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Materials and methods are available as supporting information on Science Online.
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33646554993
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At large fields, higher than ∼110 kV/m, we observed an effect on the microtubule velocity along the electric field. Microtubules moving parallel to the electric field displayed higher and lower speeds depending on the direction of the field. For fields oriented perpendicular to the long axis, microtubules displayed sideward motion. We are investigating these effects.
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22
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33646557847
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e|E and also equals the total force density exerted on the double layer, plus the drag force exerted on the moving counterions (21).
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24
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33646540604
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D = 0.8 nm for the Debye length in our 160 mM buffer.
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26
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33646586879
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-3 kg/ms, and h = 30 ± 10 nm for the distance of the microtubule axis to the surface.
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note
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p, together with possible defects in the tip structure.
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30
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33646539983
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note
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BT/e = 26 mV. However, at ζ = 50 mV, the use of the linearized Grahame equation introduces an error in σ of only 14%. The use of the nonlinear version of the Grahame would invoke an unknown source of error, because we would then have to assume a value for the double-layer capacitance of the microtubule.
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33646564578
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note
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We thank J. Howard and S. Diez for kindly providing us with the kinesin expression vector and for advice with protocols; S. G. Lemay, I. Dujovne, and D. Stein for useful discussions; Y. Garini and Olympus Netherlands for lending optical equipment; and Hamamatsu Germany for kindly providing us a C7780 color camera. This work was funded by the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and the European Community Biomach program.
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