Going down? Race and downward occupational mobility for white-collar workers in the 1990s

Work and Occupations

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 283-322

  McBrier, Debra Branch ^a   Wilson, George ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^c Department of Biology   (United States)

Author keywords

Downward mobility; Race; While collar occupations

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142743082     PISSN: 07308884     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0730888404266383     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Aronowitz, S., & DiFazio, W. (1994). The jobless future: Sci-tech and the dogma of work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2. Arrow, K. J. (1972). Models of job discrimination. In A. H. Pascal (Ed.), Racial discrimination in economic life (pp. 83-102). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
3. Baldi, S., & McBrier, D. B. (1997). Do the determinants of promotion differ for Blacks and Whites? Evidence from the U.S. labor market. Work and Occupations, 24, 478-497.
4. Balser, D. B. (2002). Agency in organizational inequality: Organizational behavior and individual perceptions of discrimination. Work and Occupations, 29, 137-165.
5. Baron, J. N., & Bielby, W. T. (1980). Bring the firms back in: Stratification, segmentation, and organization of work. American Sociological Review, 45, 737-765.
6. Baron, J. N., & Newman, A. (1990). For what it's worth: Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and non-Whites. American Sociological Review, 55, 155-175.
7. Becker.G. S. (1957). The economics of discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (2nd ed.). New York: Praeger.
9. Belsey, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics: Identifying influential data and sources of collinearity. New York: John Wiley.
10. Blau, P. M., Duncan, O. D. D., & Tyree, A. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: John Wiley.
11. Boisjoly, J., Duncan, G. J., & Smeeding, T. (1998). The shifting incidence of involuntary job losses from 1968 to 1992. Industrial Relations, 37(2), 207-231.
12. Bound, J., & Freeman, R. (1992). What went wrong? The erosion of the relative earnings and employment among young Black men in the 1980s. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, 201-232.
13. Braddock, J. H., & McPartland, J. M. (1987). How minorities continue to be excluded from equal employment opportunities: Research on labor market and institutional barriers. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 5-39.
14. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 554-594). New York: McGraw-Hill.
15. Bridges, W. P., & Villemez, W. J. (1994). The employment relationship; Causes and consequences of modern personnel administration. New York: Plenum.
16. Brockner, J. (1988). The effects of work layoffs on survivors: Research, theory, and practice. In B.M. Staw & L.L. Cummings(Eds.),Research in organizational behavior(Vol. 10, pp. 213-55). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
17. Burstein, P. (1985). Discrimination, jobs, and politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Cappelli, P. (2000). Examining the incidence of downsizing and its effect on establishment performance. In D. Neumark (Ed.), On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past? (pp. 463-516). New York: Russell Sage.
19. Cappelli, P., Bassi, L., Katz, H., Knoke, D., Osterman, P., & Useem, M. (1997). Change at work. New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Catanzarite, L. (2002). Dynamics of segregation and earnings in brown-collar occupations. Work and Occupations, 29, 300-345.
21. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/ correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. Collins. S. M. (1983). The making of the Black middle class. Social Problems, 30, 369-381.
23. Collins, S. M. (1989). The marginalization of Black executives. Social Problems, 36, 317-331.
24. Collins, S. M. (1993). Blacks on the bubble: The vulnerability of Black executives in White corporations. Sociological Quarterly, 34, 429-447.
25. Collins, S. M. (1997). Black mobility in White corporations: Up the corporate ladder but out on a limb. Social Problems, 44. 55-67.
26. Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1991). Developing and testing a model of survivor responses to layoffs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38, 302-317.
27. Dwyer, R. E. (2004). Downward earnings mobility after voluntary employer exits. Work and Occupations, 31, 111-139.
28. Farber, H. S. (1996). The changing face of job loss in the United States, 1981-1993 (Working Paper No. 5596). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
29. Farley, R. (1996). The new American reality. New York: Russell Sage.
30. Farley, R., & Allen, W. R. (1987). The color line and the quality of life in America. New York: Russell Sage.
31. Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Anti-Black discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56, 101-116.
32. Featherman, D. L., & Hauser, R. M. (1976). Changes in the socioeconomic stratification of the races 1962-1973. American Journal of Sociology, 82, 621-651.
33. Fernandez, J. (1981). Black managers in White corporations. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
34. Fraser, J. A. (2001). White-collar sweatshop: The deteriloration of work and its rewards in corporate America. New York: Norton.
35. Freeman, R., & Holzer, H. (1986). The Black youth unemployment problem. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. Gardner, J. M. (1995). Worker displacement: A decade of change. Monthly Labor Review, 118, 45-57.
37. Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995). Good for business: Making full use of the nation's human capital. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
38. Grunberg, L., Anderson-Connolly, R., & Greenberg, E. S. (2000). Surviving layoffs: The effects of organizational commitment and job performance. Work and Occupations, 27, 7-31.
39. Hanisch, K. A. (1999). Job loss and unemployment research from 1994 to 1998: A review and recommendations for research and intervention. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 188-220.
40. Hatch, J., & Clinton, A. (2000). Job growth in the 1990s: A retrospect. Monthly Labor Review, 123(12), 3-18.
41. Heckscher, C. (1995). White-collar blues: Management loyalties in an age of corporate restructuring. New York: Basic Books.
42. Hill, M. (1992). The Panel Study of Income Dynamics: A user's guide. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
43. Hippie, S. (1999). Worker displacement in the mid-1990s. Monthly Labor Review, 22(7), 15-32.
44. Hirsch, P. M. (1993). Undoing the managerial revolution? Needed research on the decline of middle management and internal labor markets. In R. Swedberg (Ed.), Explorations in economic sociology (pp. 145-157). New York: Russell Sage.
45. Horton, H. D. (1995). Population change and the employment status of college educated Blacks. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 8, 99-114.
46. Hout, M. (1988). More universalism, less structural mobility: The American occupational structure in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 1358-1400.
47. Huff-Stevens, A. (1997). Persistent effects of job displacement: The importance of multiple job losses. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, 165-188.
48. Jaynes, G. D., & Williams, R. M. (1989). A common destiny: Blacks and American society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
49. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
50. Kaufman, R. L. (1986). The impact of industrial and occupational structure on Black-White employment allocation. American Sociological Review, 51, 310-323.
51. King, M. C. (1998). Are African Americans losing their footholds in better jobs? Journal of Economic Issues, 32, 641-668.
52. Kluegel, J. (1978). The causes and cost of racial exclusion from job authority. American Sociological Review, 43, 285-301.
53. Landry, B. (1987). The new Black middle class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
54. Lieberson, S. (1980). A piece of the pie. Berkeley: University of California Press.
55. Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Mar, D., & Ong, P. M. (1994). Race and rehiring in the high-tech industry. Review of the Black Political Economy, 21 (Winter), 43-53.
57. Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1987). Residential segregation among Whites, Hispanics, African Americans and Asians: Trends by socioeconomic status. Social Science Quarterly, 24, 797-808.
58. Maume, D. J. (1999). Glass ceilings and glass escalators. Work and Occupations, 26, 483-509.
59. McGuire, G. M. (2000). Gender, race, ethnicity, and networks: The factors affecting the status of employees' network members. Work and Occupations, 27, 501-523.
60. Miech, R. A., Eaton, W., & Liang, K.-Y. (2003). Occupational status over the life course: A comparison of occupational trajectories across race and gender during the 1980s and 1990s. Work and Occupations, 30, 440-473.
61. Mishel, L., Bernstein, J., & Schmitt, J. (1999). The state of working America, 1998-1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
62. Moore, T. S. (1992). Racial differences in postdisplacement joblessness. Social Science Quarterly, 73, 674-689.
63. Mueller, C., Parcel, T., & Tanaka, K. (1989). Particularism in authority outcomes: The case of supervisors. Social Science Research, 32, 1-20.
64. Mueller, C., Wallace, J., & Price, J. (1992). Employee commitment: Resolving some issues. Work and Occupations, 19, 211-236.
65. Murphey, D. D. (1998). An economic paradox? Displacement and polarization in a booming economy. Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 24(3), 349-371.
66. Neumark, D., Polsky, D., & Hansen, D. (2000). Has job stability declined yet? New evidence for the 1990s. In D. Neumark (Ed.), On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past? (pp. 70-110). New York: Russell Sage.
67. Newman, K. (1988). Falling from grace: The experience of downward mobility in the American middle class. New York: Vintage Books.
68. O'Connor, A. (2001). Understanding inequality in the late twentieth century metropolis: New perspectives on the enduring racial divide. In A. O'Connor, L. Bobo, & C. Tilly (Eds.), Urban inequality (pp. 1-34). New York: Russell Sage.
69. Parcel, T., & Mueller, C. (1983). Ascription and labor markets. New York: Academic Press.
70. Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43, 41-78.
71. Portes, A., & Bach, R. (1985). Latin journey. Berkeley: University of California Press.
72. Portes, A., & Manning, R. (1986). The immigrant enclave: Theory and empirical examples. In S. Olzak & J. Nagel (Eds.), Competitive ethnic relations (pp. 47-66). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
73. Reskin, B. F. (2000). The proximate causes of discrimination. Contemporary Sociology, 29, 319-328.
74. Reskin, B. F. (2003). Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. American Sociological Review, 68, 1-21.
75. Reskin, B. F., & McBrier, D. B. (2000). Why not ascription? Organizations' employment of male and female managers. American Sociological Review, 65, 210-233.
76. Reskin, B. F., & Roos, P. F. (1990). Job queues, gender queues, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
77. Rose, S. J. (1993). Declining family incomes in the 1980s: New evidence from longitudinal data. Challenge, 36, 29-36.
78. Rose, S. J. (1996). The truth about social mobility. Challenge, 39, 4-8.
79. Smith, B. T., & Rubin, B. A. (1997). From displacement to reemployment: Job acquisition in the flexible economy. Social Science Research, 26, 282-308.
80. Smith, P. (1994). Downward mobility: Is it a growing problem? American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 53, 57-72.
81. Smith, R. A. (2001). Particularism in control over monetary resources at work. Work and Occupations, 28, 447-468.
82. Smith, V. (1997). New forms of work organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 315-339.
83. Smith, V. (2001). Crossing the great divide: Worker risk and opportunity in the new economy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
84. Spalter-Roth, R., & Deitch, C. (1999). I don't feel right sized: I feel out sized: Gender, race, ethnicity, and the unequal costs of displacement. Work and Occupations, 26, 446-482.
85. Stevens, D. J. (1991). Managerial versus blue-collar unemployment. International Review of Modern Sociology, 21, 45-62.
86. Stewart, J. (2000). Did job security decline in the 1990s? In D. Neumark (Ed.), On the job: Is long-term employment a thing of the past? (pp. 257-299). New York: Russell Sage.
87. Strobel, F. R. (1993). Upward dreams, downward mobility: The economic decline of the American middle class. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
88. Swim, J. K., & Sanna, L. J. (1996). He's skilled, she's lucky: A meta-analysis of observers' attributions for women's and men's successes and failures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 507-519.
89. Thomas, M. E. (1995). Race, class, and occupation: An analysis of Black and White earning differences for professional and non-professional males, 1940-1990. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 8, 139-156.
90. Tsui, A. S., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423.
91. Tsui, A. S., Xin, K. R., & Egan, T. D. (1995). Relational demography: he missing link in vertical dyad linkage. In S. E. Jackson & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace (pp. 97-129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
92. Valian, V. (1998). Why so slow? The advancement of women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
93. Vallas, S. P. (2003). Rediscovering the color line within work organizations: The "knitting of racial groups" revisited. Work and Occupations, 30, 379-400.
94. Waldinger, R. (1996). Still the promised city: African Americans and immigrants in post-industrial New York. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
95. Wallace, M., & Rothschild, J. (1988). Plant closing, capital flight, and worker dislocation: The long shadow of deindustrialization. Research in Politics and Society, 3, 1-36.
96. Williams, C. L. (1992). The glass escalator: Hidden advantages for men in the "female" professions. Social Problems, 39, 253-266.
97. Wilson, F. H. (1995). Rising tide or ebb tide? Recent changes in the Black middle class in the U.S., 1980-1990. Research in Race and Ethnic Relations, 8, 21-56.
98. Wilson, G. (1997). Pathways to power: Racial differences in the determinants of job authority. Social Problems, 44, 38-54.
99. Wilson, G., Sakura-Lemessy, I., & West, J. P. (1999). Reaching the top: Racial differences in mobility path to upper-tier occupations. Work and Occupations, 26, 165-186.
100. Wilson, W. J. (1978). The declining significance of race. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
101. Zwerling, C., & Silver, H. (1992). Race and job dismissals in a federal bureaucracy. American Sociological Review, 57, 651-660.