Review of prolonged local anesthetic action

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 737-752

  Weiniger, Carolyn F ^a   Golovanevski, M ^a   Sokolsky Papkov, M ^b   Domb, A J ^b  

^a HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^b HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Liposomes; Local anesthetics; Polymers; Prolonged action; Sensory block

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; AMITRIPTYLINE; BUPIVACAINE; CALCIUM CHLORIDE; CHLOROPROCAINE; CYCLODEXTRIN DERIVATIVE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXEPIN; HYALURONIC ACID; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; LIPOSOME; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEPIVACAINE; MICROSPHERE; NORTRIPTYLINE; PLACEBO; POLYGLACTIN; PRILOCAINE; PROCAINE; ROPIVACAINE; TETRODOTOXIN;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHRONIC PAIN; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION VOLUME; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; ENCAPSULATION; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; LIPID SOLUBILITY; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; MICROCAPSULE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MUSCLE DISEASE; NERVE BLOCK; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PH; POSTOPERATIVE PAIN; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STEREOSPECIFICITY; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; TACHYPHYLAXIS; VISCOSITY;

ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; HUMANS;

EID: 77952701746     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425241003767383     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Grant SA. The Holy Grail: long-acting local anaesthetics and liposomes. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2002;16:345-352
2. Grant SA, Nielsen KC, Greengrass RA, et al. Continuous peripheral nerve block for ambulatory surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001;26:209-214
3. Klein SM, Grant SA, Greengrass RA, et al. Interscalene brachial plexus block with a continuous catheter insertion system and a disposable infusion pump. Anesth Analg 2000;91:1473-1478
4. Hodgson PS, Neal JM, Pollock JE, Liu SS. The neurotoxicity of drugs given intrathecally (spinal). Anesth Analg 1999;88:797-809
5. Le Corre P, Estèbe JP, Clément R, et al. Spray-dryed bupivacaine-loaded microspheres: in vitro evaluation and biopharmaceutics of bupivacaine following brachial plexus administration in sheep. Int J Pharm 2002;238:191-203
6. Shikanov A, Domb AJ, Weiniger CF. Long acting local anesthetic-polymer formulation to prolong the effect of analgesia. J Control Release 2007;117:97-103
7. Sokolsky-Papkov M, Golovanevski L, Domb AJ, Weiniger CF. Prolonged local anesthetic action through slow release from poly (lactic acid co castor oil). Pharm Res 2009;26:32-39
8. Mowat JJ, Mok MJ, MacLeod BA, Madden TD. Liposomal bupivacaine. Extended duration nerve blockade using large unilamellar vesicles that exhibit a proton gradient. Anesthesiology 1996;85:635-643
9. Boogaerts JG, Lafont ND, Luo H, Legros FJ. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after brachial plexus administration of liposome-associated and plain solutions to rabbits. Can J Anaesth 1993;40:1201-1204
10. Masters DB, Berde CB, Dutta S, et al. Sustained local anesthetic release from bioerodible polymer matrices: a potential method for prolonged regional anesthesia. Pharm Res 1993;10:1527-1532
11. Blanco MD, Bernardo MV, Gómez C, et al. Bupivacaine-loaded comatrix formed by albumin microspheres included in a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) film: in vivo biocompatibility and drug release studies. Biomaterials 1999;20:1919-1924
12. Boogaerts JG, Lafont ND, Carlino S, et al. Biodistribution of liposome-associated bupivacaine after extradural administration to rabbits. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:319-325
13. Malinovsky JM, Bernard JM, Le Corre P, et al. Extradural bupivacaine-loaded microspheres and spinal cord blood flow in the chronically instrumented rabbit. Clin Physiol 1997;17:361-370
14. Dollo G, Thompson DO, Le Corre P, et al. Inclusion complexation of amide-type local anesthetics with beta-cyclodextrin and derivates. III. Biopharmaceutics of bupivacaine-SBE7-beta-CD complex following percutaneous sciatic nerve administration in rabbits. Int J Pharm 1998;164:11-19
15. Curley J, Castillo J, Hotz J, et al. Prolonged regional nerve blockade. Injectable biodegradable bupivacaine/ polyester microspheres. Anesthesiology 1996;84:1401-1410
16. Kohane DS, Lipp M, Kinney RC, et al. Sciatic nerve blockade with lipid-protein-sugar particles containing bupivacaine. Pharm Res 2000;17:1243-1249
17. Dräger C, Benziger D, Gao F, Berde CB. Prolonged intercostal nerve blockade in sheep using controlled-release of bupivacaine and dexamethasone from polymer microspheres. Anesthesiology 1998;89:969-979
18. Columb MO, MacLennan K. Local anaesthetic agents. Anaesth Intensive Care Med 2007;8:159-162
19. Tsuchiya H, Mizogami M, Takakura KJ. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic retention and membrane activity relationships of local anesthetics. Chromatogr A 2005;1073:303-308
20. Butterworth J. In cousins and bridenbaugh's neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and pain medicine. 4th edition. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2009
21. Rang H, Dale M, Ritter J, Moore P. Pharmacology. Chapter 43. Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 612-618
22. Pardo L, Blanck TJ, Recio-Pinto E. The neuronal lipid membrane permeability was markedly increased by bupivacaine and mildly affected by lidocaine and ropivacaine. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;455:81-90
23. Sanchez V, Ferrante F, Cibotti N, Strichartz GR. Partitioning of tetracaine base and cation into phospholipide membranes: relevance to anesthetic potency. Reg Anesth 1988;13(Suppl):81
24. Thomas JM, Schug SA. Recent advances in the pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. Long-acting amide enantiomers and continuous infusions. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;36:67-83
25. Moller RA, Covino BG. Cardiac electrophysiological effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 1998;67:107-114
26. Block A, Covino B. Effect of local anesthetic agent on cardiac conduction and contractility. Reg Anesth 1981;6:55-61
27. Chamberlain BK, Volpe P, Fleicher S. Inhibition of calcium-induced calcium release from purified cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. J Biol Chem 1984;259:7547-7553 (Pubitemid 14081160)
28. Knudsen K, Suurkula MB, Blomberg S, et al. Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i.v. infusion of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:507-514
29. Bardsley H, Gristwood R, Baker H, et al. A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine, and rac-bupivacaine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;46:245-249
30. Buyse I, Stockman W, Columb M, et al. Effect of sufentanil on minimum local analgesic concentrations of epidural bupivacaine, ropivacaine and Levobupivacaine in nullipara in early labour. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007;16:22-28
31. Aberg G. Toxicological and local anesthetic effects of optically active isomers of two local anesthetic compounds. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol Scand 1972;31:273-286
32. Iida H, Watanabe Y, Dohi S, Ishiyama T. Direct effects of ropivacaine and bupivacaine on spinal pial vessels in canine. Anesthesiology 1997;87:75-81
33. Casati A, Borghi B, Fanelli G, et al. A double-blinded, randomized comparison of either 0.5% levobupivacaine or 0.5% ropivacaine for sciatic nerve block. Anesth Analg 2002;94:987-990
34. Slivniak R, Ezra A, Domb AJ. Hydrolytic degradation and drug release of ricinoleic acid-lactic acid copolyesters. Pharm Res 2006;23:1306-1312
35. Zhang H, Lu Y, Zhang G, et al. Bupivacaine-loaded biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres I. Optimization of the drug incorporation into the polymer matrix and modelling of drug release. Int J Pharm 2008;351:244-249
36. Lian T, Ho RJ. Trends and developments in liposome drug delivery systems. J Pharm Sci 2001;90:667-680
37. Mashimo T, Uchida I, Pak M, et al. Prolongation of canine epidural anesthesia by liposome encapsulation of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1992;74:827-834
38. Boogaerts J, Declercq A, Lafont N, et al. Toxicity of bupivacaine encapsulated into liposomes and injected intravenously: comparison with plain solutions. Anesth Analg 1993;76:553-555
39. Malinovsky JM, Le Corre P, Meunier JF, et al. A dose-response study of epidural liposomal bupivacaine in rabbits. J Control Release 1999;60:111-119
40. Grant GJ, Barenholz Y, Piskoun B, et al. DRV liposomal bupivacaine: preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation in mice. Pharm Res 2001;18:336-343
41. Hall SM, Gregson NA. The in vivo and ultrastructural effects of injection of lysophosphatidyl choline into myelinated peripheral nerve fibres of the adult mouse. J Cell Sci 1971;9:769-789
42. Malinovsky JM, Benhamou D, Alafandy M, et al. Neurotoxicological assessment after intracisternal injection of liposomal bupivacaine in rabbits. Anesth Analg 1997;85:1331-1336
43. Pietkiewicz J, Sznitowska M, Placzek M. The expulsion of lipophilic drugs from the cores of solid lipid microspheres in diluted suspensions and in concentrates. Int J Pharm 2006;310:64-71
44. Kohane DS, Lipp M, Kinney RC, et al. Biocompatibility of lipid-protein-sugar particles containing bupivacaine in the epineurium. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;59:450-459
45. Chen PC, Kohane DS, Park YJ, et al. Injectable microparticle-gel system for prolonged and localized lidocaine release. II. In vivo anesthetic effects. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;70:459-466
46. Colombo G, Langer R, Kohane DS. Effect of excipient composition on the biocompatibility of bupivacaine-containing microparticles at the sciatic nerve. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;68:651-659
47. Le Corre P, Rytting JH, Gajan V, et al. In vitro controlled release kinetics of local anaesthetics from poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(lactide-co- glycolide) microspheres. J Microencapsul 1997;14:243-255
48. Gorner T, Gref R, Michenot D, et al. Lidocaine-loaded biodegradable nanospheres. I. Optimization of the drug incorporation into the polymer matrix. J Control Release 1999;57:259-268
49. Sokolsky-Papkov M, Golovanevski G, Domb AJ, Weiniger CF. Prolonged local anesthetic action through slow release from poly (lactic acid castor oil). J Pharm Sci 2010. [Epub ahead of print]
50. Klose D, Siepmann F, Elkharraz K, Siepmann J. PLGA-based drug delivery systems: importance of the type of drug and device geometry. Int J Pharm 2008;354:95-103
51. Colombo G, Padera R, Langer R, Kohane DS. Prolonged duration local anesthesia with lipid-protein-sugar particles containing bupivacaine and dexamethasone. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005;75:458-464
52. Jia X, Colombo G, Padera R, et al. Prolongation of sciatic nerve blockade by in situ cross-linked hyaluronic acid. Biomaterials 2004;25:4797-4804
53. Keskin DS, Wise DL, Hasirci V. Pain control via opioid analgesic-local anesthetic loaded IPNs. Curr Drug Deliv 2004;1:57-64
54. Bernardo MV, Blanco MD, Olmo R, Teijon JM. Delivery of bupivacaine included in poly(acrylamide-comonomethyl itaconate) hydrogels as a function of the pH swelling medium. J Appl Polym Sci 2002;86:327-334
55. Vaisman B, Motiei M, Nyska A, Domb AJ. Biocompatibility and safety evaluation of a ricinoleic acid-based poly (ester-anhydride) copolymer after implantation in rats. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010;92:419-431
56. Karashima K, Taniguchi M, Nakamura T, et al. Prolongation of intrathecal and sciatic nerve blocks using a complex of levobupivacaine with maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin in rats. Anesth Analg 2007;104:1121-1128
57. Sakura S, Bollen AW, Ciriales R, Drasner K. Local anesthetic neurotoxicity does not result from blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. Anesth Analg 1995;81:338-346
58. Kohane DS, Yieh J, Lu NT, et al. A re-examination of tetrodotoxin for prolonged duration local anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1998;89:119-131
59. Padera RF, Tse JY, Bellas E, Kohane DS. Tetrodotoxin for prolonged local anesthesia with minimal myotoxicity. Muscle Nerve 2006;34:747-753
60. Epstein-Barash H, Shichor I, Kwon AH, et al. Prolonged duration local anesthesia with minimal toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:7125-7130
61. Brummett CM, Norat MA, Palmisano JM, Lydic R. Perineural administration of dexmedetomidine in combination with bupivacaine enhances sensory and motor blockade in sciatic nerve block without inducing neurotoxicity in rat. Anesthesiology 2008;109:502-511
62. Kohane DS, Smith SE, Louis DN, et al. Prolonged duration local anesthesia from tetrodotoxin-enhanced local anesthetic microspheres. Pain 2003;104:415-421
63. Castillo J, Curley J, Hotz J, et al. Glucocorticoids prolong rat sciatic nerve blockade in vivo from bupivacaine microspheres. Anesthesiology 1996;85:1157-1166
64. Holte K, Werner MU, Lacouture PG, Kehlet H. Dexamethasone prolongs local analgesia after subcutaneous infiltration of bupivacaine microcapsules in human volunteers. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1331-1335
65. Kopacz DJ, Helman JD, Nussbaum CE, et al. A comparison of epidural levobupivacaine 0.5% with or without epinephrine for lumbar spine surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;93:755-760
66. Hung YC, Suzuki S, Chen CC, et al. Calcium chloride prolongs the effects of lidocaine and bupivacaine in rat sciatic nerve. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2009;34:333-339
67. Barnet CS, Tse JY, Kohane DS. Site 1 sodium channel blockers prolong the duration of sciatic nerve blockade from tricyclic antidepressants. Pain 2004;110:432-438
68. Dyhre H, Soderberg L, Bjorkman S, Carlsson C. Local anesthetics in lipid-depot formulations--neurotoxicity in relation to duration of effect in a rat model. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006;31:401-408
69. Grant GJ, Piskoun B, Bansinath M. Analgesic duration and kinetics of liposomal bupivacaine after subcutaneous injection in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:966-968
70. Grant GJ, Barenholz Y, Bolotin EM, et al. A novel liposomal bupivacaine formulation to produce ultralong-acting analgesia. Anesthesiology 2004;101:133-137
71. Soderberg L, Dyhre H, Roth B, Bjorkman S. Ultralong peripheral nerve block by lidocaine:prilocaine 1:1 mixture in a lipid depot formulation: comparison of in vitro, in vivo, and effect kinetics. Anesthesiology 2006;104:110-121
72. Chen PC, Park YJ, Chang LC, et al. Injectable microparticle-gel system for prolonged and localized lidocaine release. I. In vitro characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2004;70:412-419
73. Boogaerts JG, Lafont ND, Declercq AG, et al. Epidural administration of liposome-associated bupivacaine for the management of postsurgical pain: a first study. J Clin Anesth 1994;6:315-320
74. Yamashita A, Matsumoto M, Matsumoto S, et al. A comparison of the neurotoxic effects on the spinal cord of tetracaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine administered intrathecally in rabbits. Anesth Analg 2003;97:512-519
75. Padera R, Bellas E, Tse JY, et al. Local myotoxicity from sustained release of bupivacaine from microparticles. Anesthesiology 2008;108:921-928
76. Hogan Q, Dotson R, Erickson S, et al. Local anesthetic myotoxicity: a case and review. Anesthesiology 1994;80:942-947
77. Foster AH, Carlson BM. Myotoxicity of local anesthetics and regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers. Anesth Analg 1980;59:727-736
78. Zink W, Bohl JR, Hacke N, et al. The long term myotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine after continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesth Analg 2005;101:548-554
79. Kohane DS, Lu NT, Gokgol-Kline AC, et al. The local anesthetic properties and toxicity of saxitonin homologues for rat sciatic nerve block in vivo. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:52-59
80. Palham MJ. Liposome phospholipids. Toxicological and environmental advantages. In: Brown O, Koring HC, Maibachs HI, editors, Liposome Dermatics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin; 1992. p. 57-68
81. Clarkson CW, Hondeghem LM. Mechanism for bupivacaine depression of cardiac conduction: fast block of sodium channels during the action potential with slow recovery from block during diastole. Anesthesiology 1985;62:396-405
82. Stewart J, Kellett N, Castro D. The central nervous system and cardiovascular effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003;97:412-416
83. Kottenberg-Assenmacher E, Peters J. Mechanisms of tachyphylaxis in regional anesthesia of long duration. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1999;34:733-742
84. Mogensen T, Simonsen L, Scott NB, et al. Tachyphylaxis associated with repeated epidural injections of lidocaine is not related to changes in distribution or the rate of elimination from the epidural space. Anesth Analg 1989;69:180-184
85. Wilder RT, Sholas MG, Berde CB. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) prevents tachyphylaxis to local anesthetics in a dose-dependent manner. Anesth Analg 1996;83:1251-1255
86. Lee KC, Wilder RT, Smith RL, Berde CB. Thermal hyperalgesia accelerates and MK-801 prevents the development of tachyphylaxis to rat sciatic nerve blockade. Anesthesiology 1994;81:1284-1293
87. Toongsuwan S, Li LC, Erickson BK, Chang HC. Formulation and characterization of bupivacaine lipospheres. Int J Pharm 2004;280:57-65
88. Pedersen JL, Lillesø J, Hammer NA, et al. Bupivacaine in microcapsules prolongs analgesia after subcutaneous infiltration in humans: a dose-finding study. Anesth Analg 2004;99:912-918
89. Kuzma PJ, Kline MD, Calkins MD, Staats PS. Progress in the development of ultra-long-acting local anesthetics. Reg Anesth 1997;22:543-551
90. Sites BD, Bertrand ML, Gallagher JD. An abnormal clinical course of an ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block using 0.375% bupivacaine. J Clin Anesth 2006;18:449-451
91. Al-Nasser B. Long-acting local anesthetics at home: do we need to worry? J Clin Anesth 2007;19:239-240
92. Fanelli G, Casati A, Beccaria P, et al. A double-blind comparison of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and mepivacaine during sciatic and femoral nerve blockade. Anesth Analg 1998;87:597-600
93. Casati A, Fanelli G, Albertin A, et al. Unilateral spinal anesthesia or combined sciatic-femoral nerve block for day-case knee arthroscopy. A prospective, randomized comparison. Minerva Anestesiol 2000;66:39-44
94. Casati A, Fanelli G, Cappelleri G, et al. A clinical comparison of ropivacaine 0.75%, ropivacaine 1% or bupivacaine 0.5% for interscalene brachial plexus anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesth 1999;16:784-789
95. Bertini L, Tagariello V, Mancini S, et al. 0.75% and 0.5% ropivacaine for axillary brachial plexus block: a clinical comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999;24:514-518
96. Casati A, Santorsola R, Aldegheri G, et al. Intraoperative epidural anesthesia and postoperative surgery: a double-blind, randomised comparison analgesia with levobupivacaine for major orthopedic of racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. J Clin Anesth 2003;15:126-131
97. Strichartz GR, Sanchez V, Arthur GR. Fundamental properties of local anesthetics. II. Measured octanol: buffer partition coefficients and pKa values of clinically used drugs. Anesth Analg 1990;71:158-170
98. Leone S, Di Cianni S, Casati A, Fanelli G. Pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical use of new long acting local anesthetics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Acta Biomed 2008;79:92-105
99. Masters DB, Domb AJ. Liposphere local anesthetic timed-release for perineural site application. Pharm Res 1998;15:1038-1045
100. de Araujo DR, Cereda CM, Brunetto GB, et al. Encapsulation of mepivacaine prolongs the analgesia provided by sciatic nerve blockade in mice. Can J Anaesth 2004;51:566-572
101. de Araujo DR, Cereda CM, Brunetto GB, et al. Pharmacological and local toxicity studies of a liposomal formulation for the novel local anaesthetic ropivacaine. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008;60:1449-1457
102. Suzuki R, Arai YC, Hamayasu K, et al. Complex of branched cyclodextrin and lidocaine prolonged the duration of peripheral nerve block. J Anesth 2009;23:295-297