V Di Noto A Toninello 1999 Binding of spermidine and putrescine to energized liver mitochondria Arch Biochem Biophys 365 2 231 238 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXivFOlu7Y%3D 10328817 10.1006/abbi.1999.1170 (Pubitemid 29391631)
33. Dash P (2005) Apoptosis. Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London ( http://www.sgul.ac.uk/depts/immunology/~dash )
34. PR Dash JE Cartwright Whitley GStJ 2003 Nitric oxide inhibits polyamine-induced apoptosis in the human extravillous trophoblast cell line SGHPL-4 Hum Reprod 18 5 959 968 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkslOqu7c%3D 12721169 10.1093/humrep/deg211 (Pubitemid 36592035)
35. RK Datta S Sen JJ Ghosh 1969 Effect of polyamines on the stability of brain-cortex ribosomes Biochem J 114 847 854 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXit1c%3D 4981036
36. K De Bosscher W Vanden Berghe G Haegeman 2003 The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor κB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression Endocr Rev 24 4 488 522 12920152 10.1210/er.2002-0006 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlKjtbY%3D (Pubitemid 37059110)
37. C Demonacos R Djordjevic-Markovic N Tsawdaroglou CE Sekeris 1995 The mitochondrion as a primary site of action of glucocorticoids: the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with mitochondrial DNA sequences showing partial similarity to the nuclear glucocorticoid responsive elements J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 55 1 43 55 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXptleqsrc%3D 7577720 10.1016/0960-0760(95) 00159-W
38. W Deng MJ Viar LR Johnson 2005 Polyamine depletion inhibits irradiation-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelia Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289 G599 G606 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVWksbnL 15860639 10.1152/ajpgi.00564.2004 (Pubitemid 41216399)
39. BJ Deroo TK Archer 2001 Glucocorticoid receptor activation of the IκBα promoter within chromatin Mol Biol Cell 12 11 3365 3374 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFOmsrs%3D 11694573
40. BJ Deroo TK Archer 2001 Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated chromatin remodeling in vivo Oncogene 20 3039 3046 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXks1Glur8%3D 11420719 10.1038/sj.onc.1204328 (Pubitemid 32553558)
41. MA Desiderio S Stefano Mattei G Biondi MP Colombo 1993 Cytosolic and nuclear spermidine acetyltransferases in growing NIH 3T3 fibroblasts stimulated with serum or polyamines: relationship to polyamine-biosynthetic decarboxylases and histone acetyltransferase Biochem J 293 475 479 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltFCgs7o%3D 8343127
42. MA Desiderio E Grassilli E Bellesia P Salomoni C Franceschi 1995 Involvement of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of rat thymocytes Cell Growth Differ 6 505 513 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXls1ajt7Y%3D 7647033
43. MA Desiderio G Pogliaghi P Dansi 1998 Regulation of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase expression by cytokines and polyamines in human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) J Cell Physiol 174 125 134 1:CAS:528: DyaK2sXnvF2gsbg%3D 9397163 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199801)174:1<125::AID- JCP14>3.0.CO;2-E
44. MJM Díaz-Guerra M Velasco P Martin-Sanz L Bosca 1997 Nuclear factor κB is required for the transcriptional control of type II NO synthase in regenerating liver Biochem J 326 791 797 9307029
45. CW Distelhorst 2002 Recent insights into the mechanism of glucocorticosteroid induced apoptosis Cell Death Differ 9 6 19 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvFGhuro%3D 11803370 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400969 (Pubitemid 34071989)
46. D Duma CM Jewell AJ Cidlowski 2006 Multiple glucocorticoid receptor isoforms and mechanisms of post-translational modification J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 102 1-5 11 21 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Cmt7bO 17070034 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006. 09.009 (Pubitemid 44750633)
47. IJ Elenkov GP Chrousos 2002 Stress hormones, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity Ann NY Acad Sci 966 290 303 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvVWmur0%3D 12114286 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04229.x
48. O Erez D Goldstaub J Friedman C Kahana 2002 Putrescine activates oxidative stress dependent apoptotic death in ornithine decarboxylase overproducing mouse myeloma cells Exp Cell Res 281 148 156 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XosFOgurg%3D 12441138 10.1006/excr.2002.5662 (Pubitemid 35373791)
49. B Fadeel S Orrenius B Zhivotovsky 1999 Apoptosis in human disease: a new skin for the old ceremony? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 266 699 717 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXotVSjsrc%3D 10603308 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1888 (Pubitemid 30042495)
50. EM Ferioli O Pinottia L Pironaa 1999 Polyamine oxidase activity in lymphoid tissues of glucocorticoid-treated rats Biochem Pharmacol 58 12 1907 1914 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXns1ant7c%3D 10591145 10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00280-4
51. ME Ferioli L Pirona O Pinotti 2000 Prolactin and polyamine catabolism: specific effect on polyamine oxidase activity in rat thymus Mol Cell Endocrinol 165 1-2 51 56 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXlsFCjs7s%3D 10940483 10.1016/S0303-7207(00) 00264-1 (Pubitemid 30625183)
52. A Ferrante 1985 Inhibition of human neutrophil locomotion by the polyamine oxidase-polyamine system Immunology 54 785 790 1:CAS:528: DyaL2MXktVCmtb8%3D 3980049
53. D Franchimont 2004 Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response: a good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies Ann NY Acad Sci 1024 124 137 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXmtl2lt7Y%3D 15265777 10.1196/annals.1321.009 (Pubitemid 38879597)
54. AV Fraser PM Woster HM Wallace 2002 Induction of apoptosis in human leukemic cells by IPENSpermine, a novel polyamine analogue and anti-metabolite Biochem J 367 307 312 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotVWlsb4%3D 12086584 10.1042/BJ20020156 (Pubitemid 35176920)
55. NJ Goulding 2004 The molecular complexity of glucocorticoid actions in inflammation-a four-ring circus Curr Opin Pharmacol 4 6 629 636 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptl2ktrs%3D 15525555 10.1016/j.coph.2004.06.009 (Pubitemid 40267879)
56. DR Green JC Reed 1998 Mitochondria and apoptosis Science 281 1309 1312 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvVegsLo%3D 9721092 10.1126/science.281.5381.1309
57. HC Ha SN Sirisoma P Kuppusamy JL Zweier M Patrick PM Woster RA Casero 1998 The natural polyamine spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 19 11140 11145 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmt1ajurk%3D 9736703 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11140 (Pubitemid 28450095)
58. O Heby 1981 Role of polyamines in the control cell proliferation and differentiation Differentiation 19 1 20 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXktlOht7w%3D 6173280 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1981.tb01123.x (Pubitemid 11091193)
59. O Heby L Persson 1990 Molecular genetics of polyamine synthesis in eukaryotic cells Trends Biochem Sci 15 152 158 10.1016/0968-0004(90)90216-X
60. Hegardt C (2000) On the role of polyamines in apoptosis Avhandling. Dissertation, Lund University
61. C Hegardt G Andersson SM Oredson 2000 Changes in polyamine metabolism during glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death in mouse thymus Cell Biol Int 24 12 871 880 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXoslSnu7w%3D 11114236 10.1006/cbir.2000.0578 (Pubitemid 32057569)
62. C Hegardt G Andersson SM Oredsson 2001 Different roles of spermine in glucocorticoid- and Fas-induced apoptosis Exp Cell Res 266 2 333 341 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkt1Sgs7o%3D 11399061 10.1006/excr.2001.5230 (Pubitemid 32579238)
63. C Hegardt G Andersson SM Oredsson 2003 Spermine prevents cytochrome c release in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes Cell Biol Int 27 2 115 121 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlWhtb4%3D 12662968 10.1016/S1065-6995(02)00291-3 (Pubitemid 36349303)
64. JMJ Herold KG McPherson HM Reichardt 2006 Glucocorticoids in T cell apoptosis and function Cell Mol Life Sci 63 60 72 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1WjsL4%3D 16314919 10.1007/s00018-005-5390-y (Pubitemid 43100281)
65. JG Hirsch RJ Dubos 1952 The effect of spermine on tubercle bacilli J Exp Med 95 191 208 1:CAS:528:DyaG38XlslKhtQ%3D%3D 14907970 10.1084/jem.95.2.191
66. CA Hobbs SK Gilmour 2000 High levels of intracellular polyamines promote histone acetyltransferase activity resulting in chromatin hyperacetylation J Cell Biochem 77 345 360 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivFWjtLg%3D 10760944 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(20000601)77:3<345::AID-JCB1>3.0.CO;2-P (Pubitemid 30230590)
67. N Hogg B Kalyanaraman J Joseph A Struck S Parthasarathy 1993 Inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by nitric oxide. Potential role in atherogenesis FEBS Lett 334 170 174 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXnsVGmtw%3D%3D 8224243 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81706-6 (Pubitemid 23330576)
68. E Hölttä 1977 Oxidation of spermidine and spermine in rat liver: purification and properties of polyamine oxidase Biochemistry 16 91 100 12798 10.1021/bi00620a015 (Pubitemid 8030070)
69. K Hoshino E Momiyama K Yoshida K Nishimura S Sakai T Toida K Kashiwagi K Igarashi 2005 Polyamine transport by mammalian cells and mitochondria: role of antizyme and glycosaminoglycans J Biol Chem 280 52 42801 42808 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlCmsLbE 16263714 10.1074/jbc.M505445200 (Pubitemid 43050934)
70. R Ientile G De Luca MR Di Giorgio S Macaione 1988 Glucocorticoid regulation of spermidine acetylation in the rat brain J Neurochem 51 3 677 682 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXlsVakurc%3D 3411320 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01797.x
71. K Igarashi K Kashiwagi 2000 Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions Biochem Biophys Res Commun 271 3 559 564 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXjt1SjsrY%3D 10814501 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2601 (Pubitemid 30444667)
72. K Igarashi K Kashiwagi 2006 Polyamine modulation in Escherichia coli: genes involved in the stimulation of cell growth by polyamines J Biochem 139 1 11 16 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislSrsb8%3D 16428314 10.1093/jb/mvj020 (Pubitemid 43258841)
73. T Iuchi M Akaike T Mitsui Y Ohshima Y Shintani H Azuma T Matsumoto 2003 Glucocorticoid excess induces superoxide production in vascular endothelial cells and elicits vascular endothelial Circ Res 92 81 89 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXntVc%3D 12522124 10.1161/01.RES.0000050588.35034.3C (Pubitemid 36105610)
74. J Janne L Alhonen P Leinonen 1991 Polyamines: from molecular biology to clinical application Ann Med 23 241 259 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXmslemsbo%3D 1930914 10.3109/07853899109148056
75. J Jänne L Alhonen M Pietilä TA Keinänen 2004 Genetic approaches to the cellular functions of polyamines in mammals Eur J Biochem 271 877 894 15009201 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04009.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXitVWru7Y%3D (Pubitemid 38299643)
76. RM Johnson 2005 Polyamines, their biochemistry and role in neoplasia Proc West Pharmacol Soc 48 21 23 16416653
77. M Kagoshima K Ito B Cosio IM Adcock 2003 Glucocorticoid suppression of nuclear factor-κB: a role for histone modifications Biochem Soc Trans 31 1 60 65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptF2ntQ%3D%3D 12546654 10.1042/BST0310060
78. M Karin 1998 New twists in gene regulation by glucocorticoid receptor: is DNA binding dispensable? Cell 93 4 487 490 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsFWhsr8%3D 9604923 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81177-0 (Pubitemid 28240709)
79. EE Kelley B Wagner G Buettner C Burns 1999 Nitric oxide inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation in HL-60 cells Arch Biochem Biophys 319 402 407
80. D Kepka-Lenhart SK Mistry G Wu SM Morris 2000 Arginase I: a limiting factor for nitric oxide and polyamine synthesis by activated macrophages? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 6 R2237 R2242 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M%2Flt1Cgtg%3D%3D 11080091
81. JF Kerr AH Wyllie AR Currie 1972 Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics Br J Cancer 26 4 239 257 1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2FgsFSksw%3D%3D 4561027
82. YM Kim RV Talanian TR Billiar 1997 Nitric oxide inhibits apoptosis by preventing increases in caspase-3-like activity via two distinct mechanisms J Biol Chem 272 49 31138 31148 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnvFSktbg%3D 9388267 10.1074/jbc.272.49.31138 (Pubitemid 27527564)
83. M Kishimoto R Fujiki S Takezawa Y Sasaki T Nakamura K Yamaoka H Katigawa S Kato 2006 Nuclear receptors mediated gene regulation through chromatin remodeling and histone modifications Endocrinol J 53 2 157 172 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmsFyqsb8%3D
84. CP Liao ME Lasbury SH Wang C Zhang PJ Durant D Tschang CH Lee 2006 Inflammatory cells are sources of polyamines that induce alveolar macrophage to undergo apoptosis during pneumocystis pneumonia J Eukaryot Microbiol 53 S1 S134 S135 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisF2htw%3D%3D 17169031 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00203.x (Pubitemid 44813359)
85. D Lill-Elghanian K Schwartz L King P Fraker 2002 Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in early B cells from human bone marrow Exp Biol Med 227 763 770 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntlyqsLY%3D
86. HY Lim N Muller MJ Herold J Van Den Brandt HM Reichardt 2007 Glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on macrophage function dependent on their concentration Immunology 122 47 53 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVehtLzP 17451463 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02611.x (Pubitemid 47222594)
87. Y Liu G Fiskum D Schubert 2002 Generation of reactive oxygen species by the mitochondrial electron transport chain J Neurochem 80 780 787 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1Gnu7Y%3D 11948241 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2002.00744.x (Pubitemid 34809230)
88. NZ Lu JA Cidlowski 2004 The origin and functions of multiple human glucocorticoid receptor isoforms Ann NY Acad Sci 1024 102 123 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtl2lt7k%3D 15265776 10.1196/annals.1321.008 (Pubitemid 38879596)
89. M Maccarrone MN Bari N Battista M Di Rienzo K Falciglia A Finazzi Agro 2001 Oxidation products of polyamines induce mitochondrial uncoupling and cytochrome c release FEBS Lett 507 1 30 34 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslWrtrY%3D 11682054 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02949-0 (Pubitemid 33000293)
90. MC Maiuri G Tajana T Iuvone D De Stefano G Mele MT Ribecco MP Cinelli MF Romano MC Turco R Carnuccio 2004 Nuclear factor-κB regulates inflammatory cell apoptosis and phagocytosis in rat carrageenin-sponge implant model Am J Pathol 165 1 115 126 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtFygsLk%3D 15215167
91. HR Matthews 1993 My favorite molecule: polyamines, chromatin structure and transcription Bio Essays 15 8 561 566 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXpvFGntg%3D%3D
92. LI McKay JA Cidlowski 1998 Cross-talk between nuclear factor-κB and the steroid hormone receptors: mechanisms of mutual antagonism Mol Endocrinol 12 1 45 56 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhvFSqsA%3D%3D 9440809 10.1210/me.12.1.45 (Pubitemid 28124778)
93. AL Miller HB Johnson DR Medh MC Townsend BE Thompson 2002 Glucocorticoids and polyamine inhibitors synergize to kill human leukemic CEM cells Neoplasia 4 1 68 81 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1Wltb0%3D 11922393 10.1038/sj.neo.7900208
94. CH Moinard L Cynober JP de Bandt 2005 Polyamines: metabolism and implications in human diseases Clin Nutr 24 184 197 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXisVCmtr0%3D 15784477 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.11.001 (Pubitemid 40392801)
95. JS Moylan MB Reid 2007 Oxidative stress, chronic diseases, and muscle wasting Muscle Nerve 35 411 429 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXkvVais7c%3D 17266144 10.1002/mus.20743 (Pubitemid 46542961)
96. T Murrray-Stewart Y Wang W Devereux A Robert RA Casero 2002 Cloning and characterization of multiple human polyamine oxidase splice variants that code for isoenzymes with different biochemical characteristics Biochem J 368 673 677 10.1042/BJ20021587 (Pubitemid 36042668)
97. N Novac D Baus A Dostert T Heinzel 2006 Competition between glucocorticoid receptor and NF-κB for control of the human FasL promoter FASEB J 20 1074 1081 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlvFShur4%3D 16770006 10.1096/fj.05-5457com (Pubitemid 44943903)
98. M Ott V Gogvadze SB Zhivotovsky 2007 Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death Apoptosis 12 913 922 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXksFamtrw%3D 17453160 10.1007/s10495-007-0756-2 (Pubitemid 46653300)
99. Y Oyanagui 1984 Anti-inflammatory effects of polyamines in serotonin and carrageenan paw edemata-possible mechanism to increase vascular permeability inhibitory protein level which is regulated by glucocorticoids and superoxide radical Agents Actions 14 2 228 237 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlsFansLs%3D 6324559 10.1007/BF01966647 (Pubitemid 14170238)
100. CA Panagiotidis S Artandi K Calame SJ Silverstein 1995 Polyamines alter sequence specific DNA-protein interactions Nucleic Acids Res 23 10 1800 1809 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsVOksLc%3D 7784186 10.1093/nar/23.10.1800
101. AG Papavassiliou 1995 Transcription factors N Engl J Med 332 45 47 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2Fot1ygug%3D%3D 7990864 10.1056/NEJM199501053320108
102. MJ Paul-Clark F Roviezzo RJ Flower G Cirino P Del Soldato IM Adcock M Perretti 2003 Glucocorticoid receptor nitration leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of novel steroid ligands J Immunol 171 3245 3252 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvFGqu7k%3D 12960354
103. DD Pavlovic P Uzunova T Galabova V Peneva Z Sokolova G Bjelakovic S Ribarov 1992 Polyamines as modulators of lipoperoxidation Gen Physiol Biophys 11 2 203 211 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1yksbs%3D 1426970
104. AE Pegg 1986 Recent advances in the biochemistry of polyamines in eukaryotes Biochem J 234 249 262 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XhtVCmsr8%3D 3087344
105. AE Pegg 1988 Polyamine metabolism and its importance in neoplastic growth and as a target of chemotherapy Cancer Res 48 759 774 1:CAS:528: DyaL1cXht1eqs7w%3D 3123052
106. AE Pegg DJ Feith 2007 Polyamines and neoplastic growth Biochem Soc Trans 35 295 299 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjt1Wrtrs%3D 17371264 10.1042/BST0350295 (Pubitemid 46596494)
107. R Pouline PRG Pelletier AE Pegg 1995 Induction of apoptosis by excessive polyamine accumulation in ornithine decarboxylase-overproducing L1210 cells Biochem J 311 723 727
108. J Pelta F Livolant JL Sikorav 1996 DNA aggregation induced by polyamines and cobalthexamine J Biol Chem 271 10 5656 5662 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhsFehtro%3D 8621429 10.1074/jbc.271.10.5656 (Pubitemid 26083901)
109. LC Penning RG Schipper D Vercammen AAJ Verhofstad T Denecker R Beyaert P Vandenabeele 1998 Sensitization of TNF-induced apoptosis with polyamine synthesis inhibitors in different human and murine tumour cell lines Cytokine 10 6 423 431 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXktVeltLc%3D 9632528 10.1006/cyto.1997.0310 (Pubitemid 28276788)
110. LM Pfeffer CH Yang A Murt SA McCormack MJ Viar RM Ray LR Johnson 2001 Polyamine depletion induces rapid NF-kappa B activation in IEC-6 cells J Biol Chem 276 49 45909 45913 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptVyms7s%3D 11590175 10.1074/jbc.M108097200
111. Pickle S (2005) Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis: the role of reactive oxygen species and the proteasome. A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honor Program, May, Oxford, Ohio
112. C Pitzalis N Pipitone M Perretti 2002 Regulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions by glucocorticoids Ann N Y Acad Sci 966 108 118 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvVWmtrs%3D 12114265 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04208.x
113. 2 in polyamine analogue-treated human breast cancer cell lines J Biol Chem 280 48 39843 39851 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Gjs77N 16207710 10.1074/jbc.M508177200 (Pubitemid 41779118)
114. C Ploner S Schmidt E Presul K Renner K Schrocksnadel J Rainer S Riml R Kofler 2005 Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and glucocorticoid resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 93 153 160 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjs1Crur0%3D 15860257 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.017 (Pubitemid 40602487)
115. KJ Pollard ML Samuels KA Crowley JC Hansen CL Peterson 1999 Functional interaction between GCN5 and polyamines: a new role for core histone acetylation EMBO J 18 20 5622 5633 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntFCmsL8%3D 10523306 10.1093/emboj/18.20.5622 (Pubitemid 29486381)
116. AMG Psarra S Solakidi CE Sekeris 2006 The mitochondrion as a primary site of action of steroid and thyroid hormones: presence and action of steroid and thyroid hormone receptors in mitochondria of animal cells Mol Cell Endocrinol 246 1-2 21 33 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsF2gtL0%3D 16388892 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.025 (Pubitemid 43238393)
117. FG Que GJ Gores 1996 Cell death by apoptosis: basic concepts and disease relevance for the gastroenterologist Gastroenterology 110 1238 1243 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xis1Omsb4%3D 8613014 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8613014 (Pubitemid 26113764)
118. RM Ray MJ Viar Q Yuan LR Johnson 2000 Polyamine depletion delays apoptosis of rat intestinal epithelial cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278 3 C480 C489 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvV2qtrk%3D 10712236
119. T Rhen AJ Cildowski 2005 Anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids-new mechanisms for old drugs N Engl J Med 353 16 1711 1723 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtFansrrI 16236742 10.1056/NEJMra050541 (Pubitemid 41464710)
120. D Roussel JF Dumas G Simard Y Malthiery P Ritz 2004 Kinetics and control of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria after dexamethasone treatment Biochem J 382 491 499 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVOntr0%3D 15175015 10.1042/BJ20040696 (Pubitemid 39243915)
121. M Salvi A Toninello 2004 Effects of polyamines on mitochondrial (Ca2+) transport Biochim Biophys Acta 1661 2 113 124 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhvFags78%3D 15003874 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.005 (Pubitemid 38296735)
122. J Satriano S Ishizuka DC Archer RC Blantz CJ Kelly 1999 Regulation of intracellular polyamine biosynthesis and transport by NO and cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ Am J Physiol 276 4 Pt 1 C892 C899 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXislCnu74%3D 10199820
123. IG Sava V Battaglia CA Rossi M Salvi A Toninello 2006 Free radical scavenging action of the natural polyamine spermine in rat liver mitochondria Free Radic Biol Med 41 8 1272 1281 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVagtLjN 17015174 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.07.008 (Pubitemid 44479828)
124. H Schäcke WD Döcke K Asadullah 2002 Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids Pharmacol Ther 96 1 23 43 12441176 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00297-8 (Pubitemid 35346616)
125. Schäfer SC, Wallerath T, Closs EI, Schmidt C, Schwarz PM, Förstermann U, Lehr HA (2005) Dexamethasone suppresses eNOS and CAT-1 and induces oxidative stress in mouse resistance arterioles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288(1):H436-H444
126. M Schiller N Blank P Heyder M Herrmann US Gaipl JR Kalden HM Lorenz 2005 Induction of apoptosis by spermine-metabolites in primary human blood cells and various tumor cell lines Apoptosis 10 5 1151 1162 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvV2htb4%3D 16151648 10.1007/s10495-005-1188-5 (Pubitemid 41285590)
127. F Schuber 1989 Influence of polyamines on membrane functions Biochem J 260 1 10 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXit1OhsLY%3D 2673211
128. N Seiler 1995 Polyamine oxidase, properties and functions Prog Brain Res 106 333 344 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XpsF2lug%3D%3D 8584670 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61229-7
129. N Seiler CL Atanassov 1994 The natural polyamines and the immune system Prog Drug Res 43 87 141 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjt1Gjtr4%3D 7855252
130. N Seiler F Raul 2005 Polyamines and apoptosis J Cell Mol Med 9 3 623 642 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXlvFCksr8%3D 16202210 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00493.x
131. JD Shearer JR Richards CD Mills MD Caldwell 1997 Differential regulation of macrophage arginine metabolism: a proposed role in wound healing Am J Physiol 272 35 E181 E190 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhvVCktbk%3D 9124321
132. RV Sionov O Cohen S Kfir Y Zilberman E Yefenof 2006 Role of mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis J Exp Med 203 1 189 201 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVyru7Y%3D 16390935 10.1084/jem.20050433 (Pubitemid 43139657)
133. RV Sionov S Kfir E Zafrir O Cohen Y Zilberman E Yefenof 2006 Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis revisited. A novel role for glucocorticoid receptor translocation to the mitochondria Cell Cycle 5 10 1017 1026 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmvV2lsbo%3D 16687934
134. D Soulet S Rivest 2003 Polyamines play a critical role in the control innate immune response in the mouse central nervous system J Cell Biol 162 2 257 268 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvVCgurk%3D 12860970 10.1083/jcb.200301097 (Pubitemid 36928839)
135. GJ Southan C Szabo C Thiemermann 1994 Inhibition of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by spermine is modulated by aldehyde dehydrogenase Biochem Biophys Res Comm 203 1638 1644 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmt1Wqtrc%3D 7524490 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2374 (Pubitemid 24321552)
136. I Stanic A Facchini RM Borzì R Vitellozzi C Stefanelli MB Goldring C Guarnieri A Facchini F Flamigni 2006 Polyamine depletion inhibits apoptosis following blocking of survival pathways in human chondrocytes stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α J Cell Physiol 206 1 138 146 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXht12gsLrI 15965903 10.1002/jcp.20446 (Pubitemid 41740725)
137. C Stefanelli F Bonavita I Stanic M Mignani A Facchini C Pignatti F Flamigni CM Caldarera 1998 Spermine causes caspase activation in leukaemia cells FEBS Lett 437 3 233 236 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXntVyht78%3D 9824297 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01239-3 (Pubitemid 28511164)
138. C Stefanelli I Stanic M Zini F Bonavita F Flamigni L Zambonin L Landi C Pignatti C Guarnieri CM Caldarera 2000 Polyamines directly induce release of cytochrome c from heart mitochondria Biochem J 347 Pt 3 875 880 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsFCjs7c%3D 10769194 10.1042/0264-6021:3470875 (Pubitemid 30260980)
139. K Struhl 1998 Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms Genes Dev 12 5 599 606 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitVegu74%3D 9499396 10.1101/gad.12.5.599
140. C Szabo GJ Southan E Wood C Thiemermann JR Vanne 1994 Inhibition by spermine of the induction of nitric oxide synthase in J774.2 macrophages: requirement of a serum factor Br J Pharmacol 112 2 355 356 1:CAS:528: DyaK2cXktleisbw%3D 7521253 (Pubitemid 24172868)
141. C Szabo G Southan C Thiemermann J Vane 1994 The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of polyamines on the induction of nitric oxide synthase: role of aldehyde metabolites Br J Pharmacol 113 757 766 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXhvV2ku7c%3D 7532082
142. CW Tabor H Tabor 1984 Polyamines Annu Rev Biochem 53 749 790 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXlt1Cqtb0%3D 6206782 10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003533
143. K Takao M Rickhag C Hegardt S Oredsson L Persson 2006 Induction of apoptotic cell death by putrescine Int J Biochem Cell Biol 38 4 621 628 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xos1Cksg%3D%3D 16406751 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.10.020 (Pubitemid 43117585)
144. B Tantini E Fiumana S Cetrullo C Pignatti F Bonavita LM Shantz E Giordano C Muscari F Flamigni C Guarnieri C Stefanelli CM Caldarera 2006 Involvement of polyamines in apoptosis of cardiac myoblasts in a model of simulated ischemia J Mol Cell Cardiol 40 6 775 782 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtV2msbw%3D 16678846
145. T Thomas JT Thomas 2001 Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications Cell Mol Life Sci 58 244 258 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivFOlt7k%3D 11289306 10.1007/PL00000852
146. NA Thornberry Y Lazebnik 1998 Caspases: enemies within Science 281 1312 1316 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvVegsLs%3D 9721091 10.1126/science.281.5381.1312
147. H Tomitori T Usui N Saeki S Ueda H Kase K Nishimura K Kashiwagi K Igarashi 2005 Polyamine oxidase and acrolein as novel biochemical markers for diagnosis of cerebral stroke Stroke 36 2609 2616 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1arsLnJ 16269634 10.1161/01.STR.0000190004.36793.2d
148. A Toninello L Dalla Via S Testa D Siliprandi N Siliprandi 1990 Transport and action of spermine in rat heart mitochondria Cardioscience 1 287 294 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzntVKnsg%3D%3D 2104195
149. A Toninello L Dalla Via D Siliprandi KD Garlid 1992 Evidence that spermine, spermidine and putrescine are transported electrophoretically in mitochondria by a specific polyamine uniporter J Biol Chem 267 18393 18397 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltVKnu7g%3D 1526979
150. A Toninello M Salvi B Mondovi 2004 Interaction of biologically active amines with mitochondria and their role in the mitochondrial-mediated pathway of apoptosis Curr Med Chem 11 17 2349 2374 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVeltb4%3D 15379717
151. N Tonomura K McLaughlin L Grimm RA Goldsby BA Osbourne 2003 Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of thymocytes: requirement of proteasome-dependent mitchondrial activity J Immunol 170 2469 2478 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXht12htrk%3D 12594272
152. JP Tuckermann A Kleiman KG McPherson HM Reichardt 2005 Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the control of inflammation and lymphocyte apoptosis Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 42 1 71 104 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSnsbrK 15697171 10.1080/10408360590888983 (Pubitemid 41656710)
153. S Vujcic P Diegelman CJ Bacchi DL Kramer CW Porter 2002 Identification and characterization of a novel flavin-containing spermine oxidase of mammalian cell origin Biochem J 367 665 675 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotFWlurY%3D 12141946 10.1042/BJ20020720 (Pubitemid 35305705)
154. S Vujcic P Liang P Diegelman DL Kramer CW Porter 2003 Genomic identification and biochemical characterization of the mammalian polyamine oxidase involved in polyamine back-conversion Biochem J 370 19 28 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtVKkur4%3D 12477380 10.1042/BJ20021779 (Pubitemid 36259415)
155. HM Wallace AV Fraser 2004 Inhibitors of polyamine metabolism: review article Amino Acids 26 4 353 365 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtVWktb8%3D 15290341 10.1007/s00726-004-0092-6
156. HM Wallace AV Fraser A Hughes 2003 A perspective of polyamine metabolism Biochem J 376 1 14 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovVajs7Y%3D 13678416 10.1042/BJ20031327 (Pubitemid 37487199)
157. Y Wang RA Casero 2006 Mammalian polyamine catabolism: a therapeutic target, a pathological problem, or both? J Biochem 139 1 17 25 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XislSrsbw%3D 16428315 10.1093/jb/mvj021 (Pubitemid 43258842)
158. Y Wang T Murray-Stewart W Devereux A Hacker B Frydman PM Woster RA Casero 2003 Properties of purified recombinant human polyamine oxidase, PAOh1/SMO Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304 605 611 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjtlWmur4%3D 12727196 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00636-3 (Pubitemid 36513529)
159. D Wang N Mülle G Kirsty KG McPherson HM Reichardt 2006 Glucocorticoids engage different signal transduction pathways to induce apoptosis in thymocytes and mature T cells J Immunol 176 1695 1702 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlsFymsQ%3D%3D 16424199
160. MS Webb LA Miller HB Johnson Y Fofanov T Li GT Wood EB Thompson 2003 Gene networks in glucocorticoid-evoked apoptosis of leukemic cells J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 85 183 193 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXms1Orurk%3D 12943703 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00194-8 (Pubitemid 37020887)
161. J Wei H Guo C Gao PC Kuo 2004 Peroxide-mediated chromatin remodelling of a nuclear factor κB site in the mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter Biochem J 377 809 818 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXls1Grtw%3D%3D 14599292 10.1042/BJ20031235
162. C Wu 1997 Chromatin remodeling and the control of gene expression J Biol Chem 272 45 28171 28174 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXntlCkurY%3D 9353261 10.1074/jbc.272.45.28171 (Pubitemid 27517749)
163. K Yanagawa T Yamashita K Yada M Ohira T Ishikawa Y Yano S Otani M Sowa 1998 The antiproliferative effect of HGF on hepatoma cells involves induction of apoptosis with increase in intracellular polyamine concentration levels Oncol Rep 5 185 190 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXltVWnug%3D%3D 9458319
164. Q Yuan RM Ray LR Johnson 2002 Polyamine depletion prevents camptothecin induced apoptosis by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282 6 C1290 C1297 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xks12jt7Y%3D 11997243
165. M Zhang T Caragine H Wang SP Cohen G Botchkina K Soda M Bianchi P Ulrich A Cerami B Sherry JK Tracey 1997 Spermine inhibits proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in human mononuclear cells: a counterregulatory mechanism that restrains the immune response J Exp Med 185 1 1759 1768 1:CAS:528: DyaK2sXjsFeis7k%3D 9151701 10.1084/jem.185.10.1759 (Pubitemid 27242197)
166. M Zhang HW Tracey J Kevin 2000 Regulation of macrophage activation and inflammation by spermine: a new chapter in an old story Crit Care Med 28 4 Suppl N60 N66 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3msFGqtQ%3D%3D 10807317 10.1097/00003246-200004001- 00007
167. W Zhang L Ramdas W Shen SW Song L Hu SR Hamilton 2003 Apoptotic response to 5-fluorouracil treatment is mediated by reduced polyamines, non-autocrine Fas ligand, and induced tumor necrosis factor receptor Cancer Biol Ther 2 5 572 578 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVOiu7o%3D 14614330
168. T Zou NJ Rao X Guo L Liu MH Zhang DE Strauch BL Bass JY Wang 2004 NF-κB-mediated IAP expression induces resistance of intestinal epithelial cells to apoptosis after polyamine depletion Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286 C1009 C1018 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkt1emt74%3D 15075199 10.1152/ajpcell.00480.2003 (Pubitemid 38506916)