Biomolecular motors at the intersection of nanotechnology and polymer science

Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford)

Volumn 35, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 252-277

  Agarwal, Ashutosh ^a   Hess, Henry ^b  

^a University of Florida   (United States)

^b Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science   (United States)

Author keywords

Actin; Biopolymer; Cyotskeletal filament; Hybrid device; Kinesin; Microtubule; Molecular motor; Molecular shuttle; Motor protein; Myosin

Indexed keywords

HYBRID DEVICES; KINESINS; MICROTUBULES; MOLECULAR MOTOR; MOLECULAR MOTORS; MOLECULAR SHUTTLE; MOTOR PROTEINS;

BIOMOLECULES; FILAMENTS (LAMP); LINEAR MOTORS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PERSONAL COMPUTERS; PROTEINS; UNLOADING;

MOTORS;

EID: 73749084791     PISSN: 00796700     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.10.007     Document Type: Review

References (279)

1. Hunt A.J., Gittes F., and Howard J. The force exerted by a single kinesin molecule against a viscous load. Biophys J 67 (1994) 766-781
2. Schmiedl T., and Seifert U. Efficiency of molecular motors at maximum power. EPL 83 (2008) 30005/1-6
3. Yoshida R., Sakai T., Ito S., and Yamaguchi T. Self-oscillation of polymer chains with rhythmical soluble-insoluble changes. J Am Chem Soc 124 (2002) 8095-8098
4. Yoshida R., Takei K., and Yamaguchi T. Self-beating motion of gels and modulation of oscillation rhythm synchronized with organic acid. Macromolecules 36 (2003) 1759-1761
5. Yeghiazarian L., Mahajan S., Montemagno C., Cohen C., and Wiesner U. Directed motion and cargo transport through propagation of polymer-gel volume phase transitions. Adv Mater 17 (2005) 1869-1873
6. Yeghiazarian L., Arora H., Nistor V., Montemagno C., and Wiesner U. Teaching hydrogels how to move like an earthworm. Soft Matter 3 (2007) 939-944
7. Ionov L., Sapra S., Synytska A., Rogach A.L., Stamm M., and Diez S. Fast and spatially resolved environmental probing using stimuli-responsive polymer layers and fluorescent nanocrystals. Adv Mater 18 (2006) 1453-1457
8. Ionov L., Synytska A., and Diez S. Temperature-induced size-control of bioactive surface patterns. Adv Funct Mater 18 (2008) 1501-1508
9. Stayton P.S., Shimoboji T., Long C., Chilkoti A., Chen G.H., Harris J.M., et al. Control of protein-ligand recognition using a stimuli-responsive polymer. Nature 378 (1995) 472-474
10. Ding Z.L., Fong R.B., Long C.J., Stayton P.S., and Hoffman A.S. Size-dependent control of the binding of biotinylated proteins to streptavidin using a polymer shield. Nature 411 (2001) 59-62
11. Chen Y., Wang M.S., and Mao C.D. An autonomous DNA nanomotor powered by a DNA enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed 43 (2004) 3554-3557
12. Bath J., and Turberfield A.J. DNA nanomachines. Nat Nanotechnol 2 (2007) 275-284
13. Smith N.P., Barclay C.J., and Loiselle D.S. The efficiency of muscle contraction. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 88 (2005) 1-58
14. Dixit R., Ross J.L., Goldman Y.E., and Holzbaur E.L.F. Differential regulation of dynein and kinesin motor proteins by tau. Science 319 (2008) 1086-1089
15. Gordon A.M., Homsher E., and Regnier M. Regulation of contraction in striated muscle. Physiol Rev 80 (2000) 853-924
16. Humphrey D., Duggan C., Saha D., Smith D., and Kas J. Active fluidization of polymer networks through molecular motors. Nature 416 (2002) 413-416
17. Smith D., Ziebert F., Humphrey D., Duggan C., Steinbeck M., Zimmermann W., et al. Molecular motor-induced instabilities and cross-linkers determine biopolymer organization. Biophys J 93 (2007) 4445-4452
18. Bachand G.D., and Montemagno C.D. Constructing organic/inorganic NEMS devices powered by biomolecular motors. Biomed Microdev 2 3 (2000) 179-184
19. Soong R.K., Bachand G.D., Neves H.P., Olkhovets A.G., Craighead H.G., and Montemagno C.D. Powering an inorganic nanodevice with a biomolecular motor. Science 290 (2000) 1555-1558
20. York J., Spetzler D., Xiong F.S., and Frasch W.D. Single-molecule detection of DNA via sequence-specific links between F-1-ATPase motors and gold nanorod sensors. Lab Chip 8 (2008) 415-419
21. Hess H., and Vogel V. Molecular shuttles based on motor proteins: active transport in synthetic environments. Rev Mol Biotechnol 82 (2001) 67-85
22. Hess H., Bachand G.D., and Vogel V. Motor proteins in synthetic materials and devices. In: Schwarz J.A., Contescu C., and Putyera K. (Eds). Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology (2004), Marcel Dekker, New York
23. Hess H., Bachand G.D., and Vogel V. Powering nanodevices with biomolecular motors. Chem Eur J 10 (2004) 2110-2116
24. Diez S., Hellenius J.H., and Howard J. Biomolecular motors operating in engineered environments. In: Niemeyer C.M., and Mirkin C.A. (Eds). Nanobiotechnology (2004), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
25. Hess H., and Bachand G.D. Biomolecular motors. Mater Today 8 (2005) 22-29
26. Mansson A., Sundberg M., Bunk R., Balaz M., Nicholls I.A., Omling P., et al. Actin-based molecular motors for cargo transportation in nanotechnology-potentials and challenges. IEEE Trans Adv Packaging 28 (2005) 547-555
27. van den Heuvel M.G.L., and Dekker C. Motor proteins at work for nanotechnology. Science 317 (2007) 333-336
28. Bakewell D.J.G., and Nicolau D.V. Protein linear molecular motor-powered nanodevices. Aust J Chem 60 (2007) 314-332
29. Fischer T., and Hess H. Materials chemistry challenges in the design of hybrid bionanodevices: supporting protein function within artificial environments. J Mater Chem 17 (2007) 943-951
30. Mansson A., Balaz M., Albet-Torres N., and Rosengren K.J. In vitro assays of molecular motors-impact of motor-surface interactions. Front Biosci 13 (2008) 5732-5754
31. Goel A., and Vogel V. Harnessing biological motors to engineer systems for nanoscale transport and assembly. Nat Nanotechnol 3 (2008) 465-475
32. Fulga F., and Nicolau Jr. D.V. Models of protein linear molecular motors for dynamic nanodevices. Integr Biol 1 (2009) 150-169
33. Spetzler D., York J., Dobbin C., Martin J., Ishmukhametov R., Day L., et al. Recent developments of bio-molecular motors as on-chip devices using single molecule techniques. Lab Chip 7 (2007) 1633-1643
34. Howard J. Mechanics of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton (2001), Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
35. Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., and Walter P. Molecular biology of the cell. 4th ed. (2002), Garland, New York
36. Maniotis A.J., Chen C.S., and Ingber D.E. Demonstration of mechanical connections between integrins, cytoskeletal filaments, and nucleoplasm that stabilize nuclear structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 849-854
37. Thomas D.D., and dos Remedios C.G. Results and problems in cell differentiation. Molecular interactions of actin: actin-myosin interaction and actin-based regulation (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York
38. Kabsch W., and Vandekerckhove J. Structure and function of actin. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 21 (1992) 49-76
39. Mitchison T.J., and Cramer L.P. Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion. Cell 84 (1996) 371-379
40. Nogales E. Structural insights into microtubule function. Annu Rev Biochem 69 (2000) 277-302
41. Mitchison T., and Kirschner M. Microtubule assembly nucleated by isolated centrosomes. Nature 312 (1984) 232-237
42. Brangwynne C.P., MacKintosh F.C., Kumar S., Geisse N.A., Talbot J., Mahadevan L., et al. Microtubules can bear enhanced compressive loads in living cells because of lateral reinforcement. J Cell Biol 173 (2006) 733-741
43. Goldman R.D., Grin B., Mendez M.G., and Kuczmarski E.R. Intermediate filaments: versatile building blocks of cell structure. Curr Opin Cell Biol 20 (2008) 28-34
44. Holmes K.C., Popp D., Gebhard W., and Kabsch W. Atomic model of the actin filament. Nature 347 (1990) 44-48
45. Cooper J.A. Effects of cytochalasin and phalloidin on actin. J Cell Biol 105 (1987) 1473-1478
46. Vikhorev P.G., Vikhoreva N.N., Sundberg M., Balaz M., Albet-Torres N., Bunk R., et al. Diffusion dynamics of motor-driven transport: gradient production and self-organization of surfaces. Langmuir 24 (2008) 13509-13517
47. Nitta T., Tanahashi A., Obara Y., Hirano M., Razumova M., Regnier M., et al. Comparing guiding track requirements for myosin- and kinesin-powered molecular shuttles. Nano Lett 8 (2008) 2305-2309
48. Vikhorev P.G., Vikhoreva N.N., and Månsson A. Bending flexibility of actin filaments during motor-induced sliding. Biophys J 95 (2008) 5809-5819
49. Nogales E., Wolf S.G., and Downing K.H. Structure of the alpha beta tubulin dimer by electron crystallography. Nature 391 (1998) 199-203
50. Kozielski F., Sack S., Marx A., Thormahlen M., Schonbrunn E., Biou V., et al. The crystal structure of dimeric kinesin and implications for microtubule-dependent motility. Cell 91 (1997) 985-994
51. Li H.L., DeRosier D.J., Nicholson W.V., Nogales E., and Downing K.H. Microtubule structure at 8 angstrom resolution. Structure 10 (2002) 1317-1328
52. Chretien D., Metoz F., Verde F., Karsenti E., and Wade R.H. Lattice defects in microtubules: protofilament numbers vary within individual microtubules. J Cell Biol 117 (1992) 1031-1040
53. Mitchison T., and Kirschner M. Dynamic instability of microtubule growth. Nature 312 (1984) 237-242
54. Nogales E., Whittaker M., Milligan R.A., and Downing K.H. High-resolution model of the microtubule. Cell 96 (1999) 79-88
55. Dimitrov A., Quesnoit M., Moutel S., Cantaloube I., Pous C., and Perez F. Detection of GTP-tubulin conformation in vivo reveals a role for GTP remnants in microtubule rescues. Science 322 (2008) 1353-1356
56. Nogales E., and Wang H.-W. Structural mechanisms underlying nucleotide-dependent self-assembly of tubulin and its relatives. Curr Opin Struct Biol 16 (2006) 221-229
57. Wang H.-W., and Nogales E. Nucleotide-dependent bending flexibility of tubulin regulates microtubule assembly. Nature 435 (2005) 911-915
58. Dogterom M., Kerssemakers J.W.J., Romet-Lemonne G., and Janson M.E. Force generation by dynamic microtubules. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17 (2005) 67-74
59. Westermann S., Wang H.-W., Avila-Sakar A., Drubin D.G., Nogales E., and Barnes G. The Dam1 kinetochore ring complex moves processively on depolymerizing microtubule ends. Nature 440 (2006) 565-569
60. Howard J. Elastic and damping forces generated by confined arrays of dynamic microtubules. Phys Biol 3 (2006) 54-66
61. Davis L.J., Odde D.J., Block S.M., and Gross S.P. The importance of lattice defects in katanin-mediated microtubule severing in vitro. Biophys J 82 (2002) 2916-2927
62. Bouchard A.M., Warrender C.E., and Osbourn G.C. Harnessing microtubule dynamic instability for nanostructure assembly. Phys Rev E 74 (2006) 041902
63. Patolsky F., Weizmann Y., and Willner I. Actin-based metallic nanowires as bio-nanotransporters. Nat Mater 3 (2004) 692-695
64. Behrens S., Rahn K., Habicht W., Böhm K.-J., Rösner H., Dinjus E., et al. Nanoscale particle arrays induced by highly ordered protein assemblies. Adv Mater 14 (2002) 1621-1625
65. Behrens S., Wu J., Habicht W., and Unger E. Silver nanoparticle and nanowire formation by microtubule templates. Chem Mater 16 (2004) 3085-3090
66. Behrens S., Habicht W., Wu J., and Unger E. Tubulin assemblies as biomolecular templates for nanostructure synthesis: from nanoparticle arrays to nanowires. Surf Interface Anal 38 (2006) 1014-1018
67. Tucker R., Katira P., and Hess H. Herding nanotransporters: localized activation via release and sequestration of control molecules. Nano Lett 8 (2008) 221-226
68. Spoerke E.D., Bachand G.D., Liu J., Sasaki D., and Bunker B.C. Directing the polar organization of microtubules. Langmuir 24 (2008) 7039-7043
69. Hyman A.A., Drechsel D.N., Kellog D., Salser S., Sawin K., Steffen P., et al. Preparation of modified tubulins. Meth Enzymol 196 (1991) 478-485
70. Peloquin J., Komarova Y., and Borisy G. Conjugation of fluorophores to tubulin. Nat Meth 2 (2005) 299-303
71. Schiff P.B., Fant J., and Horwitz S.B. Promotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol. Nature 277 (1979) 665-667
72. Turner D., Chang C., Fang K., Cuomo P., and Murphy D. Kinesin movement on glutaraldehyde-fixed microtubules. Anal Biochem 242 (1996) 20-25
73. Boal A.K., Tellez H., Rivera S.B., Miller N.E., Bachand G.D., and Bunker B.C. The stability and functionality of chemically crosslinked microtubules. Small 2 (2006) 793-803
74. Boal A.K., Headley T.J., Tissot R.G., and Bunker B.C. Microtubule-templated biomimetic mineralization of lepidocrocite. Adv Funct Mater 14 (2004) 19-24
75. Dinu C.Z., Bale S.S., Zhu G.Y., and Dordick J.S. Tubulin encapsulation of carbon nanotubes into functional hybrid assemblies. Small 5 (2009) 310-315
76. Oster G., and Wang H.Y. Rotary protein motors. Trends Cell Biol 13 (2003) 114-121
77. Schliwa M., and Woehlke G. Molecular motors. Nature 422 (2003) 759-765
78. Case R.B., Rice S., Hart C.L., Ly B., and Vale R.D. Role of the kinesin neck linker and catalytic core in microtubule-based motility. Curr Biol 10 (2000) 157-160
79. Wu X.S., Rao K., Zhang H., Wang F., Sellers J.R., Matesic L.E., et al. Identification of an organelle receptor for myosin-Va. Nat Cell Biol 4 (2002) 271-278
80. Mermall V., Post P.L., and Mooseker M.S. Unconventional myosins in cell movement, membrane traffic, and signal transduction. Science 279 (1998) 527-533
81. Geli M.I., and Riezman H. Role of type I myosins in receptor-mediated endocytosis in yeast. Science 272 (1996) 533-535
82. Schott D.H., Collins R.N., and Bretscher A. Secretory vesicle transport velocity in living cells depends on the myosin-V lever arm length. J Cell Biol 156 (2002) 35-40
83. Kros C.J., Marcotti W., van Netten S.M., Self T.J., Libby R.T., Brown S.D.M., et al. Reduced climbing and increased slipping adaptation in cochlear hair cells of mice with Myo7a mutations. Nat Neurosci 5 (2002) 41-47
84. Huxley H.E. Mechanism of muscular contraction. Science 164 (1969) 1356-1366
85. Huxley A.F., and Simmons R.M. Proposed mechanism of force generation in striated muscle. Nature 233 (1971) 533-538
86. Rayment I., Holden H.M., Whittaker M., Yohn C.B., Lorenz M., Holmes K.C., et al. Structure of the actin-myosin complex and its implications for muscle contraction. Science 261 (1993) 58-65
87. Foth B.J., Goedecke M.C., and Soldati D. New insights into myosin evolution and classification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006) 3681-3686
88. Asokan S.B., Jawerth L., Carroll R.L., Cheney R.E., Washburn S., and Superfine R. Two-dimensional manipulation and orientation of actin-myosin systems with dielectrophoresis. Nano Lett 3 (2003) 431-437
89. Uyeda T.Q.P., Kron S.J., and Spudich J.A. Myosin step size: estimation from slow sliding movement of actin over low densities of heavy meromyosin. J Mol Biol 214 (1990) 699-710
90. De La Cruz E.M., Wells A.L., Rosenfeld S.S., Ostap E.M., and Sweeney H.L. The kinetic mechanism of myosin V. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 13726-13731
91. Vale R.D., and Milligan R.A. The way things move: looking under the hood of molecular motor proteins. Science 288 (2000) 88-95
92. Harada Y., Sakurada K., Aoki T., Thomas D.D., and Yanagida T. Mechanochemical coupling in actomyosin energy transduction studied by in vitro movement assay. J Mol Biol 216 (1990) 49-68
93. Astumian R.D. Thermodynamics and kinetics of a Brownian motor. Science 276 (1997) 917-922
94. Block S.M. Kinesin motor mechanics: binding, stepping, tracking, gating, and limping. Biophys J 92 (2007) 2986-2995
95. Hirokawa N., and Takemura R. Kinesin superfamily proteins and their various functions and dynamics. Exp Cell Res 301 (2004) 50-59
96. Gunawardena S., and Goldstein L.S.B. Cargo-carrying motor vehicles on the neuronal highway: transport pathways and neurodegenerative disease. J Neurobiol 58 (2004) 258-271
97. Sharp D.J., Rogers G.C., and Scholey J.M. Microtubule motors in mitosis. Nature 407 (2000) 41-47
98. Insinna C., and Besharse J.C. Intraflagellar transport and the sensory outer segment of vertebrate photoreceptors. Dev Dynam 237 (2008) 1982-1992
99. Hirokawa N., Pfister K.K., Yorifuji H., Wagner M.C., Brady S.T., and Bloom G.S. Submolecular domains of bovine brain kinesin identified by electron microscopy and monoclonal antibody decoration. Cell 56 (1989) 867-878
100. Asbury C.L. Kinesin: world's tiniest biped. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17 (2005) 89-97
101. Coy D.L., Wagenbach M., and Howard J. Kinesin takes one 8-nm step for each ATP that it hydrolyzes. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 3667-3671
102. Hancock W.O., and Howard J. Kinesin's processivity results from mechanical and chemical coordination between the ATP hydrolysis cycles of the two motor domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 13147-13152
103. Coy D.L., Hancock W.O., Wagenbach M., and Howard J. Kinesin's tail domain is an inhibitory regulator of the motor domain. Nat Cell Biol 1 (1999) 288-292
104. Howard J., Hudspeth A.J., and Vale R.D. Movement of microtubules by single kinesin molecules. Nature 342 (1989) 154-158
105. Yanagida T., Nakase M., Nishiyama K., and Oosawa F. Direct observation of motion of single F-actin filaments in the presence of myosin. Nature 307 (1984) 58-60
106. Kron S.J., and Spudich J.A. Fluorescent actin filaments move on myosin fixed to a glass surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83 (1986) 6272-6276
107. Kron S.J., Toyoshima Y.Y., Uyeda T.Q.P., and Spudich J.A. Assays for actin sliding movement over myosin-coated surfaces. Meth Enzymol 196 (1991) 399-416
108. Howard J., Hunt A.J., and Baek S. Assay of microtubule movement driven by single kinesin molecules. Methods Cell Biol 39 (1993) 137-147
109. Yildiz A., Forkey J.N., McKinney S.A., Ha T., Goldman Y.E., Selvin P.R., et al. Myosin V walks hand-over-hand: single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization. Science 300 (2003) 2061-2065
110. Yildiz A., Tomishige M., Vale R.D., and Selvin P.R. Kinesin walks hand-over-hand. Science 303 (2004) 676-678
111. Reck-Peterson S.L., Yildiz A., Carter A.P., Gennerich A., Zhang N., and Vale R.D. Single-molecule analysis of dynein processivity and stepping behavior. Cell 126 (2006) 335-348
112. Svoboda K., Schmidt C.F., Schnapp B.J., and Block S.M. Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry. Nature 365 (1993) 721-727
113. Finer J.T., Simmons R.M., and Spudich J.A. Single myosin molecule mechanics: piconewton forces and nanometre steps. Nature 368 (1994) 113-119
114. Sakakibara H., Kojima H., Sakai Y., Katayama E., and Oiwa K. Inner-arm dynein c of Chlamydomonas flagella is a single-headed processive motor. Nature 400 (1999) 586-590
115. Kerssemakers J.W.J., Laura Munteanu E., Laan L., Noetzel T.L., Janson M.E., and Dogterom M. Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution. Nature 442 (2006) 709-712
116. Arai Y., Yasuda R., Akashi K.-I., Harada Y., Miyata H., Kinosita K., et al. Tying a molecular knot with optical tweezers. Nature 399 (1999) 446-448
117. Visscher K., Schnitzer M.J., and Block S.M. Single kinesin molecules studied with a molecular force clamp. Nature 400 (1999) 184-189
118. Klumpp S., and Lipowsky R. Cooperative cargo transport by several molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (2005) 17284-17289
119. Mueller M.J.I., Klumpp S., and Lipowsky R. Tug-of-war as a cooperative mechanism for bidirectional cargo transport by molecular motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (2008) 4609-4614
120. Visscher K., Gross S.P., and Block S.M. Construction of multiple-beam optical traps with nanometer-resolution position sensing. IEEE J Selected Top Quantum Electron 2 (1996) 1066-1076
121. Vanzi F., Capitanio M., Sacconi L., Stringari C., Cicchi R., Canepari M., et al. New techniques in linear and non-linear laser optics in muscle research. J Muscle Res Cell Motility 27 (2006) 469-479
122. Doot R.K., Hess H., and Vogel V. Engineered networks of oriented microtubule filaments for directed cargo transport. Soft Matter 3 (2007) 349-356
123. Katira P., Agarwal A., Fischer T., Chen H.-Y., Jiang X., Lahann J., et al. Quantifying the performance of protein-resisting surfaces at ultra-low protein coverages using kinesin motor proteins as probes. Adv Mater 19 (2007) 3171-3176
124. Berliner E., Mahtani H.K., Karki S., Chu L.F., Cronan J.E., and Gelles J. Microtubule movement by a biotinated kinesin bound to a strepavidin-coated surface. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 8610-8615
125. Yu T., Wang Q., Johnson D.S., Wang M.D., and Ober C.K. Functional hydrogel surfaces: binding kinesin-based molecular motor proteins to selected patterned sites. Adv Funct Mater 15 (2005) 1303-1309
126. Leduc C., Ruhnow F., Howard J., and Diez S. Detection of fractional steps in cargo movement by the collective operation of kinesin-1 motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (2007) 10847-10852
127. Kerssemakers J., Ionov L., Queitsch U., Luna S., Hess H., and Diez S. 3D nanometer tracking of motile microtubules on reflective surfaces. Small 5 (2009) 1732-1737
128. Kerssemakers J., Howard J., Hess H., and Diez S. The distance that kinesin holds its cargo from the microtubule surface measured by fluorescence-interference-contrast microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006) 15812-15817
129. Goldstein L.S., and Philp A.V. The road less traveled: emerging principles of kinesin motor utilization. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 15 (1999) 141-183
130. Dennis J.R., Howard J., and Vogel V. Molecular shuttles: directed motion of microtubules along nanoscale kinesin tracks. Nanotechnology 10 (1999) 232-236
131. Hess H., Clemmens J., Qin D., Howard J., and Vogel V. Light-controlled molecular shuttles made from motor proteins carrying cargo on engineered surfaces. Nano Lett 1 (2001) 235-239
132. Fischer T., Agarwal A., and Hess H. A smart dust biosensor powered by kinesin motors. Nat Nanotechnol 4 (2009) 162-166
133. Sheehan P.E., and Whitman L.J. Detection limits for nanoscale biosensors. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 803-807
134. Turner D.C., Chang C.Y., Fang K., Brandow S.L., and Murphy D.B. Selective adhesion of functional microtubules to patterned silane surfaces. Biophys J 69 (1995) 2782-2789
135. Limberis L., and Stewart R.J. Toward kinesin-powered microdevices. Nanotechnology 11 (2000) 47-51
136. Limberis L., and Stewart R.J. Polarized alignment and surface immobilization of microtubules for kinesin-powered nanodevices. Nano Lett 1 (2001) 277-280
137. Brown T.B., and Hancock W.O. A polarized microtubule array for kinesin-powered nanoscale assembly and force generation. Nano Lett 2 (2002) 1131-1135
138. Muthukrishnan G., Roberts C.A., Chen Y.C., Zahn J.D., and Hancock W.O. Patterning surface-bound microtubules through reversible DNA hybridization. Nano Lett 4 (2004) 2127-2132
139. Interliggi K.A., Zeile W.L., Ciftan-Hens S.A., McGuire G.E., Purich D.L., and Dickinson R.B. Guidance of actin filament elongation on filament-binding tracks. Langmuir 23 (2007) 11911-11916
140. Böhm K.J., Stracke R., Mühlig P., and Unger E. Motor protein-driven unidirectional transport of micrometer-sized cargoes across isopolar microtubule arrays. Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 238-244
141. Yokokawa R., Takeuchi S., Kon T., Ohkura R.A.O.R., Edamatsu M.A.E.M., Sutoh K.A.S.K., et al. Transportation of micromachined structures by biomolecular linear motors. In: Takeuchi S. (Ed). Microelectro mechanical systems (2003), IEEE, Kyoto 8
142. Yokokawa R., Takeuchi S., Kon T., Nishiura M., Sutoh K., and Fujita H. Unidirectional transport of kinesin-coated beads on microtubules oriented in a microfluidic device. Nano Lett 4 (2004) 2265-2270
143. Bohm K.J., Beeg J., Meyer zu Horste G., Stracke R.A.S.R., and Unger E.A.U.E. Kinesin-driven sorting machine on large-scale microtubule arrays. Adv Packaging IEEE Trans 28 (2005) 571-576 [see also Comp Packaging Manuf Technol, Part B: Adv Packaging, IEEE Trans]
144. Yokokawa R., Yoshida Y., Takeuchi S., Kon T., and Fujita H. Unidirectional transport of a bead on a single microtubule immobilized in a submicrometre channel. Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 289-294
145. Muthukrishnan G., Hutchins B.M., Williams M.E., and Hancock W.O. Transport of semiconductor nanocrystals by kinesin molecular motors. Small 2 (2006) 626-630
146. Yokokawa R., Tarhan M.C., Kon T., and Fujita H. Simultaneous and bidirectional transport of kinesin-coated microspheres and dynein-coated microspheres on polarity-oriented microtubules. Biotechnol Bioeng 101 (2008) 1-8
147. Song W.X., He Q., Cui Y., Mohwald H., Diez S., and Li J.B. Assembled capsules transportation driven by motor proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 379 (2009) 175-178
148. Bottier C., Fattaccioli J., Tarhan M.C., Yokokawa R., Morin F.O., Kim B., et al. Active transport of oil droplets along oriented microtubules by kinesin molecular motors. Lab Chip 9 (2009) 1694-1700
149. Nitta T., and Hess H. Dispersion in active transport by kinesin-powered molecular shuttles. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 1337-1342
150. Katira P, Hess H. Two-stage capture employing active transport enables sensitive and fast biosensors, submitted to Nano Letters.
151. Clemmens J., Hess H., Lipscomb R., Hanein Y., Boehringer K.F., Matzke C.M., et al. Mechanisms of microtubule guiding on microfabricated kinesin-coated surfaces: chemical and topographic surface patterns. Langmuir 19 (2003) 10967-10974
152. Sundberg M., Bunk R., Albet-Torres N., Kvennefors A., Persson F., Montelius L., et al. Actin filament guidance on a chip: toward high-throughput assays and lab-on-a-chip applications. Langmuir 22 (2006) 7286-7295
153. Suzuki H., Oiwa K., Yamada A., Sakakibara H., Nakayama H., and Mashiko S. Linear arrangement of motor protein on a mechanically deposited fluoropolymer thin film. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 34 (1995) 3937-3941
154. Stracke P., Bohm K.J., Burgold J., Schacht H.J., and Unger E. Physical and technical parameters determining the functioning of a kinesin-based cell-free motor system. Nanotechnology 11 (2000) 52-56
155. Clemmens J., Hess H., Howard J., and Vogel V. Analysis of microtubule guidance in open microfabricated channels coated with the motor protein kinesin. Langmuir 19 (2003) 1738-1744
156. Hiratsuka Y., Tada T., Oiwa K., Kanayama T., and Uyeda T.Q. Controlling the direction of kinesin-driven microtubule movements along microlithographic tracks. Biophys J 81 (2001) 1555-1561
157. Hess H., Clemmens J., Matzke C.M., Bachand G.D., Bunker B.C., and Vogel V. Ratchet patterns sort molecular shuttles. Appl Phys A 75 (2002) 309-313
158. Lin C.-T., Kao M.-T., Kurabayashi K., and Meyhöfer E. Efficient designs for powering microscale devices with nanoscale biomolecular motors. Small 2 (2006) 281-287
159. Nitta T., Tanahashi A., Hirano M., and Hess H. Simulating molecular shuttle movements: towards computer-aided design of nanoscale transport systems. Lab Chip 6 (2006) 881-885
160. Hess H., Matzke C.M., Doot R.K., Clemmens J., Bachand G.D., Bunker B.C., et al. Molecular shuttles operating undercover: a new photolithographic approach for the fabrication of structured surfaces supporting directed motility. Nano Lett 3 (2003) 1651-1655
161. Bunk R., Sundberg M., Mansson A., Nicholls I.A., Omling P., Tagerud S., et al. Guiding motor-propelled molecules with nanoscale precision through silanized bi-channel structures. Nanotechnology 16 (2005) 710-717
162. Clemmens J., Hess H., Doot R., Matzke C.M., Bachand G.D., and Vogel V. Motor-protein "roundabouts": microtubules moving on kinesin-coated tracks through engineered networks. Lab Chip 4 (2004) 83-86
163. Huang Y.M., Uppalapati M., Hancock W.O., and Jackson T.N. Microfabricated capped channels for biomolecular motor-based transport. IEEE Trans Adv Packaging 28 (2005) 564-570
164. Huang Y.M., Uppalapati M., Hancock W.O., and Jackson T.N. Microtubule transport, concentration and alignment in enclosed microfluidic channels. Biomed Microdev 9 (2007) 175-184
165. van den Heuvel M.G.L., De Graaff M.P., and Dekker C. Molecular sorting by electrical steering of microtubules in kinesin-coated channels. Science 312 (2006) 910-914
166. Hunt A.J., and Howard J. Kinesin swivels to permit microtubule movement in any direction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (1993) 11653-11657
167. Suzuki H., Yamada A., Oiwa K., Nakayama H., and Mashiko S. Control of actin moving trajectory by patterned poly(methylmethacrylate) tracks. Biophys J 72 (1997) 1997-2001
168. Nicolau D.V., Suzuki H., Mashiko S., Taguchi T., and Yoshikawa S. Actin motion on microlithographically functionalized myosin surfaces and tracks. Biophys J 77 (1999) 1126-1134
169. Sundberg M., Rosengren J.P., Bunk R., Lindahl J., Nicholls I.A., Tagerud S., et al. Silanized surfaces for in vitro studies of actomyosin function and nanotechnology applications. Anal Biochem 323 (2003) 127-138
170. Sundberg M., Balaz M., Bunk R., Rosengren-Holmberg J.P., Montelius L., Nicholls I.A., et al. Selective spatial localization of actomyosin motor function by chemical surface patterning. Langmuir 22 (2006) 7302-7312
171. Albet-Torres N., O'Mahony J., Charlton C., Balaz M., Lisboa P., Aastrup T., et al. Mode of heavy meromyosin adsorption and motor function correlated with surface hydrophobicity and charge. Langmuir 23 (2007) 11147-11156
172. Lipscomb R.C., Clemmens J., Hanein Y., Holl M.R., Vogel V., Ratner B.D., et al. Controlled microtubules transport on patterned. Non-adhesive surfaces. Second international IEEE-EMBS special topic conference on microtechnologies in medicine & biology. IEEE, Madison, WI (2002) 21
173. Manandhar P., Huang L., Grubich J.R., Hutchinson J.W., Chase P.B., and Hong S.H. Highly selective directed assembly of functional actomyosin on Au surfaces. Langmuir 21 (2005) 3213-3216
174. Romet-Lemonne G., VanDuijn M., and Dogterom M. Three-dimensional control of protein patterning in microfabricated devices. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 2350-2354
175. Byun K.E., Kim M.G., Chase P.B., and Hong S.H. Selective assembly and guiding of actomyosin using carbon nanotube network monolayer patterns. Langmuir 23 (2007) 9535-9539
176. Yano Toyoshima Y., Toyoshima C., and Spudich J.A. Bidirectional movement of actin filaments along tracks of myosin heads. Nature 341 (1989) 154-156
177. Reuther C., Hajdo L., Tucker R., Kasprzak A.A., and Diez S. Biotemplated nanopatterning of planar surfaces with molecular motors. Nano Lett 6 (2006) 2177-2183
178. Cheng L.J., Kao M.T., Meyhofer E., and Guo L.J. Highly efficient guiding of microtubule transport with imprinted CYTOP nanotracks. Small 1 (2005) 409-414
179. Moorjani S.G., Jia L., Jackson T.N., and Hancock W.O. Lithographically patterned channels spatially segregate kinesin motor activity and effectively guide microtubule movements. Nano Lett 3 (2003) 633-637
180. Jia L., Moorjani S.G., Jackson T.N., and Hancock W.O. Microscale transport and sorting by kinesin molecular motors. Biomed Microdev 6 (2004) 67-74
181. van den Heuvel M.G., Butcher C.T., Smeets R.M., Diez S., and Dekker C. High rectifying efficiencies of microtubule motility on kinesin-coated gold nanostructures. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 1117-1122
182. Boal A.K., Bauer J.M., Rivera S.B., Manley R.G., Manginell R.P., Bachand G.D., et al. Monolayer engineered microchannels for motor protein transport platforms. Polym Preprints 45 (2004) 96-97
183. Mahanivong C., Wright J.P., Kekic M., Pham D.K., dos Remedios C., and Nicolau D.V. Manipulation of the motility of protein molecular motors on microfabricated substrates. Biomed Microdev 4 (2002) 111-116
184. Wright J., Pham D., Mahanivong C., Nicolau D.V., Kekic M., and dos Remedios C.G. Micropatterning of myosin on O-acryloyl acetophenone oxime (AAPO), layered with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Biomed Microdev 4 (2002) 205-211
185. Jaber J.A., Chase P.B., and Schlenoff J.B. Actomyosin-driven motility on patterned polyelectrolyte mono- and multilayers. Nano Lett 3 (2003) 1505-1509
186. Bunk R., Klinth J., Montelius L., Nicholls I.A., Omling P., Tagerud S., et al. Actomyosin motility on nanostructured surfaces. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301 (2003) 783-788
187. Bunk R., Klinth J., Rosengren J., Nicholls I., Tagerud S., Omling P., et al. Towards a 'nano-traffic' system powered by molecular motors. Microelectro Eng 67-8 (2003) 899-904
188. Bunk R., Carlberg P., Mansson A., Nicholls I.A., Omling P., Sundberg M., et al. Guiding molecular motors with nano-imprinted structures. Jpn J App Phys Part 1 44 (2005) 3337-3340
189. Fritzsche W., Bohm K., Unger E., and Kohler J.M. Making electrical contact to single molecules. Nanotechnology 9 (1998) 177-183
190. Ostap E.M., Yanagida T., and Thomas D.D. Orientational distribution of spin-labeled actin oriented by flow. Biophys J 63 (1992) 966-975
191. Yokokawa R., Murakami T., Sugie T., and Kon T. Polarity orientation of microtubules utilizing a dynein-based gliding assay. Nanotechnology 19 (2008) 125505/1-7
192. Kim T., Kao M.T., Meyhofer E., and Hasselbrink E.F. Biomolecular motor-driven microtubule translocation in the presence of shear flow: analysis of redirection behaviours. Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 025101/1-9
193. Brunner C., Hess H., Ernst K.-H., and Vogel V. Lifetime of biomolecules in hybrid nanodevices. Nanotechnology 15 (2004) S540-S548
194. Riveline D., Ott A., Julicher F., Winkelmann D.A., Cardoso O., Lacapere J.J., et al. Acting on actin: the electric motility assay. Eur Biophys J 27 (1998) 403-408
195. Stracke R., Bohm K.J., Wollweber L., Tuszynski J.A., and Unger E. Analysis of the migration behaviour of single microtubules in electric fields. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 293 (2002) 602-609
196. Kim T., Kao M.T., Hasselbrink E.F., and Meyhofer E. Active alignment of microtubules with electric fields. Nano Lett 7 (2007) 211-217
197. Kim T., Kao M.T., Hasselbrink E.F., and Meyhofer E. Nanomechanical model of microtubule translocation in the presence of electric fields. Biophys J 94 (2008) 3880-3892
198. Bras W., Diakun G.P., Diaz J.F., Maret G., Kramer H., Bordas J., et al. The susceptibility of pure tubulin to high magnetic fields: a magnetic birefringence and X-ray fiber diffraction study. Biophys J 74 (1998) 1509-1521
199. Platt M., Hancock W.O., Muthukrishnan G., and Williams M.E. Millimeter scale alignment of magnetic nanoparticle functionalized microtubules in magnetic fields. J Am Chem Soc 127 (2005) 15686-15687
200. Hutchins B.M., Hancock W.O., and Williams M.E. Magnet assisted fabrication of microtubule arrays. Phys Chem Chem Phys 8 (2006) 3507-3509
201. 4-functionalized microtubules with magnetic fields. Small 3 (2007) 126-131
202. Holohan S.J.P., and Marston S.B. Force-velocity relationship of single actin filament interacting with immobilised myosin measured by electromagnetic technique. IEE Proc Nanobiotechnol 152 (2005) 113-120
203. van den Heuvel M.G.L., Bolhuis S., and Dekker C. Persistence length measurements from stochastic single-microtubule trajectories. Nano Lett 7 (2007) 3138-3144
204. van den Heuvel M.G.L., de Graaff M.R., and Dekker C. Microtubule curvatures under perpendicular electric forces reveal a low persistence length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (2008) 7941-7946
205. Hirokawa N., and Takemura R. Molecular motors and mechanisms of directional transport in neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 6 (2005) 201-214
206. Sase I., Miyata H., Ishiwata S., and Kinosita K. Axial rotation of sliding actin filaments revealed by single-fluorophore imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997) 5646-5650
207. Beausang J.F., Schroeder H.W., Nelson P.C., and Goldman Y.E. Twirling of actin by myosins II and V observed via polarized TIRF in a modified gliding assay. Biophys J 95 (2008) 5820-5831
208. Ray S., Meyhofer E., Milligan R.A., and Howard J. Kinesin follows the microtubule's protofilament axis. J Cell Biol 121 (1993) 1083-1093
209. Nitzsche B., Ruhnow F., and Diez S. Quantum-dot-assisted characterization of microtubule rotations during cargo transport. Nat Nanotechnol 3 (2008) 552-556
210. Bachand G.D., Rivera S.B., Boal A.K., Gaudioso J., Liu J., and Bunker B.C. Assembly and transport of nanocrystal CdSe quantum dot nanocomposites using microtubules and kinesin motor proteins. Nano Lett 4 (2004) 817-821
211. Korten T., and Diez S. Setting up roadblocks for kinesin-1: mechanism for the selective speed control of cargo carrying microtubules. Lab Chip 8 (2008) 1441-1447
212. Bachand M., Trent A.M., Bunker B.C., and Bachand G.D. Physical factors affecting kinesin-based transport of synthetic nanoparticle cargo. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 5 (2005) 718-722
213. Brunner C., Wahnes C., and Vogel V. Cargo pick-up from engineered loading stations by kinesin driven molecular shuttles. Lab Chip 7 (2007) 1263-1271
214. Agarwal A., Katira P., and Hess H. Millisecond curing time of a molecular adhesive causes velocity-dependent cargo-loading of molecular shuttles. Nano Lett 9 (2009) 1170-1175
215. Ramachandran S., Ernst K.-H., Bachand G.D., Vogel V., and Hess H. Selective loading of kinesin-powered molecular shuttles with protein cargo and its application to biosensing. Small 2 (2006) 330-334
216. Hess H., Clemmens J., Brunner C., Doot R., Luna S., Ernst K.-H., et al. Molecular self-assembly of "nanowires" and "nanospools" using active transport. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 629-633
217. Hess H. Self-assembly driven by molecular motors. Soft Matter 2 (2006) 669-677
218. Liu H.Q., Spoerke E.D., Bachand M., Koch S.J., Bunker B.C., and Bachand G.D. Biomolecular motor-powered self-assembly of dissipative nanocomposite rings. Adv Mater 20 (2008) 4476-4481
219. Kawamura R., Kakugo A., Shikinaka K., Osada Y., and Gong J.P. Ring-shaped assembly of microtubules shows preferential counterclockwise motion. Biomacromolecules 9 (2008) 2277-2282
220. Hiyama S., Gojo R., Shima T., Takeuchi S., and Sutoh K. Biomolecular-motor-based nano- or microscale particle translocations on DNA microarrays. Nano Lett 9 (2009) 2407-2413
221. Diez S., Reuther C., Dinu C., Seidel R., Mertig M., Pompe W., et al. Stretching and transporting DNA molecules using motor proteins. Nano Lett 3 (2003) 1251-1254
222. Dinu C.Z., Opitz J., Pompe W., Howard J., Mertig M., and Diez S. Parallel manipulation of bifunctional DNA molecules on structured surfaces using kinesin-driven microtubules. Small 2 (2006) 1090-1098
223. Yokokawa R., Miwa J., Tarhan M.C., Fujita H., and Kasahara M. DNA molecule manipulation by motor proteins for analysis at the single-molecule level. Anal Bioanal Chem 391 (2008) 2735-2743
224. Taira S., Du Y.Z., Hiratsuka Y., Konishi K., Kubo T., Uyeda T.Q.P., et al. Selective detection and transport of fully matched DNA by DNA-loaded microtubule and kinesin motor protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 95 (2006) 533-538
225. Dinu C.Z., Bale S.S., Chrisey D.B., and Dordick J.S. Manipulation of individual carbon nanotubes by reconstructing the intracellular transport of a living cell. Adv Mater 21 (2009) 1182-1186
226. Raab M., and Hancock W.O. Transport and detection of unlabeled nucleotide targets by microtubules functionalized with molecular beacons. Biotechnol Bioeng 99 (2008) 764-773
227. Bachand G.D., Rivera S.B., Carroll-Portillo A., Hess H., and Bachand M. Active capture and transport of virus particles using a biomolecular motor-driven, nanoscale antibody sandwich assay. Small 2 (2006) 381-385
228. Martin B.D., Soto C.M., Blum A.S., Sapsford K.E., Whitley J.L., Johnson J.E., et al. An engineered virus as a bright fluorescent tag and scaffold for cargo proteins-capture and transport by gliding microtubules. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6 (2006) 2451-2460
229. Soto C.M., Martin B.D., Sapsford K.E., Blum A.S., and Ratna B.R. Toward single molecule detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B: mobile sandwich immunoassay on gliding microtubules. Anal Chem 80 (2008) 5433-5440
230. Rios L., and Bachand G.D. Multiplex transport and detection of cytokines using kinesin-driven molecular shuttles. Lab Chip 9 (2009) 1005-1010
231. Hirabayashi M., Taira S., Kobayashi S., Konishi K., Katoh K., Hiratsuka Y., et al. Malachite green-conjugated microtubules as mobile bioprobes selective for malachite green aptamers with capturing/releasing ability. Biotechnol Bioeng 94 (2006) 473-480
232. Hiyama S., Inoue T., Shima T., Moritani Y., Suda T., and Sutoh K. Autonomous loading, transport, and unloading of specified cargoes by using DNA hybridization and biological motor-based motility. Small 4 (2008) 410-415
233. Du Y.Z., Hiratsuka Y., Taira S., Eguchi M., Uyeda T.Q.P., Yumoto N., et al. Motor protein nano-biomachine powered by self-supplying ATP. Chem Commun (2005) 2080-2082
234. Kato K.A., Goto R., Katoh K., and Shibakami M. Microtubule-cyclodextrin conjugate: functionalization of motile filament with molecular inclusion ability. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69 (2005) 646-648
235. Suzuki N., Miyata H., Ishiwata S., and Kinoshita K. Preparation of bead-tailed actin filaments: estimation of the torque produced by the sliding force in an in vitro motility assay. Biophys J 70 (1996) 401-408
236. Kaur H., Das T., Kumar R., Ajore R., and Bharadwaj L.A. Covalent attachment of actin filaments to Tween 80 coated polystyrene beads for cargo transportation. Biosystems 92 (2008) 69-75
237. Mansson A., Sundberg M., Balaz M., Bunk R., Nicholls I.A., Omling P., et al. In vitro sliding of actin filaments labelled with single quantum dots. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 314 (2004) 529-534
238. Lin C.T., Kao M.T., Kurabayashi K., and Meyhofer E. Self-contained biomolecular motor-driven protein sorting and concentrating in an ultrasensitive microfluidic chip. Nano Lett 8 (2008) 1041-1046
239. Taira S., Du Y.Z., Hiratsuka Y., Uyeda T.Q.P., Yumoto N., and Kodaka M. Loading and unloading of molecular cargo by DNA-conjugated microtubule. Biotechnol Bioeng 99 (2008) 734-739
240. Boal A.K., Bachand G.D., Rivera S.B., and Bunker B.C. Interactions between cargo-carrying biomolecular shuttles. Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 349-354
241. Svoboda K., Mitra P.P., and Block S.M. Fluctuation analysis of motor protein movement and single enzyme kinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (1994) 11782-11786
242. Böhm K.J., Stracke R., and Unger E. Speeding up kinesin-driven microtubule gliding in vitro by variation of cofactor composition and physicochemical parameters. Cell Biol Int 24 (2000) 335-341
243. Böhm K.J., Stracke R., Baum M., Zieren M., and Unger E. Effect of temperature on kinesin-driven microtubule gliding and kinesin ATPase activity. FEBS Lett 466 (2000) 59-62
244. Kawaguchi K., and Ishiwata S. Temperature dependence of force, velocity, and processivity of single kinesin molecules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 272 (2000) 895-899
245. Kellermayer M.S.Z., and Pollack G.H. Rescue of in vitro actin motility halted at high ionic strength by reduction of ATP to submicromolar levels. Biochim BiophysActa Bioenergetics 1277 (1996) 107-114
246. Wang F., Chen L., Arcucci O., Harvey E.V., Bowers B., Xu Y., et al. Effect of ADP and ionic strength on the kinetic and motile properties of recombinant mouse myosin V. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 4329-4335
247. 2+ regulation of rabbit skeletal muscle thin filament sliding: role of cross-bridge number. Biophys J 85 (2003) 1775-1786
248. Kawai M., Kido T., Vogel M., Fink R.H.A., and Ishiwata S. Temperature change does not affect force between regulated actin filaments and heavy meromyosin in single-molecule experiments. J Phys Lond 574 (2006) 877-887
249. Yokokawa R., Takeuchi S., Kon T., Nishiura M., Ohkura R., Sutoh K., et al. Hybrid nanotransport system by biomolecular linear motors. J Microelectromech Syst 13 (2004) 612-619
250. Yokokawa R., Takeuchi S., Kon T., Sutoh K., and Fujita H. Control techniques of kinesin-driven beads in microfluidic devices. Microtechnology in medicine and biology. 3rd IEEE/EMBS special topic conference (2005) 260-263
251. Wasylycia J.R., Sapelnikova S., Jeong H., Dragoljic J., Marcus S.L., and Harrison D.J. Nano-biopower supplies for biomolecular motors: the use of metabolic pathway-based fuel generating systems in microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 8 (2008) 979-982
252. Tsuda Y., Mashimo T., Yoshiya I., Kaseda K., Harada Y., and Yanagida T. Direct inhibition of the actomyosin motility by local anesthetics in vitro. Biophys J 71 (1996) 2733-2741
253. Miyamoto Y., Muto E., Mashimo T., Iwane A.H., Yoshiya I., and Yanagida T. Direct inhibition of microtubule-based kinesin motility by local anesthetics. Biophys J 78 (2000) 940-949
254. 2+ dependent chemical switch into the linear biomotor kinesin. FEBS Lett 580 (2006) 3589-3594
255. Greene A.C., Trent A.M., and Bachand G.D. Controlling kinesin motor proteins in nanoengineered systems through a metal-binding on/off switch. Biotechnol Bioeng 101 (2008) 478-486
256. Gast F.U., Dittrich P.S., Schwille P., Weigel M., Mertig M., Opitz J., et al. The microscopy cell (MicCell), a versatile modular flowthrough system for cell biology, biomaterial research, and nanotechnology. Microfluid Nanofluid 2 (2006) 21-36
257. Dujovne I., van den Heuvel M., Shen Y., de Graaff M., and Dekker C. Velocity modulation of microtubules in electric fields. Nano Lett 8 (2008) 4217-4220
258. Wu D., Tucker R., and Hess H. Caged ATP: fuel for bionanodevices. IEEE Trans Adv Pack 28 (2005) 594-599
259. Nomura A., Uyeda T.Q.P., Yumoto N., and Tatsu Y. Photo-control of kinesin-microtubule motility using caged peptides derived from the kinesin C-terminus domain. Chem Commun (2006) 3588-3590
260. Kato H., Nishizaka T., Iga T., Kinosita Jr. K., and Ishiwata S. Imaging of thermal activation of actomyosin motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 9602-9606
261. Kawaguchi K., and Ishiwata S. Thermal activation of single kinesin molecules with temperature pulse microscopy. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 49 (2001) 41-47
262. Mihajlovic G., Brunet N.M., Trbovic J., Xiong P., von Molnar S., and Chase P.B. All-electrical switching and control mechanism for actomyosin-powered nanoactuators. Appl Phys Lett 85 (2004) 1060-1062
263. Nath N., and Chilkoti A. Creating "smart" surfaces using stimuli responsive polymers. Adv Mater 14 (2002) 1243-1247
264. Ionov L., Stamm M., and Diez S. Reversible switching of microtubule motility using thermoresponsive polymer surfaces. Nano Lett 6 (2006) 1982-1987
265. Martin B.D., Velea L.M., Soto C.M., Whitaker C.M., Gaber B.P., and Ratna B. Reversible control of kinesin activity and microtubule gliding speeds by switching the doping states of a conducting polymer support. Nanotechnology 18 (2007) 055103/1-7
266. van den Heuvel M.G.L., Butcher C.T., Lemay S.G., Diez S., and Dekker C. Electrical docking of microtubules for kinesin-driven motility in nanostructures. Nano Lett 5 (2005) 235-241
267. Bull J.L., Hunt A.J., and Meyhofer E. A theoretical model of a molecular-motor-powered pump. Biomed Microdev 7 (2005) 21-33
268. Nicolau D.V., Nicolau D.V., Solana G., Hanson K.L., Filipponi L., Wang L.S., et al. Molecular motors-based micro- and nano-biocomputation devices. Microelectron Eng 83 (2006) 1582-1588
269. Hess H., Howard J., and Vogel V. A piconewton forcemeter assembled from microtubules and kinesins. Nano Lett 2 (2002) 1113-1115
270. Hess H., Clemmens J., Howard J., and Vogel V. Surface imaging by self-propelled nanoscale probes. Nano Lett 2 (2002) 113-116
271. Whitesides G.M., Mathias J.P., and Seto C.T. Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science 254 (1991) 1312-1319
272. Rothemund P.W.K. Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns. Nature 440 (2006) 297-302
273. Sailor M.J., and Link J.R. "Smart dust": nanostructured devices in a grain of sand. Chem Commun (2005) 1375-1383
274. Seetharam R., Wada Y., Ramachandran S., Hess H., and Satir P. Long-term storage of bionanodevices by freezing and lyophilization. Lab Chip 6 (2006) 1239-1242
275. Uppalapati M., Huang Y.M., Jackson T.N., and Hancock W.O. Enhancing the stability of kinesin motors for microscale transport applications. Lab Chip 8 (2008) 358-361
276. Thompson D.A.W. On growth and form (1961), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
277. Vogel V. Reverse engineering: learning from proteins how to enhance the performance of synthetic nanosystems. MRS Bull (2002) 972-978
278. Kay E.R., Leigh D.A., and Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed 46 (2007) 72-191
279. Fennimore A.M., Yuzvinsky T.D., Han W.Q., Fuhrer M.S., Cumings J., and Zettl A. Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes. Nature 424 (2003) 408-410