Cracking the glass cages? Restructuring and ascriptive inequality at work

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 114, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1591-1643

  Kalev, Alexandra ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349313397     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/597175     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Acker, Joan. 1990. "Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations." Gender and Society 4:139-158
2. Adler, Paul S. 1992. "The Learning Bureaucracy: New United Motor Manufacturing Inc." Pp. 111-94 in Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by Barry Staw and Lary Cummings. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI.
3. Allport, Gordon W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
4. Altonji, Joseph G., and Rebecca M. Blank. 1999. "Race and Gender in the Labor Market." Pp. 3143-3259 in Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by Orely Ashenfelter and David Card. New York: Elsevier Science.
5. Anderson, Cynthia D., and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey. 1995. "Patriarchal Pressures: An Exploration of Organizational Processes That Exacerbate or Erode Earning Inequality." Work and Occupations 22:325-356
6. Appelbaum, Eileen, Thomas Bailey, and Peter Berg. 2000. The New American Workplace: Transforming Work Systems in the United States. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
7. Appelbaum, Eileen, Thomas Bailey, Peter Berg, and Arne L. Kalleberg. 2000. Manufacturing Advantage: Why High-Performance Work Systems Pay Off. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
8. Appelbaum, Eileen, and Peter Berg. 2001. "High-Performance Work Systems and Labor Market Structures." Pp. 271-93 in Sourcebook of Labor Markets: Evolving Structures of Processes, edited by Ivar Berg and Arne L. Kalleberg. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
9. Bacharach, Samuel B., Peter A. Bamberger, and Dana Vashdi. 2005. "Diversity and Homophily at Work: Supportive Relations among White and African-American Peers." Academy of Management Journal 48:619-644
10. Baldi, Stephan, and Debra B. McBrier. 1997. "Do the Determinants of Promotion Differ for Blacks and Whites? Evidence from the U.S. Labor Market." Work and Occupations 24:478-497 (Pubitemid 127146864)
11. Barker, James R. 1993. "Tightening the Iron Cage: Concertive Control in Self-Managing Teams." Administrative Science Quarterly 38:408-437
12. Baron, James N. 1984. "Organizational Perspectives on Stratification." Annual Review of Sociology 10:37-69.
13. Baron, James N., and William T Bielby. 1980. "Bringing the Firms Back In: Stratification, Segmentation, and the Organization of Work." American Sociological Review 45:737-765
14. -. 1985. "Organizational Barriers to Gender Equality: Sex Segregation of Jobs and Opportunities." Pp. 233-51 in Gender and the Life Course, edited by Alice S. Rossi. New York: Aldine.
15. Baron, James N., Frank Dobbin, and Devereaux P. Jennings. 1986. "War and Peace: The Evolution of Modern Personnel Administration in U.S. Industry." American Journal of Sociology 92:350-383
16. Baron, James N., Michael T Hannan, Greta Hsu, and Ozgecan Koçak. 2007. "In the Company of Women: Gender Inequality and the Logic of Bureaucracy in Start-Up Firms." Work and Occupations 34:35-66.
17. Baron, James N., Brian S. Mittman, and Andrew E. Newman. 1991. "Targets of Opportunity: Organizational and Environmental Determinants of Gender Integration within the California Civil Services, 1976-1985." American Journal of Sociology 96:1362-1401.
18. Baron, James N., and Andrew E. Newman. 1990. "For What It's Worth: Organizations, Occupations and the Value of Work Done by Women and Nonwhites." American Sociological Review 55:155-175
19. Baron, James N., and Jeffrey Pfeffer. 1994. "The Social Psychology of Organizations and Inequality." Social Psychology Quarterly 57:190-209.
20. Batt, Rosemary. 2004. "Who Benefits from Teams? Comparing Workers, Supervisors and Managers." Industrial Relations 43:183-212.
21. Baugh, Gayle S., and George B. Graen. 1997. "Effects of Team Gender and Racial Composition on Perceptions of Team Performance in Cross-functional Teams." Group and Organization Management 22:366.
22. Bell, Ella L. J. Edmonson, and Stella M. Nkomo. 2001. Our Separate Ways: Black and White Women and the Struggle for Professional Identity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
23. Bell, Ella L. J. Edmonson, Stella M. Nkomo, and John Hammond. 1994. Barriers to Work Place Advancement Experienced by African-Americans. Washington, D.C: Glass Ceiling Commission, U.S. Department of Labor.
24. Bennear, Lori Snyder. 2007. "Are Management-Based Regulations Effective? Evidence from State Pollution Prevention Programs." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 26:327-348
25. Berg, Peter, Ann Frost, and Gil Preuss. 2001. "Team Models of Work Organization and Outcomes for Low-Skilled Workers in American Hospitals." Pp. 293-300 in Proceedings of the Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the Industrial Relations Research Association. Madison, Wis.: Industrial Relations Research Association.
26. Berg, Peter, Arne L. Kalleberg, and Eileen Appelbaum. 2003. "Balancing Work and Family: The Role of High-Commitment Environments." Industrial Relations 42: 168.
27. Bielby, William T 2000. "Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias." Contemporary Sociology-a Journal of Reviews 29:120-129
28. Bielby, William T, and James N. Baron. 1986. "Men and Women at Work: Sex Segregation and Statistical Discrimination." American Journal of Sociology 91:759-799
29. Black, Sandra E., Lisa M. Lynch, and Anya Krivelyova. 2004. "How Workers Fare When Employers Innovate." Industrial Relations 43:44-66.
30. Blair-Loy, Mary. 2001. "It's Not Just What You Know, It's Who You Know: Technical Knowledge, Rainmaking, and Gender among Finance Executives." Research in the Sociology of Work 10:51-83.
31. Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: Wiley.
32. Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. 1992. "Race and Gender Pay Differentials." Working paper no. 4120. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
33. Blau, Peter M., and Otis D. Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. New York: Wiley.
34. Blum, Terry C., Dail L. Fields, and Jodi S. Goodman. 1994. "Organization-Level Determinants of Women in Management." Academy of Management Journal 37: 241-268
35. Bond, Megan A., and Jean L. Pyle. 1998. "Diversity Dilemmas at Work." Journal of Management Inquiry 7:252-269
36. Brickson, Shelley. 2000. "The Impact of Identity Orientation on Individual and Organizational Outcomes in Demographically Diverse Settings." A cademy of Management Review 25:82-101.
37. Britton, Dana M. 2000. "The Epistemology of the Gendered Organization." Gender and Society 14:418-434
38. Browne, Irene, and Joya Misra. 2003. "The Intersection of Gender and Race in Labor Markets." Annual Review of Sociology 29:487-513.
39. Bunderson, Stuart J. 2003. "Recognizing and Utilizing Expertise in Work Groups: A Status Characteristics Perspective." Administrative Science Quarterly 48:557-591
40. Burt, Ronald S. 1998. "The Gender of Social Capital." Rationality and Society 10: 5-46.
41. Campion, Michael A., Lisa Cheraskin, and Michael J. Stevens. 1994. "Career-Related Antecedents and Outcomes of Job Rotation." Academy of Management Journal 37: 1518-1542
42. Cappelli, Peter, Laurie Bassi, Harry Katz, David Knoke, Peter Osterman, and Michael Useem. 1997. Change at Work. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Carter, John. 2003. Ethnicity, Exclusion and the Workplace. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
44. Chatman, Jennifer A., and Francis J. Flynn. 2001. "The Influence of Demographic Heterogeneity on the Emergence and Consequences of Cooperative Norms in Work Teams." Academy of Management Journal 44:956-974 (Pubitemid 33355832)
45. Chatman, Jennifer A., Jeffrey T Polzer, Sigal G. Barsade, and Margaret A. Neale. 1998. "Being Different yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes." Administrative Science Quarterly 43:749-780
46. Cockburn, Cynthia. 1991. In the Way of Women: Men's Resistance to Sex Equality in Organizations. Ithaca, N.Y: Industrial and Labor Relations Press.
47. Cohen, Lisa E., Joseph P Broschak, and Heather A. Haveman. 1998. "And Then There
48. Were More? The Effect of Organizational Sex Composition on the Hiring and Promoting of Managers." American Sociological Review 63:711-27.
49. Cook, Clarissa, and Malcolm Waters. 1998. "The Impact of Organizational Form on Gendered Labour Markets in Engineering and Law." Sociological Review 46:314-339 (Pubitemid 128066204)
50. Daday, Gerhard, and Beverly Burris. 2002. "The Effects of Teaming-Structures on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Differences in a High-Tech Corporation: A Case Study." Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, August.
51. DiPrete, Thomas A., and Whitman T Soule. 1988. "Gender and Promotion in Segmented Job Ladder Systems." American Sociological Review 53:26-40.
52. DiTomaso, Nancy, Corinne Post, and Rochelle Parks-Yancy. 2007. "Workforce Diversity and Inequality: Power, Status, and Numbers." Annual Review of Sociology 33: 473-501.
53. Dobbin, Frank, John R. Sutton, John W. Meyer, and Richard W. Scott. 1993. "Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets." American Journal of Sociology 99:396-427.
54. Edelman, Lauren B., and Stephen M. Petterson. 1999. "Symbols and Substance in Organizational Response to Civil Rights Law." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 17:107-135
55. Edwards, Richard C. 1979. Contested Terrain. New York: Basic Books.
56. Elliott, James R., and Ryan A. Smith. 2001. "Ethnic Matching of Supervisors to Subordinate Work Groups: Findings on Bottom-Up Ascription and Social Closure." Social Problems 48:258-276 (Pubitemid 33292244)
57. -. 2004. "Race, Gender and Workplace Power." American Sociological Review 69:365-386
58. Elvira, Marta M., and Robert Town. 2001. "The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity on Performance Evaluations." Industrial Relations 40:571-590 (Pubitemid 32997348)
59. Elvira, Marta M., and Christopher D. Zatzick. 2002. "Who's Displaced First? The Role of Race in Layoff Decisions." Industrial Relations 41:329-361
60. Ely, Robin. 1995. "The Power of Demography: Women's Social Construction of Gender Identity at Work." Academy of Management Journal 38:589-634.
61. Ely, Robin, and Irene Padavic. 2007. "A Feminist Analysis of Organizational Research on Sex Differences." Academy of Management Review 32:1121-1143
62. Ely, Robin J., and David A. Thomas. 2001. "Cultural Diversity at Work: The Effects of Diversity Perspectives on Work Group Processes and Outcomes." Administrative Science Quarterly 46:229-273 (Pubitemid 33341088)
63. Fairlie, Robert W., and Lori G. Kletzer. 1998. "Jobs Lost, Jobs Regained: An Analysis of Black/White Differences in Job Displacement in the 1980s." Industrial Relations 37:460-477
64. Färber, Henry. 1997. "The Changing Face of Job Loss in the United States, 1981-1995." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics 1997:55-142.
65. Featherman, David L., and Robert M. Häuser. 1978. Opportunity and Change. New York: Academic.
66. Felmlee, Diane H., and Lowell L. Hargens. 1988. "Estimation and Hypothesis Testing for Seemingly Unrelated Regression: A Sociological Application." Social Science Research 17:384-399
67. Ferguson, Kathy E. 1984. The Feminist Case against Bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
68. Fox, John. 1997. Applied Regression Analysis, Linear Models, and Related Methods. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
69. Frenkel, Michal, and Yehouda Shenhav. 2006. "From Binarism Back to Hybridity: A Postcolonial Reading of Management and Organization Studies." Organization Studies 27:855-876
70. Friedman, Raymond A., and Kellina M. Craig. 2004. "Predicting Joining and Participating in Minority Employee Network Groups." Industrial Relations 43:793-816.
71. Gaertner, Samuel L., and John F. Dovidio. 2000. Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
72. Gaertner, Samuel L., Jeffrey A. Mann, John F. Dovidio, Audrey J. Murrell, and Marina Pomare. 1990. "How Does Cooperation Reduce Intergroup Bias?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59:692-704.
73. Greenhaus, Jeffrey H., Saroj Parasuraman, and Wayne M. Wormley. 1990. "Effects of Race on Organizational Experiences, Job Performance Evaluations, and Career Outcomes." Academy of Management Journal 31:64-86.
74. Handel, Michael J. 2005. "Trends in Perceived Job Quality, 1989 to 1998." Work and Occupations 32:66-94.
75. Handel, Michael J., and David I. Levine. 2004. "Editors' Introduction: The Effects of New Work Practices on Workers." Industrial Relations 43:1-43.
76. Hanushek, Erin A., and John E. Jackson. 1977. Statistical Methods for Social Scientists. New York: Academic Press.
77. Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, Carolyn Buck Luce, and Cornel West. 2005. "Leadership in Your Midst: Tapping the Hidden Strengths of Minority Executives." Harvard Business Review 83:74-82.
78. Hicks, Alexander M. 1994. "Introduction to Pooling." Pp. 169-88 in The Comparative Political Economy of the Welfare State, edited by Thomas Janoski and Alexandra M. Hicks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
79. Hight, Joseph E. 1998. "Young Worker Participation in Post-school Education and Training." Monthly Labor Review 121:14-21.
80. Hölzer, Harry J., and David Neumark. 1998. "What Does Affirmative Action Do?" Working paper no. 6005. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.
81. -. 2000. "Assessing Affirmative Action." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53:240-271
82. Hsiao, Cheng. 1986. Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Ibarra, Herminia. 1992. "Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm." Administrative Science Quarterly 34:422-447
84. -. 1995. "Race, Opportunity and Diversity of Social Circles in Managerial Networks." Academy of Management Journal 38:673-703.
85. Ibarra, Herminia, and Steven B. Andrews. 1993. "Power, Social Influence, and Sense Making: Effects of Network Centrality and Proximity on Employee Perceptions." Administrative Science Quarterly 38:277-303.
86. Ichniowski, Casey, Thomas Kochan, David Levine, Craig Olson, and George Strauss. 1996. "What Works at Work: An Overview and Assessment." Industrial Relations 35:356-374
87. Jacobs, Jerry A. 1992. "Women's Entry into Management: Trends in Earnings, Authority, and Values among Salaried Managers." Administrative Science Quarterly 37:282-301.
88. Jacoby, Sanford M. 1985. Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation of Work in American Industry, 1900-1945. New York: Columbia University Press.
89. Kalev, Alexandra, and Frank Dobbin. 2006. "Enforcement of Civil Rights Law in Private Workplaces: The Effects of Compliance Reviews and Lawsuits over Time." Law and Social Inquiry 31:855-903.
90. Kalev, Alexandra, Frank Dobbin, and Erin Kelly. 2006. "Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies." American Sociological Review 71:589-617.
91. Kalleberg, Arne L., David Knoke, Peter V. Marsden, and Joe L. Spaeth. 1996. Organizations in America: Analyzing Their Structures and Human Resource Practices. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
92. Kalleberg, Arne L., Peter V. Marsden, Jeremy Reynolds, and David Knoke. 2006. "Beyond Profit? Sectoral Differences in High-Performance Work Practices." Work and Occupations 33:271-302.
93. Kalleberg, Arne L., and Arne Mastekaasa. 2001. "Satisfied Movers, Committed Stayers: The Impact of Job Mobility on Work Attitudes in Norway." Work and Occupations 28:183-209. (Pubitemid 33264396)
94. Kang, Jerry, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2006. "Fair Measures: A Behavioral Realist Revision of Affirmative Action." California Law Review 94:1063-1118.
95. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
96. -. 1985. The Change Masters: Corporate Entrepreneurs at Work. New York: Free Press.
97. Kelly, Erin L. 2000. "Corporate Family Policies in U.S. Organizations, 1965-1997." Ph.D. dissertation. Princeton University, Department of Sociology.
98. -. 2003. "The Strange History of Employer-Sponsored Child Care: Interested Actors, Uncertainty, and the Transformation of Law in Organizational 'Fields." American Journal of Sociology 109:606-649
99. Kmec, Julie A. 2005. "Setting Occupational Sex Segregation in Motion: Demand-Side Explanations of Sex Traditional Employment." Work and Occupations 32:322-354
100. Knoke, David, and Yoshito Ishio. 1998. "The Gender Gap in Company Job Training." Work and Occupations 25:141.
101. Konrad, Alison M., and Frank Linnehan. 1995. "Formalized HRM Structures: Coordinating Equal-Employment Opportunity or Concealing Organizational Practices." Academy of Management Journal 38:787-820.
102. Kramer, Roderick M. 1991. "Intergroup Relations and Organizational Dilemmas: The Role of Categorization Processes."Research in Organizational Behavior 13:191-228.
103. Kvande, Elin, and Bente Rasmussen. 1994. "Men in Male-Dominated Organizations and Their Encounter with Women Intruders." Scandinavian Journal of Management 10:163-173
104. Lawler, Edward, Susan Mohrman, and Gerald Ledford. 1992. Employee Involvement and Total Quality Management: Practices and Results in Fortune 1000 Companies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
105. Leonard, Jonathan. 1984. "Employment and Occupational Advance under Affirmative Action." Review of Economics and Statistics 66:377-385
106. -. 1985. "Unions and the Employment of Blacks, Hispanics and Women." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 39:115-132
107. -. 1990. "The Impact of Affirmative Action Regulation and Equal Employment Opportunity Law on Black Employment." Journal of Economic Perspectives 4: 47-63.
108. Linnehan, Frank, and Alison Konrad. 1999. "Diluting Diversity: Implications for Intergroup Inequality in Organizations." Journal of Management Inquiry 8:399-413.
109. Lowery, Brian S., Eric D. Knowles, and Miguel M. Unzueta. 2007. "Framing Inequity Safely: Whites' Motivated Perceptions of Racial Privilege." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33:1237-1250
110. Lynch, Lisa M., and Sandra E. Black. 1998. "Beyond the Incidence of EmployerProvided Training." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 52:64.
111. Maddala, G. S. 1977. Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
112. McBrier, Debra Branch, and George Wilson. 2004. "Going Down? Race and Downward Occupational Mobility for White-Collar Workers in the 1990s." Work and Occupations 31:283-322.
113. McCall, Leslie. 2001. Complex Inequality: Gender, Class and Race in the New Economy. New York: Routledge.
114. McGuire, Gail M. 2000. Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Networks: The Factors Affecting the Status of Employees' Network Members. Work and Occupations 27:500-523.
115. -. 2002. Gender, Race, and the Shadow Structure: A Study of Informal Networks and Inequality in a Work Organization. Work and Occupations 16:303-322
116. McGuire, Gail M., and Barbara Reskin. 1993. Authority Hierarchies at Work: The Impacts of Race and Sex. Work and Occupations 7:487-506.
117. Mcllwee, Judith S., and J. Gregg Robinson. 1992. Women in Engineering: Gender, Power, and Workplace Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press.
118. Meyerson, Debra E., and Joyce K. Fletcher. 2000. A Modest Manifesto for Shattering the Glass Ceiling. Harvard Business Review 78:126-136
119. Milkman, Ruth. 2007. Two Worlds of Unionism: Women and the New Labor Movement. Pp. 63-80 in The Sex of Class: Women Transforming American Labor, edited by Dorothy Sue Cobble. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
120. Miller, Jon. 1986. Pathways in the Workplace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Nkomo, Stella M. 1992. The Emperor Has No Clothes: Rewriting 'Race in Organizations.' Academy of Management Review 17:487-513.
122. Nkomo, Stella M., and Taylor Cox. 1989. Gender Differences in the Upward Mobility of Black Managers: Double Whammy or Double Advantage? Sex Roles 21:825-839
123. Ollilainen, Marjukka, and Joyce Rothschild. 2001. Can Self-Managing Teams be Truly Cross-functional? Gender Barriers to a 'New' Division of Labor. Research in the Sociology of Work 10:141-164
124. Osterman, Paul. 1994. How Common Is Workplace Transformation and Who Adopts It? Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47:173-188
125. -. 1995. Skill Training and Work Organization in American Establishments. Industrial Relations 34:125-146
126. -. 2000. Work Reorganization in an Era of Restructuring: Trends in Diffusion and Effects on Employee Welfare. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53: 179-196
127. Padavic, Irene, and Barbara Reskin. 2002. Women and Men at Work. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press.
128. Paulin, Elizabeth A., and Jennifer M. Mellor. 1996. Gender, Race and Promotions within a Private-Sector Firm. Industrial Relations 35:276-295
129. Petersen, Trond. 1985. A Comment on Presenting Results from Logit and Probit Models. American Sociological Review 50:130-131
130. Petersen, Trond, Ishak Saporta, and Marc David Seidel. 1998. Offering a Job: Meritocracy and Social Networks. American Journal of Sociology 106:763-816.
131. Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R Tropp. 2006. A Meta-analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90:751-783
132. Phillips, Katherine W., Nancy R Rothbard, and Tracy L. Dumas. In press. To Disclose or Not to Disclose: Status Distance and Self-Disclosure in Diverse Environments. Academy of Management Review 34 (4).
133. Piore, Michael, and Charles Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
134. Planskey Videla, Nancy. 2006. Gendered Contradictions: Managers and Women Workers in Self-Managed Teams. Research in the Sociology of Work 16:85-116.
135. Reskin, Barbara. 1993. Sex Segregation in the Workplace. Annual Review of Sociology 19:241-279
136. -. 2000. The Proximate Causes of Employment Discrimination. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 29:319-328
137. -. 2003. Including Mechanisms in Our Models of Ascriptive Inequality. American Sociological Review 68:1-21.
138. Reskin, Barbara, and Debra B. McBrier. 2000. Why Not Ascription? Organizations' Employment of Male and Female Managers. American Sociological Review 65: 210-233
139. Reskin, Barbara, and Patricia Roos. 1990. Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women's Inroads into Male Occupations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
140. Ridgeway,Cecilia.1997.InteractionandtheConservationofGenderInequality: ConsideringEmployment.AmericanSociologicalReview62:218-235(Pubitemid127593814)
141. Ridgeway, Cecilia L., and Lynn Smith-Lovin. 1999. The Gender System and Interaction. Annual Review of Sociology 25:191-216.
142. Robinson, Corre, Tiffany Taylor, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Catherine Zimmer, and Matthew W. Irvine Jr. 2005. Studying Race/Ethnic and Sex Segregation at the Establishment Level: Methodological Issues and Substantive Opportunities Using EEO-I Reports. Work and Occupations 32:5-38.
143. Roscigno, Vincent J. 2007. The Face of Discrimination: How Race and Gender Impact Work and Home Lives. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
144. Sayrs, Lois W. 1989. Pooled Time Series Analysis. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
145. Sherif, Muzafer, O. J. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R Hood, and Carolyn W. Sherif. 1961. Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
146. Skaggs, Sheryl. 2008. Producing Change or Bagging Opportunity? The Effects of Discrimination Litigation on Women in Supermarket Management.American Journal of Sociology 113:1148-1182
147. Smith, James P., and Finis Welch. 1984. Affirmative Action and the Labor Markets. Journal of Labor Economics 2:269-301.
148. Smith,Vicki.1996.EmployeeInvolvement,InvolvedEmployees: ParticipativeWorkArrangementsinaWhite-CollarServiceOccupation.SocialProblems43: 166-179(Pubitemid126350163)
149. -. 1997. New Forms of Work Organization. Annual Review of Sociology 23: 315-339
150. Smith-Doerr, Laurel. 2004. Flexibility and Fairness: Effects of the Network Form of Organization on Gender Equity in Life Science Careers. Sociological Perspectives 47:25-54.
151. Spalter-Roth, R., and Cynthia Deitch. 1999. I Don't Feel Right Sized; I Feel Outof-Work Sized': Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and the Unequal Costs of Displacement. Work and Occupations 26:446-482
152. Spilerman, Seymour, and Trond Petersen. 1998. Organizational Structure, Determinants of Promotion, and Gender Differences in Attainment. Social Science Research 28:203-227
153. Steinberg, Ronnie J. 1992. Gendered Instructions: Cultural Lag and Gender Bias in the Hay System of Job Evaluation. Work and Occupations 19:387-423.
154. Steinberg, Ronnie, Lois Haignere, and Cynthia H. Chertos. 1990. Managerial Promotions in the Public Sector. Work and Occupations 17:287-301.
155. Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Pp. 33-47 in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by William G. Austin and Stephen Worchel. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole.
156. Taplin, Ian. 1995. Flexible Production, Rigid Jobs: Lessons from the Clothing Industry. Work and Occupations 22:412-438
157. Thomas, David A. 2001. The Truth about Mentoring Minorities: Race Matters. Harvard Business Review 79:99-107.
158. -. 2004. Diversity as Strategy. Harvard Business Review 82:98-108.
159. Thomas, David A., and John J. Gabbaro. 1999. Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
160. Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
161. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald. 1993. Gender and Racial Inequality at Work: The Sources and Consequences of Job Segregation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Industrial and Labor Relations Press.
162. Townsend, Anthony M., and Dow K Scott. 2001. Team Racial Composition, Member Attitudes, and Performance: A Field Study. Industrial Relations 40:317-337
163. Tsui, Anne, Terri D. Egan, and Charles A. O'Reilly. 1992. Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly 37:549-579
164. Turner, John C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Basil Blackwell.
165. U.S. Department of Labor. 1992. How Workers Get Their Training: A 1991 Update. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
166. U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission. 1995. A Solid Investment: Making a Full Use of Our Nation's Human Capital. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Glass Ceiling Commission.
167. Vallas, Steven P. 2003a. Rediscovering the Color Line within Work Organizations: The 'Knitting of Racial Groups' Revisited. Work and Occupations 30:379-400.
168. -. 20036. The Adventures of Managerial Hegemony: Teamwork, Ideology, and Worker Resistance. Social Problems 50:204-225
169. -. 2003c. Why Teamwork Fails: Obstacles for Workplace Change in Four Manufacturing Plants. American Sociological Review 68:223-250
170. Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and Society, translated and edited by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich. New York: Bedminster Press.
171. Wellington, Sheila, Mareia B. Knopf, and Paulette R Gerkovich. 2003. What's Holding Women Back? Harvard Business Review 81 (6): 18-19.
172. Western, Bruce. 2002. The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality. American Sociological Review 67:477-498
173. Williams, Joan. 2000. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press.
174. Williams, Katherine Y., and Charles A. O'Reilly. 1998. Demography and Diversity in Organizations. Pp. 77-140 in Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by Barry M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
175. Wilson, Reginald. 1995. Affirmative Action: Yesterday, Today and Beyond. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education.
176. Zellner, Alfred. 1962. An Efficient Method of Estimating Seemingly Unrelated Regressions and Tests for Aggregation Bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association 57:348-368